1986 I UCN Red List of Threatened Animals Digitized by tine Internet Archive
in 2010 with funding from UNEP-WCIVIC, Cambridge
http://www.archive.org/details/1986iucnredlisto86iucn 1986 lUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED ANIMALS
Prepared by
The lUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre Cambridge U.K.
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
1986 lUCN
lUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources; is a network of governments, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), scientists and other conservation experts, joined together to promote the protection and sustainable use of living resources
Founded in 1948, lUCN has more than 500 member governments and NGOs in over 116 countries. Its six Commissions consist of more than 2000 experts on threatened species, protected areas, ecology, environmental planning, environmental policy, law and administration, and environmental education. lUCN monitors the status of ecosystems and species throughout the world; plans conservation action, both at strategic level through the World Conservation Strategy and at the programme level through its programme of conservation for sustainable development; promotes such action by governments, inter-governmental bodies and nongovernmental organisations; and provides the assistance and advice necessary to achieve such action.
THE lUCN CONSERVATION MONITORING CENTRE is the division of the Union that provides a data service to lUCN and to the conservation and development community. CMC
is building an integrated and cross-referenced database on animals and plants of conservation concern, on wildlife trade, and on ecosystems (principally protected areas so far). The CMC produces a wide variety of specialist outputs and analyses, as well as major publications such as Red Data Books and Protected Area Directories. Other lUCN Centres focus on Environmental Law, and Conservation for Development. Collectively this information and expertise is used to assist lUCN members to prepare conservation programmes, and to provide information and advice to the conservation and development communities. Should you wish to consult these services please contact the:
lUCN Secretariat, World Conservation Centre Ave du Mont Blanc, CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland
The designations of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of lUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
Published by lUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, U.K.
Prepared with financial support from World Wildlife Fund International, and the United Nations Environment Programme, and published with a grant from World Wildlife Fund U.K.
A contribution to GEMS - the Global Environment Monitoring System.
t» m ii»
© 1986 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources/United Nations Environment Programme.
ISBN No 2-88032-605-2
Printed by Ziprint Parchment(Oxford)Ltd, 60 Hurst Street, Oxford
Cover Design by James Butler Cover Photo WWF/GEO/Timm Rautert/BCL PREAMBLE
The strength of the species conservation argument is dependent on the scientific knowledge available, and the Red Data Books provide us all with a tool to be used for a restricted number of well known species or cases.
It is hoped, with this Threatened Species List, that the huge hidden information base held at the lUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre may be exposed to a wider audience. There is, of course, an inherent problem with any data base of any quality and size; everybody wants access to it instantly, but the reality is that all this hard won information has got to be distilled, manipulated and reproduced in a particular format for any user.
This takes time and time is money, so by exposing the data base one is apparently issuing an invitation to use it, whereas I think we should all be aware that to use it means we have to find the money to pay for its use. It cannot be provided for free!
The great skills of the staff and the huge network of specialists from which the data is acquired, many of whom are members of the Specialist Groups of the Species Survival Commission, are actually worth paying for, painful as this concept might be.
It was with great pleasure that World Wildlife Fund UK agreed to pay for the publication of this species list, to show what the data base holds and, to show the status of the species held, which in itself is of value to a whole range of users.
As one reviews, during this 25th Anniversary Year of the World Wildlife Fund, what has been accomplished in species conservation, it must be said that whilst we have done well in creating an extensive information base, we are sadly still very far away from being in a position to have plans and programmes to ensure the wise management of all these threatened species. Our success in the field and 'in captivity' sometimes obscures this reality!
The reality, in fact, shows the need for greater and more vigorous action but, having said this, I believe we should congratulate the team at the Conservation Monitoring Centre for their sterling effort in the battle for species conservation.
Grenville LI. Lucas,
Chairman, Species Survival Commission, lUCN
28th August, 1986
CONTENTS
Page
Introduction iii
Inventory Report Form v
Documents on which the lUCN Red List is based vii
Taxonomy viii lUCN Category Definitions ix
List of Abbreviations x
Threatened Species List
Mammals 2
Birds 15
Reptiles 33
Amphibians 38
Fishes 39
Invertebrates 49
Index 97
Introduction
lUCN has long been known for the compilation of a series of Red Data Books, authoritative international inventories of threatened species. In recent years the Red Data Books have changed in format from the original loose-leaf style which allowed for frequent update of species accounts, to that of bound volumes. In addition, some books have become regional rather than global in approach, e.g. Threatened Birds of Africa and Related Islands. As a result, a list of internationally threatened species has not been readily available from lUCN for some years. This publication has been prepared in response to the increasing demand for such a list, from scientists, educationalists, zoos, the media, and conservation organisations. It is intended that new editions of the list will be published periodically.
The Red Data Book concept, originated by Sir Peter Scott in the mid-1960s, aimed to focus attention on the plight of the earth's vanishing wildlife. The concept has been immensely successful and, two decades later, many national and regional Red Datc^ Books have been published; and many more countries are in the process of compiling their own threatened species lists. National and regional compilations are always likely to be more detailed than the international overview provided by lUCN. Increasingly therefore, lUCN's role will be to provide pointers to the availability of such data sources. Where these exist, lUCN will not duplicate the detailed information they contain, but will list any identified globally threatened taxa on its international list. For example, Australia has in recent years produced several texts detailing the status of its native species. lUCN will include all the relevant threateneu Australian species on the international list but will not give high priority to the compilation of detailed data sheets for Australian taxa.
The next generation of Red Data Books prepared by lUCN will thus tend to be shorter, more specific publications highlighting the conservation problems of a group of species, perhaps even a single species, or an area. Such shorter compilations will allow for faster dissemination of conservation data, and will be more responsive to the changing priorities and needs of conservation. Complementing these, the periodic publication of the lUCN list of internationally threatened species will provide an index to the species data held by lUCN.
lUCN's threatened species list is compiled and maintained by the lUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre. For each threatened taxon, the list provides the scientific name, English vernacular name (where known), lUCN category (for definitions see page ix), and a brief description of the animal's distribution. This is followed by an index to the list based on the order, family and generic listing. Vernacular names for major groupings such as monkeys, parrots, and butterflies are also included.
Data upon which the listings are made are gathered from literature searches, and from correspondence with specialists around the world, including those belonging to the Specialist Groups of lUCN's Species Survival Commission.
-Ill- The number of threatened animal taxa identified by lUCN is 3117, comprised of 385 mammals, 428 birds, 143 reptiles, 46 amphibians, 286 fishes, and 1829 invertebrates. These numbers, however, represent only those taxa whose threatened status has been brought to the attention of lUCN; many, many more taxa, particularly invertebrates are threatened, and going extinct every year unbeknownst to the scientific and conservation communities. Thus the number of threatened taxa identified by lUCN represents only the visible fraction of a much greater problem. The vertebrate listings are based almost entirely on the lUCN Red Data Books. For invertebrates, however, it must be stressed that the list is only provisional, since most species have not yet been subjected to the same review process as has been carried out for the vertebrate groups, apart from those listed in the lUCN Invertebrate Red Data Book and Swallowtail Butterfly Red Data Book. Other invertebrate listings have been taken from correspondence and a number of published sources (noted on page vii).
The threatened species list is constantly under review; as new areas or species groups are surveyed, species may be listed or delisted or categories may change. Since at any one time work is focused on a particular group of species, some parts of the list are more up to date than others. For example, a review of the conservation status of the birds of Africa and related islands was undertaken by lUCN and ICBP (the International Council for Bird Preservation) between 1982 and 1985, leading to the publication of the Bird Red Data Book for Africa. Work is now in progress to assess the conservation status of the birds of the Americas. Information on Asian birds has not therefore been reviewed for some time (although files and correspondence are maintained), and so changes are undoubtedly required.
The need for new information is thus continuous and assistance in providing accurate data always welcome. An inventory report form is detailed on page v and is a guide to the information required by lUCN to assess the international conservation status of a species.
The present list undoubtedly includes a number of errors and omissions, but it is to be hoped that these will stimulate people to send new information to:-
The Species Conservation Monitoring Unit lUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre 219c Huntingdon Road Cambridge CB3 ODL United Kingdom
-IV- INVENTORY REPORT FORM
Report to be mailed to SCMU, lUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219(c) Huntingdon Rd, Cambridge, CB3 DDL, U.K.
1. Country
2. Date
3. Reporter Name:
Address:
4. Taxon
Scientific Name: Common Name:
5. Distribution
Present: Former:
If possible, please include a map. Is present range preferred or enforced habitat?
6. Population
Estimated numbers in the wild. Indicate date of estimate and describe method of estimation. Are numbers increasing, decreasing or stable?
7. Habitat and Ecology
Biome type. Elevation range. Brief notes about social structure, feeding habits and diet, reproduction (gestation, breeding season, number of young, age of sexual maturation), longevity etc.
8. Scientific interest and potential value
Use in scientific or medical research; commercial value in trade or local economy.
9. Threats to Survival
Eg. habitat destruction, over-exploitation, hybridization, natural disasters, competition for food.
10. Conservation Measures Taken
Legal measures (international conventions, national laws); is law enforced? Protected please list. Management areas - does it occur in national parks, reserves etc.? If so, programmes or research programmes in progress. 11. Conservation Measures Proposed
Same as for 10, but measures that are needed for the conservation of the taxon.
12. Captive Breeding
Numbers in captivity. Does it breed readily in captivity? Where and when?
13. Remarks
Reference citations for description of animal. Comments about related taxa. If the above information concerns a subspecies then brief information should be given about the distribution and status of the species as a whole. Special acknowledgements etc.
14. References
Can be published papers, unpublished manuscripts, or references to correspondence (cited
as In litt.) .
-VI- DOCUMENTS ON WHICH THE lUCN RED LIST IS BASED
The asterisk indicates books currently available from lUCN.
Mammals
Goodwin, H.A. and Holloway, C.W. (1972). Red Data Book. Vol. 1 - Mammalia. Second Edition. lUCN, Morges. (Revisions: 1973 and 1974 by Goodwin, H.A. and
Holloway, C.W.; 1976 by Fitter, R.S.R. and Holloway, C.W.; 1978 by Thornback, J.). Thornback, J. and Jenkins, M. (1982). Terrestrial Mammals. Part VII. In: Threatened Species of Wild Flora and Vertebrate Fauna. Report to the Commission of the European Communities. The Nature Conservancy Council, Great Britain. Thornback, J. (1984). Wild Cattle, Bison and Buffaloes; their status and potential value. Report to UNEP. lUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre. Thornback, J. and Jenkins, M. (1982). The lUCN Mammal Red Data Book. Part 1. The Americas and Australasia. lUCN, Gland.
Birds
King, W.B. (1981). Endangered Birds of the World. The ICBP Bird Red Data Book. Smithsonian Institution Press and ICBP, Washington D.C. Collar, N.J. and Stuart, S.N. (1985). Threatened Birds of Africa and Related Islands.
The ICBP/IUCN Red Data Book. Part 1. Third Edition. ICBP and lUCN, Cambridge.
Amphibians and Reptiles
Groombridge, B. (1982). The lUCN Amphibia-Reptilia Red Data Book. Part 1. Testudines. Crocodvlia. Rhynchocephalia. lUCN, Gland. Groombridge, B. (1982). Amphibians and Reptiles. Part IV. In: Threatened Species of Wild Flora and Vertebrate Fauna. Report to the Commission of the European Communities. The Nature Conservancy Council, Great Britain.
Honneger, R. (1975/1979). Red Data Book. Vol. 3 - Amphibia and Reptilia. Second Edition. lUCN, Gland.
Fishes
Evans, D. (1981). Threatened Fish of Sri Lanka. lUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge. Evans, D. and Almada-Villela, P. (Unpublished). Threatened Fishes of North America. Draft Document. lUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre. Miller, R.R. (1977). Red Data Book. Vol. 4 - Pisces. Second Edition. lUCN, Morges. U.S. Department of the Interior (1986). Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants. Federal Register 50 CFR 17.11 and 17.12: 1-30
Invertebrates
Collins, N.M. and Morris, M.G. (1985). Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World. The lUCN Red Data Book. lUCN, Gland and Cambridge. Collins, N.M. and Wells, S.M. (1986). Insects and other Invertebrates as Candidates for the Berne Convention. A Report to the Council of Europe. lUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre. U.S. Department of the Interior. (1984). Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Review of Invertebrate Wildlife for Listing as Endangered or Threatened Species. Federal Register 49(100): 21664-21675. Wells, S.M., Pyle, R.M. and Collins, N.M. (1983). The lUCN Invertebrate Red Data Book. lUCN. Gland.
-vii- TAXONOMY
The systems of classification and nomenclature principally follow the undermentioned authors.
Mammals
Cabrera, A. (1957-61). Catalogo de los mamiferos de America del Sur. Rev, del Mus. Argent, de Cienc. Nat. 'Bernardino Rivadavia' Cienc. Zool. 4(1,2): 1-732. Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. (1980). A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History) and Cornell University Press. Hall, E.R. and Kelson, K.R. (1959). The Mammals of North America. Ronald Press Co., New York. Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. (1982). Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Allen Press Inc. and the Association of Systematics Collections, Kansas.
Meester, J. and Setzer, H.W. (Eds) (1971). The Mammals of Africa: an Identification Manual. Smithsonian Institution Press, City of Washington. Ride, W.D.L. (1970). A Guide to the Native Mammals of Australia. Oxford University Press, Melbourne.
Birds
Morony, J. J., Bock, W.J. and Farrand, J. (1975). Reference List of the Birds of the World. American Museum of Natural History, New York.
Reptiles
Groombridge, B. (1983). World Checklist of Threatened Amphibians and Reptiles. Third Edition. Nature Conservancy Council, London. Pritchard, P.C.H. (1979). Encyclopaedia of Turtles. T.F.H. Publications, New Jersey and Hong Kong. Wermuth, H. and Mertens, R. (1977). Testudines, Crocodylia, Rhynchocephalia. Das Tierreich 100: 1-174.
Amphibians
Groombridge, B. (1983). World Checklist of Threatened Amphibians and Reptiles. Third Edition. Nature Conservancy Council, London.
Fishes
Nelson, J.S. (1984). Fishes of the World. Second Edition. John Wiley and Sons, New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore. Robins, C.R., Bailey, R.M., Bond, C.E., Brooker, J.R., Lachner, E.A., Lea, R.N., Scott, W.B. (1980). A List of Common and Scientific Names of Fishes from the United States and Canada. Fourth Edition. American Fisheries Society Special Publication No. 12.
Invertebrates
Hancock, D.L. (1983). Classification of the Papilionidae (Lepidoptera); a phylogenetic approach. Smithersia 2: 1-48. Parker, S.B. (1982). Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms. McGraw-Hill, New York.
-vin- lUCN THREATENED SPECIES CATEGORIES
Species identified as threatened by lUCN are assigned a category indicating the degree of threat. Definitions are as follows:
EXTINCT (Ex)
Species not definitely located in the wild during the past 50 years (criterion as used by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora).
N.B. On a few occasions, the category Ex? has been assigned; this denotes that it is virtually certain that the taxon has recently become extinct.
ENDANGERED (E)
Taxa in danger of extinction and whose survival is unlikely if the causal factors continue operating.
Included are taxa whose numbers have been reduced to a critical level or whose habitats have been so drastically reduced that they are deemed to be in immediate danger of extinction. Also included are taxa that may be extinct but have definitely been seen in the wild in the past 50 years.
VULNERABLE (V)
Taxa believed likely to move into the 'Endangered' category in the near future if the causal factors continue operating.
Included are taxa of which most or all the populations are decreasing because of over-exploitation, extensive destruction of habitat or other environmental disturbance; taxa with populations that have been seriously depleted and whose ultimate security has not yet been assured; and taxa with populations that are still abundant but are under threat from severe adverse factors throughout their range.
N.B. In practice, 'Endangered' and 'Vulnerable' categories may include, temporarily, taxa whose populations are beginning to recover as a result of remedial action, but whose recovery is insufficient to justify their transfer to another category.
RARE (R)
Taxa with small world populations that are not at present 'Endangered' or 'Vulnerable', but are at risk.
These taxa are usually localised within restricted geographical areas or habitats or are thinly scattered over a more extensive range.
INDETERMINATE (I)
Taxa known to be 'Endangered', 'Vulnerable' or 'Rare' but where there is not enough information to say which of the three categories is appropriate.
-IX- INSUFFICIENTLY KNOWN (K)
Taxa that are suspected but not definitely known to belong to any of the above categories, because of lack of information.
THREATENED (T)
Threatened is a general term to denote species which are 'Endangered', 'Vulnerable', 'Rare', 'Indeterminate', or 'Insufficiently Known' and should not be confused with the use of the same term by the U.S. Office of Endangered Species. In this volume it is used to identify taxa comprised of several sub-taxa which have differing status categories.
COMMERCIALLY THREATENED (CT)
Taxa not currently threatened with extinction, but most or all of whose populations are threatened as a sustainable commercial resource, or will become so, unless their exploitation is regulated.
This category applies only to taxa whose populations are assumed to be relatively large.
N.B. In practise, this category has only been used for marine species of commercial importance that are being overfished in several parts of their ranges.
ABBREVIATIONS
Arch. Archipelago Eq. Guinea Equatorial Guinea F.R.G. Federal Republic of Germany
I. Island Is Islands O. Ocean sp. Unnamed species U.A.E. United Arab Emirates U.K. United Kingdom U.S.A. United States of America U.S.S.R. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
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O c (0o c (0 s ,_ .^ .^ ._ .^ .^ .^ < — — — < ^ •03(00} • 3:3::n3::n:n:n33:i:c3«Jfl3(D INDEX Aburria . 19 Aloeides . 88 Antelopes, 14 Arubolana . 62 Acanthaclisis . 75 Alouatta . 5 Anthicidae, 80 Asaphomyia . 82 Acanthis . 31 Amanipodagrion . 67 Anthicus . 80 Asauridae, 61 Acanthodrilidae, 60 Amastridae, 53 Anthipathidae, 49 Ascalaphidae, 75 Acanthometropus . 66 Amauris . 90 Anthozoa, 49 Asellidae, 63 Acanthorutilus . 40 Amaurocichla . 28 Anthreptes . 30 Ashmunella . 55 Acavidae, 54 Amaurornis . 20 Anthus . 27 Asilidae, 82 Accipiter . 18 Amazona . 22 Antilocapra . 14 Asio . 24 Achatinella . 52 Amber Snail, 54 Antipatharia, 49 Aspiduchus . 70 Achatinellidae, 52 Ambloplites . 46 Antipodochlora . 69 Asses, 12 Aciagrion . 67 Amblvopsis . 44 Antipodogomphus . 68 Assiminea . 51 Acinonvx . 1 Amblvrhvnchus . 36 Antiponemertes . 50 Assimineidae, 51 Acipenser . 40 Amblvsomus . 3 Antpittas, 26 Astacidae, 65 Acneus . 79 Ambrvsus . 73 Antrolana . 62 Astacoides . 65 Acraea . 93 Ambvstoma . 38 Ants, 95 Astacopsis . 65 Acraeidae, 93 Ameiva . 36 Antwrens, 26 Astacus . 65 Acrantophis . 37 Ameletus . 66 Apalis . 28 Asteiidae, 83 Acrididae, 72 Ammocrvpta . 47 Apalopteron . 30 Ataeniobiuj . 46 Acrocephalus . 28 Ammodorcas . 14 Apatalestea . 82 Ataenius . 78 Acroceridae, 82 Ammodramus . 30 Apatania . 83 Ateles . 5 Acrolophitus . 72 Ammonitella . 55 Apaturopsis . 92 Atelocynus . 10 Acronicta . 94 Ammonitellidae, 55 Apes, 7 Atelornis . 25 Actiniaria, 49 Ammopelmatus . 71 Aphaostracon . 50 Athearni . 51 Addax . 14 Ammotragus . 14 Aphodius . 78 Athene . 24 Adelocosa . 61 Amnicola . 50 Apiocertidae, 82 Atlantisia . 20 Aegialia . 78 Amphipoda, 63 Aplonis . 32 Atlapetes . 30 Aepvceros . 14 Amphipods, 63 Aplothorax . 76 Atractelmis . 79 Aeschrithmvsus . 80 Amphispiza . 30 Apodemia . 92 Atrichornis . 26 Aeshna . 69 Amvchus . 79 Appalachia . 72 Atrophaneura . 86 Aeshnidae, 69 Amvtornis . 28 Apterocvchus . 77 Atyidae, 65 Aethiothemis . 70 Anaea, 92 Apteromantis . 70 Aulacopone . 95 Agabus . 76 Anagotus . 81 Apus . 24 Austrocordulia . 69 Agapetus . 83 Anas . 17 Aguila . 18 Austrolestes . 67 Agapornis . 22 Anaspidacea, 62 Ara . 28 Austropotamobius . 65 Agarodes . 84 Anaspidae, 62 Arachnida, 61 Avahi . 5 Agelaius . 31 Anaspides . 62 Araneae, 61 Axis . 13 Agelastes . 19 Anax . 69 Araneidae, 61 Axolotl, 38 Aglycyderidae, 81 Ancvlastrum . 52 Arapaima . 40 Avthva . 17 Agonum . 76 Andrenidae, 96 Aratinga . 22 Agriocnemis . 67 Andrias . 38 Archaeogastropoda, 50 Babblers, 29 Agrotis . 94 Anectothemis . 70 Arctocephalus . 1 Babyrousa . 13 Ailuropoda . 10 Anergates . 95 Ardea, 17 Baetica . 71 Akalats, 29 Anetia, 90 Ardeotis . 21 Baetidae, 66 Alabamaubria . 79 Aneuretus . 95 Argiagrion . 67 Balaena . 9 Alaena . 88 Anguispira . 54 Argonemertes . 50 Balaenoptera . 9 Alasmidonta . 57 Annelida, 59 Argyresthia . 85 Balanidae, 62 Alauda . 27 Anniella . 36 Argyresthiidae, 85 Balanus . 62 Albatrosses, 16 Anobiidae, 80 Argyrocupha . 88 Balea . 54 Alcelaphus . 14 Anodorhynchus . 22 Arhynchobdellae, 60 Bandicoot, 3 Alethe . . 54 28 Anoglvpta Arionidae, 54 Banksula . 62 Allanaspides . 62 Anolis . 36 Arkansia . 57 Banza . 71 Allenopithecus . 6 Anomala . 78 Armadillos, 7 Barbs, 40 Alligator . Anoplura, 73 35 Armatobalanus . 62 Barbus, 40 Allocebus . 5 Anostraca, 62 Artamus . 32 Baronia . 86 Allocrangonvx . Anser . 17 63 Artemia . 62 Basommatophora, 52 Alloperla . 73 Antanartia . 92 Artemiidae, 62 Bass, 46 Allorhizu^Iia . Anteaters, 7 70 Arthropoda, 60 Batagur . 33 Allotoca . 46 Antechinus . 3 Artogeia . 88 Bathmocercus . 28 -97- Index Batomys . 8 Bugs, 73 Carettochelys . 34 Chloroperlidae, 73 Batrachophrynus . 39 Bulimulidae, 54 Carolella . 85 Chloropeta . 28 Batrachoseps . 38 Bulimulus . 54 Carposinidae, 85 Choeropsis . 13 Bats, 4 Bunoiagus . 8 Carterocephalus . 85 Chondrohierax . 18 Battus . 86 Buntings, 30 Carunculina . 57 Chrysocvon . 10 Bears, 10 Buprestidae, 79 Casarea . 37 Chrysomelidae, 81 Bees, 96 Buprestis . 79 Caseolus . 56 Chrysoritis . 88 Beetles, 76 Bush cricket, 71 Catabasis . 43 Chrysospalax . 3 Behningiidae, 66 Bustards, 21 Catagonus . 13 Chub, 41 Belenois . 88 Buteo . 18 Catfish, 43 Cicadas, 75 Belocephalus . 71 Butterflies, 85 Catinella . 54 Cicadellidae, 75 Beloneuria . 73 Catocala . 94 Cicadidae, 75 Belontia . 48 Cacaiao . 5 Catostomus . 42 Cichlasoma . 48 . 71 Belostoma . 73 Caconemobius Catreus . 19 Cichlherminia . 28 Belostomatidae, 73 Caddisflies, 83 Cats, 11 Cicindela . 76 Bethylidae, 95 Caecidotea . 63 Cattle, 14 Cicindelidae, 76 Bettongia . 2 Caenidae, 67 Cavaticovelia . 73 Ciconia . 17 Bhutanitis . 86 Caiman . 35 Cavefish, 44 Ciliophora, 49 Binneya . 54 Caimans, 35 Celerio . 94 Cincinnatia . 50 Birdwings, 86 Cairina . 17 Cephalophus . 14 Cinclocerthia . 28 . Birgus . 66 Callaeas 32 Cephalopterus . 26 Cinclus . 28 Bivalvia, 57 Callagur . 33 Ceraclea . 84 Cirolanidae, 62 Blackbirds, 30, 31 Callicebus . 5 Cerambycidae, 80 Cisco, 44 Blastocerus . 13 Callimico . 5 Cerambyx . 80 Cisticola . 28 Blattaria, 70 Callithrix . 5 Ceratella . 67 Cistothorus . 28 Blattidae, 70 Callophrvs . 88 Ceratotherium . 12 Civets, 10 Blephariceridae, 82 Caloenas . 21 Cercocebus . 6 Cixiidae, 74 Blindcats, 43 Caloprymnus . 2 Cercopithecus . 6 Clams, 59 Blister Beetles, Calopterygidae, 80 68 Cercyonis . 92 Clamyphorus . 7 Boas, 37 Calopteryx . 68 Ceriagrion . 67 Claravis . 21 Bolborhynchus . 23 . 76 Calosoma Cervus, 13 Clarias . 43 Boloria . . 92 Calvptura 26 Cesonia . 61 Clausiliidae, 54 Bolveria . 37 Camaenidae, 55 Chaeropus . 3 Clavicoccus . 75 Bos . 14 . Camarhynchus 30 Chaetarthria . 77 Clemmys . 33 Bostrychia . 17 Cambaridae, 65 Chaetomys . 8 Click Beetles, 79 Bothrops . 37 . Cambarus 65 Chalicodoma . 96 Cnidaria, 49 Bowdleria . 28 Camels, 13 Channa . 48 Coahuilix . 50 Brachvcercus . 67 . 13 Camelus Characodon . 46 Cobras, 37 Brachylophus . 36 . Campellolebias 44 Charadrius . 21 Cochliopa . 51 Brachvpelrria . 61 . Campephaga 27 Charaxes . 92 Cochliopina . 51 Brachvpteracias . 25 Campephilus . 25 Charina . 37 Cochylidae, 85 Brachvteles . 5 . Camponotus 95 Charonia . 52 Coeligena . 24 Brachythemis . 70 Campsicnemus . 82 Chasmistes . 42 Coelus . 80 Brachytron . 69 10 Cauls, Chela . 40 Coenagrion . 68 Bradypterus . 28 Canthyria . 57 Chelicerata, 60 Coenagrionidae, 67 Bradypus . 7 Capnia . 72 Chelonia . 34 Coenobitidae, 66 Branchinecta . 62 Capniidae, 72 Cherax . 65 Coenocorpyha . 21 Branchinectidae, 62 Capra . 14 Chersodromia . 82 Coenonympha . 91 . Branta 17 Capricornis . 14 Chilota . 60 Coleophora . 85 Brennania . 82 Caprimulgus . 24 Chimpanzees, 7 Coleophoridae, 85 Bristlebirds, 28 Caprolaeus . 8 Chinchilla . 9 Coleoptera, 76 Bristletails, 66 Capromys . 9 Chioglossa . 38 Colinus . 19 Brvania . 83 Capys . 88 Chiropotes . 5 Colletidae, 96 Brychius . 76 Carabidae, 76 Chlamyphorus . 7 Collocalia . 24 Bubalus . 14 Carabus . 76 Chloaeltis . 72 Colobus . 6 Bubo . 24 Carcinoscorpius . 60 Chloephaea . 17 Columba . 21 Budorcas . 14 Carelia . 53 Chlorocichla . 27 Conch, 52 Bufo, 39 Caretta . 34 Chlorolestidae, 67 Condors, 18 -98- Index Congothemis . 70 Curculionidae, 81 Diomedea . 16 Echinidae, 96 Conilurus . 8 Cuscus, 2 Dionda, 40 Echinodermata, 96 Conocephaloides . 71 Cyanolimnas . 20 Diplomystes . 43 Echinoida, 96 Conolophus . 36 Cvanopsitta . 23 Dipiotrema . 60 Echinus . 96 Conradilla . 57 Cvanoramphus . 23 Dipluridae, 61 Echymipera . 3 Conraua . 39 Cyclocephala . 78 Dipodomys . 8 Ectemnius . 96 Coots, 20 Cyclocosimia . 61 Diptera, 82 Ectodemia . 84 Cophura . 82 Cycloptilum . 72 Discoglossus . 39 Edwardsiidae, 49 Copris . 78 Cyclura . 36 Discula . 56 Edwardsina . 82 Copsvchus . 28 Cvclyrius . 88 Discus . 54 Efferia . 82 Coracina . 27 Cvlloepus . 79 Distoleon . 75 Egretta . 17 Coracopsis . 23 Cymatiidae, 52 Diving Beetles, 76 Eidoleon . 75 Coralliidae, 49 Cymbiodvta . 77 Dogs, 10 Elaphrus . 76 Corallium . 49 Cymothoe . 92 Dolania . 66 Elateridae, 79 Corals, 49 Cynolebias . 45 Doleschallia . 92 Elephants, 12 Corambidae, 52 Cvnomys . 8 Dolichopodidae, 82 Elephas . 12 Cordulegaster . 69 Cyprinodon . 45 Dolomedes . 61 Eleuthemis . 68 Cordulegasteridae, 69 Cyprogenia . 57 Dolophilodes . 84 Eleutherodactvlus . 39 Corduliidae, 69 Cyrtodactylus . 35 Dolphins, 9 Elliptio . 57 Coregonus . 44 Cyrtonaias . 57 Donacia . 81 Elmidae, 79 Coreobagrus . 43 Cyrtopeltis . 74 Dorcatragus . 14 Elona . 57 Cornigomphus . 68 Dorcopsis . 2 Elonidae, 57 Corvus . 33 Dace, 41 Dorcopsulus . 2 Emerita . 66 Cossvpha . 28 Daihinibaenetes . 71 Dorcus . 77 Empetrichthys . 45 Cotinga . 26 Dalla . 85 Doridella . 52 Empicoris . 74 Cottus . 46 Dama . 13 Dragonflies, 68 Empididae, 82 Coturnicops . 20 Damaliscus . 14 Drepanoptila . 22 Enallagma . 68 Coua . 23 Damselflies, 67 Dromus, 57 Endodontidae, 54 Crabs, 66 Danaidae, 90 Drosophila . 83 Engaewa . 65 Cranes, 20 Danaus . 90 Drosophilidae, 83 Enopla, 50 Crangonyctidae, 63 Darters, 47 Drymarchon . 37 Eopenthes . 79 Crangonyx . 63 Dasyornis . 28 Dryobius . 80 Epargyreus . 85 Craseonvcteris . 4 Daubentonia . 5 Drvocichloides . 29 Ephemera . 67 Crax . 19 Decapoda, 65 Dryococelus . 72 Ephemerella . 67 Crayfish, 65 Deer, 13 Dryocopus . 25 Ephemereliidae, 67 Creadion . 32 Deinacrida . 71 Dryolimnas . 20 Ephemeridae, 67 Creepers, 31 Deinocossonus . 81 Dryophthorus . 81 Ephemeroptera, 66 Crenichthvs . 44 Deinomimesa . 96 Drvotribus . 81 Ephydridae, 83 Crickets, 71 Deloneura . 88 Dubiraphia . 79 Epicrates . 37 Criniger . 27 Delphacidae, 74 Ducks, 17 Epimyrma . 95 Crocidura . 3 Dendrocopos . 25 Ducula . 22 Epioblasma . 57 Crocodiles, 35 Dendrocygna . 17 Dugong . 12 Epiophlebia . 68 Crocodylus . 35 Dendroica . 31 Dune Beetles, 80 Epiophlebiidae, 68 Crossidius . 80 Dendrolagus . 2 Durangonella . 51 Equus . 12 Crosslevia . 28 Dendroleon . 75 Durbania . 88 Erebia . 91 Crossoptilon . 19 Dermaptera, 72 Dusicyon . 10 Eremichthys . 41 Crotalus . 37 Dermatemys . 33 Dynastes . 78 Eremomela . 29 Crustacea, 62 Dermochelvs . 34 Dysticheus . 81 Eresidae, 61 Crvptochia . 83 Desmana . 3 Dytiscidae, 76 Eresus . 61 Cryptoprocta . 10 Desmocerus . 80 Dytiscus . 76 Eretmochelvs . 34 Crypturellus . 15 Desmopachria . 76 Erikssonia . 88 Ctenizidae, 61 Deudorix . 88 Eagles, 18 Eriogaster . 94 Cualac . 44 Diastole . 55 Eanus . 79 Erithacus . 29 Cuckoos, 23 Diceros, 12 Earthworms, 60 Erpetogomphus . 68 Cucujidae, 80 Dicranopselaphus . 79 Earwigs, 72 Ervmnochelys . 34 Cucuius . 80 Dicrurus . 32 Ecchlorolestes . 67 Erythroecia . 94 Cumberlandia . 59 Didermocerus . 12 Ecclisomyia . 84 Erythrura . 32 Cuon, 10 Didunculus . 22 Echidnas, 2 Estrilda . 32 -99- 1 Index Etheostoma . 47 Foudia . 32 Goodeids, 46 Heliconius . 93 19 Eubalaena . 9 Francolins, Gopherus . 34 Helicoverpa . 94 Eucerceris . 96 Francolinus . 19 Gorgonacea, 49 Helisoma . 52 Euchloe . 88 Fregata . 16 Gorilla . 7 Helix . 56 Eucnemidae, 79 Fringiila . 31 Gorillas, 7 Helminthoglypta . 56 Frogs, 38 Eucrenonaspides . 62 Gracillariidae, 85 Helminthoglyptidae, 56 Eucvcloeobius . 48 Fulica . 20 Graellsia . 94 Heloderma . 36 Eulidia , 24 Fundulus . 45 Grallaria . 26 Hemerobiidae, 75 Eulonchus . 82 Fusconaia . 58 Graphium . 86 Hemiargus . 88 Eumaeus . 88 Graphoderus . 76 Hemignathus . 31 Eumastacidae, 72 Galaxias . 44 Grapholitha . 85 Hemigomphus . 69 Eumorsea . 72 Galemvs . 3 Grasshoppers, 72 Hemiphaga . 22 Eunice . 59 Galidictis . 10 Grayling, 43 Hemiphlebia . 67 Gallicolumba . 22 Eunicella . 49 Grebes, 15 Hemiphlebiidae, 67 Eunicida, 59 Gallinula , 20 Greenbuls, 27 Hemiptera, 73 Eunicidae, 59 Gallotia , 36 Gripopterygidae, 73 Hemistena . 58 Eunvmphicus . 23 Gambelia . 36 Gronocarus . 78 Hemitragus . 15 Eupelmidae, 95 Gambusia . 46 Ground Beetles, 76 Hemitremia . 41 Eupelmus . 95 Gammaridae, 63 Grus . 20 Heosemys . 33 . 63 Euphvdrvas . 92 Gammarus Gryllidae, 71 Hepialidae, 84 Eupleres . 10 Garter snakes, 37 Grvlloblatta . 71 Heptageniidae, 66 Gastropoda, 50 Euploea . 90 Grylloblattaria, 71 Hermits, 24 Euproserpinus . 94 Gavialis . 35 Grylloblattidae, 71 Herons, 17 Eurycea . 38 Gazella . 15 Grvllotalpa . 71 Hesperia . 85 Gazelles, 15 Eurvphura . 92 Gryllotalpidae, 71 Hesperiidae, 85 Eurvstomus . 24 Geckos, 35 Guans, 19 Heteramphus . 81 Eurytides , 86 Gelechiidae, 85 Gulella . 54 Heterelmis . 79 Euscheman . 85 Geocapromys , 9 Gulls, 21 Heterexis . 81 Eusthenia . 73 Geochelone . 33 Gymnobelideus . 2 Heterocleon . 66 Eustheniidae, 73 Geomalacus . 54 Gvmnocharacinus . 43 Heterocrossa . 85 Euthalia . 92 Geometridae, 94 Gymnocthebius . 77 Heteromirafra . 27 Eutriorchis . 18 Geomitra . 56 Gymnogyps . 18 Heterotrichida, 49 Euxanthe . 92 Geonemertes . 50 Gymnopholus . 81 Himantopus . 21 Evarra . 41 Geopsittacus . 23 Gymnosomata, 52 Hippidae, 66 Everes . 88 Geospiza . 30 Gyps . 18 Hippocamelus . 13 Geothlypis . 31 Gyrinidae, 77 Hippopotami, 13 Fabriciana . 93 Geotrupidae, 78 Hippopus . 59 Falco . 18 GephrvQglanis . 43 Hadramphus . 81 Hipposideros . 4 Falcons, 18 Geronticus . 17 Haematopinidae, 73 Hippotragus . 15 Farula . 84 Gerrhonotus . 36 Haematopinus . 73 Hirudinidae, 60 Felexamia . 75 Gharials, 35 Haematopus . 21 Hirudinoidea, 60 Felis . 11 Gibbons, 7 Haideoporus . 76 Hirudo . 60 Ferminia . 28 Gila . 41 Halcyon . 24 Hirundo . 27 Finchs, 30 Glacicavicola . 76 Haliaeetus . 18 Holcobius . 80 Fireflies, 80 Glaresis . 78 Haliplidae, 76 Homarus . 65 Fisherola . 52 Giaucidium . 24 Haliplus . 76 Homoeoneuria . 66 Fletcherana . 94 Glaucis . 24 Hansonoperla . 73 Homoptera, 74 Flies, 82 Glaucopsvche . 88 Hapalemur . 4 Honeyeaters, 30 Flufftails, 20 Glossosomatidae, 83 Hapalopsittaca . 23 Hoplonemertea, 50 Fluminicola . 51 Glyphalinia . 55 Haplotaxida, 60 Horseshoe crabs, 60 Flycatchers, 29 Glyphopsyche . 84 Hares, 8 Huleechius . 79 Flying Foxes, 4 Gnaphosidae, 61 Harpia . 18 Humblotia . 29 Fontelicella . 51 Gnophos . 94 Hawks, 18 Huso . 40 Fonticella . 51 Gobies, 48 Hedylepta . 93 Hutias, 9 Formica . 95 Gomphidae, 68 Helicarionidae, 55 Hyaena . 1 Formicidae, 95 Gomphus . 68 Helicidae, 56 Hybopsis . 41 Formicivora . 26 Gongylomorphus . 36 Helicodiscidae, 55 Hydraecia . 94 Fossa . 10 Goniobasis. 51 Helicodiscus . 55 Hydraena . 77 -100- Index Lethe . 92 Macrobaenete s. 71 Hydraenidae, 77 Komarekiona . 60 Hydrobiidae, 50 Komarekionidae, 60 Leto . 84 Macrobanetes . 71 Leucopeza . 31 Macrocephalon . 18 Hvdrochara . 77 Konia . 48 Leucopsar . 32 Macroderma . 4 Hvdrodamalis . 12 Koonunga . 62 Leucopternis . 18 Macrodontia . 80 Hvdromantes . 38 Koonungidae, 62 Leucorrhinia . 70 Macrogalidia . 10 Hydrophilidae, 77 Kosswigichthys . 45 Leuctra . 72 Macromia . 70 Hvdroporus . 76 Kupea . 93 Leuctridae, 72 Macromiidae, 70 Hvdroptila . 83 Lexingtonia . 58 Macropus . 2 Hvdrosaurus . 36 Labeo . 41 Libelloides . 75 Macroscincus . 36 Hydrotilidae, 83 Labidura . 72 Libellula . 70 Macrosphenus . 29 Hygrotus . 77 Labiduridae, 72 Libellulidae, 70 Macrothele . 61 Hvla . 39 Lagochila . 42 Libellulosoma . 69 Macrotis . 8 Hvles . 94 Lagorchestes . 2 Libythea . 90 Macroveliidae, 73 Hvlobates . 7 Lagostrophus . 2 Libytheidae, 90 Maculinea . 89 Hymenoptera, 95 Lagothrix . 5 Lice, 73 Madtoms, 43 Hvpena . 94 Lampetra . 39 Lichnanthe . 78 Magicicada . 75 Hvperoodon . 9 Lampreys, 39 Limnebius . 77 Malacochers'js . 34 Hvpodrvas . 93 Lampsilis . 58 Limnephilus . 84 Malaconotus . 27 Hvpolimnas . 92 Lampyridae, 80 Limnodromus 21 Malimbus . 32 Hvpsipetes . 27 Lancidae, 52 Land Snails, 55 Limulidae, 60 Malpulutta . 48 Limulus . 60 Manatees, 12 Ibis, 17 Lanius . 27 Linyphiidae, 61 Manduca . 94 Icaricia . 88 Lapwings, 21 Lioptilus . 29 Mantidae, 70 Ictalurus . 43 Larks, 27 Lipotes . 9 Mantispa . 75 Ictinogomphus . 69 Larus . 21 Lirceus . 63 Mantispidae, 75 Idea . 90 Lasiocampidae, 94 Lithasia . 51 Mantodea, 70 Ideopsis . 91 Lasiorhinus . 2 Lithoglyphus . 51 Margaritifera . 59 Idiostatus . 71 Lasiurus . 4 Lithophane . 95 Margaritiferidae, 59 Iguanas, 36 Lasmigona . 58 Lizards, 35 Margaronia . 93 Indophlebia . 69 Leaf Bugs, 74 Lobsters, 65 Marmota . 8 Indri . 5 Lednia . 72 Beetles, 80 Marstonia . 51 Insecta, 66 Leeches, 60 Longhorn Lophophrus . 19 Martins, 27 lo, 51 Leiodidae, 77 Lophura . 19 Masticophis . 37 lotichthvs . 41 Leiolopisma . 36 Loxioides . 31 Mayflies, 66 Ischnura . 68 Leiopelma . 38 Loxodonta . 12 Mecistogaster . 68 Isomma . 69 Leiostyla . 53 Loxops . 31 Meda . 41 Isonvchia . 66 Lemur . 4 Lucania . 45 Megachilidae, 96 Isopoda, 62 Lentipes . 48 Lucanidae, 77 Megacolabus . 81 Isopods, 62 Leontopithecus . 6 Luehdorfia . 86 Megalagrion . 68 Ithmamar . 74 Lepidocephalus . 42 Lutodrilidae, 60 Megalonaias . 58 Ithonidae, 75 Lepidochelys . 34 Lutodrilus . 60 Megalurus . 29 Itodacnus . 79 Lepidochrysops . 89 Lutra . 10 Megapodagrionidae, 67 Lepidomeda , 41 Lvcaeides . 89 Megapodes, 18 Jasus . 65 Lepidoptera, 84 Lvcaena . 89 Megapodius . 18 Lepidostoma . 84 Lycaenidae, 88 Megaptera . 9 Kalania . 74 Lepidostomatidae, 84 Lycaon . 10 Megascolecidae, 60 Kalochelidon . 27 Lepilemur . 4 . Lycosa . 61 Megascolides 60 Kangaroos, 2 Leporillus . 8 Lycosidae, 61 Megathymidae, 86 Katechonemertes . 50 Leptobotia . 42 Lygaeidae, 74 Megupsilon . 45 Katydids, 71 Leptoceridae, 84 Lvmnaea . 52 Melaenornis . 29 Kedestes . 85 Leptodea . 58 Lymnaeidae, 52 Melamprosops . 31 Kenkia . 49 Leptogrvllus . 72 Lyperobius . 81 Melanerpes . 25 Kenkiidae, 49 Leptonemertes . 50 . Lytta . 80 Melanosuchus 35 Killifish, 45 Leptoperia . 73 Melignomon . 25 Kinosternon . 33 Leptothorax . 95 Macaca . 6 Meliphaga . 30 Kites, 18 Leptotila . 22 Machiloides . 66 Meloidae, 80 '^ Kiwaia, 8 Leptoxis . 51 Macrancylus . 81 Melospiza . 30 Kobus . 15 Lestidae, 67 101- 1 1 1 Index Melursus . 10 Moth Flies, 82 Nesithmvsus . 80 Oliarus . 74 Menidia . 46 Moths, 84 Nesocichla , 29 Oligochaeta, 60 Mergus . 17 Moxostoma . 42 Nesocrvptias . 74 Oligoneuridae, 66 Merostomata, 60 Mudminnows, 43 Nesoenas . 22 Oligophlebodes . 84 Merulaxis . 26 Muntiacus . 14 Nesolagus . 8 Onchobarus . 81 Mervcomvia . 82 Muscicapa . 29 Nesomantis . 39 Onthophagus . 78 Mesitornis . 20 Mussels, 57 Nesomimesa . 96 Onychogalea . 2 Mesodon . 55 Mustela . 10 Nesomimus . 28 Onychophora, 96 Mesogastropoda, 50 Mutillidae, 95 Nesoprosophis . 96 Oodemas . 81 Mesoveliidae, 73 Mvadestes . 29 Nesorestias . 74 Qphiogomphus . 69 Meta . 61 Mvaka . 48 Nesosydne . 74 Opiliones, 62 Metabolus . 29 Mvcotrupes . 78 Nesothauma . 75 Qptioservus . 79 Metacnemis . 67 Mvcteria . 17 Nesotocus . 81 Oravelia . 73 MetapQgon . 82 Mvlothris . 88 Netta . 17 Orchestiidae, 64 Metatrichoniscoides . 63 Myotis . 4 Neurocordulia . 69 Orconectes . 65 Metisella . 85 Myrmecobius . 3 Neuroptera, 75 Oreodaimon . 42 Metrarga . 74 Myrmecophaga . 7 Newtonia . 29 Oreohelicidae, 55 Mexilana . 62 Myrmeleon . 75 Nicrophorus . 77 Oreohelix . 55 Mexipyrgus . 51 Myrmeleontidae, 75 Ninox, 24 Oreolyce . 89 Mexistenasellus . 63 Myrmica . 95 Nipponia . 17 Oreophasis . 19 Mexithauma . 51 Myrmosula . 95 Noctuidae, 94 Orestias . 45 Mice, 8 Myrmotherula . 26 Noeneura . 67 Ornipholidotos . 89 Micrarionta . 56 Myxas . 52 Nososticta . 67 Ornithoptera . 86 Micraspides . 62 Notarthrinus . 89 Ortalis . 19 Microcebus . 5 Naia . 37 Nothaldonis . 81 Orthetrum . 70 Microchaetidae, 60 Nannopterum . 16 Nothomyrmecia . 95 Orthoptera, 71 . Nasalis . Microchaetus 60 6 Notiomystis . 30 Oryctes . 78 Microcreagris . 61 Bugs, 73 Naucorid Notomys . 8 Oryx . 15 . 8 73 Microcryptorhvnchus Naucoridae, Notopterus . 40 Orvzomys . 8 Microcylloepus . 79 Nectarinia . 30 Notornis . 20 Osmerus . 44 . Nectophrynoides . 39 Micronaspis 80 Notropis . 41 Osmoderma . 78 Micropanchax . 45 Necydalis . 80 Noturus . 43 Osteolaemus . 35 Micropterus . 46 Neduba . 71 Novumbra . 43 Otters, 10 Microscolex . 60 Nematostella . 49 Numenius . 21 Otus . 24 Microtus . 8 Nemertea, 50 Nuthatchs, 30 Ovis . 15 Miloderes . 81 Nemertine Worms, 50 Nymphalidae, 92 Owls, 23 Minnows, 40 Nemopalpus . 82 Nymphophilus . 51 Oxychaeta . 89 Mirafra . 27 Nemosia . 30 Nvsius . 74 Oxyethira . 83 Miridae, 74 72 Nemouridae, Oxygastra . 69 Mistichthvs . 48 Nemours . 72 Obovaria . 58 Oxyloma . 54 Mixogaster . 82 Neobisiidae, 61 Oceanides . 74 Oystercatchers, 21 Moapa . 41 Neochanna . 44 Ochrotrichia . 83 Oysters, 57 Modulatrix . 29 Neodrepanis . 26 Ochthebius . 77 Ozotoceros . 14 Moho . 30 Neofelis . 1 Oclandius . 81 MoUusca, 50 Neomorphus . 23 Odobenus . 1 Pachvcoccvx . 23 Monachus . 1 Neophema . 23 Odocoileus . 14 Pacifastacus . 65 Monadenia . 56 Neospiza . 30 Odonata, 67 Paddlefish, 40 Monardithemis . 70 Neothramma . 84 Odontoceridae, 84 Paduniella . Mongooses, 10 Neotragus . 15 Odontophorus . 19 Palaemonetes . 65 Monias . 20 Neotrichia . 83 Odynerus . 95 Palaemonias . 65 Monkeys, 5 Nephropidae, 65 Oecanthus . 72 Palaemonidae, 65 Monticola . 29 Nephrops . 65 Oecetis . 84 Paleoxenus . 79 Morimus . 80 Nepticulidae, 84 Oedemasylus . 81 Palinuridae, 66 Mormolyce . 76 Neptis . 93 Oedura . 35 Palmeria . 31 Morphnus . 18 Nerodia . 36 Oeoblia . 93 Palpopleura . 70 Mortonagrion . 68 Neseis . 74 Ogmodon . 37 Paludiscala . 51 Moschus . 13 Nesidiolestes . 74 Ognorhynchus . 23 Pan . 7 Moss Beetles, 77 Nesillas . 29 Oliarces . 75 Panchala . 89 -102- Index Panda, 10 Petrochroa . 85 Planorbidae, 52 Progomphus . 69 . 7 Pangasianodon . 43 Petrogale . 2 Planthoppers, 74 Prolagus Platanista . 9 Propithecus . 5 Paneasius . 43 Petroica . 29 Platemys . 33 Proserpinus . 94 Panoauina . 85 Pezoparus . 23 Platycnemididae, 67 Prosobonia . 21 Pantaeenia . 67 Phaeognathus . 38 Platycnemis . 67 50 Panthera . 11 Phaeornis . 29 Prosorhochmidae, Platyhelminthes, 49 Proterhinus . Pantinonemertes . 50 Phaethornis . 24 80 Platysteira . 29 Proteus . Panulirus . 66 Phalacrocorax . 16 38 . Protoneuridae, 67 Papilio . 87 Phalanger . 2 Plebeius 89 Papilionidae, 86 Phalangodidae, 62 Plebicula . 89 Protoploea . 91 Plecoptera, 72 Protoptila . 83 Papio . 7 Phalanta . 93 Plecotus . 4 Prototroctes . 43 Papustvla . 55 Phallostethus . 46 Plethobasus . 58 Psammaspididae, 62 Paracentrotus . 96 Phaner . 5 Plethodon . 38 Psammobates . 34 Paracoenia . 83 Pharomacrus . 24 Pleurobema . 58 Psephenidae, 79 Paracymus . 77 Phascogale . 3 Pleuroceridae, 51 Psephenus . 79 Paradoxornis . 29 Phasmatidae, 72 Parakeets, 23 Phasmatoptera, 72 Plexauridae, 49 Psephotus . 23 Ploceus . 32 Pseudacris . 39 Paranaspides . 62 Pheasants, 19 Plovers, 21 Pseudemvdura . 35 Paralitica . 91 Phelsuma . 35 Podarcis . 36 Pseudemys . 33 Parapinnixa . 66 Phenacobius . 42 Podiceps . 15 Pseudibis . 17 Pararge . 92 Philanthus . 96 Podilymbus . 16 Pseudiolaus . 89 Parastacidae, 65 Phildoria . 85 Podocnemis . 34 Pseudirion . 66 Paravitrea . 55 Philocasca . 84 Podogymnura . 3 Pseudocalyptomena . 25 Pardosa . 61 Philopotamidae, 83 Poeciliopsis . 46 Pseudochelidon . 27 Pareudiastes . 20 Philoria . 39 Poecilmitis . 89 Pseudococcidae, 75 Parides . 87 Philotiella . 89 Pogonichthys . 42 Pseudocopaeodes . 86 Parnassius . 87 Phoca . 11 Pogoniulus . 25 Pseudocotalpa . 78 Paroreomva . 31 Phocoena . 9 Polposipus . 80 Pseudomys . 8 Parrotfinches, 22 Phodilus . 23 Polychaeta, 59 Pseudonestor . 31 Parrots, 22 Photuris . 80 Polyergus . 95 Pseudopsectra . 75 Partula . 53 Phoxinus . 42 Polygra . 55 Pseudoscorpionida, 61 Partulidae, 53 Phrynops . 34 Polygyridae, 55 Pseudostigmatidae, 68 Partulina . 52 Phrvnosoma . 36 Polygyriscus . 55 Psilotreta . 84 Parvphanta . 54 Phyciodes . 93 Polyhymenophorea, 49 Psittacula . 23 Pavo . 19 Phyllastrephus . 27 Polylamina . 78 Psittirostra . 31 Peafowls, 19 Phyllococcus . 75 Polyodon . 40 Psophodes . 29 Pearlfish, 45 Phyllodesma . 94 Polyphylla . 78 Psychodidae, 82 Pegias . 58 Phylolestes . 70 Polvplectron . 19 Psvchomastix . 72 Pelecanus . 16 Physa . 52 Polystictus . 26 Pteriidae, 57 Pelobates . 39 Physidae, 52 Pomarea . 29 Pterioida, 57 Pelocoris . 73 Picathartes . 29 . 15 Pongo . 7 Pterocnemia Peltoperlidae, 73 Picoides . 25 Potamilus . 59 Pterodroma . 16 Peltotrupes . 78 Picus, 25 . 10 Potorous . 2 Pteronura Penelope . 19 Pieridae, 88 Presbytis . 7 Pteropus . 4 Pentalagus . 8 Pieris . 88 . Prietella . 43 Ptilinopus 22 Pentarthrum . 81 Pigeons, 21 . 42 Prinia . 29 Ptvchocheilus Perameles . 3 Pinctada . 57 Priodontes . 7 Pudu . 14 Perca . 47 Pinnotheridae, 66 Prionailurus . 11 Puffinus . 16 Percina . 47 Pipile . 19 . Prionops . 27 Pungu 48 Perdicella . 53 Pisidium . 59 Pristoceuthophilus . 71 Pupfish, 45 Perdita . 96 Pithecophaga . 18 Probarbus . 42 Pupillidae, 53 Perdix . 19 Pitta, 26 . 7 Problema . 85 Pygathrix Peridroma . 95 Pitymys . 8 Procambarus . 65 Pyralidae, 93 Peripatidae, 96 Placostylus . 54 Procellaria . 16 Pyreferra . 95 Peripatosidae, 96 Plagjodontia . 9 . Procnias . 26 Pyriglena 26 Peripatus, 96 Plagjthmysus . 80 Procolobus . 7 Pyrrhula . 23 Perlidae, 73 Plagopterus . 42 78 Python . 37 Petrels, 16 Planaria, 49 Prodontria. 103- 1 Index Sterkia . 53 38 Skiffia . 46 Pyxis . 34 Salamanders, Skinks, 36 Sterna . 21 Salamis . 93 Skippers, 85 Sternotherus . 34 Ouadrula . 59 Salanoia . 10 Slugs, 54 Stick-insects, 72 Quails, 19 Salmo . 44 Smelt, 44 Stilts, 21 Quetzals, 24 Salvelinus . 44 Smerina . 93 Stiobia . 51 Samoana . 53 Sminthopsis . 3 Stomatepia . 48 Rabbits, 8 Sanzinia . 37 Snails, 50 Stoneflies, 72 Rails, 20 Sapheopipo . 25 Snipe, 21 Stonemvia . 82 . 48 Rallus . 20 Sarotherodon Solenodon . 3 Storks, 17 Ramphocinclus . 28 Sarothrura . 20 Soliperla . 73 Strepera . 32 . 93 Rana . 39 Sasakia Somatochlora . 69 Streptaxidae, 54 Raphiomvdas . 82 Satan . 43 Somatogyrus . 51 Streptopelia . 22 Rasbora . 42 Saturnia . 94 Sonorella . 56 Strider Bugs, 73 Rats, 8 Saturniidae, 94 . Strigops . 23 Rattlesnakes, 37 Satyridae, 91 Sooglossus 39 Sosippus . 61 Strombas . 52 Redfins, 40 Satyrodes . 93 Spanglerogyrus . 76 Strombidae, 52 Reduviidae, 74 Saxicola . 29 Sparrows, 30 Strvmon . 90 . 40 Regulus . 29 Scaohirhynchus 77 Speirops . 30 Sturgeon, 40 Reithrodontomys . 8 Scarab Beetles, Spelaeorchestia . 64 Stygionvmpha . 92 Relictus . 42 Scarabaeidae, 78 Speocirolana . . Rhaphidophoridae, 71 Scavenger Beetles, 77 62 Stygobromus 63 Speoplatvrhinus . 44 Stylommatophora, 52 Rheas, 15 Schoutedenapus . 24 Speothos . 10 Stvpodon . 42 Rheinardia . 19 Sciurus . 8 Speyeria . 93 Stvrulus . 69 Rheobatrachus . 39 Sclerodermus . 95 Sphaeriidae, 59 Succineidae, 54 Rhinichthys . 42 Scleropages . 40 Sphaeroderus . 76 Suckers, 42 Rhinoceros, 12 Scotopelia . 24 Sphaeromatidae, 63 Sula . 16 Rhinoceros . 12 Scotorvthra . 94 Sphalloplana . 49 Sunbirds, 30 Rhinoclemmys . 33 Sculpins, 46 Spharagemon . 72 Sus . 13 Rhinopithecus . 7 Scytalopus . 26 Sphecidae, 96 Swallows, 27, 32 Rhinoplax . 25 Sea Anemones, 49 Rhopalid Bugs, 74 Sea Fans, 49 Sphenodon . 35 Swallowtails, 87 Rhopalidae, 74 Sea Slugs, 52 Spheterista . 85 Swifts, 24 Sphingidae, 94 Swynnertonia . 29 Rhopornis . 26 Sea Urchins, 96 Spiders, 61 Sympetrum . 70 Rhyacophila . 83 Seals, 1 Rhyacophilidae, 83 Seed Bugs, 74 Spindasis . 90 Synanthedon . 85 Spinedace, 41 Syncaris . 65 Rhynchopsitta . 23 Segmentina . 52 Spinus . 31 Synlestidae, 70 Rhyncoeonus . 81 Selenarctos . 10 Spizocorys . 27 Syrichtus . 86 Rhynochetos . 20 Semnornis . 25 Splittails, 42 Svrmaticus . 19 Rhytididae, 54 Semotilis . 42 Spongillaflies, 75 Syrphidae, 82 Riekoperla . 73 Serica . 78 Riffle Beetles, 79 Sericostomatidae, 84 Sporophila . 31 Springfish, 44 Tabanid Flies, 82 Rjyulus . 44 Serins, 31 Roaches, 70 Serinus, 31 Stactolaema . 25 Tabanidae, 82 Robberflies, 82 Sesiidae, 85 Stag Beetles, 77 Tachvbaptus . 16 Robins, 28 Sheep, 14 Stagnicola . 52 Tachvcnemis . 39 Stallingsia . Tachypleus . Rollers, 25 Sheppardia . 29 86 60 Starlings, 32 Taeniopterygidae, 72 Romanichthys . 47 Shiiimiaeoides . 89 Stenasellidae, Taeniopteryx . 72 Romankenkius . 49 Shiners, 41 63 Stenasellids, Romerolagus . 8 Shrikes, 27 63 Tamarins, 6 Stenelmis . 79 Tanagers, Rosalia . 81 Shrimps, 62, 65 30 Stenodus . 44 Tanakia . 42 Rostrhamus . 18 Siacella . 74 71 . 31 Rowettia . 31 Sicydium . 48 Stenopelmatidae, Tangara Stenopelmatus . 71 Rukia . 30 Silphidae, 77 Tapaculo, 26 . Rupicapra . 15 Simias . 7 Stenophysa 52 Taphius . 52 . Simpsonichthvs . 45 Stenotrema 55 Tapirs, 12 Saga . 71 Simpsoniconcha. 59 Stenotrupis , 81 Tapirus . 12 . Saguinus . 6 Siphlonuridae, 66 Stentor 49 Tarantulas, 60 Saimiri. 5 Sitta . 30 Stentoridae, 49 Tarsius. 5 -104- 1 Index Tasmanophlebia . 66 Tremarctos . 10 Utabaenetes . 71 Zalophus . 1 Tauraco . 23 Tremblers, 28 Zavattariornis . 33 Taurotragus . 15 Treron, 22 Valvata . 50 Zebras, 12 Teinobasis . 68 Triaenodes . 84 Valvatidae, 50 Zelotypia . 84 Teinopalpus . . 88 Trichechus 12 Vanelius . 21 Zonitidae, 55 Telema . 61 . Trichocichla 29 Varanus . 37 Zoothera . 30 Telemidae, 61 Tricholimas . 20 Varecia . 4 Zoraptera, 73 Tenebrionidae, 80 Trichoniscidae, 63 Veneroida, 59 Zorotypidae, 73 Terns, 21 Trichoptera, 83 Vermivora . 31 Zorotvpus . 73 Terpsiphone . 29 Tricladida, 49 Vertiginidae, 53 Zosterops . 30 Terrapene . . 33 Tridacna 59 Vertigo . 53 Zyzomvs . 8 Terrapins, 33 Tridacnidae, 59 Vespericola . 55 Testudo . 34 Trigonopelastes . 78 Vespidae, 95 Tetrao . 19 Trigonoscuta . 82 Vicugna . 13 Tetrigidae, 72 Trimenia . 90 Vicunas, 13 Tetrix . 72 Tringa . 21 Villosa . 59 Tettigidea . 72 Triodopsis . 55 Vini . 22 Tettigoniidae, 71 Trionvx . 35 Vipera . 37 Thaanumia . 53 Trithemis . 70 Vipers, 37 Thamnophis . 37 Tritocleis . 94 Viverra, 10 Thaumatibis . 17 Tritogenia . 60 Voles, 8 Thaumatodon . 54 Tritons, 52 Thaumatogryllus . 72 Trogidae, 77 Wallabies, 2 Theraphosidae, 61 Troglodytes . 28 Warblers, 28, 31 Thermosphaeroma . 63 Trogloglanis . 43 Wasps, 95 Thestor . 90 Troglophantes . 61 Water Beetles, 76 Thinornis . 21 Troides . 88 Weavers, 32 Thoracica, 62 Trout, 44 Weevils, 81 Thread Bugs, 74 Trox, 77 Weta, 71 Threnetes . 24 Tryonia . 51 Whales, 9 Threskiornis . 17 Tsitana . 86 Whipbirds, 29 Thrushes, 29 Tuatara, 35 Whirligig Beetles, 77 Thylacinus . 3 Turacos, 23 White-eyes, 30 Thysanura, 66 Turbellaria, 49 Whitefish, 44 Tiaroga . 42 Turbinidae, 50 Williamsonia . 70 Tiger Beetles, 76 Turbo . 50 Wolves, 10 Tigrisoma . 17 Turdoides . 29 Woodpeckers, 25 Tinamou, 15 Turdus . 29 Worms, 59 Tinamus . 15 Turtles, 33 Wrens, 28 Tinostoma . 94 Tylognathus . 42 Tiradelphe . 91 Tympanuchus . 19 Xantusia . 35 Tirumala . 91 Typhaeus . 78 Xenicus . 26 Tischeria . 84 Tvphlatya . 65 Xenoophorus . 46 Tischeriidae, 84 Tvphlomolge . 38 Xenopirostris . 27 Toads, 39 Typhlops . 37 Xenopus . 38 Tokudaia . 8 Typhlotriton . 38 Xeromys . 8 Tolypeutes . 7 Tyto . 23 Xipholena . 26 Tomistoma . 35 Xiphophorus . 46 Torrent Midges, 82 Udeina . 60 Xiphorhynchus . 25 Torreornis . 31 Umbrellabirds, 26 Xiphosura, 60 Tortoises, 33 Unas . 82 Xylotoles , 81 Tortricidae, 85 Unionidae, 57 Xyrauchen . 42 Totoaba . 47 Unionoida, 57 Touit . 23 Uniramia, 66 Yellowbrows, 28 Toxolasma . 59 Uranothauma . 90 Ypthima . 92 Tragopan . 19 Uratelornis . 25 Treader Bugs, 73 Urothemis . 70 Zaglossus . 2 Tree Snails, 53 Ursus . 10 Zaitzeva . 79 105- Prepared with financial support from the World Wildlife Fund International and the United Nations Environment Programme, and published with a grant from World Wildlife Fund UK. A contribution to GEMS - the Global Environment Monitoring System. m ^ This book is part of THE lUCN CONSERVATION LIBRARY .J^.free copy of the complete catalogue please write to: ^'j-j-tejications Services, """"i^Road, Cambridge CB3 ODL, UK ^"%,eiainc, GH-1196 Gland, Switzerland