Theme: The Original Inhabitants Native Cultures of the Pacific NPS Form 10-900 0MB No. 1024-0018 Expires 10-31-87 United States Department off the Interior National Park Service For NPS UM only National Register off Historic Places APR 2 8 1987 Inventory—Nomination Form date entered See instructions in How to Complete National Register Forms Type ail entries—complete applicable sections_______________ 1. Name_________________, historic HUIIUA FISHPOND NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK________ and or common State Site Number; 50-80-06-301 2. Location________________ street & number Karaehameha Highway (State Highway 83) not for publication city, town Kahana Valley, Koolauloa vicinity of 13 mi north of Kaneohe state Hawaii code county Honolulu code 003 3. Classification Category Ownership Status Present Use district _JL public occupied agriculture museum building(s) private X unoccupied commercial structure both work in progress educational private residence Public Acquisition Accessible entertainment religious object in process X yes: restricted* government scientific being considered .. yes: unrestricted industrial transportation no military other: Owner Off PrODerty *Visitation not encouraged by the State because of BM^H^^BIHMiHHMMMMHMKMHMM-l-JElllNMMM-BMH-I-JliS-ifei^ name Department of Lands and Natural Resources, State of street & number P.O. Box 621 city, town Honolulu vicinity of state Hawaii courthouse, registry of deeds, etc. Bureau of Conveyances (Tax Rap: 5-2-05; 21)________________ street & number Department of Land and Natural Resources, State of Hawaii_________________ city, town Kalanimoku Building, Honolulu________________state Hawaii 96809 6. Representation in Existing Surveys__________ title National Survey of Historic Sites andhas this property been determined eligible? 2L_ yes __ no ana .Buildings date 1962_____(HASS-50-CA-F8-1)_____________ X federal X state county local Also: Bisnop Museum survey depository for survey records Kahana Valley (homtian 1971) city, town state 7. Description__________________4 • ____ NPS Field Inspection: 5/30/86 Condition Check one Check one __ excellent _X. deteriorated __ unaltered __ original site __ good __ ruins X altered __ moved date unexposed (historic period repairs and modifications) Describe the present and original (iff known) physical appearance Local Kahana residents have said that there were once 3 fishponds in Kahana Valley (Rothwell and Madden 1980:3). These were Huilua, a loko kuapa or stone walled pond, and two inland freshwater ponds (pu'uone) both of which were located mauka (on the landward side) of the present highway. A remnant of the largest of the two ponds is located on the western side of Kahana Bay near the present boat ramp. Neither of the inland ponds was named. The foregoing description of Huilua Archeological Site 50-80-06-301), taken principally from Rothwell and Madden (1980:3-7), has been revised td depict conditions as they were observed during the May 1986 NFS inspection visit. Huilua Fishpond is a shallow, brackish water enclosure of approximately 4^ acres that is roughly shaped as a right triangle with the right angle of the base forming the northwest or seaward corner of the pond. The base or western wall abuts and partially deflects the effluent from the Kahana estuary as" it discharges into Kahatia Bay. This wall, approxi- mately 500 feet in length, is composed of compacted calcareous sands and terriginous muds which appear to have been dredged from the pond. The outer margjji of this wall has an irregular facing and parallel line of basaltic rock. Of decreasing width from the mauka or landward corner to the northwest corner, it ranges from approximately 75 feet to less than 10 feet in width. The general elevation ranges from 1 to 4 feet above high water with the highest portion to seaward. Vegetation covers the wall, providing significant stability and reducing the effects of erosion. The most prominent vegetation is false ironwood (Casuarina glauca), Kba haole (Leucania latisiligua), and Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon). Along the outside oTthe wall, an intermittent sand beach is accreted during portions of the year which nearly blocks the mouth of the estuary. This is quickly eroded during times of heavy stream discharge, allowing the waters to attack those portions of the wall unprotected by the remaining rock facing. Presently, the wall is being eroded by wave action in several places. This action is due in part to the loss of structural integrity at the northwest corner which permits the full force of waves to wash what has now become a peninsula from several angles. Nearly 50 feet of the seaward portion of the wall has been eroded, leaving a pile of basaltic rock which is covered at high and mid-tides. Presumably, this f^^rised a part of the original walls of the pond. Several false ironwoods have also been toppled in the process and are rapidly being broken up. In addition, a 100 foot section of the ^sSrnPwS? is heavily Galloped and the banks undercut; at hi^h tide ^sjef^ing around the northwest corner erode and wash over the remaining barrier which has been re­ duced to only several feet wide. At the extreme south end of the western wall are located two parallel makaha orsluice gatS? ^Safgate i* longer by approximately 10 feet than ^^.^-*f* channels hav^l^rtared stone walls (the mortar was introduced in historic tunes) and fS contrite gates (another historic addition). Ite muka channel ^ ^le^f STsand, debris! and vegetation, principally hau (HjMgc^f lUaceaus) and mangrov (Rhizophora mangle), both of which are introduced species. The makai channel is also 8. Significance Period Areas of Significance — Check and justify below X prehistoric _x_, archeology-prehistoric . ._ community planning .._... landscape architecture. _ . religion __ 1400-1499 _x_ archeology-historic - — conservation ._.._ law __ science __ 1500-1599 __ agriculture ,X_ economics _ -literature _. _ sculpture _2_ 1600-1699 _ .architecture _ .education ... _ military __ social/ _X_ 1700-1799 __._ art X engineering __ music humanitarian _X_ 1800-1899 ... _ commerce .. _ .exploration/settlement _ philosophy . __ theater _3£_ 1900- _ .communications ..___ Industry __ politics/government __ transportation — _ invention _JL other (specify) ___________________________ _ _____________ Aguaculture_________ _ Specific dates A. p, 1667 (?) -1969 Builder/Architect unfo^ Ethnic Peoples-Pacific Islanders Statement of Significance (in one paragraph) Marit ime History The invention of fishponds was a unique achievement of the ancient Hawaiians for nowhere else in Polynesia was true aquaculture developed. Huilua Fishpond is one of only six re­ maining fishponds out of an estimated ninety-seven such structures that once existed on coastal Oahu (McAllister 1933:29) and one of the few ancient Hawaiian fishponds that were still operational well into this century. It is also one of only ten ponds left in the Hawaiian Islands which have not been denuded of their archeological sites during the course of historic coastal development (Kikuchi 1976:297) . A large majority of ponds throughout the Islands have been destroyed by natural agencies such as tsunamis (tidal waves) and sea storms. Technical Significance Aquacultural fishpond technology allowed the ancient Hawaiians to move beyond mere har­ vesting of fish and other marine products (i.e. crustaceans, shellfish, and seaweed) to intensive fish production and husbandry. Kikuchi (1973) reported a total of 449 ponds that were constructed prior to A.D. 1830, most during the prehistoric period. They were built on all the major islands but were most extensive on Kaua'i, O'ahu, Moloka'i and Hawai'i. Broad shallow reef flats or natural embayments provided an environment where ponds could be constructed easily in sweeping semicircular arcs out from the shoreline. Certain inland ponds, especially lava basins, along the shoreline were also modified with wall (kuapa, or pa), sluices ('auwai) and sluice gates (makaha) to convert them into operational fishponds. Ihe distinctive feature of the ponds was the sluice gates. The makaha was stationary with no moveable parts. This was the technological innovation, probably an adaptation from an earlier form used in irrigation agriculture (taro) , that enabled the prehistoric Hawaiians to progress from tide-dependent f ishtraps to artificial fishponds which could be controlled at all times of the tide (Apple and Kikuchi 1975:6) . Ponds varied in form, construction, methods of operation, and in the species of fish raised. Ponds or loko, were divided into two major categories: shore and inland ponds. Apple and Kikuchi (1975:7) further subdivided these categories into five major types: Type I Loko kuapa whose main characteristic is a seawall as its artificial enclosing feature and which usually contains one or more sluice gates . Huilua Pond has been traditionally classified as this type, although the recent study by Rothwell (1980) indicates it may contain features of both the Type I and Type II ponds. Huilua was a working fishpond (with modifications) until the late 1960s. A number of other Type I ponds are still operational, especially on Moloka'i where aerial photographs show extant ponds and remnants of older loko kuapa whose flattened walls now lie beneath the sea even at low tide. 9. Major Bibliographical References See Continuation Sheet. 10. Geographical Data Acreage of nominated property i. Quadrangle name Kahana 7.5 Minute Quadrangle Quadrangle scale 1:24000 UTM References 2.,o,q 8j4J7|7 LQ O'-P-^j Vil 1 vhiViV) B 0,4 |6ji,6 |?i3 ll£j Zone Easting Northing Zone Easting Northing C L(l!_J k ll "5 1 8 5J d 1 21 3 SJ 4] 3|5<OJ D| j | | | , I i l,i,i, jj El i 1 1 1 , | , , | 1 , 1 , | , , | F| , | | | , i i 1 i 1 1 1 jj Ol i 1 1 1 i | | | | 1 . 1 l | | | | H| , | | | , i i 1 i 1 1 1 .1 Verbal boundary description and justification See Continuation Sheet List all statos and counties for properties overlapping state or county boundaries state code county code state code county code 11.