The Great Questions from History

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Great Questions from History THE GREAT QUESTIONS FROM HISTORY - THE HISPANIC KINGDOMS & CATALUNYA – 1. What year the Moors invade Spain? 2. What is the name of the oldest pilgrimage route in the world? 3. Where is this pilgrimage route? 4. Why is Santiago relevant for the Reconquest of Spain? 5. What is the full name of Santiago in Spain? 6. Which Asturian King halted the Moorish advance in the north of Spain? 7. What was the name of the battle? 8. What year was the battle fought? 9. What Christian kingdoms existed in the tenth century? 10. What was the Hispanic March? 11. Who was the Count of Urgell at the end of the ninth century? 12. True or false: The Catalan Counties maintained a good relationship with the Caliphs of Córdoba 13. What was the Kingdom of Castile? 14. What was the Kingdom of Aragon? 15. When were the Catalan Counties established? 16. In which century did Portugal become independent? 17. Explain how the Kingdom of Aragon became the Crown of Aragon 18. What happened in 1137? 19. Name the four military orders that were found in Spain at this time 20. How did the Christian kings persuade people to populate the No Man’s Land between them and the Moors in the south? 21. What happened in 1212? 22. Explain the differences between the Castillian and Aragonese economies 23. Explain the differences between the Castillian and Aragonese forms of government 24. In Castile what was the Mesta? 25. In Aragon what was the Llibre del Consolat de Mar? 26. What did the Crown of Aragon call the Mediterranean? 27. What territories did the Crown of Aragon control in the Mediterranean? 28. What was the name of the architectural style executed by Arabs under Christian rule and is synonymous with the city of Teruel? 29. What is the name of the dialect and artistic style used in medieval manuscripts such as the famous Beatus de Liébana by Christians who had been arabised but not islamicised in territories occupied by the Moors? 30. Name one famous architectural monument of the Crown of Aragon 31. Name one famous architectural monument of the Crown of Castile .
Recommended publications
  • The Romanesque Heritage of the Vall De Boí
    The Romanesque heritage of the Vall de Boí NIO M O UN IM D R T IA A L • P • W L O A I R D L D N World Heritage Site H O E M R I E TA IN G O E • PATRIM United Nations Catalan Romanesque Educational, Scientific and Churches of the Vall de Boí Cultural Organization inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2000 A little history As from the 9th century, the land to the south of shown by the act of consecration which Ramon the Pyrenees became organised into counties Guillem, bishop of Roda-Barbastro, ordered to that depended on the Frankish kingdom and be painted on a column of the church of Sant were part of the “Marca Hispánica” or Hispanic Climent in Taüll in 1123, as a symbol of the Mark. However, in the 10th century the Catalan territory’s control. counties gradually removed themselves from the Carolingian Empire and eventually achieved A few years later, in 1140, a pact was signed political and religious independence. by both bishoprics. Most of the parishes in the Vall de Boí became part of the Urgell bishopric, The Vall de Boí, or Boí Valley, formed part of one with only the church of l’Assumpció in Cóll of these counties: that of Pallars-Ribagorça, continuing to belong to Roda-Barbastro. At the belonging to the house of Toulouse until same time as this re-structuring of the territory, the end of the 9th century. When the county was happening a new social order was also became independent, there started a complex taking shape: feudalism.
    [Show full text]
  • RECONQUEST and REPOPULATION Ence Close to the Church of a Spring Enclosed by Ma- from North Africa Who Overthrew the Visigothic King- Sonry of the Same Period
    RECONQUEST AND REPOPULATION ence close to the church of a spring enclosed by ma- from North Africa who overthrew the Visigothic king- sonry of the same period. It is likely that the site was dom in 711. Modern historians have questioned the part of a royal estate. validity of this traditional concept, but Derek Lomax ROGER COLLINS pointed out that the Reconquest was “an ideal invented by Spanish Christians soon after 711” and developed Bibliography in the ninth-century kingdom of Asturias. Given the failure of the Muslims to occupy the Collins, R., Early Medieval Spain: Unity in Diversity, entire Iberian Peninsula, several tiny, independent 400–1000. London, 1983, 108–45. kingdoms and counties emerged in the foothills of the Navascue´s, J. M. de. La dedicacio´n de San Juan de Ban˜os. Palencia, 1961. Cantabrian and Pyrenees mountains, namely, Asturias, Thompson, E. A. The Goths in Spain. Oxford, 1969, Leo´n, Castile, Navarre, Arago´n, and Catalonia. The 199–210. idea of reconquest originated in Asturias, where King Pelayo (718–737), the leader of a hardy band of moun- taineers, proclaimed his intention to achieve the salus RECEMUND Spanie—the “salvation of Spain”—and the restoration Bishop of Elvira and caliphal secretary (mid-tenth cen- of the Gothic people. His victory over the Muslims at tury). Known to the Arabs as Rabi ibn Sid al-Usquf, Covadonga in 722 is traditionally taken as the begin- the Christian Recemund served as a secretary under ning of the Reconquest. A ninth-century chronicler af- the caliph Abd al-Rah.ma¯n III (929–961).
    [Show full text]
  • Law, Liturgy, and Sacred Space in Medieval Catalonia and Southern France, 800-1100
    Law, Liturgy, and Sacred Space in Medieval Catalonia and Southern France, 800-1100 Adam Christopher Matthews Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy under the Executive Committee of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2021 1 ©2021 Adam Christopher Matthews All Rights Reserved 2 Abstract Law, Liturgy, and Sacred Space in Medieval Catalonia and Southern France, 800-1100 Adam Christopher Matthews With the collapse of the Visigothic kingdom, the judges of Catalonia and southern France worked to keep the region‘s traditional judicial system operable. Drawing on records of judicial proceedings and church dedications from the ninth century to the end of the eleventh, this dissertation explores how judges devised a liturgically-influenced court strategy to invigorate rulings. They transformed churches into courtrooms. In these spaces, changed by merit of the consecration rite, community awe for the power infused within sacred space could be utilized to achieve consensus around the legitimacy of dispute outcomes. At the height of a tribunal, judges brought litigants and witnesses to altars, believed to be thresholds of Heaven, and compelled them to authenticate their testimony before God and his saints. Thus, officials supplemented human means of enforcement with the supernatural powers permeating sanctuaries. This strategy constitutes a hybridization of codified law and the belief in churches as real sacred spaces, a conception that emerged from the Carolingian liturgical reforms of the ninth century. In practice, it provided courts with a means to enact the mandates from the Visigothic Code and to foster stability. The result was a flexible synthesis of law, liturgy, and sacred space that was in many cases capable of harnessing spiritual and community pressure in legal proceedings.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Structure of Catalonia
    THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF CATALONIA By SALVADOR GINER 1984 THE ANGLO-CATALAN SOCIETY THE ANGLO-CATALAN SOCIETY OCCASIONAL PUBLICATIONS No 1. Salvador Giner. The Social Structure of Catalonia. No 2. J Salvat-Papasseit. Selected Poems. Translated with an Introduction by D. Keown and T. Owen. © Salvador Giner, 1980. Printed by The University of Sheffield Printing Unit. Cover design by Joan Gili. ISSN No. 0144-5863 ISBN No. 09507137 08 IN MEMORIAM JOSEP MARIA BATISTA I ROCA (1895-1978) Dr. J. M. Batista i Roca, founder member of the Anglo-Catalan Society and its first Honorary Life President, always hoped that the Society would at some stage be able to publish some of the work of its members and guest speakers. Unfortunately this was never possible during his lifetime, but now that the Society, with the help of a grant from Omnium Cultural, is undertaking the publication of Occasional Papers it seems appropriate that this Series as a whole should be dedicated to the fond memory which the Society holds of him. CONTENTS Foreword 1 I. The historical roots of an open society. 4 II. Social classes and the rise of Catalan industrial capitalism. 15 III. A broken progress. 28 IV. The structure and change of Catalan society, 1939-1980. 38 V. The reconquest of democracy. 54 VI. The future of the Catalans. 65 Appendices. Maps. 75 A Select Bibliography. 77 FOREWORD A la memòria de Josep Maria Sariola i Bosch, català com cal The following essay is based on a lecture given at a meeting of the Anglo- Catalan Society in November 1979* Members of the Society's Committee kindly suggested that I write up the ideas presented at that meeting so that they could be published under its auspices in a series of Occasional Papers then being planned.
    [Show full text]
  • The Crown of Aragon
    The Crown of Aragon A Singular Mediterranean Empire Edited by Flocel Sabaté Linguistic correction by Chris Boswell LEIDEN | BOSTON For use by the Author only | © 2017 Koninklijke Brill NV Contents Preface vii Flocel Sabaté List of Maps xi List of Contributors xii 1 The Crown of Aragon in Itself and Overseas: A Singular Mediterranean Empire 1 Flocel Sabaté 2 The Northeast Iberian Peninsula and its Muslim Rulers (Eighth–Twelfth Century) 37 Jesús Brufal 3 Aragon and the Catalan Counties Before the Union 70 Adam J. Kosto 4 An Intense but Stymied Occitan Campaign 92 Pere Benito 5 The Culture (Ninth–Twelfth Centuries): Clerics and Troubadours 125 Isabel Grifoll 6 The Romanesque in the Mountains and on the Border 150 Xavier Barral-i-Altet 7 Territory, Power and Institutions in the Crown of Aragon 172 Flocel Sabaté 8 The Beginnings of Urban Manufacturing and Long Distance Trade 201 Antoni Riera 9 Crises and Changes in the Late Middle Ages 237 Antoni Riera For use by the Author only | © 2017 Koninklijke Brill NV vi Contents 10 The Commercial Influence of the Crown of Aragon in the Eastern Mediterranean (Thirteenth–Fifteenth Centuries) 279 Damien Coulon 11 The People: Labourers and Rulers in an Expanding Society 309 Maria Bonet 12 Islands and the Control of the Mediterranean Space 337 Alessandra Cioppi and Sebastiana Nocco 13 Language: From the Countryside to the Royal Court 361 Lola Badia and Isabel Grifoll 14 Writers at the End of Middle Ages 387 Lola Badia 15 A Gothic Mediterranean Catalan Art 411 Xavier Barral-i-Altet 16 Identities in Contact in the Mediterranean 431 Flocel Sabaté 17 The Medieval Legacy: Constitutionalism versus Absolutism.
    [Show full text]
  • Explaining Variation in the Salience of Catalan Nationalism Across the Spain/France Border
    Explaining Variation in the Salience of Catalan Nationalism across the Spain/France Border Laia Balcells i Ventura Yale University (June 2009) 1. Introduction In 1659, the kingdoms of France and Spain signed a peace treaty by which a part of the Spanish territory inhabited by ethnic Catalans became part of France (the Treaty of Pyrenees). Since then, Catalan identity persisted on both sides of the France-Spain border. During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries this identity was politicised and was converted into the basis of a nationalist movement that aimed at the political sovereignty of the Catalan nation; in other words, a national identity was created. However, neither in its origins nor today is the salience of this Catalan national identity homogeneous across the boundary: while Catalan national identity is politically and socially relevant in Spanish Catalonia, it is almost non-existent in French Catalonia. In this paper I analyse the historical evolution of the Catalan identity in these two territories, focusing on the pattern of incorporation of this identity into a political ideology: nationalism. My aim is to use this comparison in order to provide new insights in the large debate about the factors explaining Catalan nationalism, which has involved historians, sociologists, political scientists, and anthropologists during decades (e.g. Solé-Tura 1967, Vicen-Vives 1970, Linz 1973, Balcells 1991, Sahlins 1989, Termes 2000, Boix 2002), but where contributions can still be made. This is especially the case given recent theoretical developments in the study of nationalism. The main argument defended in this paper is that the variation in the salience of Catalan national identity in these two regions is explained by the characteristics of the historical processes of spread of mass literacy in France and Spain, namely by the characteristics of the ‘scholastic revolution’ (Darden 2007).
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Flourishing in Tenth Century Muslim Spain Among Muslims, Jews, and Christians
    CULTURAL FLOURISHING IN TENTH CENTURY MUSLIM SPAIN AMONG MUSLIMS, JEWS, AND CHRISTIANS A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of The School of Continuing Studies and of The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Liberal Studies By Marilyn Penn Allen, B.S. Georgetown University Washington D.C. December 17, 2008 Copyright 2008 by Marilyn Penn Allen All Rights Reserved ii CULTURAL FLOURISHING IN TENTH CENTURY MUSLIM SPAIN AMONG MUSLIMS, JEWS, AND CHRISTIANS Marilyn Penn Allen, B.S. Mentor: Ori Z. Soltes, Ph.D. ABSTRACT This thesis seeks to discover what made it possible for such an extraordinary cultural flourishing to occur among Muslims, Jews, and Christians in tenth century Muslim Spain during the reign of the Umayyad Muslim leader Abd al-Rahman III and his Jewish vizier (minister of state), Hasdai ibn Shaprut. What historical, societal, and personal factors made it possible for these two leaders to collaborate? My analysis primarily looks at the time of Muslim rule in Medieval Spain (called al-Andalus by the Muslims and Sepharad by the Jews) from 711 to 1031 C.E. However, in order to place that time period in context, it is important to look at what was happening in Spain before the Muslim invasion as well as what was happening in the known world, in particular the Mediterranean basin, from the first to the eleventh centuries. For example, the Muslim empire spread rapidly in the seventh and eighth centuries, eventually encompassing the territories from Spain to the Indus River and controlling all the trade routes across the Mediterranean.
    [Show full text]
  • Catalonia Is a Country: World Heritage
    CATALONIA IS A COUNTRY: WORLD HERITAGE AND REGIONAL NATIONALISM by MATTHEW WORTH LANDERS A THESIS Presented to the Department ofGeography and the Graduate School ofthe University ofOregon in partial fulfillment ofthe requirements for the degree of Master ofArts March 2010 11 "Catalonia Is a Country: World Heritage and Regional Nationalism," a thesis prepared by Matthew Worth Landers in partial fulfillment ofthe requirements for the Master ofArts degree in the Department ofGeography. This thesis has been approved and accepted by: Dr. Alexander B. Murphy, Chair ofthe Examining Committee Date Committee in Charge: Dr. Alexander B. Murphy, Chair Dr. Xiaobo Su Accepted by: Dean ofthe Graduate School 111 © 2010 Matthew Worth Landers IV An Abstract ofthe Thesis of Matthew Worth Landers for the degree of Master ofArts in the Department ofGeography to be taken March 2010 Title: CATALONIA IS A COUNTRY: WORLD HERITAGE AND REGIONAL NATIONALISM Approved: Alexander B. Murphy Since 1975, the Spanish autonomous region ofCatalonia has been renegotiating its political and cultural place within Spain. The designation and promotion ofplaces within Catalonia as World Heritage Sites-a matter over which regional authorities have competency-provides insights into the national and territorial ideas that have emerged in recent decades. This study ofthe selection and portrayal ofWorld Heritage sites by Turisme de Cata1unya shows that the sites reflect a view ofthe region as 1) home to a distinct cultural group, 2) a place with an ancient past, and 3) a place with a history of territorial autonomy. These characteristics suggest that even though many Catalan regionalists seek a novel territorial status that is neither independent ofnor subservient to the Spanish state, the dominant territorial norms ofthe modem state system continue to be at the heart ofthe Catalan nation-building project.
    [Show full text]
  • Unit 6: the Christian Kingdoms
    leccionesdehistoria.com UNIT 6: THE CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS @rosaliarte 1. What are we going to learn? This unit deals with the Christian Kingdoms during the Al- Andalus period, the unit that we have previously studied, so both units occur in the same period of time. So let's learn: - The first Christian kingdoms in the far north of the Iberian Peninsula, and how they were united into bigger kingdoms - The expansion of the Christian kingdoms southwards - Life in the Christian kingdoms - Toledo, the city of three cultures - Art in the Christian Kingdoms. leccionesdehistoria.com 2. The northern Christian Kingdoms • After invading in 711, the Muslims conquered almost all of the Iberian Peninsula. However, a few Visigothic noblemen resisted in the Cantabrian mountains. They eventually formed the kingdoms of Asturias, León and Castile. • In 795 Charlemagne invaded, and created the Spanish March along the south of the Pyrenees, to protect his empire against Al-Andalus. • As the Carolingian Empire got weaker, this are gradually became independent. There were three main centres: Navarre, Aragón and the Catalan counties. leccionesdehistoria.com Castilla: Originally, Castile was a county of León, but in the 10th century, Fernán Asturias y León: In the Cantabrian González made Castile independent. In the Mountains, a Visigothic nobleman 11th century it became a kingdom under called Pelagius resisted the Muslims. Ferdinand I. Ferdinand united it with León Accodring to legend, he won the in 1038. The most important period came battle of Covadonga in 722, and with Alfonso X “el Sabio”. created the Kingdom of Asturias. This was the first Christian kingdom in the north os Spain after the Muslim invasion.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case of the Catalan Nation a Historical Summary
    THE CASE OF THE CATALAN NATION A HISTORICAL SUMMARY THE MANAGEMENT OF THE NATION Catalonia is one of the oldest countries in Europe. It was formed during the post-Roman era, when the arrival of the Germanic people ushered in the ending of the Western-Roman Empire. The Catalan nation is composed of a mixture of Iberians, Romanized and Goths. The Visigoths installed the capital of their domains in Barcelona in 415 A.D. with an alliance with Rome that was annulled half a century later with the fall of the imperial capital (476). This strengthened the dominion covered an area of the Iberian peninsula as well as the northern part of the Pyrenees to the Septimania (Aquitaine and Narbonense), which is the Southern part of present day France. In 534 the Eastern-Roman Empire (Byzantium) incorporated the Mallorcan islands into their dominions, thereby expelling the Vandals. The subsequent invasion of Europe by the Arabs began in 711. This invasion was stopped at Poitiers, then city of the Frankish Kingdom (732), by Charles, father of Charlemagne. As of that moment the withdrawal of the Saracen Islamic invaders and the liberation of the Septimania began. Narbonne was released in 759, Girona in 785 by Charlemagne and Barcelona in 801 by Lluís, the son of Charlemagne. The Catalan counties of Pallars, Ribagorça, Urgell, Rosselló, Cerdanya, Besalú, Girona, Empúries and Barcelona were formed. The latter was to be under the main command of the Count Guifré, who died in combat against the Saracens in 897. This establish the Barcelona dynasty. The Count was a vassal to the King of the Franks.
    [Show full text]
  • MAKING AGREEMENTS in MEDIEVAL CATALONIA Power, Order, and the Written Word, ‒
    MAKING AGREEMENTS IN MEDIEVAL CATALONIA Power, order, and the written word, ‒ ADAM J. KOSTO The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge , UK West th Street, New York, -, USA Stamford Road, Oakleigh, , Australia Ruiz de Alarcón , Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town , South Africa http://www.cambridge.org © Cambridge University Press This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge Typeface Monotype Bembo /pt System QuarkXPress™ [] A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress cataloguing in publication data Kosto, Adam J. Making agreements in medieval Catalonia: power, order, and the written word, ‒ p. cm. – (Cambridge studies in medieval life and thought; th ser.) Includes bibliographical references and indexes. . Power (Social sciences) – Spain – Catalonia – History – To . Juristic acts – Spain – Catalonia – History – To . Oaths – Spain – Catalonia – History – To . Feudalism – Spain – Catalonia – History. I. Title. II. Series. . ‒ dc - hardback CONTENTS List of figures page ix List of tables x Acknowledgments xi Note on citations, dates, and names xiii List of abbreviations xv Map xx Catalonia and its neighbors Feudalism in eleventh-
    [Show full text]
  • European Union (EU)
    Campion School MUN 2018 European Union (EU) THE QUESTION OF CATALONIA Student Officer: Argyro Dimaki Position: Deputy President President: Alexandra Palaiologou International Memorable Challenges Community Experience Skills EU: The Question of Catalonia Campion School MUN 2018 Table of Contents PERSONAL INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 3 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................................ 5 DEFINITIONS OF KEY TERMS ......................................................................................................................................... 7 TIMELINE ........................................................................................................................................................................... 9 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ..................................................................................................................................... 11 SIMILAR SITUATIONS EXAMINATION .......................................................................................................................... 15 POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS ................................................................................................................................................. 17 MAJOR COUNTRIES & ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED ...............................................................................................
    [Show full text]