DOCSLIB.ORG

Redalyc.In Search of Fulgencio Batista

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Redalyc.In Search of Fulgencio Batista Revista Mexicana del Caribe ISSN: 1405-2962 [email protected] Universidad de Quintana Roo México Argote Freyre, Frank In Search of Fulgencio Batista: A Reexamiation of Prevolutionary Cuban Scholarship Revista Mexicana del Caribe, vol. VI, núm. 11, 2001 Universidad de Quintana Roo Chetumal, México Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=12801104 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative IN SEARCH OF FULGENCIO BATISTA AREEXAMINATIONOFPRE-REVOLUTIONARYCUBANSCHOLARSHIP FRANKARGOTE-FREYRE DepartmentofPuertoRicanandHispanicCaribbeanStudies Rutgers,TheStateUniversityofNewJersey* Abstract Thisarticlereviewsawide-rangingbibliographyofscholarlystudiesfrom bothsidesoftheideologicaldivideconcerningacademicandofficialrep- resentationsofthePrerevolutionaryperiodinCuba.Theresearchpoints toavarietyoffactorswhichhaveinfluencedscholarlystudiesinthepast –avoidanceoftheperiodaltogether,theabsenceofreliablebiographies oftheprincipalpre-revolutionaryfiguresofthe1930-1959period,re- strictedaccesstoarchives,promotionofofficialinterpretations-,amongst others.Thisstudyalsopointstotheground-breakingworkofleading specialistswhoseektobridgetheideologicalchasmbetweenUSand Cubanversionsoftheirrecenthistory.Thearticlecentresonthefigure ofFulgencioBatistaandaimstousehiscareerasawindowtotheperiod, ameansbywhichtosuggestavarietyofissuesthatneedtobere- examinedandchallenged.Acentralpointofthisanalysiswillbetheneed tostudytheleadingpoliticalfigureswithintheirhistoricalcontext, andtobeingawareofdifferentandcontrastingstagesintheircomplex politicalcareers,andtothevarietyofimplicationsthatresult. Keywords:FulgencioBatista,Prerevolutionaryperiod(Republican);CubanRevo- lution;US-Cubarelationship;bibliographyofscholarlystudies. Resumen Esteartículorevisaunaextensabibliografíadeestudiosrealizadospor académicosdeambosladosdelaseparaciónideológica,sobrelasrepresen- tacionesdelperiodoRepublicanoenCuba(prerrevolucionario) yseñala unavariedaddefactoresquehaninfluenciadoaestosacadémicos.Esta propuestatambiénllamalaatenciónhacialostrabajospionerosdedes- tacadosespecialistasquienesbuscansuperarlosobstáculosytender puentessobreelabismoideológicoentrelasversionescubanasynortea- mericanasdelahistoriareciente.ElartículosecentraenFulgencioBa- tista.Elanálisispartedelanecesidaddeestudiaralasprincipalesfiguras políticasensucontextohistóricoydeconsiderarlasdistintasetapasde suscarreraspolíticascomplejasylavariedaddeimplicacionesqueresultan. Palabrasclaves:FulgencioBatista,Periodoprerrevolucionario(Republicano), RevoluciónCubana,RelacionesEEUU-Cuba,bibliografíasespecializadas. *TillettHall231,LivingstonCampus,53Ave.E.Piscataway,NJ08854-8040. RMC,11(2001),193-227 [193] EN BUSCA DE FULGENCIO BATISTA UNAREVISIÓNDELTRABAJODELOSACADÉMICOS CUBANOSANTESDELAREVOLUCIÓN FRANKARGOTE-FREYRE DepartmentofPuertoRicanandHispanicCaribbeanStudies Rutgers,TheStateUniversityofNewJersey Résumé C´estunerévisiondel´amplebibliographieconsacréeauxétudessurles représentationsdelapériodeRépublicaineaCuba(pré-révolutionnaire) effectuéepardesuniversitairesidéologiquementséparés.Cetterévision montrequ´ilsontétéinfluencéspardiversfacteurs.Cetteétudesouligne aussil´aspect“pionnier”destravauxspécialisésquitententdejeter unpontsurl´abîmeidéologiqueséparantversionscubainesetversions nordaméricainesdel´histoirerécente.Unarticlecentrésurlepersonnage deFulgencioBatista. Samenvatting HetartikelbeschrijfteenuitgebreideliteratuuroverzichtvanCuba tijdensdeRepublikeinse(pre-revolutionaire)periode.Erwordtverwezen naareenveelheidvanfactorendieacademicivanbeideideologische kampenhadbeinvloed.Ookwordtpionierswerkengeprezen,diedeze belemmeringenprobeerdeteoverstijgenendiebruggenbouwdentussende CubaanseenNoordamerikaanseinterpretatiesvanderecentegesschiedenis. HetartikelbehandeltvooraldefiguurvanFulgencioBatista.Decentrale stellingisdatdevoornaamstepolitiekefigureninhunhistorischecontext geplaatstmoetenworden,endatinbeschouwingmoetwordengenomen deverschillendefaseninhunpolitiekecarriereendeconsequenties hiervan. RMC,11(2001),193-227 [194] hetimehascometoreexamineaspectsofthecareer T ofFulgencioBatistaduringthe“pre-Revolutionary”pe- riod(1902-1958)ofCubanhistory.Formorethan40years,Batista andmanyofthepoliticalleadersoftheperiodhavebeende- pictedasstickfigurecaricatures,spinelesslackeysoftheUnited States,corruptanddecadentpoliticoswithnopoliticalagenda beyondliningtheirownpockets.Thesestickfigureshaveserv- edFidelCastroandtheRevolutionarygovernmentverywell.By debasingpre-Revolutionaryleaders,withafewchoiceexcep- tions,Castrohassucceededincastinghimselfasthespiritual heirtoJoséMartí,whileeveryoneelsepalesincomparison.In anarticleontheusesofhistorybytheRevolutionarygovern- mentduringthefirsttwodecadesinpower,LouisA.Pérez,Jr. wrote: TherenderingoftheCubanpastinthelasttwentyyearsmaybein partdishonest,inpartmythical,perhapscontrived.Ithas often functionedasadeliberatedeviceforgarneringloyaltyand sacri- fice.Indeed,Cubanshaveusedhistorytoaffirm,define,andde- fendthebeliefsbasictotheenterpriseofRevolution[Pérez,1980, 79-89]. Littlehaschangedduringthesubsequenttwenty-plusyears upthrough2001.InsideCuba,seriousscholarshipontheperiod, alsoknownastheRepublicaneraorthe“pseudo-republic,”must walktheideologicaltightropesetbythe Revolution.Theoffi- cialinterpretationoftheperiodisondisplayattheMuseodela Revolución(theformerPresidentialPalace),whichhasdesig- natedBatistaforaspecialplaceofshame— ElRincóndelos Cretinos—TheCretinsCorner,alongwithformerUnitedStates PresidentsRonaldReaganandGeorgeBush.Intheexhibitthe corruption,decadenceandracialdiscriminationofthepre-Revo- lutionaryperiodareelaboratelydetailed.Theexhibitleadsone tobelievethatthesesocialillsvanishedwiththetriumphofthe Revolutionof1959. INSEARCHOFFULGENCIOBATISTA:AREEXAMINATIONOF.../195 196/FRANKARGOTE-FREYRE Withfewexceptions,suchastheworkofLionelSoto 1and JoséTabaresdelReal,2mostCubanscholarsavoidthepre-Revo- lutionaryperiodaltogetherandconcentrateonthenineteenth century,afieldmuchlesslikelytooffendthegovernmentand itsofficialversionofhistory.Thelackofscholarlyattentionto theperiodbetween1902and1958mightleadonetobelievethat littleofimportancehappenedintheperiodbetweentheinde- pendencewarsandtheRevolutionof1959.Morethanfourdec- adesafterthetriumphoftheRevolutionmanyCubanarchival collectionsfocusingonthemilitaryandthePresidencyofFulgen- cioBatistaremainoff-limits,availableforreviewbyonlyselect scholars.3 IntheCubanexilecommunity,theattacksagainsttheCas- trogovernmentareimpassionedandincessant,andstillcapable ofsparkingapoliticalcrisisbetweentheUnitedStatesandCuba astheeventssurroundingtheEliánGonzálezcaserecentlyillus- trated.ThetwoCubancommunitiesseethepre-Revolutionary periodinfundamentallydifferentways.After40years,thereis stilllittleinthewayofdialogue.Abriefreviewofthebibliogra- phiesandfootnotesofmanyofthescholarlyworksproducedby thetwosidesrevealsalackofengagement.Theotheroftenover- looksthescholarshipofone.Untilthetwosidesbeginaconversa- tionprogressinreinterpretingthepre-Revolutionaryperiodwill continueataslowpace. OutsideCuba,ourunderstandingoftheperiodhasbenefited fromtheworkoftheprolificLouisA.Pérez,Jr.,whoseworks spantheentireeraandMarifeliPérez-Stable,whoseground-break- ingstudy, TheCubanRevolution:Origins,CourseandLeg acy, strivestodealwiththepreandpost-Revolutionaryerasaspart ofacontinuouswholeratherthandisconnectedpieces(Pérez, 1SotoanalyzestheperiodfromaMarxistperspectiveandbringstogether awiderangeofprimaryandsecondarysources.Oneofthemostthoroughworks ontheperiod. 2TabaresdelRealreviewstheentireperiodfrom1902to1935,butcon- centratesonthe1930s. 3Repeatedrequestsonmyparttoreviewmilitaryrecordsfromtheperiod havebeenignoredordenied. RMC,11(2001),193-227 INSEARCHOFFULGENCIOBATISTA:AREEXAMINATIONOF.../197 “GraciasCretinoporayudarnosAHACERLARevolución” Batistaenel“RincóndelosCretinos”delMuseodelaRevolucióndeLaHabana (Foto:FrankArgote-Freyre) RMC,11(2001),193-227 198/FRANKARGOTE-FREYRE 1986a,1990,1995;Pérez-Stable,1999).4CarlosAlbertoMontaner raisesanumberofthoughtprovokingquestionsinarecentes- sayinwhichhearguedthattheRevolutionaryethosoftwenti- ethcenturyCubacreatedapoliticalclimatewhichmadeit inevitablethatcaudilloswouldrule.Amongthecaudilloshein- cludes,JoséMiguelGómez,MarioGarcíaMenocal,GerardoMa- chado,BatistaandCastro(Montaner,2001).Arecentbookand articlebyRobertWhitneyattemptstoplacetheBatistaofthe 1930swithinapopulistframeworkandsuggestsadditionaltop- icsforfurtherstudy,includingtheroleofcorporatismandstate effortsto“discipline”theCubanmasses(Whitney,2000,2001a). EarlierworksbyHughThomas,JorgeDomínguez,LuisE.Aguilar andHerminioPortell-Vilámadesignificantcontributionstoour understandingoftheperiod(Thomas,1971;Domínguez,1978, 1998;Aguilar,1972;Portell-Vilá,1986). Nonetheless,pre-RevolutionaryCubaremainsthestep- childoftwentiethcenturyCubanhistoriographyandscholarship. ThedramaticeventsoftheCubanRevolution—TheBayofPigs, theCubanMissileCrisis,theefforttospreadRevolutionthrough- outLatinAmerica,CubaninvolvementinAfrica,theMariel Boatlift,theaftermathoftheSovietcollapseandongoingef- fortstotightentheUnitedStatesembargo—havedominated scholarlyeffortsintheUnitedStates.Asaresult,scholarshipon pre-RevolutionaryCubahasbeenspottyatbest,exceptforworks ontheprocessoffomenting Revolutioninthe1950sforwhich scholarshipandfirst-handaccountsabound. 5Pérez-Stablear- guesthattherehasbeenafailuretoincorporatepre-Revolu- tionaryCubaintoourunderstandingofmodernCubaandnotes
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Slum Clearance in Havana in an Age of Revolution, 1930-65
    SLEEPING ON THE ASHES: SLUM CLEARANCE IN HAVANA IN AN AGE OF REVOLUTION, 1930-65 by Jesse Lewis Horst Bachelor of Arts, St. Olaf College, 2006 Master of Arts, University of Pittsburgh, 2012 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2016 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH DIETRICH SCHOOL OF ARTS & SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Jesse Horst It was defended on July 28, 2016 and approved by Scott Morgenstern, Associate Professor, Department of Political Science Edward Muller, Professor, Department of History Lara Putnam, Professor and Chair, Department of History Co-Chair: George Reid Andrews, Distinguished Professor, Department of History Co-Chair: Alejandro de la Fuente, Robert Woods Bliss Professor of Latin American History and Economics, Department of History, Harvard University ii Copyright © by Jesse Horst 2016 iii SLEEPING ON THE ASHES: SLUM CLEARANCE IN HAVANA IN AN AGE OF REVOLUTION, 1930-65 Jesse Horst, M.A., PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2016 This dissertation examines the relationship between poor, informally housed communities and the state in Havana, Cuba, from 1930 to 1965, before and after the first socialist revolution in the Western Hemisphere. It challenges the notion of a “great divide” between Republic and Revolution by tracing contentious interactions between technocrats, politicians, and financial elites on one hand, and mobilized, mostly-Afro-descended tenants and shantytown residents on the other hand. The dynamics of housing inequality in Havana not only reflected existing socio- racial hierarchies but also produced and reconfigured them in ways that have not been systematically researched.
    [Show full text]
  • Overview Print Page Close Window
    World Directory of Minorities Americas MRG Directory –> Cuba –> Cuba Overview Print Page Close Window Cuba Overview Environment Peoples History Governance Current state of minorities and indigenous peoples Environment Cuba is the largest island in the Caribbean. It is located 150 kilometres south of the tip of the US state of Florida and east of the Yucatán Peninsula. On the east, Cuba is separated by the Windward Passage from Hispaniola, the island shared by Haiti and Dominican Republic. The total land area is 114,524 sq km, which includes the Isla de la Juventud (formerly called Isle of Pines) and other small adjacent islands. Peoples Main languages: Spanish Main religions: Christianity (Roman Catholic, Protestant), syncretic African religions The majority of the population of Cuba is 51% mulatto (mixed white and black), 37% white, 11% black and 1% Chinese (CIA, 2001). However, according to the Official 2002 Cuba Census, 65% of the population is white, 10% black and 25% mulatto. Although there are no distinct indigenous communities still in existence, some mixed but recognizably indigenous Ciboney-Taino-Arawak-descended populations are still considered to have survived in parts of rural Cuba. Furthermore the indigenous element is still in evidence, interwoven as part of the overall population's cultural and genetic heritage. There is no expatriate immigrant population. More than 75 per cent of the population is classified as urban. The revolutionary government, installed in 1959, has generally destroyed the rigid social stratification inherited from Spanish colonial rule. During Spanish colonial rule (and later under US influence) Cuba was a major sugar-producing territory.
    [Show full text]
  • Cuban Antifascism and the Spanish Civil War: Transnational Activism, Networks, and Solidarity in the 1930S
    Cuban Antifascism and the Spanish Civil War: Transnational Activism, Networks, and Solidarity in the 1930s Ariel Mae Lambe Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2014 © 2014 Ariel Mae Lambe All rights reserved ABSTRACT Cuban Antifascism and the Spanish Civil War: Transnational Activism, Networks, and Solidarity in the 1930s Ariel Mae Lambe This dissertation shows that during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) diverse Cubans organized to support the Spanish Second Republic, overcoming differences to coalesce around a movement they defined as antifascism. Hundreds of Cuban volunteers—more than from any other Latin American country—traveled to Spain to fight for the Republic in both the International Brigades and the regular Republican forces, to provide medical care, and to serve in other support roles; children, women, and men back home worked together to raise substantial monetary and material aid for Spanish children during the war; and longstanding groups on the island including black associations, Freemasons, anarchists, and the Communist Party leveraged organizational and publishing resources to raise awareness, garner support, fund, and otherwise assist the cause. The dissertation studies Cuban antifascist individuals, campaigns, organizations, and networks operating transnationally to help the Spanish Republic, contextualizing these efforts in Cuba’s internal struggles of the 1930s. It argues that both transnational solidarity and domestic concerns defined Cuban antifascism. First, Cubans confronting crises of democracy at home and in Spain believed fascism threatened them directly. Citing examples in Ethiopia, China, Europe, and Latin America, Cuban antifascists—like many others—feared a worldwide menace posed by fascism’s spread.
    [Show full text]
  • The Historical Cuba-Us Discordancy from the Theoretical Outlook of The
    European Scientific Journal December 2014 edition vol.10, No.34 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 THE HISTORICAL CUBA-U.S. DISCORDANCY FROM THE THEORETICAL OUTLOOK OF THE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Dr. Onesimo Julian Moreira Seijos University of Quintana Roo Abstract This paper focuses on the main features of the relationship between Cuba and the United States (U.S.) since the nineteenth century to the present. The essay analyses the confrontation between these two countries from the theoretical view of International Relations (IR). The aim of the paper is to demonstrate that the nature of the Cuba-U.S. discrepancies during the Cold War is not confined to the ideological controversy of the East/West relations. Despite the changes that have taken place in world politics during the 1990s and the hopes which opened with the Obama administration, the design of U.S. policy towards Cuba has scarcely changed after the end of the Cold War. On the other hand, the revival of the Wilsonian ideas alleged in the mainstream IR literature does not take into account the special case of the Cuba-U.S relations. Regardless of the current trend to stress international institutions and to sort out conflict within the framework of international agreements, the Cuban problem remains as a national interest matter for the U.S. The historic sequence of the Cuban issue in American politics lend support to the argument that while within the academic discipline of International Relations there is a trend to consider the current period as a proof of the end of realism, the wires which lead the American political behaviour towards Cuba are still under the influence of old-fashioned national interest, the rational choice program and the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Race and Inequality in Cuban Tourism During the 21St Century
    California State University, San Bernardino CSUSB ScholarWorks Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations Office of aduateGr Studies 6-2015 Race and Inequality in Cuban Tourism During the 21st Century Arah M. Parker California State University - San Bernardino Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd Part of the Politics and Social Change Commons, Race and Ethnicity Commons, Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons, and the Tourism Commons Recommended Citation Parker, Arah M., "Race and Inequality in Cuban Tourism During the 21st Century" (2015). Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations. 194. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/194 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Office of aduateGr Studies at CSUSB ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of CSUSB ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RACE AND INEQUALITY IN CUBAN TOURISM DURING THE 21 ST CENTURY A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, San Bernardino In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Social Sciences by Arah Marie Parker June 2015 RACE AND INEQUALITY IN CUBAN TOURISM DURING THE 21 ST CENTURY A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, San Bernardino by Arah Marie Parker June 2015 Approved by: Dr. Teresa Velasquez, Committee Chair, Anthropology Dr. James Fenelon, Committee Member Dr. Cherstin Lyon, Committee Member © 2015 Arah Marie Parker ABSTRACT As the largest island in the Caribbean, Cuba boasts beautiful scenery, as well as a rich and diverse culture.
    [Show full text]
  • Time Chart #2
    USI NFLUENCE C UBAN R EVOLUTION 1902, May 20. Tomás Estrada Palma is sworn 1933, September 29. Police use weapons to disperse a 1952, March 10. Fulgencio Batista takes Cuban Revolution Triumphs in as the Cuban Republic’s first president. demonstration organized by the Communist Party control of Cuba (again) in a bloodless Soviet Union Collapses to honor student leader Julio Antonio Mella. Six coup de etat. Elections are canceled. 1908 - The Partido Independiente de Color is people are killed, and many others wounded. BAY OF PIGS TERRORISM AGAINST CUBA | BALSEROS | CUBAN DEMOCRACY ACT established by Evaristo Estenoz and others. 1959, January 12. In Santiago de Cuba, 75 men E MBARGO 1930, October 1. M ONCADA are executed. The group allegedly represents 1909 - The Morúa Law bans political parties Machado's government former police guards known for cruelty and Centenary of Martí’s death based on race or class, and denies independ- suspends constitutional 1956, December 2. The violence and members of former Senator Los Marielitos ents the right to run a candidate for president. Rolando Masferrer's private army. guarantees. yacht “Granma” lands in Elián Gonzalez Las Coloradas, Oriente. 2nd U.S. Occupation Missile Crisis Machado Batista Meyer Lansky in Havana Camilo Cienfuegos Che Guevara S R S e u Radio Swan e C m W r 1959, Feb 28. v g Latin Las Vegas u o n e e Castro announces b t a l e a t r F n 2004, October 28. For the 13th consecutive year, the UN General n Public Executions that general o W o a t s f o A Assembly votes overwhelmingly against the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan
    68- 13,598 AGUILAR, Luis Enrique, 1926- CUBA 1933: THE FRUSTRATED REVOLUTION. The American University, Ph.D., 1968 History, modem University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan (c) Luis Enrique Aguilar 1968 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED CUBA 1933; THE FRUSTRATED REVOLUTION By Luis Enrique Aguilar Submitted to the Faculty of the School of International Service of The American University in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Signature of Committee Date: Dean of the AMERICAN UNIVERSITY Date: A*? LIBRARY M A Y 1 4 1968 WASHINGTON. 0. C 37s i TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION....................................... PART I. ANTECEDENTS CHAPTER I. THE CREATION OF THE REPUBLIC, 1895-1902.......................................................... a) The Efforts for Independence b) American Intervention and the Platt Amendment c) The First Steps of the Republic, 1902-1906 CHAPTER II. THE FAILURE OF THE REPUBLIC, 1906-1925......................... a) The Second American Intervention and Its Consequences b) Political Developments, 1909-1925 c) Economic and Social Developments, 1909-1925 PART II. WINDS OF CHANGE CHAPTER III. THE ELECTIONS OF 1924.............. CHAPTER IV. MACHADO THE PRESIDENT, 1925-1927................................................... CHAPTER V. PROROGUE OF POWERS AND RE-ELECTION, 1927-1928.......................................................... CHAPTER VI. WINDS OF CHANGE..................... PART III. THE FIGHT AGAINST MACHADO, 1929-1933 CHAPTER VII. THE SITUATION IN 1929.............. CHAPTER VIII. DEPRESSION AND GENERAL OPPOSITION, 1930-1933....................... CHAPTER IX. CONSPIRACY AND REBELLION 98 a) The Army as a Political Factor b) The Last Effort of the Old Guard PART IV. THE REVOLUTION, 1932-1933 CHAPTER X. NEW TACTICS AND NEW PROGRAMS.................... 110 CHAPTER XI. THE MEDIATION OF SUMNER WELLES, MAY-AUGUST, 1933 ..........................
    [Show full text]
  • ¡Patria O Muerte!: José Martí, Fidel Castro, and the Path to Cuban Communism
    ¡Patria o Muerte!: José Martí, Fidel Castro, and the Path to Cuban Communism A Thesis By: Brett Stokes Department: History To be defended: April 10, 2013 Primary Thesis Advisor: Robert Ferry, History Department Honors Council Representative: John Willis, History Outside Reader: Andy Baker, Political Science 1 Acknowledgements I would like to thank all those who assisted me in the process of writing this thesis: Professor Robert Ferry, for taking the time to help me with my writing and offer me valuable criticism for the duration of my project. Professor John Willis, for assisting me in developing my topic and for showing me the fundamentals of undertaking such a project. My parents, Bruce and Sharon Stokes, for reading and critiquing my writing along the way. My friends and loved-ones, who have offered me their support and continued encouragement in completing my thesis. 2 Contents Abstract 3 Introduction 4 CHAPTER ONE: Martí and the Historical Roots of the Cuban Revolution, 1895-1952 12 CHAPTER TWO: Revolution, Falling Out, and Change in Course, 1952-1959 34 CHAPTER THREE: Consolidating a Martían Communism, 1959-1962 71 Concluding Remarks 88 Bibliography 91 3 Abstract What prompted Fidel Castro to choose a communist path for the Cuban Revolution? There is no way to know for sure what the cause of Castro’s decision to state the Marxist nature of the revolution was. However, we can know the factors that contributed to this ideological shift. This thesis will argue that the decision to radicalize the revolution and develop a relationship with the Cuban communists was the only logical choice available to Castro in order to fulfill Jose Marti’s, Cuba’s nationalist hero, vision of an independent Cuba.
    [Show full text]
  • The Viceroyalty of Miami: Colonial Nostalgia and the Making of An
    Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 7-1-2016 The iceV royalty of Miami: Colonial Nostalgia and the Making of an Imperial City John K. Babb Florida International University, [email protected] DOI: 10.25148/etd.FIDC000725 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the Cultural History Commons, Latin American History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Babb, John K., "The icV eroyalty of Miami: Colonial Nostalgia and the Making of an Imperial City" (2016). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 2598. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2598 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida THE VICEROYALTY OF MIAMI: COLONIAL NOSTALGIA AND THE MAKING OF AN IMPERIAL CITY A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in HISTORY by John K. Babb 2016 To: Dean John Stack Green School of International and Public Affairs This dissertation, written by John K. Babb, and entitled The Viceroyalty of Miami: Colonial Nostalgia and the Making of an Imperial City, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this dissertation and recommend that it be approved. ____________________________________ Victor Uribe-Uran ____________________________________ Alex Stepick ____________________________________ April Merleaux ____________________________________ Bianca Premo, Major Professor Date of Defense: July 1, 2016.
    [Show full text]
  • Dential. Habaaa, Cuba, " March 87, 1940. Dear Breckt Wo Are
    Personal and Confi­ dential. Habaaa, Cuba, " March 87, 1940. Dear Breckt Wo are beginning to get fairly comfortably settled at the house and X em getting somewhat more oriented 1A ay work la the Chancery. The weather here has been delightful avar since we case and Marian's difficulty with her knee is the only fly ** *BO ointment. J somehow hare the feeling that the treatment that she is following will be helpful and there has been some improvement within the last few days. By the time this letter reaches you, Sumner Welles will most likely have returned and X as sure he will have a most interesting report to make* Of course, only a few iff you in Washington Will know anything about it and that would be best. In any event, his report should be very helpful to the President and to the Secretary and to you all. One of the things which has concerned me in the press reports regarding his trip is the constant recurrence of the mention that Hitler and Ribbentrop took up with his the ques­ tion of our sending an Ambassador to Berlin* Of course, the newspapers save been reading into the trip Whatever they chose, Just as they did before the trip actually started. X haven't the least notion what Hitler and Bibbentrop may have said to Sumner, but of flaw 'tiling X am sure, and that is that if they didn't mention it, they had very much in mind this question of trying to urge us to send an Ambassador to Berlin.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Political Culture in the Hispanic Caribbean and The
    Revista Mexicana del Caribe ISSN: 1405-2962 [email protected] Universidad de Quintana Roo México Martínez Fernández, Luis Political Culture in the Hispanic Caribbean and the Buidling of US Hegemony, 1868-1945 Revista Mexicana del Caribe, vol. VI, núm. 11, 2001 Universidad de Quintana Roo Chetumal, México Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=12801101 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative POLITICALCULTUREINTHEHISPANICCARIBBEANANDTHEBUILDING.../7 POLITICAL CULTURE IN THE HISPANIC CARIBBEAN ANDTHEBUILDINGOFU.S.HEGEMONY,1868-1945 LUISMARTÍNEZ-FERNÁNDEZ DepartmentofPuertoRicanandHispanicCaribbeanStudies Rutgers,TheStateUniversityofNewJersey* Abstract Despitetheseeminglyendlesspossibilitiesforfruitfulcomparisonsaf- fordedbytheHispanicCaribbean,thereexistsahardlyjustifiabledearth ofcomparativestudiesfocusingontheregioncomposedofCuba,Puerto Rico,andtheDominicanRepublic.Thisinterpretativeessay,basedonthe extantsecondaryliteratureontheindividualislands,seekstobegintofill thisvoidbytracingthetrajectoryofCuba,PuertoRico,andtheDomini- canRepublic’spoliticalculturesfromaregionalandcomparativeper- spective.Whilethecasecouldbemadeforincludingothernon-Hispanic componentsoftheCaribbean,thisstudyrecognizestheSpanish-speak- ingAntillesasaculturalregioncomposedofsocietiessharingsimilar insulargeographiesandhistoricalbackgrounds.TheHispanicCaribbean
    [Show full text]
  • Che Guevara and the Cuban Revolution
    Western Oregon University Digital Commons@WOU Student Theses, Papers and Projects (History) Department of History 3-1-2013 Che Guevara and the Cuban Revolution Timothy Husselbee Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.wou.edu/his Part of the Latin American History Commons, Military History Commons, and the Political History Commons T Timothy Husselbee Professor John Rector History 454 1 March 2013 Che Guevara and the Cuban Revolution When the topic of ideological revolutions is discussed, many of the same individuals are brought up time and time again. We have Lenin and Trotsky with the Bolsheviks, Mao Zedong in China, and Fidel Castro and Che Guevara in Cuba. What is so fascinating about Castro and Guevara is how they were able to accomplish their revolutionary goals while the United States had such a large presence in Cuba. If someone was to tell anyone at the time that a force of 800 guerillas would defeat a U.S. back government, they would laugh in your face. But unfortunately for the United States, this in fact did happen. The main focus of this paper will be on Che Guevara and his role in the revolution. Why I chose Guevara as the topic of this paper is simple: he fought for a cause that was not originally his own because he felt it was the right and just thing to do. This is very admirable to me. In this paper I will focus on three important issues; how Guevara became a part of Castro's revolution, the role he played within the revolution, and his role in the government after the success of the revolution.
    [Show full text]