Early Aviculture in the U S. A. by Rae V Anderson Sierra Madre, California

ViOllture has existed in the U.S.A., A to at least some limited degree, prices, however, they were beyond that time. as long as this countty has been inhab­ the financial abilities of most of the Very few avicultural books or jour­ ited, even before European influence. avian fanciers. nals were available. The few that For purposes of this essay, I will Many of us kept birds at that time were available included: Blakston & restrict the discussion to Aviculture though most, because of financial Swaysland, The Illustrated Book of and Aviculturists whom' I have per­ inability, were required to start with Canaries and Cage Birds, published sonally known. the more common and lowest priced 1877-1880; W.T. Greene, Parrots in Pre-World War II, the 1930s and species. This, in my opinion, was not Captivity, published 1884-1887, price early 1940s, was a time of serious all bad. We gained experience with in 1930 £4.0.0 ($20.00); Arthur C. economic depression in the U.S. The the more common species and sold Butler, Foreign Finches in Captivity, unemployment rate was extremely our surpluses to obtain the prices of 2nd edition, published 1894, price in high. It was a time of "bread lines", a few of the more desirable species. 1930 £3.0.0 ($15.00); David Seth­ very high levels of homelessness and In this way we learned as our flocks Smith, Parakeet~A Handbook to the wide spread general deprivation. slowly grew in size and quality. Imported Species, published 1903, There were of course exceptions. There were of course, some price £3.15.0 ($18.00); Marquess of Some lines of business thrived. exceptions to the above. Some avian Tavistock, Parrots and Parrot Like Due to this (or in spite of it) prices fanciers were owners or managers of Birds, published 1929, price £0.15.0 of everything, including birds, were businesses which were essential even ($3.00); Neville W. Cayley, Australian exceptionally low and most animal during the depression and others Finches in Bush and Aviary, pub­ imports were still by surface rather were able to maintain jobs with lished 1932, and Neville W. Cayley, than by air. There was little consider­ steady incomes. Some of these fortu­ Australian Parrots, Their Habits in ation of endangerment at that time. nate individuals, together with the the Field and Aviary, published 1938. CITES did not exist and none of the smugglers, amassed very large and During the 1950s several new and world's governments restricted exports spectacular collections. very welcome books were published. of their avifauna, with the exception The difficulties and time required These included P.M. Soderberg, of South Africa which imposed an for most of us in that time period to Foreign Birds for Cage and Aviary, embargo on bird exports in the late build a reasonably nice collection published 1956; Jean Delacour, 1920s. Consequently lots of very resulted in many of us developing an Pheasants of the World, 1951, The spectacular bird species were readily exceptionally deep seated and long Waterfowl ~rthe World, 1954; Edward available at what, by present day lasting interest in aviculture. ]. Boosey, Foreign Bird Keeping, and standards, would appear as "give Other problems and obstacles to Parrots, Cockatoos and Macaws, both away" prices. Even at the very low avicultural advances also existed at published in 1956. Robert Stroud ("The birdman of Alcatraz") pub­ lished his book, Stroud's Digest ~rthe Diseases of Birds, in 1943. As most Bird/Cage Information Signs aviculturists probably already know, Stroud did his research on canaries Engraved on zoo-quality laminated UV-resistant plastic. Available in black wi white letters, and wrote the book in his prison cell green wi white letters, or white wi black letters. Also suitable for plant identification. Sizes and Prices: Breeders: Use to keep track ofhatching dates species while serving a life sentence for mur­ 2"x4",1/16"thick' $2.80 .. ' 2" 4" 1/8" th' .' names, acqulSlton costsldates, sources, etc. der (he received the death sentence x, Ick. $3.05 Pet owners: Use to show bird's names hatching dates etc but that was not carried out). The 3" x 6" 1/8" thick' $5.35 . .' . .'.' " ,,' I" . '. Shop owners: Use to show kmds ofbIrds, prices, trammg book is really quite worthless but is 4 x 8 ,1 8 thick. $7.80 capabilities, tricks, etc. of interest simply because of the cir­ Signs made with your text on our computerized engraving machine. cumstances of its creation. Send check for $3.25 Each sign comes drilled wi a hole in each comer for mounting. Most of Stroud's 60 plus years in f?r a sample 2" x~" Gary Wood SOUTH COAST PALMS sign (black wi white ' prison were spent in solitary confine­ letters, 1/16" thick). 960 EI Caminito, Fallbrook, CA 92028 ment at the Federal penitentiaries at Indicate desired text. Phone: (619) 723-1354 Fax: (619) 723-4903 Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas and Alcatraz Island, San Francisco Bay. At one

46 July/August 1996 point the Prison Bureau decided that He was a very interesting and success­ original Audubon folio) and all of his Stroud should not be permitted to ful aviculturist during his residency in large fine art collection. Cleres was keep his birds but aviculturists on the the U.S. He authored several ornitho­ then b0!TIbed and occupied by outside made so much fuss and logical books. German military forces. The entire applied so much pressure on the Japanese Prince obusuka Taka­ bird and animal collection was lost at politicians that they relented and Tsukasa, though not a regular resi­ that time. After WW II Delacour Stroud was permitted to continue his dent of the U.S., was a frequent visi­ restored CIeres, developed his private work with his birds. I did not person­ tor and successfully raised the zoo again and accepted a position ally know Stroud. Rheinardt's Argus pheasant Rheinardrius with the American Museum of The only good English language ocellatus in 1929. This bird was aturat History, New York. He later journals at that time were Aviculture, unknown in the wild until Jean told me that this was his first joh ever the journal of The Avicultural Society Delacour brought them from Tonkin, for pay. He said that in his socioeco­ (British) and The Avicultural Bulletin, Indo-China. nomic position, johs for pay had the journal of the Avicultural Society Jean Delacour departed this life always been reserved for t)lose who of America. This latter journal was an sufficiently recently for many present needed them. In 1952, he and his "off shoot" from the British day aviculturists to have known him mother moved to Beverly Hills and Avicultural Society. personally. Delacour was born in he became Director of the Lo Aviculturists such as Frank 1890, at the family estate, Villers­ Angeles County Museum of Natural Vanderlip in the Palos Verdes Estates Bretonneux, France. His first aviaries History. (north-west coastal Los Angeles were established in 1906. He had a Delacour maintained a very nice County) were successfully raising "world class" avian collection there at avian collection including softhills, Crowned Pigeons in 1930 and Vance the time Villers was destroyed by the finches, trumpeters, flamingos, etc.; Wright, a smaller aviculturist in EI Germans during WW I in 1918. In at his Beverly Hills home until he Monte, California, was successfully 1919, Delacour purchased a signifi­ became too infirm to continue there regularly hand raising psittacines and cantly smaller (but still huge) home, by himself. He died in Los Angeles grainiverous birds in the early 1930s. the Chateau du Cleres. In 1939 while on ovemher 5, 1985. The Marquess Mita Shiba Hachisuka he was collecting in Indo-China, a At Rancho Sespe, Ventura County, lived in Los Angeles during the 1930s fire gutted the chateau destroying his Calif., Keith Spalding, owner, and but returned to Japan prior to WW II. magnificent library (including his W.E. Homsinger, his curator or man-

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afa WATCHBIRD 47 ager, maintained an extensive avian initiated this award as a way of over­ collection including all captive coming the general lack of willing­ species of finches, psittacines, water­ ness by aviculturists to share the fowl, softbills, gamebirds, curassows, details of their breeding successes. cranes, pigeons, birds of prey and There was a very deep seated ten­ large ratites. dency to keep secret the details of During the late 1920s and early feeding, nesting accommodations, 1930s, the renowned American etc., which led to breeding success. screen actor John Barrymore and the Such information was jealously Don't tick off cereal magnate W.K. Kellogg were guarded and misinformation was the ho~nbill. both members of the Avicultural even stated. Society of America and maintained The First Breeding Award program Be There... collections. These two personalities, required that the young birds reach CIt the '96 however, rarely, if ever, attended the fully fledged status and be eating on AFA COl'\vel'\tiol'\ Society meetings and just as infre­ their own, that this was properly and quently invited any of us to visit or adequately witnessed and that the AVl9Vlst 6th to 9th view their collections. breeder prepare a detailed account of COl'\cord; CA Alex H. Isenberg, Menlo Park, the breeding for publication in the Calif., maintained large, planted, walk Society's Bulletin. The program was through aviaries of 40 ft. x 100 ft. x 20 only partially successful though TheJeriWrightWrightRoost ., ft. high in which he kept such species because I personally know several (206)'838-9802 as touracos, Resplendant Quetzals, cases where the breeders omitted NOW HAND-FEEDING Hyacinths & othermacaws, Cockatoos riflebirds and various bowerbirds. In pertinent information and included Cooures & Amazons false information in the article. Domestic, Close-Banded his several smaller aviaries, 20 ft. x 30 Roudybush Distributor ft., he kept most of the species of In 1939 and the early '40s Henry softbills which were at that time avail­ Sedley, Los Angeles, bred Violet­ able to aviculture, as well as many eared Waxbills, various twinspot A real treat for your birdsI rare psittacines including Kuhl's finches, Australian Painted Finches c.~D~:+ Macadami~ Lories. Many of these species suc­ and numerous other African and ,. RUTS'" Nuts cessfully bred in his aviaries. Isenberg Australian finches. ~ CALIFORNIA GROWN ., California grown. from grower to you. used to delight in carrying a tame Eric Kinsey, San Francisco, rather Raw -In Shell Tawny Frog-mouth to the proximity specialized in chats, keeping and .' . No salt. no chemicals, of his jays, thrushes and other small­ breeding many species. In addition, ••• '" no preservatives 50 lb. minimum er birds in his mixed species aviaries he kept California native species and ~ at $1.60 per lb. in order to stimulate them to issue various foreign softbills. plus shipping TASTE C.O.D. ACCEPfABLE alarm calls for the benefit of his Mr. I.D. Putnam, La Mesa (San THE D1FFERENCIl Call 1-800-344-6887 guests and visitors. Diego area), Calif., had a large and Gold Crown Macadamia Assoc. P.o. Box 235. Fallbrook. CA 92088-0235 In addition to this, in the 1920s beautiful ranch-style home on the top and early '30s he used to liberate for­ of a knoll overlooking his 10-acre eign species including various thrush­ bird ranch. In 1929, one of his batter­ OUR 56th BIRDMART es, Pekin Robins, zosterops, warblers, ies of aviaries was 400 feet long. This EVERYBODY'S starlings, bulbuls, and mockingbirds consisted of six flights 16 ft. x 26 ft. x on the Hawaiian island of KauaL 9 ft. high and 38 flights 8 ft. x 26 ft. x BIRD MART Frank Buck of "Bring 'em Back 9 ft. high with an inside top sprinkler Alive" fame in the 1930s, had a large, system. In these aviaries he kept and December 1, 1996 rare bird breeding facility in Vanalden successfully reared 600 to 700 birds L.A. County Fairplex Bldg. #4 Canyon, Tarzana (San Fernando per year (psisttacines, softbills and Pomona, California Valley), Calif. In the late 1930s he finches), including Tabuan and Red­ 9:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. relocated to New York and set up a shining Parakeets and Hooded Admission: $5.00 - Kids under 12 free large avian exhibit for the N.Y. Parakeets by building artificial termite The Bird Marthas become the marketplace for buyers and sellers. World's Fair. This in addition to his mounds for them from sawdust and BIRDS • CAGES • FEEDERS. NESTBOXES large private zoo at Amityville, Long cement powder with water. VITAMINS • SEED • PERCHES. GIFT ITEMS Island. In 1931, Mr. Putnam built another PARKING $4.00 Use White Ave. parking lot Mr. Pompeo "Pea" Maresi, Scarsdale, battery of flights that was 600 feet (Tram service from parking lot to bUilding G) N.Y., in addition to having a very fine long. In these, during WW II, he suc­ a division of avian collection, procured and donat­ cessfully reared Palm Cockatoos and J. Williams Financial Services Inc. P.O. Box 794, Acton, CA 93510 ed to the Avicultural Society of Masked Parakeets among many (805) 269-0424 America the die for the Society's First others. Breeding Award medal. The Original, The #1 Bird Mart Mr. E.H. Lewis was the superinten­ The Avicultural Society of America dent of William Wrigley Jr.'s (chewing 48 July/August 1996 I gum king) aViaries at the Catalina $50.00. home and aViaries in the orange Island Bird Park (20 miles off the At that time, the late 1930s, $50.00 orchards adjacent to his father's. He coast of Los Angeles). Mr. Lewis used seemed like a near fortune to the kept and successfully raised many to annually host a meeting of the depression era teenager that I was. species of hirds including Crowned Avicultural Society of America at the Fifty dollars was certainly far more Pigeons, many species of cockatoos, Bird Park, providing free surface than I could possibly consider. macaws, parrots, parakeets, water­ transportation from the Wilmington His son, F. Harold Rudkin Jr., was fowl and softhills. He kept Yellow­ docks for the Society members and a successful businessman in Fillmore, tailed and White-tailed Black their families. The Wrigley family of just across the river from his father's Cockatoos, Leadheater's Cockatoos, course owned the Island and all of its home. "Rud" owned a Plymouth, hatched 'young hut did not success­ infrastructure and facilities. A large Dodge, De Soto agency, a local hotel, fully raised Palm Cockatoos. Rud number of various macaws and cock­ etc., in Fillmore. He had a hackyard raised many Banksian Cockatoos and atoos flew at liberty over the island. full of aviaries and later built a new Hyacinth Macaws. He had Spix's This was always a heautiful sight and one which we all looked furward to ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ seeing. Eastham Guild, a Californian, relo­ cated to Tahiti and considered the island as his own personal aviary. He Complete Bird Care introduced more than 50 exotic species to Tahiti. from Hatchling to Maturity! He said he did this hecause most of the native species of the island had disappeared due to the introduction of cats, rats, weasels, hawks, etc. In FREE addition, he attempted to e tahlish on "his" island in the Mt. Orohena area Full-Color the Taumotuan-Tahitian Blue Vini Catalog! peruvianus and Marquesan Ultamarine Lories. In addition, he frequently brought pairs of these hirds back to the U.S. on his visits. Among the species which he attempted to estah­ lish on Tahiti were various humming­ birds, Gouldian finches, parrots, finches, tanagers, pheasants, Valley Quail, etc. Francis H. Rudkin Sr., Bardsdale (Ventura County), Calif., immigrated to the U.S. from England in ahout 1902 or 1903 where he personally knew the Duke of Bedford and his son the Marquess of Tavistock. Grandpa Rudkin, as we used to call him in order to differentiate from his Outstanding, 48-page, color bird supply catalog aviculturist son F. Harold Rudkin Jr., offering thousands of items at affordable prices! lived in a very modest "hatten and Give your bird quality products at unbelievable savings by board" house in his orange orchard by the Santa Paula River. At that time shopping at home with Pet Warehouse. We also offer he was generally accepted as the FREE catalogs for dogs/cats/small animals and fish/rep­ "father of American aviculture." It was tiles, too. So, please specify what type of pet(s) you own in his aviaries (as well as simultane­ ously in several others) that the first with your request. Call or write today! Blue-masked lovehird mutations appeared prior to WW II. He used to caution me to EVER in the presence of his Wife, ever mention any price PET WAREHOUSE ·1 (800) 44HI60 ahove $50.00 for any kind of a hird. Dept. AF-34 • P.O. Box 310 • Xenia, OH 45385 He said that his wife did not know that any bird ever cost more than afa WATCHBIRD 49 Macaws and (I helieve) Lear's changed the zoning' laws, prohibiting hlue as advertised. Ray Thomas was Macaws (similar to hut significantly hirds and animals and giving the quite wealthy. smaller than his Hyacinths). property owners only five years to Jerome Buteyn's San Luis Rey (San I recall one day when a pair of comply. This news devastated Ray Diego County) ranch was a large par­ Resplendant Quetzals had arrived. Brown. He hecame quite hitter. He cel of land which included a couple They had heen shipped in woven had gone deeply into debt in order to of multi-acre lakes with reed covered haskets. The gorgeous'male with its finance the construction of the new islands and hanks. Under the care of long plumes, when heing removed aviaries and home and the changed his curator, Jack Throp, a large and from the shipping hasket in his feed zoning forced him to sell his entire diverse waterfowl collection thrived room, escaped and the feed room flock. in very natural surroundings. Buteyn door to the outside was open. The Brown was a very successful also kept Monkey-eating Eagles, vari­ last we saw of the hird was the metal­ hreeder and among his noteworthy ous curassow species, cranes, flamin­ lic green disappearing over the tops accomplishments was highly success­ gos, many psittacines including a of the orange trees. ful colony hreeding of White-eared very large aviary with many species Among the next generation of avi­ Conures. He had one flight with 50 to of macaws including Hyacinths, culturists were W.E. (Bill) Scheffler 100 hirds. They hred very prolifically. Lear's (I helieve due to their signifi­ who had lived in Arizona as well as It appeared that many hirds slept in cantly smaller size - Buteyn called Los Angeles. Scheffler was a Trustee the same nest hox. them "lesser Hyacinth" Macaws), and of the Los Angeles County Museum With the forced dishanding of his what I helieve was one Glaucous of Natural History and on at least two flock, the White-eared Conures were Macaw. I helieve this hecause of the occasions successfully hred Palm dispersed one or two pairs (not sur­ very unusual hlue-green with hrown­ Cockatoos in Arizona. He also had gically sexed at that time-pairs select­ ish wash color which made this hird Luzon Green-faced Parrot Finches, ed hy guessing at suhtile differences immediately stand out from all the Mona Island Parakeets (I helieve in plumage) at a time. These pairs rest of the "hlue" macaws. It was also these are now extinct) and Cuhan were spread all over the country and noticeably smaller than the Hyacinths. Conures. never seemed to hreed well out of Leland Smith, Fair Oaks (central George Rayson Brown, in around the colony environment. Calif.), had what was in the 1930s 1960, purchased an acre parcel of Gilhert and Harriet Lee, Los prohahly the largest and most com­ property with a nice home, in Arcaqia Angeles, raised African Grey Parrots plete collection of pheasants and (Los Angeles County), and huilt his hy the dozens from the 1930s to the other gallinaceous hirds in the U.S. "dream aviaries". His very extensive 1960s. In addition, they kept and At this same time, Henrietta Scheu collection of psittacines was in old hred Leadheater's Cockatoos, Forsten's had a large and fine psittacine collec­ aviaries at that time in Alhamhra (L.A. Lorikeets and Kuhl's Lories. tion including yellow mutant Masked County). At that time the City of Ray Thomas, Bel Air (West Los Lovehirds. The first of this mutation Arcadia was largely zoned for one Angeles), maintained a large mixed of which I am aware. and two acre "gentleman ranches." collection in that very exclusive and There were also several fine avi­ This had heen the case for many prestigious neighhorhood. He import­ culturists as curators of hirds at major years previous. Brown's new aviaries ed into the U.S. the first Turquoise U.S. zoos. These included Karl Plath were nicely arranged in hatteries with Indian Ringnecked Parakeets. These at Chicago's Brookfield Zoo. During safety walkways hetween facing hat­ hirds came from a dealer in Calcutta Plath's tenure in the late 1920s and teries of flights. The flights varied in and were advertised as "Blue Simon." early '30s, their collection included size according to the species to he Ray used to hrag that he liked these Spix's Macaws. Another was Lee S. housed. Within two or three years hirds very much and thought they Crandall at the New York Zoological after Ray moved his flock into the were heautiful hut that he never paid Gardens where among other rare new aviaries in Arcadia, the City for them since they were not the pure species resided Imperial Amazon and St. Vincent Amazon Parrots. Later, Kenton C. Lint and Rohert J. Berry at PARROT BANDS the San Diego and Houston Zoos COCKATIEL BANDS respectively, oversaw large diverse LOVEBIRD BANDS collections. PARAKEET BANDS Even Charles Nordhoff, Santa CANARY BANDS Send self addressed stamped Barhara, Calif., author of the novel FINCH BANDS envelope for brochure! Mutiny On The Bounty, was an avi­ STAINLESS STEEL FEEDING NEEDLES culturist. ALL SIZES PLASTIC BANDS Closed Month of JUly My generation of aviculturists FEEDING SYRINGES included Dave West, Montehello, CLAW SCISSORS L & M Bird Leg Bands Calif., who was well known to most BAND CUTTERS P.O. Box 2943 • San Bernardino, CA 92406 PIPETTES Phone: (909) 882-4649 contemporary aviculturists, Professor Fax (909) 882-5231 Carl Naether, Van Nuys, Calif., Perry NETS Monday thrn Friday 10:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. (Pacific Time) Linder in the San Francisco Bay area, 50 July/August 1996 Parakeet was at the time prohahly tune. Fortunately the ahove concerns extinct in the wild and that the proved incorrect and we continue to 7~ Me M «!e'te aft ~ Orange-hellied and Splendid (Scarlet­ have all of those nice hirds. ~Md~auWd­ chested) Parakeets were no douht While the Splendid (Scarlet-chest­ t«Jti4t4, ~ 0& ~ Ut already extinct in the wild with very ed) parakeet was thought, prior to 6«4t~~. few remaining in captivity. Even 1930, to he extinct in the wild, ahout Bourke's Parakeets were very rare six pairs were discovered in 1931. hoth in the wild and in aviculture. I Dave West ohtained those and shared Ruby Hood in Yucaipa, Calif., Hector recall one of our memhers saying that some of them with F. Harold Rudkin Hecock, originally of Compton, Calif., he had great difficulty ohtaining any Jr. and sent one pair to Karl Plath at and later relocating his large pigeon Bourke's in Adelaide, Australia at the Brookfield Zoo. At that time those and dove collection to Fallhrook, £200.0.0 per pair. This was in the late were prohahly the total of the Calif., Bernard Roer, Phoenix, 1920s when £200.0.0 was a small for- Splendids in the US. • Arizona, Paul Schneider, Riverside, Calif., Gene Hall, presently at Woodlake, Calif., Francis Billie, Temple City, Calif., Lynn Hall, Camarillo, Calif., and Frank Todd, San Diego, who is well known for his CONTROL DISEASE extensive work with penguins while WITH he served as Corporate Curator of Ornithology for Sea World. VfltiODltiE V.18 These are or were all highly suc­ VANODINE V.18 IS AN IODINE BASED DISINFECTANT-CLEANER cessful and skilled aviculturists, many IN CONCENTRATED FORM, THAT HELPS CONTROL DISEASE IN THE of whom hold first hreeding awards. PRESENCE OF ALL WARM BLOODED CREATURES. Of interest is the fact that in the SAFE - NON-TOXIC, NO NOXIOUS FUMES, NO HEAVY ODORS. late 1920s and '30s Dr. Leon Patrick, ECOrtOMICfiL - ONLY ONE TSP. PER GALLON OF WATER. Orange, Calif., was stressing to all TIME SAVER - NO RINSING REQUIRED. aviculturists the need for conserva­ EFFECTIVE - TESTED AND PROVEN AGAINST - E. COLI ­ tion of hirds as well as other forms of - STAPH - SALMONELLA - STREP - PSEUDOMONAS - CANDIDA - wildlife and their hahitats. George H. - ASPERGILLUS - AND MANY MORE! - Corsan, Manager of the W.K. Kellogg Bird Sanctuary, Battle Creek, Michigan 8 OZ. EASY PUMP DISPENSER -- $16.95 8 OZ. REFILL -- $14.95 MAKES 32 GALLONS (and later in Whittier, Calif.) was 16 OZ. EASY PUMP DISPENSER -- $21.95 16 OZ. REFILL -- $19.95 expressing much concern ahout MAKES 64 GALLONS endangered species and extinction. 32 OZ. EASY PUMP DISPENSER -- $30.95 32 OZ. REFILL -- $28.95 This was in 1929! Mr. c.T. Metzger, MAKES 128 GALLONS Chicago, was in 1928 trying to stimu­ 1 GALLON EASY PUMP DISPENSER -- $76.95 late aviculturists to concentrate on MAKES 512 GALLONS estahlishing hreeding colonies of species which were threatened with RECOMMENDED FOR WASHING CAGES. FLIGHTS. NEST BOXES. FOOD & WATER VESSELS. ETC. extinction in the wild. The current hlossoming genera­ • ~VlsAI • tion of aviculturists includes a very large numher (far too many to hegin VISA, MASTERCARD, AND AMERICAN EXPRESS ACCEPTED listing here) of excellent and highly TO ORDER BY PHONE CALL TOLL FREE 1-800-364-3431 dedicated individuals. 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afa WATCHBIRD 51