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Water Resources of the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, Baraga County, Michigan

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Water Resources of the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, Baraga County, Michigan WATER RESOURCES OF THE KEWEENAW BAY INDIAN COMMUNITY, BARAGA COUNTY, MICHIGAN U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4060 Prepared in cooperation with the KEWEENAW BAY INDIAN COMMUNITY Ketveefnaw Bay USGS Indian Community science for a changing world Cover Illustration: Woman with Blueberries by Ojibway artist Patrick DesJarlait, 1971. Reprinted from Patrick DesJarlait: Conversations with a Native American Artist, and published with permission. WATER RESOURCES OF THE KEWEENAW BAY INDIAN COMMUNITY, BARAGA COUNTY, MICHIGAN byM.J. Sweat and S.J. Rheaume U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4060 Prepared in cooperation with the KEWEENAW BAY INDIAN COMMUNITY Lansing, Michigan 1998 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas J. Casadevall, Acting Director For additional information Copies of this report can be write to: purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey, WRD Branch of Information Services 6520 Mercantile Way, Suite 5 . Box 25286 Lansing, MI 48911-5991 Denver, CO 80225-0286 CONTENTS Page Abstract.................................................................................... 1 Introduction................................................................................. 1 Purpose and scope ........................................................................ 2 Methods of investigation ................................................................... 2 Acknowledgments ........................................................................ 2 General description of study area ................................................................ 2 Geologic setting ............................................................................. 5 Alluvium ............................................................................... 5 Glacial deposits .......................................................................... 5 Bedrock ................................................................................ 5 Geohydrology ............................................................................... 6 Ground water........................................................................... 6 Glacial Aquifers ...................................................................... 6 Jacobsville Sandstone.................................................................. 6 Michigamme Slate .................................................................... 9 Archean granite and gneiss.............................................................. 9 Water table and ground-water flow ....................................................... 9 Ground-water recharge rates............................................................ 10 Susceptibility to contamination.......................................................... 11 Surface water........................................................................... 11 Ponds and wetlands. .................................................................. 11 Streams............................................................................ 11 Keweenaw Bay...................................................................... 11 Water quality............................................................................... 12 Ground water........................................................................... 12 Ground-water types ...................................................................... 20 Surface water........................................................................... 20 Summary and conclusions .................................................................... 29 References cited ............................................................................ 31 Glossary .................................................................................. 32 ILLUSTRATIONS Figures 1-4. Maps showing: 1. Location of the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community study area in Michigan .................... 3 2. Elevation of land surface, and approximate contact between geologic units within the study area ............................................................... 4 3. Extent of surficial deposits used as an aquifer, and water table map (1969-1997) in the surficial deposits ............................................................. 7 4. Potentiometric surface in the bedrock formations underlying the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, and direction of ground-water flow.................................... 8 5. Trilinear diagram of ground-water chemistry, Keweenaw Bay Indian Community (1991 and 1997 data)..............................................................21 6. Map showing location of wetlands and surface water sites, 1991............................ 22 7. Trilinear diagram of surface-water, wetland open-water, and wetland well-water chemistry, Keweenaw Bay Indian Community.......................................... 30 TABLES Table 1. Chemical and physical characteristics of ground water ....................................... 13 2. Drinking-water regulations of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency........................ 17 3. Chemical and physical characteristics of water of the Assinins Wetland. ......................... 23 4. Chemical and physical characteristics of water in streams..................................... 25 in Multiply By To Obtain Length millimeter (mm) 0.03937 inch centimeter (cm) .3937 inch meter (m) 3.281 foot Area square kilometer (km2) 247.1 acre hectare (ha) 2.471 acre square meter (m ) 10.76 square foot square kilometer (km2) .3861 square mile hectare .003861 square mile Volume liter (L) .2642 gallon cubic meter (m3) 264.2 gallon milliliters (ml) .0002642 gallon cubic meter 35.31 cubic foot Flow (volume per unit time) millimeter per year (mm) .0394 inch per year meter per second (m/s) 3.281 foot per second cubic meter per second (m3/s) 35.31 . cubic foot per second liter per second (L/s) .03531 cubic foot per second liter per second 15.85 gallon per minute cubic meters per second 22.82 million gallons per day Transmissivity meter squared per day 10.76 foot squared per day Temperature Degree Celsius (°C) may be converted to degree Fahrenheit (°F) by use of the following equation: . °F = (1.8x°C) + 32 Abbreviated water-quality units Chemical concentrations are given in metric units. Chemical concentration is given in milligrams per liter (mg/L) and micrograms per liter (jig/L). Milligrams per liter is a unit expressing the concentration of chemical constituents in solution as a weight (milligrams) of solute per unit volume (liter) of water. Likewise, micrograms per liter is a unit expressing the concentration of chemical constituents in solution as a weight (micrograms) of solute per unit volume (liter) of water. One thousand micrograms per liter is equivalent to one milligram per liter. For concentrations less than 7,000 mg/L, the numerical value is the same as for concentrations in parts per million. Turbidity is a measure of opaqueness or reduced clarity of water, and is expressed in nephelometric turbidity units (NTU). Nephelometric turbidity units are a measure of the intensity of light scattered in one particular direction, pre­ dominantly at right angles to the incident light. Specific conductance of water is expressed in microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius (|iiS/cm). This unit is equivalent to micromhos per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius (umho/cm), formerly used by the U.S. Geological Survey. Tritium concentration (or activity) in water is expressed as picoCuries per liter (pCi/L). Vertical Datum In this report, "sea level" refers to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD of 1929) a geodetic datum derived from a general adjustment of the first-order level nets of the United States and Canada, formerly called Sea Level Datum of 1929. Water Resources of the Keweenaw Environmental Protection Agency secondary maximum contaminant limits for dissolved iron Bay Indian Community, Baraga and manganese were exceeded in 4 and 5 wells, respectively, which may make the water from these County, Michigan wells unsuitable for some uses. Concentrations of lead in water from one well was above the by M.J. Sweat and S.J. Rheaume maximum contaminant limit. Concentrations of tritium in ground water downgradient from the industrial park indicate that at least some recharge to the Jacobsville Sandstone ABSTRACT has taken place within the last 45 years. Where clay lenses greater than 1 meter thick overlie the The Keweenaw Bay Indian Community glacial aquifer or the Jacobsville Sandstone, (KBIC) in Baraga County uses ground water for however, recharge may take longer than 45 years. most domestic, commercial, and industrial A contaminant spill at the industrial park supplies. An industrial park within KBIC could would likely move laterally, toward Keweenaw adversely affect some ground-water supplies Bay, in the glacial aquifer. Some infiltration does should contaminants be spilled at the park. occur through the glacial aquifer to the bedrock Additional development of the park is being aquifers. No information is available concerning planned. Information on water supply potential and the rate of movement of water within this aquifer, aquifer vulnerability to contamination is needed to so it is not possible to determine the rate at which a make sound decisions about future activities at the spill would move either vertically or laterally industrial park. within the glacial aquifer
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