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TABLE of CONTENTS. Lake Huron Drainage in Northern Peninsula

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TABLE of CONTENTS. Lake Huron Drainage in Northern Peninsula MICHIGAN GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SURVEY General Geological Features .........................................4 Altitudes and Reliefs. .....................................................6 Publication 7. The Drainage Systems...................................................7 Geological Series 5. CHAPTER II. Glacial Features of the Northern Peninsula ..........................................................................7 SURFACE GEOLOGY OF THE NORTHERN The Moraines and their Significance..............................7 PENINSULA OF MICHIGAN. The Outwash Aprons. ....................................................8 Features Inside the Moraines.........................................9 WITH NOTES ON AGRICULTURAL CONDITIONS AND Drumlins................................................................... 9 WATER POWER Eskers...................................................................... 9 Kames.................................................................... 10 BY FRANK LEVERETT Effect of the Ice Sheet on Rock Surfaces. ...................10 CHAPTER III. Lake History...........................................11 Lake History of the Peninsula ......................................11 Abandoned Shore Lines........................................ 11 Earlier Investigations and Discussions.......................11 Nature of the Present Investigations. .........................12 Lake Ontonagon.........................................................12 Lake Duluth................................................................13 Lake Algonquin. .........................................................14 Nipissing Great Lakes. ...............................................15 PUBLISHED AS A PART OF THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Deposits on Lake Beds. .............................................16 BOARD OF GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SURVEY FOR 1910 CHAPTER IV. Climatic Conditions. .............................17 Temperature.................................................................17 LANSING, MICHIGAN Precipitation..................................................................17 WYNKOOP HALLENBECK CRAWFORD CO., STATE PRINTERS CHAPTER V. Notes on Agricultural Conditions. .......19 1911 Soil Classes by Townships ..........................................21 BOARD OF GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SURVEY, 1910. CHAPTER VI. Water Power ..........................................24 Bibliography of Northern Peninsula Water Power........24 EX OFFICIO: The Lake Superior Drainage in Michigan.....................24 THE GOVERNOR OF THE STATE, St. Mary’s River. .................................................... 25 HON. CHASE S. OSBORN, President. Tahquamenon River.............................................. 25 Small Tributaries in Alger County.......................... 25 THE SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, Carp River. ............................................................ 25 HON. L. L. WRIGHT, Secretary. Dead River............................................................. 26 THE PRESIDENT OF THE STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION, In Huron Mountains. .............................................. 26 HON. D. M. FERRY, JUNIOR. Sturgeon River....................................................... 26 DIRECTOR, Streams in Keweenaw Peninsula.......................... 26 R. C. ALLEN. Ontonagon River. .................................................. 26 Presque Isle River. ................................................ 26 SCIENTIFIC ADVISORS. Black River. ........................................................... 27 Geologists.—Dr. L. L. Hubbard, Houghton; Prof. W. H. Hobbs, Montreal River. ...................................................... 27 Ann Arbor; Prof. WM. H. Sherzer, Ypsilanti. Lake Michigan Drainage in Northern Peninsula...........27 Botanists.—Prof. E. A. Bessey, East Lansing; Prof. F. C. Menominee River System. .................................... 27 Newcomb, Ann Arbor. Escanaba River. .................................................... 30 Zoologists.—Prof. W. B. Barrows, East Lansing; Prof. J. Rapid River............................................................ 31 Reighard, Ann Arbor; Dr. Bryant Walker, Detroit. Whitefish River. ..................................................... 31 Sturgeon River....................................................... 32 Manistique River.................................................... 32 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Lake Huron Drainage in Northern Peninsula. ..............32 CHAPTER VII. Water Supply. .......................................32 Underground Waters....................................................32 Introduction. .................................................................... 2 Public Water Supplies. .................................................33 CHAPTER I. Physiography of the Northern Peninsula. ........................................................................ 4 Publication 7, Geological Series 5 – Page 1 of 33 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Fig. 7. Map of the flowing well districts of the eastern part of the Northern Peninsula of Michigan. ..............................32 PLATES. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Plate II. A. Ishpeming from the north. ......................................5 To the Honorable the Board of Geological and Biological Survey of the State of Michigan: Plate II. B. Crystal Falls from the east. ....................................5 Gov. Chase S. Osborn, President. Plate III. A. Cut in moraine near Champion, Michigan, (Photo by L. H. Wood, 1909)........................................................5 Hon. D. M. Ferry, Jr., Vice-President. Hon. L. L. Wright, Secretary. Plate III. B. Boulder in moraine north of Republic, Michigan....5 Gentlemen—I have the honor to transmit for publication Plate IV. A. Striated ledge on hill in southeast part of as a part of the report for -1910 of the Board of Champion, Michigan.......................................................10 Geological and Biological Survey, Bulletin No. 7, a Plate IV. B. Striae curving around a rock boss near Ishpeming, contribution to the geological survey of the State. Michigan, (Photo by L. H. Wood, 1909)..........................10 Very respectfully, Plate V. A. Glaciated rock boss near Champion, Michigan. R. C. ALLEN, (Photo by L. H. Wood, 1909) ..........................................12 Director. Plate V. B. Heavily glaciated granite knobs in Huron Mountains, 14 miles north of Champion, Michigan. (Photo by L. H. Wood, 1909)......................................................12 INTRODUCTION. Plave VI. A. Illustrating protection from ice abrasion in the lee BY R. C. ALLEN. of a small obstruction. Rock surface near Ishpeming, Michigan. (Photo by L. H. Wood)...................................13 The surface geology of the Northern Peninsula has Plate VI. B. Glaciated rock surface east of Ishpeming, received incidental attention from nearly all of the Michigan. (Photo by L. H. Wood)...................................13 geologists and explorers who have made investigations of that region. However, the first systematic Plate VII. Dam and hydro-electric plant of the Penn Iron investigations were those of Prof. I. C. Russell, who in Mining Co., Sturgeon Falls, Menominee River ...............29 1904, under the auspices of the Michigan Geological Plate VIII. A. Rapids on Sturgeon River northeast of Loretto.31 Survey, began a Study of the glacial formations along the north shore of Lakes Huron and Michigan. This Plate VIII. B. Falls on the Michigamme River one mile north of Mansfield ........................................................................31 study was continued in 1905. The results of Russell's work are published in the annual reports of the Michigan Plate IX. A. Falls on the Escanaba River west of Princeton. .31 Geological Survey for 19041 and 1906.2 Plate IX. B. Gorge below falls on the Escanaba River, west of Prof. C. A. Davis, working partly in collaboration with Princeton. .......................................................................31 Prof. Russell, made a reconnaissance of the entire peninsula. Davis made a special study of the peat bogs FIGURES. and their vegetation and also made valuable notes on soils and surface geology, the results of which are Fig. 1. View from the observatory looking across the short target range toward the Fort on Mackinac Island. ..........15 presented, in part, in Russell's report for 1906, and in part in a paper in the 9th annual report of the Michigan Fig. 2. A. Annual rainfall map of Northern Michigan for 1906. 17 Academy of Science.3 Fig. 2. B. Mean annual isotherms and prevailing winds for His studies in peat are presented in the annual report for 1906. ..............................................................................17 1906.4 The studies by Frank Leverett were begun in Fig. 3. A. Annual rainfall map of Northern Michigan for 1907. 18 August, 1905, and continued, with interruptions, down to the autumn of 1910. Leverett was employed by the U. Fig. 3. B. Mean annual isotherms and prevailing winds for 1907. ..............................................................................18 S. Geological Survey, and was assisted throughout much of the investigation by various members of the Fig. 4. A. Annual rainfall map of Northern Michigan for 1908. 18 staff of the Michigan Geological Survey, notably G. E. Fig. 4. B. Mean annual isotherms and prevailing winds for Tower, W. C. Gordon, L. H. Wood, and I. D. Scott. A. C. 1908. ..............................................................................18 Lane, formerly
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