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TAXON:Cyperus Papyrus SCORE:20.0 RATING:High TAXON: Cyperus papyrus SCORE: 20.0 RATING: High Risk Taxon: Cyperus papyrus Family: Cyperaceae Common Name(s): Nile grass Synonym(s): Chlorocyperus papyrus (L.) Rikli paper reed Papyrus domesticus Poir. papyrus sedge Assessor: Assessor Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 25 May 2014 WRA Score: 20.0 Designation: H(HPWRA) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Naturalized, Environmental Weed, Aquatic Sedge, Thicket-forming, Rhizomatous Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 n 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle Creation Date: 25 May 2014 (Cyperus papyrus) Page 1 of 18 TAXON: Cyperus papyrus SCORE: 20.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 y conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 y 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 y 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 y 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 2 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 y growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 y 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 n Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 25 May 2014 (Cyperus papyrus) Page 2 of 18 TAXON: Cyperus papyrus SCORE: 20.0 RATING: High Risk Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes "This is a herbaceous perennial native to tropical Africa which forms tall stands of reed-like swamp vegetation in shallow water. Papyrus IUCN .2012. Guide to some invasive plants affecting Lake sedge have a long history of use by humans notably by the ancient Tanganyika. IUCN ISI and Lake Tanganyika Authority. Egyptians as the source of papyrus paper; in addition the highly Nairobi, Kenya buoyant stems can be made into boats. Papyrus is now cultivated as an ornamental plant." [Long history of cultivation does not appear to have limited its ability to persist and spread in the environment] 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2014. Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2014. Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes "Native: AFRICA Northern Africa: Egypt Northeast Tropical Africa: Chad; Ethiopia; Sudan USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. East Tropical Africa: Kenya; Tanzania [incl. Zanzibar]; Uganda Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) West-Central Tropical Africa: Burundi; Congo; Gabon; Rwanda; [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Zaire Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars- West Tropical Africa: Benin; Cote D'Ivoire; Guinea; Liberia; Nigeria; grin.gov/. [Accessed 21 May 2014] Senegal South Tropical Africa: Angola; Malawi; Mozambique; Zambia Southern Africa: Botswana; Namibia; South Africa - KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga Western Indian Ocean: Madagascar; Mauritius; Reunion" 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars- grin.gov/. [Accessed ] Creation Date: 25 May 2014 (Cyperus papyrus) Page 3 of 18 TAXON: Cyperus papyrus SCORE: 20.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y Source(s) Notes Vaughan, G., 2011. Cyperus papyrus L. [Internet] Record from PROTA4U. Brink, M. & Achigan-Dako, E.G. (Editors). "Cyperus papyrus occurs from sea level up to 2500 m altitude in PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources swamps and along the margins of lakes and rivers." [Elevation range végétales de l͛Afrique tropicale), Wageningen, exceeds 1000 m in tropical latitudes, demonstrating environmental Netherlands. http://www.prota4u.or /search.asp. versatility] [Accessed 23 May 2014] "The papyrus reeds form vast stands in swamps, in shallow lakes, and along stream banks throughout Africa. It is considered a weed in the Sudan, Dahomey and Egypt. Uganda has ca 6,500 km2 of permanent swamp or wetlands, much of it covered in papyrus. Occurs also in Sicily and Palestine. According to Baumann (1960) the plant grows over a wide area bounded roughly by the 38th and 26th parallels on the north and south, and by the 65th and 32nd on the east and west, but is virtually absent in the lower Nile marshes Duke, J.A.1983. Handbook of Energy Crops - Cyperus where it flourished in ancient times. Ecology Many African swamps papyrus. known as the Sudd in Central Africa, are dominated by papyrus http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Cyp thickets, which totally block navigation. It is estimated that the Sudd erus_papyrus.html. [Accessed 25 May 2014] areas of the White Nile, and the "Papyrus Swamps" around Lake Kioga and Victoria are responsible for the loss of 50% of that river's water through evaporation and plant transpiration. Engineers plan to shortcut the Sudd and hence increase Egypt's summer water supply. In Egypt the plant flowers throughout the year, except winter. Papyrus is estimated to range from Subtropical to Tropical Desert to Wet Forest Life Zones, tolerating annual precipitation of 1-42 dm, annual temperatures of 20-30°C, and pH of 6.0-8.5. " Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes "General distribution: Native to eastern tropical Africa and Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. 2005. Madagascar. Widely cultivated and planted as an ornamental Monocotyledons and Gymnosperms of Puerto Rico and elsewhere. Introduced and naturalized or escaped from cultivation in the Virgin Islands. Contributions from the United States the New World, occurring in the United States (Florida, Louisiana, National Herbarium 52: 1-415 and California) and the West Indies." Does the species have a history of repeated 205 y introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. 2005. "General distribution: Native to eastern tropical Africa and Monocotyledons and Gymnosperms of Puerto Rico and Madagascar. Widely cultivated and planted as an ornamental the Virgin Islands. Contributions from the United States elsewhere." National Herbarium 52: 1-415 301 Naturalized beyond native range y Source(s) Notes Creation Date: 25 May 2014 (Cyperus papyrus) Page 4 of 18 TAXON: Cyperus papyrus SCORE: 20.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Bryson, C. T., & Carter, R. 2008. The significance of Cyperaceae as weeds. Pp. 15-101. in Naczi, R.F.C. & Ford, "Cyperus papyrus is naturalized in Australia (Wilson, 1993) and in B.A. (eds). Sedges, uses, diversity, and systematic of the Florida, U.S.A. (Wunderlin,1998)," Cyperaceae, Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, MO Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. 2005. "Distribution in Puerto Rico: Naturalized in wet areas of standing Monocotyledons and Gymnosperms of Puerto Rico and water along river banks, creeks, swales, and roadside ditches; Ciales, the Virgin Islands. Contributions from the United States Lares, and Río Grande." National Herbarium 52: 1-415 "in the Hawaiian Islands it is cultivated in water gardens and now Erickson, T.A.
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