Hur Ser Svensken Ut? Som Emil Och Hans Lillasyster Ida?

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Hur Ser Svensken Ut? Som Emil Och Hans Lillasyster Ida? GÖteborgS KonStmuSEUMS SKRIFTSERIE GÖteborgS KonStmuSEUMS SKRIFTSERIE DETTA ÄR DET SJÄTTE NUMRET AV GÖTEBORGS KONSTMUSEUMS SKRIFTSERIE Skiascope Namnet är hämtat från ett instrument som den inflytelserike museimannen Benjamin Ives Gilman utvecklade i början av 1900-talet för att ge betraktaren möjlighet att fokusera på konsten i de, enligt upphovsmannen, ofta alltför stora och tätt hängda museisalarna. Ett finns på Göteborgs ISBN 978-91-87968-87-7 konstmuseum, sannolikt inköpt av Axel L Romdahl. BLond OCH BLÅÖgd Skiascopet blev aldrig någon succé. Det blev kanske obsolet genom att en VIthet, SvenSKhet OCH VISueLL KULtur glesare hängningsideologi vann mark under mellankrigstiden. Ändå kan Hur ser svensken ut? Som Emil och hans lillasyster Ida? Eller den leende nog många museibesökare känna igen sig i det som Gilman beskriver som ett av museiväsendets grundproblemen: den museitrötthet som infinner sig grabben på Kalles kaviar? Ljus i skinnet, rågblond och blåögd. Föreställ- redan efter ett par salar. Redan vid sekelskiftet stod det klart att museernas ningen om att det finns ett ”svenskt” utseende kan tyckas absurd. Ändå DEMONSTRATION AV ETT SKIASCOPE UR BENJAMIN IVES GILMANS själva essens – att samla och ställa ut – hotade att göra dem alltför har den fått påtagliga konsekvenser på senare tid. Som när polisen i jakt på MUSEum IDEALS OF PURpoSE AND METHODS omfattande och omöjliga för besökarna att ta till sig. Sovring blir med tiden illegala immigranter kontrollerar människor med ”icke-svenskt” utseende. CAMBRIDGE lika viktigt som samlande. 1918 Det sjätte numret av Skiascope undersöker hur svensken blev blond S. 238 Denna skriftseries ledstjärna är just fokusering. Liksom Gilmans instrument och blåögd. Hur det gick till när vissa kroppsliga drag kom att fästas vid DEMONSTRATION OF A SKIASCOPE vill vi bidra till att rama in, lyfta fram och intensivt studera frågor som vi nationaliteten svensk. Tv-serien Hammarkullen, vykort från Slottsskogen, FROM BENJAMIN IVES GILMAN’s MUSEum IDEALS OF PURpoSE AND METHODS ser som betydelsefulla. Det kan vara enskilda verk, konstnärskap eller målningar av beduinska köpmän, Anders Zorns nakna flickor och Elsa CAMBRIDGE tidsperioder. 1918 Beskows Putte i blåbärsskogen är några exempel på det som studeras. P. 238 Fokus riktas mot dem som ser sig som normala. Som är ytterst käns- liga för hur andra avviker, med en främmande accent, mörk hudfärg eller THIS IS THE SIXTH ISSUE OF Skiascope andra vanor, men som är blinda för sitt eget sätt att tala, se ut och vara. GOTHENBURG MUSEUM OF ART PUBLIC ATION SERIES REDAKTÖR / EDITOR Skiascope takes its name from a contraption invented in the early JEFF WERNER twentieth century by the influential museum curator, Benjamin Ives Gilman. Concerned that art was hung too close together in over-large galleries, he designed the skiascope to help visitors focus on individual works of art. The Gothenburg Museum of Art owns one, probably bought by Axel L. What does the typical Swede look like? Like Astrid Lindgren’s Emil and his little Romdahl. sister Ida or the smiling boy on the ‘Kalles Kaviar’ tube? Fair-skinned, blond-haired The skiascope was never much of a success. Obsolescence was certain and blue-eyed. The idea that there is a ‘Swedish’ appearance may seem absurd. Yet once the idea gained ground in the inter-war period that galleries should it has had tangible consequences recently, such as when police looking for illegal im- be more sparsely hung. Still, many today will recognize what Gilman saw migrants stop and check people with a ‘non-Swedish’ appearance. as a fundamental problem: the museum fatigue that sets in after only a The sixth issue of Skiascope examines how the Swede became blond and blue- couple of rooms. Even in his day it was clear that the museums’ identity eyed. How did it come about that certain physical features became Swedish stereo- – their mission to collect and exhibit – threatened to make them too types? The TV series Hammarkullen, postcards of Slottsskogen Park, paintings of Omslagsbild / Cover image comprehensive, and overwhelming for visitors. In time, selection would Bedouin merchants, Anders Zorn’s nude girls, and Elsa Beskow’s Putte in the Blueberry become almost as important as collection. Anders Zorn, svensk 1860–1920, Ute, 1888, olja på duk, Forest are some examples of what is examined. 133 x 197,5 cm, Göteborgs konstmuseum, inköpt 1891, GKM 0256. Foto: Hossein Sehatlou. Like Gilman’s device, the guiding principle of Skiascope is focus. We will A focus is on those who see themselves as normal. Who are extremely sensitive bring select topics to public attention and study each issue in depth, be it a to how others differ, with a foreign accent, dark skin or other customs, but who are Anders Zorn, Swedish 1860–1920, Outdoors, 1888, oil on canvas, 133 x 197.5 cm, Gothenburg Museum of Art, purchased 1891, single work of art, an artist’s oeuvre, or an entire period. blind to their own way of speaking, looking and being. GKM 0256. Photo: Hossein Sehatlou. BLond and BLue-EYed WHIteneSS, SwedISHNESS, and VISuaL CuLture GOTHENBURG MUSeum OF ART PubLICatION SerIES GOTHENBURG MUSeum OF ART PubLICatION SerIES SKIASCope 6 SKIASCOPE 6 SKIASCOPE Blond och blåögd Blond and Blue-eyed Vithet, svenskhet och visuell kultur Whiteness, Swedishness, and Visual Culture Jeff Werner & Tomas Björk Föregående sida/Previous page Göteborgs konstmuseums fasad mot Götaplatsen. Foto: Lars Noord. Gothenburg Museum of Art, facing Götaplatsen. Photo: Lars Noord. 2014 2014 SKIASCOPE 6 6 ISBN 978-91-87968-87-7 TRYCK / PRINT: ELAndERS FÄLTH & HÄSSLER, 2014 DESIGN: PLAQUETTE GÖTEBORGS KONSTMUSEUMS SKRIFTSERIE GOTHENBURG MUSEUM OF ART PUBLICATION SERIES GÄSTREDAKTÖR FÖR DETTA NUMMER GUEST EDITOR OF THIS ISSUE JEff WERNER REDAKTÖR FÖR SKRIFTSERIEN SKIASCOPE EDITOR OF THE SKIASCOPE PUBLICATION SERIES KRISTOffER ARVIDSSON BLOND OCH BLÅÖGD BLOND AND BLUE-EYED SKIASCOPE 6 SKIASCOPE 6 Innehåll Table of Contents ISABELLA NILSSON ISABELLA NILSSON FÖRORD 8 FOREWORD 9 JEff WERNER JEff WERNER INTRODUKTION 12 INTRODUCTION 13 MED ÖGON KÄNSLIGA FÖR VITT 32 OPEN YOUR EYES TO WHITE 33 ANTIKVITT 58 ANTIQUE WHITE 59 BlågULA LAndSKAP 102 A BLUE-AND-YELLOW LANDSCAPE 103 BLOND DESIGN 180 BLOND DESIGN 181 GRÅ ARKITEKTUR 240 GREY ARCHITECTURE 241 SANNINGEN I VITÖGAT 326 FACE THE TRUTH 327 TOMAS BjÖRK TOMAS BjÖRK DEN SVENSKA BLICKEN PÅ ”orIENTEN” i 1800-TALETS VISUEllA KULTUR 364 SWEDEN AND THE ‘ORIENT’ IN 19TH CENTURY VISUAL CULTURE 365 BLOND OCH BLÅÖGD BLOND AND BLUE-EYED FÖRORD FOREWORD Forskningsavdelningen vid Göteborgs konstmuseum har fortsatt The Research Department at Gothenburg Museum of Art has continued att utforska museets historia. Nu senast i det tvärvetenskapliga to explore the museum’s history. Most recently in the interdisciplinary forskningsprojektet En målad historia. Svenskt historiemålerie under research project, A Painted History: Swedish 19th-century History Painting, which 1800-talet som även gestaltas i en under 2014 pågående utställning also takes the form of a current exhibition with the same name. Swedish med samma namn. I bilder av oftast storslagna format har svenska successes and disasters have been depicted in detailed scenarios in often framgångar och katastrofer skildrats i detaljrika scenerier. Dessa large-scale paintings. Together these weave a narrative that has shaped ger tillsammans en berättelse som format dagens uppfattningar om contemporary understanding of concepts such as Swedishness and what betydelsen i begrepp som svenskhet och svensk. Frågan ställs om it means to be Swedish. The research project asks the question ‘what has lived on in contemporary images through visual rhetorical devices from vad som har levt vidare i dagens bilder genom visuella retoriska the time of the nation state’s ambition to create the concept of a Swedish grepp från tiden för nationalstatens strävan att skapa föreställ- people?’ This issue of Skiascope provides an opportunity to critically exam- ningen om ett svenskt folk. Detta nummer av Skiascope ger tillfälle ine the history of museums based on the ideology on which they histori- att kritiskt granska museernas historia utifrån den ideologi som cally rest. Museums as knowledge intermediaries can contribute through de historiskt vilar på. Genom sin forskning kan museer som kun- their research to a critical debate around key contemporary issues in re- skapsförmedlande institutioner bidra till en kritisk diskussion kring lation to culture and society. We read forecasts that half of EU member frågor som är viktiga idag i relation till kulturen och samhället. Vi states, including Sweden, will elect parties from the nationalist, populist läser prognoser om att hälften av EU-länderna kommer att rösta right to the European Parliament in May 2014. In relation to a number in partier från den nationalistiska och populistiska högern i EU- of hot topics around nationalistic tendencies and outlook, the museum’s research report, Skiascope 6, with its theme Blond and Blue-eyed: Whiteness, parlamentet i maj 2014, däribland Sverige. I relation till ett antal Swedishness, and Visual Culture, can analyse from a whiteness perspective brännande ämnen kring nationalistiska strävanden och synsätt kan how concepts of Swedishness and race are expressed in visual culture, museets forskningsrapport Skiascope 6 med tema Blond och blåögd. historically and today. Vithet, svenskhet och visuell kultur utifrån ett vithetsperspektiv analy- Skiascope 6 is a critical review of the norms shared by many people sera hur föreställningar om svenskhet och ras kommer till uttryck i who see themselves as ‘normal’, you and I, and of conceptions of what visuell kultur, historiskt och idag. Swedes look like. My hope is that this issue of Skiascope will deepen and 8 Skiascope 6 är en kritisk granskning av de normer som delas av många, som ser sig som så kallade normala, du och jag, och om fö- reställningar om hur svenskar ser ut. Min förhoppning är att detta nummer av Skiascope skall fördjupa och tydliggöra bilden av det som allt som oftast kallas ”vi och dom” genom att granska den som oftast clarify the image of what is fairly often referred to as ‘us and them’ by är den osynliggjorda, normbärande, vita aktören.
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