DOCSLIB.ORG

Ethnicized Citizenship As Illegitimate Citizenship. the Case of Mapuches in Chile and Northeasterners in India

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ethnicized Citizenship As Illegitimate Citizenship. the Case of Mapuches in Chile and Northeasterners in India Ethnicized citizenship as illegitimate citizenship. The Case of Mapuches in Chile and Northeasterners in India Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor philosophiae (Dr. phil.) eingereicht an der Kultur-, Sozial- und Bildungswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin von Diplom Soziologin Andrea Catalina Silva-Tapia Präsidentin der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr. Sabine Kunst Dekanin der Kultur-, Sozial- und Bildungswissenschaftlichen Fakultät Prof. Dr. Julia von Blumenthal Gutachter: 1. Prof. Dr. Boike Rehbein 2. Prof. Dr. Klaus Eder Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 05.Februar 2016 Abstract This thesis tackles the commonly overlooked issue of ethnic groups that have suffered a delegetimization of their citizenship. They are not considered as the ideal citizens of a nation-state because they do not conform ethnically to the definition of the nation. Citizenship emerges with the formation of the nation-state in a modern world system characterized by a still operating coloniality. The legitimacy of this global colonial idea of nation-state was based on the cultural concept of a nation; an illusion of a homogenous shared past, customs and language where differences were suppressed. This is the common pattern of nation-state formation and the rise of the idea of a legitimate citizen. Illegitimate citizenship is another way of naming a colonial citizenship inserted in a Eurocentric patriarchal/white and Christian-centered world-system. Citizenship is a concept referring to individuals, however, and when it is racialized or ethnicized, the individuality of the person is taken away. The racialized citizen, the illegitimate citizen is always described as part of a group; the “immigrants”, the “Muslims”, the “indigenous”, the “northeastern Indians”. They are never described as an autonomous individual subject. This individuality is reserved for white European or European- descendant people and has been coined as “white privilege”. This research describes how illegitimate citizenship empirically operates in a very similar way in two ethnic groups within two different countries that have in common a colonial subordinated position in the world system. Therefore, Mapuches in Chile and Northeastern Indians suffer a double colonization in two different scales; one regarding the position of Chile and India in the world-system and one regarding their own position within the nation-state. Keywords: ethnic groups, citizenship, coloniality, nation-state Zusammenfassung Diese Dissertation befasst sich mit dem oft vernachlässigten Problem ethnischer Gruppen, die eine Delegitimierung ihrer Staatsbürgerschaft erfahren haben. Sie gelten nicht als „richtige“ Staatsbürger eines Nationalstaates, da sie nicht der ethnischen Definition der Nation entsprechen. Staatsbürgerschaft entsteht im Zuge der Bildung von Nationalstaaten in einem modernen Weltsystem, das nach wie vor kolonial geprägt ist. Die Legitimität dieser globalen kolonialen Idee des Nationalstaates basierte auf dem kulturellen Konzept einer Nation; der Illusion einer homogenen gemeinsamen Vergangenheit, gemeinsamer Gebräuche und einer gemeinsamen Sprache, in der Unterschiede unterdrückt werden. Auf diesem Modell basiert die Idee eines legitimen Bürgers. Illegitime Staatsbürgerschaft ist eine andere Art und Weise, eine koloniale Staatsbürgerschaft zu benennen, die in ein eurozentrisches, patriarchalisch/weiß und christlich zentriertes Weltsystem eingebettet ist. Staatsbürgerschaft ist ein Konzept, das sich auf Individuen bezieht. Durch Rassializierung und Ethnisierung wird dem Mensch seine Individualität genommen. Der rassifizierte - illegitime Bürger wird stets als Teil einer Gruppe beschrieben; die "Einwanderer", die "Muslime", die "Indigenen", die "Inder des Nordostens". Sie werden nie als autonomes individuelles Subjekt beschrieben. Diese Individualität ist den weißen europäischen oder europäischen Nachkommen vorbehalten und wird als "weißes Privileg" bezeichnet. Diese Dissertation beschreibt, wie ähnlich die illegitime Staatsbürgerschaft in zwei unterschiedlichen Ländern empirisch operiert, die beide eine koloniale, untergeordnete Position im Weltsystem einnehmen. Die untersuchten Gruppen – die Mapuche in Chile und die Menschen im Nordosten Indiens – leiden unter einer doppelten Kolonialisierung. Zum einen aufgrund der Position von Chile und Indien im Weltsystem, zum anderen bezüglich der geringen Wertschätzung innerhalb des Nationalstaates. Schlagwörter: ethnische Gruppen, Staatsbürgerschaft, Kolonialität, Nationalstaat Berlin, 11.12.2017 Acknowledgments “-Blumenfeld: Don´t you have any love for your own people? (…) -Arendt: Ohh Kurt! You know me, I have never loved any people, so why should I love a folk in particular? I love my friends… this is the only love I am able to feel…” (Excerpt from the movie Hannah Arendt) This dissertation is dedicated to all the people who suffer injustice because of their belonging to a particular nation or ethnic group; those who suffer discriminations and even sometimes atrocities for belonging to the “wrong” nation, ethnicity, culture or citizenship. At the time of concluding my dissertation, the number of refugees arriving to Europe has increased enormously and many nationalist reactions have arisen. As a critical person and researcher who stands against nationalist and racist manifestations, I would especially like to dedicate this thesis to the refugees suffering discrimination and racism, in addition to the pain they carry within them. I could not have achieved this dissertation without the support of my friend, colleague and life partner Sebastian Drescher, and the support of my family. Sebastian not only supported me emotionally, but also reviewed my work and ideas, and helped me improve them. My family – mother, father and brother – were a big emotional support throughout my PhD research and have always lovingly encouraged me to achieve my goals. This research would not have been possible without the support of my two scholarship institutions: DAAD and CONICYT. I am enormously grateful to both of these institutions and their supportive staff who provided me with all the help and assistance I needed. I would especially like to thank both my supervisors. To Professor Boike Rehbein for his inspiration, critiques and patience, as well as his support and guidance for my trips to India. To Professor Klaus Eder, thank you for your engaged and rigorous critiques, which led me to revise parts of my present dissertation. In addition, I would like to thank Professor Aldo Mascareño from Adolfo Ibanez University in Chile for his unconditional help since the beginning of my academic life. During these years of lonely research, I have been inspired by many professors, early-stage researchers and PhD students who helped me through discussions and shared information or simply listened to me and commented on my ideas. I would like to thank Professor Jessé Souza from Brasil, Professor Anand Kumar and Professor Surinder Jodhka from India, for their comments and inspirations. I extend this gratitude to my colleagues in the research colloquiums of Professor Rehbein: Simin Fadaee, Janina Myrczik, Tamer Soyler, Christian Schneickert, Benjamin Baumann, Luzia Costa, Karina Maldonado and Michael Kleinod. I also extend my gratitude to many other students who inspired me in India, Chile and Germany, during discussions over lunch, coffee, conferences or even online chatting. I am very grateful to all the people I interviewed in Chile and India. Thank you for trusting me and making this research possible. Finally, I have to thank all the friends and colleagues who helped me with the tiring and difficult work of reviewing different parts of my thesis, editing the English language and giving me some valuable comments. Diana Kallas, Satish Thalla, Janina Myrczik, Debashree Roy and Michelle Bolourchi: Thank you again and again! Ethnicized citizenship as illegitimate citizenship. The Case of Mapuches in Chile and Northeasterners in India Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 1 PART I: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ............................................................................................ 12 CHAPTER 1: THE CONSTITUTION OF PEOPLE IN A STILL COLONIAL WORLD-SYSTEM: THE FORMATION OF ILLEGITIMATE CITIZENSHIP ............................................................................................................. 13 Section 1: Situating the concepts in a still colonial World-System ........................................................... 13 1) The concept of power in the decolonial turn .......................................................................................................14 2) Decolonization: A point of inflection and not only a legal-political Independence ............................................14 3) The formation of colonial subjects: ethnicized citizenship as illegitimate citizenship........................................16 Section 2: Racism ..................................................................................................................................... 17 1) Balibar: Racism goes beyond race .........................................................................................................................17 2) Weiss: Racism as symbolic capital .........................................................................................................................18
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Nandini Sundar
    Interning Insurgent Populations: the buried histories of Indian Democracy Nandini Sundar Darzo (Mizoram) was one of the richest villages I have ever seen in this part of the world. There were ample stores of paddy, fowl and pigs. The villagers appeared well-fed and well-clad and most of them had some money in cash. We arrived in the village about ten in the morning. My orders were to get the villagers to collect whatever moveable property they could, and to set their own village on fire at seven in the evening. I also had orders to burn all the paddy and other grain that could not be carried away by the villagers to the new centre so as to keep food out of reach of the insurgents…. I somehow couldn’t do it. I called the Village Council President and told him that in three hours his men could hide all the excess paddy and other food grains in the caves and return for it after a few days under army escort. They concealed everything most efficiently. Night fell, and I had to persuade the villagers to come out and set fire to their homes. Nobody came out. Then I had to order my soldiers to enter every house and force the people out. Every man, woman and child who could walk came out with as much of his or her belongings and food as they could. But they wouldn’t set fire to their homes. Ultimately, I lit a torch myself and set fire to one of the houses.
    [Show full text]
  • Periférica 2020 320-330.Pdf
    / AUTORA / CORREO-E María Paulina Soto Labbé. [email protected] / ADSCRIPCIÓN PROFESIONAL Doctora en la Universidad de las Artes de Ecuador. / TÍTULO FONDART: Balance político de un instrumento de fi nanciamiento cultural del Chile 1990-2010. / RESUMEN Analizamos tendencias internacionales de fi nanciación instrumento de fi nanciación analizado; y establecemos una sectorial; cuestionamos el carácter de política pública del relación entre el principio político-ideológico neoliberal Sub- instrumento Fondo Nacional de las Artes y la Cultura FON- sidiariedad y el crecimiento asimétrico que esta genera. El DART; evaluamos la relación crecimiento y profesionaliza- presente artículo es resultado de una investigación realizada ción sectorial respecto del aumento de exigencias sobre el en el año 2011. / PALABRAS CLAVE Financiamiento de la cultura; fondos concursables de cultura; subsidio en cultura. / Artículo recibido: 20/10/2020 / Artículo aceptado: 03/11/2020 / AUTHOR / E-MAIL María Paulina Soto Labbé. [email protected] / PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATION Doctor at the University of the Arts of Ecuador. / TITLE FONDART: Political balance of a cultural fi nancing instrument in Chile 1990-2010 . / ABSTRACT We analyze international trends in sector fi nancing; We in demands on the fi nancing instrument analyzed; and we question the character of public policy of the instrument establish a relationship between the neoliberal political- National Fund for Arts and Culture of Chile FONDART; ideological principle Subsidiarity and the asymmetric growth We evaluate the relationship between growth and that it generates. This article is the result of an investigation professionalization in the sector and its eff ects on the increase carried out in 2011. / KEYWORDS Financing of culture; competitive culture funds; subsidy in culture.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Policy Toward Chile During the Cold War Centered on Maintaining Chile’S Economic and Political Stability
    Bucknell University Bucknell Digital Commons Honors Theses Student Theses 2013 An Analysis Of U.S.- Economic Policy Toward Chile During The oldC War Frasier Esty Bucknell University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.bucknell.edu/honors_theses Recommended Citation Esty, Frasier, "An Analysis Of U.S.- Economic Policy Toward Chile During The oC ld War" (2013). Honors Theses. 153. https://digitalcommons.bucknell.edu/honors_theses/153 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Theses at Bucknell Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of Bucknell Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. iv Acknowledgements I could not have finished this Thesis without the help of a variety of people. First and foremost, my advisor, Professor William Michael Schmidli proved to be an invaluable asset for me throughout the planning, writing, and revising processes. In addition, I could not have been able to complete the Honors Thesis project without the love and support of my family. Specifically, I dedicate this Thesis to my grandmother, Sally Murphy McDermott. Your consistent love and encouragement helped me throughout this process and I simply could not have done it without you. Thank you. -Frasier Esty v Table of Contents 1. Thesis Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Chapter 1: American Economic Policy Toward Chile Resulting In The Rise and Fall of Salvador Allende 4. Chapter 2: Pinochet’s Neoliberal Experiment 5. Chapter 3: The Reagan Years: A Changing Policy Toward Chile 6. Conclusion 7. Bibliography vi Abstract This examination of U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • The Failure of the Peaceful Road to Socialism: Chile 1970-1973
    Eastern Illinois University The Keep Masters Theses Student Theses & Publications 1978 The aiF lure of the Peaceful Road to Socialism: Chile 1970-1973 Trevor Andrew Iles Eastern Illinois University This research is a product of the graduate program in Political Science at Eastern Illinois University. Find out more about the program. Recommended Citation Iles, Trevor Andrew, "The aiF lure of the Peaceful Road to Socialism: Chile 1970-1973" (1978). Masters Theses. 3235. https://thekeep.eiu.edu/theses/3235 This is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Theses & Publications at The Keep. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of The Keep. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PAPER CERTIFICATE #12 TO: Graduate Degree Candidates who have written formal theses. SUBJECT: Permission to reproduce theses. The University Library is receiving a number of requests from other institutions asking permission to reproduce dissertations for inclusion in their library holdings. Although no copyright laws are involved, we feel that professional courtesy demands that permission be obtained from the author before we allow theses to be copied. Please sign one of the following statements: Booth Library of Eastern Illinois University has my permission to lend my thesis to a reputable college or university for the purpose of copying it for inclusion in that institution's library or research holdings. Date Author I respectfully request Booth Library of Eastern Illinois University not allow my thesis be reproduced because--------------- Date Author pdm THE FAILURE OF THE PEACEFUL ROAD TO SOCIALifil1.__ CHILE 1970-1973 (TITLE) BY TREVOR ANDREW ILES ::;::.
    [Show full text]
  • HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES on Property and Land Law
    HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES on Property and Land Law EDITED BY Elisabetta Fiocchi Malaspina and Simona Tarozzi Historical Perspectives on Property and Land Law The Figuerola Institute Programme: Legal History The Programme “Legal History” of the Figuerola Institute of Social Science History –a part of the Carlos III University of Madrid– is devoted to improve the overall knowledge on the history of law from different points of view –academically, culturally, socially, and institutionally– covering both ancient and modern eras. A number of experts from several countries have participated in the Programme, bringing in their specialized knowledge and dedication to the subject of their expertise. To give a better visibility of its activities, the Programme has published in its Book Series a number of monographs on the different aspects of its academic discipline. Publisher: Carlos III University of Madrid Book Series: Legal History Editorial Committee: Manuel Ángel Bermejo Castrillo, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Catherine Fillon, Université Jean Moulin Lyon 3 Manuel Martínez Neira, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Carlos Petit, Universidad de Huelva Cristina Vano, Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II More information at www.uc3m.es/legal_history Historical Perspectives on Property and Land Law An Interdisciplinary Dialogue on Methods and Research Approaches Edited by Elisabetta Fiocchi Malaspina and Simona Tarozzi Dykinson 2019 Historia del derecho, 78 ISSN: 2255-5137 © Autores Editorial Dykinson c/ Meléndez Valdés, 61 – 28015 Madrid Tlf. (+34) 91 544 28 46 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.dykinson.com Preimpresión: TALLERONCE ISBN: 978-84-1324-499-0 Versión electrónica disponible en e-Archivo http://hdl.handle.net/10016/29290 Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 3.0 España TABLE OF CONTENT 9 Introduction Transfer of Immovable Properties, Publicity and 15 Land Law in the Age of Justinian: the Perspective of the Praetorian Prefect.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mapuche Conflict Origins and Status Quo
    society for threatened peoples The Mapuche Conflict Origins and Status Quo Memorandum by Society for Threatened Peoples February 2013 Impressum Für Menschenrechte. Weltweit. Gesellschaft für bedrohte Völker (GfbV) Postfach 2024, D-37010 Göttingen Tel.: +49 551 49906-0 Fax: +49 551 58028 E-Mail: [email protected] Internet: www.gfbv.de SPENDENKONTO: 1909 BLZ 260 500 01 Sparkasse Göttingen Die GfbV ist eine Menschenrechtsorganisation für verfolgte ethnische und religiöse Minderheiten; NGO mit beratendem Status bei den UN und mitwirkendem Status beim Europarat. Sektionen/Büros in Arbil, Bern, Bozen, Göttingen/Berlin, London, Luxemburg, NewYork, Pristina, Sarajevo/Srebrenica, Wien Text: Nicole Jullian Redaktion: Yvonne Bangert, Sarah Reinke Layout: Tanja Wieczorek, Hanno Schedler Titelphoto: Massimo Falqui Massidda Herausgegeben von der Gesellschaft für bedrohte Völker im Januar 2013 The Mapuche Conflict – Origins and Status Quo Table of Contents: The Mapuche Conflict – Origins and Status Quo 1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 5 2. The Mapuche Conflict: Land Grabs, Criminalization, Land Occupations .. 5 2.1 History of he Land Grabs ............................................................... 5 2.2 Reactions by the Mapuche: Land Occupations ............................. 7 3. The Use of Exceptional Laws as a Method Against the Mapuhes’ Attempts to Reclaim Land ......................................................................... 8 4. Conclusion .............................................................................................. 10 3 The Mapuche Conflict – Origins and Status Quo 4 The Mapuche Conflict – Origins and Status Quo 1. Introduction The Mapuche-conflict in southern Chile claimed new victims again on Friday, January 4, 2013. The elderly couple Werner Luchsinger and Vivianne McKay was killed in an arson attack on their residence on Lumahue farm in Vilcún. As there was no claim of responsibility, it has not yet been clarified who is to blame for the attack.
    [Show full text]
  • Rising out of Poverty the Role of Self-Determination, Political Attitudes and Legitimacy in the Mapuche Movement
    Lund University Master of Science International Development and Programme Management June 2013 Up-Rising Out of Poverty The Role of Self-Determination, Political Attitudes and Legitimacy in the Mapuche Movement Author: Karen A. Malmqvist Supervisor: Dr. Maria Andrea Nardi K. Malmqvist LUMID – June 2013 Abstract Chile is often portrayed as the paradigmatic case of a smooth transition from dictatorship to democracy, sustained by high rates of economic growth. This picture conceals a more complex reality of social conflict provoked by political reform that favors capitalistic advancement at the expense of resource exploitation and the continual and irreversible reduction and destruction of Mapuche land. As the clash between the indigenous group and the Chilean state intensify, this research explores how perceived levels of self- determination held by varying Mapuche leaders shape their political attitudes and legitimize their actions with or against the State. Conceptual frameworks and perspectives related to worldview, postcolonialism, neoliberal multiculturalism and self-determination construct the lens of the analysis. Ultimately, I contend that perceptions of self- determination and empowerment play a powerful role in shaping the relationship between Mapuche communities and the Chilean state and may serve as means of rising up and out of economic poverty. Up-Rising Out of Poverty 2 K. Malmqvist LUMID – June 2013 Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 4 1. INTRODUCTION 5 1.1 Overview 5 1.2 Research Purpose 6 1.3 Research Question 6 1.4. Significance to Knowledge 7 1.5 Delimitations 8 2. BACKGROUND 8 2.1 Chile: An Introduction 8 2.2 Political Evolution of Chile 9 2.3 Up in Arms: The Mapuche and the Chilean State 10 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Power, Coercion, Legitimacy and the Press in Pinochet's Chile a Dissertation Presented to the Faculty Of
    Writing the Opposition: Power, Coercion, Legitimacy and the Press in Pinochet's Chile A dissertation presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Brad T. Eidahl December 2017 © 2017 Brad T. Eidahl. All Rights Reserved. 2 This dissertation titled Writing the Opposition: Power, Coercion, Legitimacy and the Press in Pinochet's Chile by BRAD T. EIDAHL has been approved for the Department of History and the College of Arts and Sciences by Patrick M. Barr-Melej Professor of History Robert Frank Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 ABSTRACT EIDAHL, BRAD T., Ph.D., December 2017, History Writing the Opposition: Power, Coercion, Legitimacy and the Press in Pinochet's Chile Director of Dissertation: Patrick M. Barr-Melej This dissertation examines the struggle between Chile’s opposition press and the dictatorial regime of Augusto Pinochet Ugarte (1973-1990). It argues that due to Chile’s tradition of a pluralistic press and other factors, and in bids to strengthen the regime’s legitimacy, Pinochet and his top officials periodically demonstrated considerable flexibility in terms of the opposition media’s ability to publish and distribute its products. However, the regime, when sensing that its grip on power was slipping, reverted to repressive measures in its dealings with opposition-media outlets. Meanwhile, opposition journalists challenged the very legitimacy Pinochet sought and further widened the scope of acceptable opposition under difficult circumstances. Ultimately, such resistance contributed to Pinochet’s defeat in the 1988 plebiscite, initiating the return of democracy.
    [Show full text]
  • Displaced Brus from Mizoram in Tripura: Time for Resolution
    Displaced Brus from Mizoramin Tripura: Time for Resolution Brig SK Sharma Page 2 of 22 About The Author . Brigadier Sushil Kumar Sharma, YSM, PhD, commanded a Brigade in Manipur and served as the Deputy General Officer Commanding of a Mountain Division in Assam. He has served in two United Nation Mission assignments, besides attending two security related courses in the USA and Russia. He earned his Ph.D based on for his deep study on the North-East India. He is presently posted as Deputy Inspector General of Police, Central Reserve Police Force in Manipur. http://www.vifindia.org ©Vivekananda International Foundation Page 3 of 22 Displaced Brus from Mizoram in Tripura: Time for Resolution Abstract History has been witness to the conflict-induced internal displacement of people in different states of Northeast India from time to time. While the issues of such displacement have been resolved in most of the North-eastern States, the displacement of Brus from Mizoram has remained unresolved even over past two decades. Over 35,000 Brus have been living in six makeshift relief camps in North Tripura's Kanchanpur, areas adjoining Mizoram under inhuman conditions since October 1997. They had to flee from their homes due to ethnic violence in Mizoram. Ever since, they have been confined to their relief camps living on rations doled out by the state, without proper education and health facilities. Called Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs), some of the young Brus from these camps have joined militant outfits out of desperation. There have been several rounds of talks among the stakeholders without any conclusive and time-bound resolutions.
    [Show full text]
  • Universiteit Van Amsterdam
    UNIVERSITEIT VAN AMSTERDAM Faculteit der Rechtsgeleerdheid Indigenous People’s Rights & Public International Law in Argentina The mobilization of law in the context of the Mapuche people Abstract This paper focuses on the way International and Domestic legal frameworks are mobilized in the context of Mapuche people’s claim to land in Argentina. The specific translation process that takes place between the global and the local, is central to this study. Student: Nuria Vehils Olarra Studentnr: 6263313 Supervisor: dr. B. Oomen Second Reader: dr. Y. Donders Date: 5th October 2011 Word count: 20.007 Nuria Vehils Olarra October, 2011 INDEX INTRODUCTION..................................................................3 1. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK..................................... 11 2. INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK ................. 15 3. DOMESTIC LEGAL FRAMEWORK ..............................29 4. THE MAPUCHE PEOPLE.............................................39 5. CASE LAW.........................................................................46 6. TRANSLATING HUMAN RIGHTS ..............................50 CONCLUSION .....................................................................62 BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................................65 2 Nuria Vehils Olarra October, 2011 INTRODUCTION “The law is not so much carved in stone as it is written in water, flowing in and out with the tide.”1 The process of mobilizing law, understood as “the process through which a legal system acquires its cases”,2 or in other words: putting the theory into practice, has occupied legal and social scholars for centuries. However, with recent and increasing recognition of indigenous people’s rights challenging the concepts at the heart of human rights theory, a new light from which to look at mobilizing the law has emerged. This paper examines the mobilization of law within and between two spheres: international norms and their domestic implementing legislation, and the local setting in the communities of the Mapuche indigenous people in southern Argentina.
    [Show full text]
  • Urban Migration and Housing Shortages in Twentieth-Century Chile
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works School of Arts & Sciences Theses Hunter College Fall 1-15-2018 Squatters, Shanties, and Technocratic Professionals: Urban Migration and Housing Shortages in Twentieth-Century Chile Nathan C. Norris CUNY Hunter College How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/hc_sas_etds/250 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] Squatters, Shanties, and Technocratic Professionals: Urban Migration and Housing Shortages in Twentieth-Century Chile by Nathan Norris Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts History, Hunter College The City University of New York 2017 Thesis Sponsor: 11/3/17 Mary Roldán Date Signature 11/3/17 Manu Bhagavan Date Signature of Second Reader Squatters, Shanties, and Technocratic Professionals: Urban Migration and Housing Shortages in Twentieth-Century Chile CONTENTS ILLUSTRATIONS 3 Acronyms 4 Introduction 8 Chapter 1: Historiography of Urban Housing in Latin America 11 Chapter 2: Structures of Chilean Society Class, Economy, and Urbanization 17 Ranchos and Conventillos: Evolution of Chilean Shanties and Slum Tenements 21 Radicalization and Progressivism 31 Crisis 34 Chapter 3: Urban Planning and Architecture Early Influences 37 Karl Brunner, the Austrian Planner 45 Advancing Modernism 51 Brunner’s Manual de Urbanismo 53 CORHABIT 55 Chapter 4: Ambition and Experimentation in the 1940s The Popular Front Years 59 Chilean Modernism 63 Sert and Wiener 65 Father Lebret 68 Chapter 5: Steady Progress in the 1950s Callampas and Campamentos: Locating Lower-income Neighborhoods during Ibáñez 71 CORVI, CORHABIT, and Self-help Programs 74 Alberto Cruz and 1950s Modernism 76 CORFO 79 Chapter 6: Conflict, Reform, and Housing in the Frei Era The Alliance for Progress and Expanded U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • El-Arte-De-Ser-Diaguita.Pdf
    MUSEO CHILENO DE ARTE PRECOLOMBINO 35 AÑOS 1 MUSEO CHILENO MINERA ESCONDIDA DE ARTE OPERADA POR PRECOLOMBINO BHP BILLITON 35 AÑOS PRESENTAN Organiza Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino Auspician Ilustre Municipalidad de Santiago Consejo Nacional de la Cultura y de las Artes Proyecto acogido a la Ley de Donaciones Culturales Colaboran Museo Arqueológico de La Serena – DIBAM Museo del Limarí – DIBAM Museo Nacional de Historia Natural – DIBAM Museo Histórico Nacional – DIBAM Museo de Historia Natural de Concepción – DIBAM Museo Andino, Fundación Claro Vial Instituto Arqueológico y Museo Prof. Mariano Gambier, San Juan, Argentina Gonzalo Domínguez y María Angélica de Domínguez Exposición Temporal Noviembre 2016 – Mayo 2017 EL ARTE DE SER DIAGUITA THE ART OF BEING Patrones geométricos representados en la alfarería Diaguita | Geometric patterns depicted in the Diaguita pottery. Gráca de la exposición El arte de ser Diaguita. DIAGUITA INTRODUCTION PRESENTACIÓN We are pleased to present the exhibition, The Art of Being Diaguita, but remains present today in our genetic and cultural heritage, La exhibición El Arte de ser Diaguita, que tenemos el gusto de Esta alianza de más de 15 años, ha dado nacimiento a muchas which seeks to delve into matters related to the identity of one of and most importantly in present-day indigenous peoples. presentar trata de ahondar en los temas de identidad de los pueblos, exhibiciones en Antofagasta, Iquique, Santiago y San Pedro de Chile’s indigenous peoples — the Diaguita, a pre-Columbian culture This partnership of more than 15 years has given rise to many en este caso, de los Diaguitas, una cultura precolombina que existía a Atacama.
    [Show full text]