Aphasia Classification and Assessment
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Phonological Activation in Pure Alexia
Cognitive Neuropsychology ISSN: 0264-3294 (Print) 1464-0627 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/pcgn20 Phonological Activation in Pure Alexia Marie Montant & Marlene Behrmann To cite this article: Marie Montant & Marlene Behrmann (2001) Phonological Activation in Pure Alexia, Cognitive Neuropsychology, 18:8, 697-727, DOI: 10.1080/02643290143000042 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02643290143000042 Published online: 09 Sep 2010. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 47 View related articles Citing articles: 15 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=pcgn20 Download by: [Carnegie Mellon University] Date: 13 May 2016, At: 08:41 COGNITIVE NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, 2001, 18 (8), 697–727 PHONOLOGICAL ACTIVATION IN PURE ALEXIA Marie Montant CNRS, Marseille, France and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA Marlene Behrmann Carnegie Mellon University and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, USA Pure alexia is a reading impairment in which patients appear to read letter-by-letter. This disorder is typically accounted for in terms of a peripheral deficit that occurs early on in the reading system, prior to the activation of orthographic word representations. The peripheral interpretation of pure alexia has recently been challenged by the phonological deficit hypothesis, which claims that a postlexical discon- nection between orthographic and phonological information contributes to or is responsible for the dis- order. Because this hypothesis was mainly supported by data from a single patient (IH), who also has surface dyslexia, the present study re-examined this hypothesis with another pure alexic patient (EL). -
Meta-Analytic Connectivity Modeling of Brodmann Area 37
Florida International University FIU Digital Commons Nicole Wertheim College of Nursing and Health Nicole Wertheim College of Nursing and Health Sciences Sciences 12-17-2014 Language and Visual Perception Associations: Meta-Analytic Connectivity Modeling of Brodmann Area 37 Alfredo Ardilla Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Florida International University, [email protected] Byron Bernal Miami Children's Hospital Monica Rosselli Florida Atlantic University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/cnhs_fac Part of the Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons Recommended Citation Ardilla, Alfredo; Bernal, Byron; and Rosselli, Monica, "Language and Visual Perception Associations: Meta-Analytic Connectivity Modeling of Brodmann Area 37" (2014). Nicole Wertheim College of Nursing and Health Sciences. 1. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/cnhs_fac/1 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the Nicole Wertheim College of Nursing and Health Sciences at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Nicole Wertheim College of Nursing and Health Sciences by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Behavioural Neurology Volume 2015, Article ID 565871, 14 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/565871 Research Article Language and Visual Perception Associations: Meta-Analytic Connectivity Modeling of Brodmann Area 37 Alfredo Ardila,1 Byron Bernal,2 and Monica Rosselli3 1 Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA 2Radiology Department and Research Institute, Miami Children’s Hospital, Miami, FL 33155, USA 3Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Davie, FL 33314, USA Correspondence should be addressed to Alfredo Ardila; [email protected] Received 4 November 2014; Revised 9 December 2014; Accepted 17 December 2014 Academic Editor: Annalena Venneri Copyright © 2015 Alfredo Ardila et al. -
Case Study 1 & 2
CASE Courtesy of: STUDY Mitchell S.V. Elkind, MD, Columbia University 1 & 2 and Shadi Yaghi, MD. Brown University CASE 1 CASE 1 A 20 year old man with no past medical history presented to a primary stroke center with sudden left sided weakness and imbalance followed by decreased level of consciousness. Head CT showed no hemorrhage, no acute ischemic changes, and a hyper-dense basilar artery. CT angiography showed a mid-basilar occlusion. CASE 1 CONTINUED Head CT showed no hemorrhage, no acute ischemic changes, and a hyper-dense basilar artery (Figure 1, arrow). CT angiography showed a mid-basilar occlusion (Figure 2, arrow). INFORMATION FOR PATIENTS Fig. 1 AND FAMILIESFig. 2 CASE 1 CONTINUED He received Alteplase intravenous tPA and was transferred to a comprehensive stroke center where angiography confirmed mid-basilar occlusion (Figure 3, arrow ). He underwent mechanical thrombectomy (Figure 4) with recanalization of the basilar artery. His neurological exam improved and he was discharged to home after 2 days. At his 3 month follow up, he was back to normal and returned to college. Fig. 3 Fig. 4 CASE 2 CASE 2 A 62 year old woman with a history of hypertension and hyperlipidemia presented to a primary stroke center with sudden onset of weakness of the right side. On examination, she had a global aphasia, left gaze preference, right homonymous hemianopsia (field cut), right facial droop, dysarthria, and right hemiplegia (NIH Stroke Scale = 22). Head CT showed only equivocal hypodensity in the left middle cerebral artery territory (Figure 1 on next slide). CT angiography showed a left middle cerebral artery occlusion (Figure 2 on next slide, arrow). -
Classification of Aphasic Phenomena
LE JOURNAL CANAD1EN DES SCIENCES NEUROLOG1QUES Classification of Aphasic Phenomena ANDREW KERTESZ SUMMARY: A brief but comprehensive Most clinicians will agree that al tions cover the same phenomenon. survey of classifying aphasia reveals though aphasic disability is complex, In Table I the various terms are that most investigators describe at least many patients are clinically similar shown to overlap and those describ four major groups, conveniently labelled and may be classified into identifi ing the same disturbance appear un Broca's, Wernicke's, anomic and global. able groups. There are many classi derneath each other. Four columns Conduction and transcortical aphasias fications indicating that none is al appear to represent the entities that are less generally described and mod ality specific syndromes rarely, if ever, together satisfactory. Nevertheless, almost everybody identifies: exist purely. The controversy between this effort is useful and even neces 1. What Broca (1861) described as unifiers and splitters continues but ob sary to diagnose and treat aphasics aphemia, Wernicke (1874) called jective numerical taxonomy may solve and to understand the phenomena. motor aphasia. Marie (1906) did not some of the problems of classification. The opponents of classification consider Broca's aphemia true point out the numerous disagree aphasia. Pick (1913) labelled it ex ments among observers, the many pressive aphasia with agrammatism RESUME: Line etude breve, mais com exceptions that cannot be fitted into and Weisenburg & McBride (1935) prehensive, de la classification de categories and the frequent evolu popularized "expressive aphasia" I'aphasic revile que la plupart des cher- cheurs decrivent au moins 4 groupes tion of certain types into others. -
Stroke and Aphasia Aphasia Is a Language Disorder That Affects the Ability to Communicate
Recovery Primary motor cortex Primary sensory cortex let’s talk about Broca’s area Stroke and Aphasia Aphasia is a language disorder that affects the ability to communicate. It’s most often caused by strokes that occur in areas of the brain that control Primary auditory area Primary speech and language. Wernicke’s area visual cortex Certain areas of the brain (usually in the left side of the brain) influence one’s ability to communicate and understand language. When a stroke occurs in one of these areas, it may result in aphasia. What are the effects of aphasia? sender plissen.” Thousands of alert, intelligent men and Aphasia does not affect intelligence. Stroke survivors women are suddenly plunged into a world of jumbled remain mentally alert, even though their speech may communication because of aphasia. be jumbled, fragmented or impossible to understand. Are there different types of aphasia? Some survivors continue to have: Yes, there are several forms of aphasia. They include: • Trouble speaking, like “getting the words out” • Global aphasia — People with this aphasia may • Trouble finding words be completely unable to speak, name objects, repeat • Problems understanding what others say phrases or follow commands. • Problems with reading, writing or math • Broca’s aphasia — The person knows what they • Inability to process long words and infrequently want to say, but can’t find the right words (can’t get used words the words out). • Wernicke’s aphasia — A person with this aphasia How does it feel to have aphasia? can seldom understand what’s being said or control People with aphasia are often frustrated and confused what they’re saying. -
Prospect for a Social Neuroscience
Levels of Analysis in the Behavioral Sciences Prospect for a • Psychological Social Neuroscience – Mental structures and processes • Sociocultural – Social, cultural structures and processes Berkeley Social Ontology Group • Biophysical Spring 2014 – Biological, physical structures and processes 1 2 Levels of Analysis On Terminology in the Behavioral Sciences • Physiological Psychology (1870s) Sociocultural – Animal Research Social Psychology • Neuropsychology (1955, 1963) Social Cognition – Behavioral Analysis – Brain Insult, Injury, or Disease Psychological • Neuroscience (1963) – Interdisciplinary Cognitive Psychology • Molecular/Cellular Cognitive Neuroscience Social Neuroscience •Systems • Behavioral Biophysical 3 4 Towards a Social Neuropsychology The Evolution of Klein & Kihlstrom (1998) Social Neuroscience Neurology NEUROSCIENCE • Beginnings with Phineas Gage (1848) Neuroanatomy Molecular – Phrenology, Frontal Lobe, and Personality Integrative and • Neuropsychological Methods, Concepts Neurophysiology Cellular Cognitive – Neurological Cases – Brain-Imaging Methods Systems Affective • But Neurology Doesn’t Solve Our Problems Behavioral Conative(?) – Requires Psychological Theory Social – Adequate Task Analysis at Behavioral Level 5 6 1 The Rhetoric of Constraint “Rethinking Social Intelligence” Goleman (2006), p. 324 “Knowledge of the body and brain can The new neuroscientific findings on social life have usefully constrain and inspire concepts the potential to reinvigorate the social and behavioral sciences. The basic assumptions -
Conduction Aphasia, Sensory-Motor Integration, and Phonological Short-Term Memory – an Aggregate Analysis of Lesion and Fmri Data ⇑ Bradley R
Brain & Language 119 (2011) 119–128 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Brain & Language journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/b&l Conduction aphasia, sensory-motor integration, and phonological short-term memory – An aggregate analysis of lesion and fMRI data ⇑ Bradley R. Buchsbaum a, , Juliana Baldo b, Kayoko Okada d, Karen F. Berman e, Nina Dronkers b, ⇑ Mark D’Esposito c, Gregory Hickok d, a Rotman Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada b VA Northern California Health Care System, Center for Aphasia and Related Disorders, Martinez, CA, USA c Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA d Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA e Section on Integrative Neuroimaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA article info abstract Article history: Conduction aphasia is a language disorder characterized by frequent speech errors, impaired verbatim Accepted 11 December 2010 repetition, a deficit in phonological short-term memory, and naming difficulties in the presence of other- Available online 21 January 2011 wise fluent and grammatical speech output. While traditional models of conduction aphasia have typi- cally implicated white matter pathways, recent advances in lesions reconstruction methodology Keywords: applied to groups of patients have implicated left temporoparietal zones. Parallel work using functional Conduction aphasia magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has pinpointed a region in the posterior most portion of the left pla- Working memory num temporale, area Spt, which is critical for phonological working memory. Here we show that the Speech production region of maximal lesion overlap in a sample of 14 patients with conduction aphasia perfectly circum- Planum temporale Brain lesion scribes area Spt, as defined in an aggregate fMRI analysis of 105 subjects performing a phonological work- Sensorimotor integration ing memory task. -
Correlation of CT Cerebral Vascular Territories with Function: 3. Middle Cerebral Artery
161 Correlation of CT Cerebral Vascular Territories with Function: 3. Middle Cerebral Artery Stephen A. Berman 1 Schematic displays are presented of the cerebral territories supplied by branches of L. Anne Hayman2 the middle cerebral artery as they would appear on axial and coronal computed Vincent C. Hinck 1 tomographic (CT) scan sections. Companion diagrams of regional cortical function and a discussion of the fiber tracts are provided to simplify correlation of clinical deficits with coronal and axial CT abnormalities. This report is the third in a series designed to correlate cerebral vascular territories and functional anatomy in a form directly applicable to computed tomog raphy (CT). The illustrations are intended to simplify analysis of CT images in terms of clinical signs and symptoms and vascular territories in everyday practice. The anterior and posterior cerebral arteries have been described [1 , 2] . This report deals with the middle cerebral arterial territory. Knowledge of cerebral vascular territories can help in differentiating between infarction and other pathologic processes. For example, if the position and extent of a lesion and the usual position and extent of a vascular territory are incongruous, infarction should receive relatively low diagnostic priority and vice versa. Knowledge of vascular territories can also facilitate correct interpretation of cerebral angio grams by pinpointing specific vessels for particularly close attention. Knowledge of functional neuroanatomy applied to a patient's clinical findings can improve detection of subtle lesions by pinpointing specific areas for special attention on CT and specific vessels for attention on angiograms. Discussion The largest area of the brain that is normally supplied by the vessel(s) of the middle cerebral territory is indicated in figures 1 and 2. -
Neurobiology of Language Steven L
CHAPTER 1 The Neurobiology of Language Steven L. Small1 and Gregory Hickok2 1Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; 2Department of Cognitive Sciences, Center for Language Science, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA 1.1 HISTORY For many centuries, the biological basis of human thought has been an important focus of attention in medi- cine, with particular interest in the brain basis of language sparked by the famous patients of Pierre Paul Broca in the mid 19th century (Broca, 1861a,c). The patient Louis Victor LeBorgne (Domanski, 2013)presentedtotheHoˆpital Biceˆtre in Paris with severe difficulty speaking, purport- edly only uttering the syllable “tan,” sometimes as a pair “tan, tan,” and often accompanied by gestures (Domanski, 2013). The diagnosis was not clear until autopsy, when Broca found on gross inspection that some neurological process (he reported a resulting collection of serous fluid) had destroyed a portion of the left posterior inferior frontal FIGURE 1.1 The exterior surface of the brain of LeBorgne (“tan”). gyrus (Broca, 1861c)(Figure 1.1). A subsequent patient, LeLong, had a similar paucity of speech output (five Wernicke (1874), the diagram-making of Lichtheim words were reported) with a lesion not dissimilar to that (1885) (Figure 1.2) and Grashey (1885), the anatomy of of LeBorgne (Broca, 1861a). Given the ongoing debates at De´jerine (1895), and of course many other contributors. the time about brain localization of language, including In the past century, Norman Geschwind recapitulated attribution of the “seat of language” to the frontal and added to the language “center” models that pre- lobes (Auburtin, 1861; Bouillaud, 1825; Gall & ceded him and presented a reconceptualized “connec- Spurtzheim, 1809)—which led Broca to investigate this tionist” view of the brain mechanisms of language case in the first place—he presented this patient with (Geschwind, 1965, 1970). -
Abadie's Sign Abadie's Sign Is the Absence Or Diminution of Pain Sensation When Exerting Deep Pressure on the Achilles Tendo
A.qxd 9/29/05 04:02 PM Page 1 A Abadie’s Sign Abadie’s sign is the absence or diminution of pain sensation when exerting deep pressure on the Achilles tendon by squeezing. This is a frequent finding in the tabes dorsalis variant of neurosyphilis (i.e., with dorsal column disease). Cross References Argyll Robertson pupil Abdominal Paradox - see PARADOXICAL BREATHING Abdominal Reflexes Both superficial and deep abdominal reflexes are described, of which the superficial (cutaneous) reflexes are the more commonly tested in clinical practice. A wooden stick or pin is used to scratch the abdomi- nal wall, from the flank to the midline, parallel to the line of the der- matomal strips, in upper (supraumbilical), middle (umbilical), and lower (infraumbilical) areas. The maneuver is best performed at the end of expiration when the abdominal muscles are relaxed, since the reflexes may be lost with muscle tensing; to avoid this, patients should lie supine with their arms by their sides. Superficial abdominal reflexes are lost in a number of circum- stances: normal old age obesity after abdominal surgery after multiple pregnancies in acute abdominal disorders (Rosenbach’s sign). However, absence of all superficial abdominal reflexes may be of localizing value for corticospinal pathway damage (upper motor neu- rone lesions) above T6. Lesions at or below T10 lead to selective loss of the lower reflexes with the upper and middle reflexes intact, in which case Beevor’s sign may also be present. All abdominal reflexes are preserved with lesions below T12. Abdominal reflexes are said to be lost early in multiple sclerosis, but late in motor neurone disease, an observation of possible clinical use, particularly when differentiating the primary lateral sclerosis vari- ant of motor neurone disease from multiple sclerosis. -
Oxford Handbooks Online
Anomia and Anomic Aphasia Oxford Handbooks Online Anomia and Anomic Aphasia: Implications for Lexical Processing Stacy M. Harnish The Oxford Handbook of Aphasia and Language Disorders (Forthcoming) Edited by Anastasia M. Raymer and Leslie Gonzalez-Rothi Subject: Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience Online Publication Date: Jan DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199772391.013.7 2015 Abstract and Keywords Anomia is a term that describes the inability to retrieve a desired word, and is the most common deficit present across different aphasia syndromes. Anomic aphasia is a specific aphasia syndrome characterized by a primary deficit of word retrieval with relatively spared performance in other language domains, such as auditory comprehension and sentence production. Damage to a number of cognitive and motor systems can produce errors in word retrieval tasks, only subsets of which are language deficits. In the cognitive and neuropsychological underpinnings section, we discuss the major processing steps that occur in lexical retrieval and outline how deficits at each of the stages may produce anomia. The neuroanatomical correlates section will include a review of lesion and neuroimaging studies of language processing to examine anomia and anomia recovery in the acute and chronic stages. The assessment section will highlight how discrepancies in performance between tasks contrasting output modes and input modalities may provide insight into the locus of impairment in anomia. Finally, the treatment section will outline some of the rehabilitation techniques for forms of anomia, and take a closer look at the evidence base for different aspects of treatment. Keywords: Anomia, Anomic aphasia, Word retrieval, Lexical processing Syndrome Description and Unique Characteristics The term anomia refers to the inability to retrieve a desired word, typically in the course of conversational sentence production. -
The Perfect Match: OG and Technology by Fay Van Vliet F/AOGPE and Susan Christenson M.A
Winter/Spring 2017 The Perfect Match: OG and Technology by Fay Van Vliet F/AOGPE and Susan Christenson M.A. Fear is often what keeps us from pursuing new paths, so those growth may be attributed to the benefi ts of online tutoring paths are frequently left for the youth who are not laden with as it meets the needs of working parents, saves travel time, the gift of caution that time may provide. For those of us who fulfi lls requests from school districts needing our tutoring work in the area of dyslexia, technology is an area that may services, and allows the tutor to work in the comfort of their cause angst. At the Reading Center, it is mind-boggling that home! This is a win-win situation for the parents, students, Jean Osman, pioneer in the fi eld of dyslexia and school districts, and tutors. co-founder of our 65-year-old organization, is the one who has lead us into the technological age, ex- What has made the difference? How do we engage ploring areas in which e-tools may help those who apprehensive tutors? Which students qualify for on- struggle with dyslexia. As Jean Osman posed to us, line instruction? What tools do we need, and what “What would Orton do with new technology?” are the costs? How do we keep tutoring multisen- sory and consistent with the Essential Elements of Our non-profi t organization, The Reading Center, OG Instruction? intrepidly began online tutoring in 2003 with Fel- lows Nancy Sears and Jean Hayward leading the way using Engaging Tutors NetMeeting.