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Prospect for a Social Neuroscience

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Prospect for a Social Neuroscience Levels of Analysis in the Behavioral Sciences Prospect for a • Psychological Social Neuroscience – Mental structures and processes • Sociocultural – Social, cultural structures and processes Berkeley Social Ontology Group • Biophysical Spring 2014 – Biological, physical structures and processes 1 2 Levels of Analysis On Terminology in the Behavioral Sciences • Physiological Psychology (1870s) Sociocultural – Animal Research Social Psychology • Neuropsychology (1955, 1963) Social Cognition – Behavioral Analysis – Brain Insult, Injury, or Disease Psychological • Neuroscience (1963) – Interdisciplinary Cognitive Psychology • Molecular/Cellular Cognitive Neuroscience Social Neuroscience •Systems • Behavioral Biophysical 3 4 Towards a Social Neuropsychology The Evolution of Klein & Kihlstrom (1998) Social Neuroscience Neurology NEUROSCIENCE • Beginnings with Phineas Gage (1848) Neuroanatomy Molecular – Phrenology, Frontal Lobe, and Personality Integrative and • Neuropsychological Methods, Concepts Neurophysiology Cellular Cognitive – Neurological Cases – Brain-Imaging Methods Systems Affective • But Neurology Doesn’t Solve Our Problems Behavioral Conative(?) – Requires Psychological Theory Social – Adequate Task Analysis at Behavioral Level 5 6 1 The Rhetoric of Constraint “Rethinking Social Intelligence” Goleman (2006), p. 324 “Knowledge of the body and brain can The new neuroscientific findings on social life have usefully constrain and inspire concepts the potential to reinvigorate the social and behavioral sciences. The basic assumptions of and theories of psychological function....” economics, for example, have been challenged Cacioppo & Berntson (1992), p. 1025 by the emerging “neuro-economics”, which “Cognitive psychology underwent [a] studies the brain during decision-making. Its transformation as data about the brain findings have shaken standard thinking in began to be used to constrain theories economics…. about the cognitive processes underlying A rethinking of social intelligence should more fully memory, attention, and vision, among reflect the operation of the social brain, so adding often-ignored capacities that nonetheless other topics.” 7 matter immensely for our relationships. 8 Ochsner & Lieberman (2001), p. 726 Psychology and Neuroscience Explaining Hippocampal Amnesia Kihlstrom (2010) • “Learning” • “Psychology without neuroscience is still the • Short-Term vs. Long-Term science of mental life. • Encoding vs. Retrieval • “Neuroscience without psychology is just the • Shallow vs. Deep Processing science of neurons.” • Procedural vs. Declarative Memory • Episodic vs. Semantic Memory • Explicit vs. Implicit Memory • Relational vs. Non-Relational Memory 9 10 Two Views of Brain Function Functional Organization of the Cortex Morgan & King (1966), Fig. 20.1 • Brain as General-Purpose Information- Processor – Learning – Associationism • Doctrine of Functional Specialization – Localization of Function – Brain Systems “The extreme frontal area of the cortex, sometimes called the prefrontal cortex, Is a region about which much has been claimed, but little has been proved.” 11 12 2 The Doctrine of Modularity Fodor (1983) Examples of Modularity • Domain-Specific Transducers • Mandatory • Language • Limited Central Access • Visual Perception Modules •Fast • Informationally Encapsulated • Motor Behavior Central System(s) • Shallow Outputs – Including Speech • Characteristic Breakdown • Social Cognition? (Outputs) • Characteristic Development – And other aspects of social interaction • Fixed Neural Architecture 13 14 The Phrenological Faculties Spurzheim (1834) A Classic Phrenological Head New York Times 15 16 Social Faculties in Phrenology Gross (1998) Milestones in Functional Specialization 1. Destructiveness after Spurzheim (1834) 2. Amativeness 3. Philoprogenitiveness • Language Function 4. Adhesiveness 5. Inhabitiveness – Broca (1860) 6. Combativeness 7. Secretiveness • Motor (Expressive) Aphasia 8. Acquisitiveness 10. Cautiousness – Wernicke (1874) 11. Approbativeness • Sensory (Receptive) Aphasia 12. Self-Esteem 13. Benevolence • Personality and Social Interaction 14. Veneration 16. Conscientiousness – Harlow (1848, 1850, 1868) 17. Hope 20. Mirthfulness • The Case of Phineas Gage 21. Imitativeness 22. Individuality 33. Language 35. Causality 17 18 3 The Case of Phineas Gage Harlow (1848, 1850, 1868; Macmillan (1986, 2000) • Duttonville (Cavendish), Vermont – 4:30 PM, Wednesday, September 13, 1848 • Foreman on Railroad Construction Crew – Rutland & Burlington Railroad – Tamping Blasting Powder into Rock • 3’8” Long, 1-1/4” Diameter • Treated by John Martyn Harlow • Survived, Returned Home to Lebanon, N.H. – 12 Weeks After Near-Total Frontal Lobotomy19 20 Harlow’s Final Assessment of Gage Phineas Gage Harlow (1868), in Macmillan (2000) Macmillan (2000) The equilibrium or balance, so to speak, between his intellectual faculties and animal propensities, seems to have been destroyed. He is fitful, irreverent, indulging at times in the grossest profanity (which was not previously his custom), manifesting but little deference for his fellows, impatient of restraint or advice when it conflicts with his desires, at times pertinaciously obstinate, yet capricious and vacillating, devising many plans of future operation, which are no sooner arranged than they are abandoned in turn for others appearing more feasible. A child in his intellectual capacity and manifestations, he has the animal passions of a strong man. Previous to his injury, though untrained in the schools, he possessed a well-balanced mind, and was looked upon by those who knew him as a shrewd, smart business man, very energetic and persistent in executing all his plans of operation. In this regard he mind was radically changed, so decidedly that his friends 21 and acquaintances said he was “no longer Gage.” 22 Illustrations from Macmillan (2000) Gage Was “No longer Gage” Harlow (1868) Premorbid Personality Postmorbid Personality • Efficient, Capable • Fitful • Shrewd, Smart • Capricious • Energetic • Impatient of Advice • Persistent • Obstinate • Lacking in Deference 23 24 4 Immediate Aftermath Gage’s Injury Harlow (1868), Macmillan (1986, 2000) 1. Destructiveness 2. Amativeness 3. Philoprogenitiveness • Attempted to return to work, 1849 4. Adhesiveness 5. Inhabitiveness – First Epileptic Seizure 6. Combativeness 7. Secretiveness • Traveled Around New England 1849-1851 8. Acquisitiveness 10. Cautiousness – Barnum’s Museum (?) 11. Approbativeness 12. Self-Esteem • Livery Stable, Stagecoaching 13. Benevolence 14. Veneration – New England, 1851-1852 16. Conscientiousness 17. Hope – Chile, 1852-1859 20. Mirthfulness 21. Imitativeness • San Francisco (1859) 22. Individuality 33. Language – Farm Laborer 35. Causality 25 – Seizures Persisted 26 Later History of Phineas Gage Malcolm Macmillan (2000) Harlow (1868), Macmillan (1986, 2000) • Died May 21, 1860 (Not 1861) – Buried at Lone Mountain Cemetery, Laurel Hill • Exhumed 1867 – Skull taken to Harvard Medical School, 1868 • David Dustin Shattuck, brother-in-law – Member of S.F. Board of Supervisors – Brain Not Preserved • Remains Removed to Colma • Cypress Abbey – Laurel Hill Mound, Pioneer Monument 27 28 Theory of Multiple Intelligences Methods for Identifying Gardner (1983) Multiple Intelligences Gardner (1983) • Linguistic • Logical-Mathematical • Identifiable Core Operations • Spatial – Impression-Formation, Causal Attribution • Musical • Bodily-Kinesthetic • Psychometrics • Intrapersonal – Vineland Test of Social Maturity – Ability to Gain Access to One’s Own • Experimental Tasks Internal, Emotional Life – Detection of Deception • Interpersonal • Exceptional Cases – Ability to Notice and Make Distinctions • Isolation by Brain Damage Among Other Individuals 29 30 5 A Faculty of Social Cognition? Isolation by Brain Damage Jackendoff (1992, 1994) • Impair Cognitive, Spare Social – Alzheimer’s Disease • Possible Central Modules – Down Syndrome – Conceptual Structure – The Case of Zazetsky (Luria, 1972) – Spatial Cognition • Impair Social, Spare Cognitive – Body Representation – The Case of Phineas Gage (Harlow, 1868) –Music? – Pick’s Disease – Social Cognition – Fronto-Temporal Dementia • Who is it? • What is this person’s relation to me and others? 31 32 Arguments for a Arguments for a Faculty of Social Cognition Faculty of Social Cognition • Domain Specificity • Universality of Cultural Parameters – Social Organization unrelated to Perception – Kinship • Specialized Input Capacities – Ingroup-Outgroup Distinctions – Face and Voice Recognition – Social Dominance – Affect Detection – Ownership, Property Rights – Intentionality – Social Roles • Developmental Priority – Group Rituals – Proper Names •Evolution • Animate vs. Inanimate Objects – Mammalian Social Structure 33 34 •Primates Modules for Social Cognition The Face as a Social Stimulus Jackendoff (1992, 1994, 2007) Specialized Input Universal Cultural • Universal Social Stimulus Capacities Parameters – Obvious Evolutionary Significance Face Recognition Kinship • Contact Between Infant, Caregiver Voice Recognition Ingroup vs. Outgroup Affect Detection Social Dominance – Beginnings of Attachment Intentionality Detection Ownership, Property • Face in Social Interaction Rights – Physical Attraction Social Roles Developmental Priority – Communicate Emotion Animate vs. Inanimate Group Rituals – Cues to Deception Proper Names 35 36 6 Aspects of Face Perception Bruce & Young (1986). Visual Object Agnosia • Structural Description • Can Describe an Object – Viewpoint-Centered
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