Autumn 2007 Number 65

The ARCHAEOLOGIST

This issue: IFA CONFERENCE 2007 and THE IFA ANNUAL REPORT

Improving archaeologists’ pay p7

Training: investment in our future p16

The setting of Institute of Field Archaeologists cultural heritage SHES, University of Reading, Whiteknights features PO Box 227, Reading RG6 6AB p44 tel 0118 378 6446 fax 0118 378 6448 email [email protected] website www.archaeologists.net C ONTENTS

1 Contents 2 Editorial 3 From the finds tray 5 Qualification in archaeological practice: assessors needed Kate Geary page 2 6 Registered Archaeological Organisations: an update Beth Asbury 7 Improving archaeologists’ pay Kate Geary 8 Outreach to developers: advice available Blair Pool 9 Excavating human remains: latest guidance Alison Taylor 10 New Guidance for HERs Martin Newman 11 IFA Conference: Reading 2007 12 Conference 2007: Visions for the future Peter Hinton and Anne Locke 14 Conference 2007: Writing archaeology and writing fiction David Wilkinson 16 Conference 2007: Training: Investment in our future Chris Clarke and the Diggers Forum 18 Conference 2007: Placement learning in archaeology Kate Geary and Natasha Kingham page 36 19 IFA Annual Report 2006/2007 33 Conference 2007: Association of Archaeological Illustrators & Surveyors workshop Margaret Mathews page 44 34 Conference 2007: Great Excavations: the best of times; the worst of times John Schofield 36 Conference 2007: Archaeology and inclusion Tim Phillips 38 Conference 2007: Finds group session Duncan H Brown, Frank Meddens, Neil Brodie, Jill Hind and Roy Stephenson 42 Conference 2007: Regeneration and reform Buildings Archaeology Group 44 Conference 2007: The setting of cultural heritage features Paul Masser 46 Conference 2007: Parasite or partner? Contemporary art’s relationship to archaeology Simon Callery 48 Conference 2007: Bells, whistles and machines that go ping! Jane Sidell, Andrew David and Vanessa Straker 50 Conference 2007: MAG session Mark Littlewood page 50 51 New members 52 Members news

Autumn 2007 Number 65 1 In addition to carrying our obligatory annual report, and other organisations but, at the time of writing, this TA concentrates on IFA’s annual conference, it has manifested itself spectacularly in wide-scale FROM THE FINDS TRAY held this year on our home ground of Reading. floods that have disastrous immediate impacts on Thus, unlike the usual TA which covers a single the historic environment, with longer term impacts theme, it ranges around a great spectrum of inevitable. For this issue I am looking for articles on archaeological endeavour. We have articles on vital aspects and evidence for climate change in the past, issues such as qualifications in archaeological for likely impacts of global warming on historic practice (with a special plea for senior IFA members structures and archaeological sites as sea levels rise, to come forward as future assessors), an update on for changes we ought to make in our care of the current chaotic state of government rulings on monuments and archives, and for the impact of Understanding the Scottish Town excavations of human remains and (of course) measures to counteract climate change on the AHSS National Conference 2007, held with the Universities of archaeologists pay, but our wider views take us as historic environment (such as windfarms). IFA Finds Group list of specialists Stirling and Dundee, 19-20 October 2007, Lesser Albert Hall, Stirling. far as considerations of modern art and evidence of IFA Finds Group is compiling a list of finds specialists Recent Burgh Surveys have advanced new ways to investigate and Elizabethan and modern piracy, fruitful workshops If you have stories or opinions on such matters, in as a service to anyone looking for specialists covering interpret the development of Scottish towns. This conference brings run by IFA groups, advances in archaeological particular first hand data from this summer’s specific periods, subjects and regions, although it together heritage managers and conservation professionals with sciences, and the important planning issue of the floods, do let me know. does not constitute any form of accreditation or historians, archaeologists and architectural historians to explore setting of monuments and how we should value endorsement. If you would like to be on the list how we might set about understanding our urban heritage. It will this. please send the following details to Phil Mills. include cases studies on work at Arbroath, Govan and Raploch, an Name, Organisational affiliation (or ‘freelance’), interactive guided walk around the historic burgh town of Stirling, It seems that, when planning themes for this year’s Email, Phone no, Address, Specialism, Period, speakers from Ireland and Denmark, and reports on recently TAs we were quite prescient in including climate Geographical area, IFA grade (if any), Three completed work at Linlithgow, Dunfermline, Whithorn and Tain, change for the winter issue. Not only has that Alison Taylor publications (references to relevant work, which can and Wigtown and Fraserburgh. concern moved well up the agenda for government [email protected] include grey literature as well as formally published work), Other Information (which you think may be Tickets for the two days cost £28 for AHSS members (£35 for non- relevant). members and £18 for full-time students) or £18 for a single day. For more information visit www.ahss.org.uk or contact Dr Susan Dr Phil Mills BSc PhD MIFA, Honorary Visiting Buckham at the AHSS National Office on 0131 557 0019 or Fellow, School of Archaeology and Ancient History, [email protected] University of Leicester [email protected].

Archaeological Archives: a new guide IFA , on behalf of the Archaeological Archives Forum, has just published Archaeological Archives: a guide to best practice in creation, compilation, transfer Michael Fulford shows and curation. Written by Duncan H Brown archaeologists the real of Southampton Museums, this is a thing, at Silchester’s comprehensive and practical guide to Roman amphitheatre. archaeological archiving for both material Photograph: Mike Farley and documentary archives, from project Chanonry (Fortrose) in the 1720s planning through to final deposition and Notes to contributors the archive’s subsequent curation.

Themes and deadlines Contributions and letter/emails are always welcome. It is intended EDITED by Alison Taylor, IFA, The Guide is available for download in Winter: Climate change and the to make TA digitally available to institutions through the SAL/CBA SHES, University of Reading, New chairman for English Heritage PDF format from the Publications historic environment e-publications initiative. If this raises copyright issues with any Whiteknights, PO Box 227 Lord (Sandy) Bruce-Lockhart took up the job of Chair of EH on page of the IFA website, or deadline: 15 September 2007 authors, artists or photographers, please notify the editor. Short READING RG6 6AB 1 August, following the retirement of Sir Neil Cossons. He is http://www.archaeologists.net/modules/ articles (max. 1000 words) are preferred. They should be sent as an currently Chair of the Local Government Association and was the icontent/inPages/docs/pubs/Archives_ Spring: Training in archaeology email attachment, which must include captions and credits for DESIGNED and TYPESET by Conservative leader of Kent County Council from 1997 to 2005. Best_Practice.pdf. Printed copies will be deadline: 15 December 2007 illustrations. The editor will edit and shorten if necessary. Illustrations Sue Cawood He has been involved in various local government and public and sent to all Registered Archaeological are very important. These can be supplied as originals, on CD or as voluntary sector organisations and is currently a trustee of Leeds Organisations. Members who would like emails, at a minimum resolution of 500 kb. More detailed Notes for PRINTED by Duffield Printers Castle Foundation, chair of Rochester Cathedral Council, a printed copy can request one from the contributors for each issue are available from the editor. Ltd (Leeds) president of Kent Thameside Development Board and trustee for IFA office. Opinions expressed in The Archaeologist are those of the authors, East Malling Trust for Horticultural Research. and are not necessarily those of IFA. Editorial

2 The Archaeologist Autumn 2007 Number 65 3 FROM THE FINDS TRAY Qualification in Archaeological Practice: ASSESSORS NEEDED Kate Geary

Society of Antiquaries – Making History for 300 years old SAL is celebrating its tercentenary from September this year with an other awarding bodies and is assessed in the same exhibition of its own antiquities in the Royal Academy (it was The long awaited Qualification in way as an NVQ, ie you are assessed as you work collecting long before the British Museum and so has some strange Archaeological Practice was launched with your own NVQ candidates. All assessment and wonderful artefacts, plus very fine drawings from the 18th at the City of London Marketing Suite work of trainee assessors is checked and overseen by century onwards). It is also hosting a series of public lectures on over- on the 25 April 2007 to an audience of APPAG inquiry into pay and the awarding body. In addition to Assessors, we arching archaeological themes at different venues around Britain, to conditions in archaeology archaeologists, training and skills need a network of ‘expert witnesses’ - experienced which members of IFA will be welcome. Details are given in the The All Party Parliamentary specialists, trade unionists and (we hope) archaeologists who can advise to assessors in enclosed leaflet, or can be downloaded from www.sal.org.uk. Archaeology Group report The future assessors and candidates. particularly specialist areas. Current State of Archaeology in the United Kingdom (2002) commented The Ribchester helmet, an 18th- As guest speaker, Francis Pryor spoke about the If you are interested in training to become an forcefully on the ‘urgent need to century drawing of one of the finest need for standards in archaeology and the assessor, or in registering as an expert witness, improve pay and conditions for examples of a cavalry parade importance of training the next generation, and contact Kate Geary. In time, dedicated pages on our employment in field archaeology’. helmet from Roman Britain, shown called on the sector to support the qualification. website will be created for the Qualification. Five years on APPAG is aware that ‘as found’ (with corrosion). The real Mike Heyworth, on behalf of the Archaeology there are initiatives under way to helmet and this drawing will be Training Forum, stressed the importance of the Kate Geary implement some of its reunited at the Making History qualification as a measure of competence for IFA Training and Standards Co-ordinator recommendations and intends to exhibition for the first time since amateur as well as professional archaeologists and [email protected] hold a short inquiry how far these the 18th century. © Society of Kenneth Aitchison, IFA head of professional 01782 320867 have got. Initially APPAG is seeking Antiquaries of London’ development, described how the new award will brief written submissions from those work. taking an active role in seeking to improve pay and conditions, setting The Qualification in Archaeological Practice results out what they are doing and how from collaboration between IFA, the Archaeology they intend to implement any Training Forum and EDI, with support from the Kenneth Aitchison, IFA’s head of reforms. Submissions of up to 1000 Sector Skills Council. Implementation will involve professional development, explains words should be sent to Archaeology Labour Market Intelligence: Profiling the Profession training more assessors, ensuring that IFA’s how the new award with work. [email protected] by 30 2007–08 validation procedures are adapted and promoting Photograph: Natasha Kingham September 2007. APPAG will then This project, which will again gather comprehensive and up-to-date its value as a professional qualification within the invite oral evidence at inquiry information about the size and state of archaeology as a profession, has sector and beyond. hearings during the autumn. After just been launched and will be published in spring 2008. Previous considering the evidence, APPAG Profiling the Profession projects were carried out five and ten years ago (see IFA must now build a network of assessors across will produce a report making http://www.archaeologists.net/modules/icontent/index.php?page=34), the UK. As well as training our own staff, assessors targeted recommendations, and may and so will again give us a snapshot of archaeology at this point in time may work on a freelance basis or for organisations organise debates in Parliament. In September, the project will send questionnaires to all archaeological acting as satellite centres. Assessors, or their employers and self-employed archaeologists in the UK. Individual employing organisations, will receive a fee per archaeologists are asked to please support their employers in completing candidate for this work. Assessors must be the questionnaires as fully and accurately as possible. Individual, self- occupationally competent in the areas they are employed archaeologists (such as specialists) are particularly encouraged assessing – including working in that area for at to email Rachel Edwards at [email protected] with their contact least two years within the last five. Assessors must details to ensure that they are on the mailing list to receive questionnaires. also have, or be working towards, the ‘A1’ assessors’ qualification, which is offered by EDI and Kenneth Aitchison IFA Head of Professional Development

4 The Archaeologist Autumn 2007 Number 65 5 Registered Archaeological Organisations Improving Beth Asbury UPDATE archaeologists’ pay Kate Geary IFA now has 55 RAOs, up from 51 in January 2006, pay and conditions of employment. These will with two more applications being assessed. Since complement the new IFA scheme, as will BAJR’s January 2006 seventeen inspections have been initiative, the IFA salary benchmarking exercise carried out, eighty recommendations for improvement (p7) and the Diggers Forum campaign for a living made and four conditions of registration imposed, all wage. aimed at raising standards of archaeology and of staff This year, the working group will identify welfare staff. Three RAOs are hosting HLF workplace For the RAO scheme to maintain its quality archaeological posts to use as comparators, and bursaries and seven more have shown interest. These assurance value, those who commission RAOs must gather data on salaries and entry requirements for have proved to be invaluable projects and we hope to be assured that any allegations of professional them. These ‘benchmark’ posts will be assessed increase the numbers of RAOs involved in the future. misconduct will be investigated under a formal using job evaluation techniques so that they can be complaints procedure. RAOs are subject to sanctions compared objectively to similar posts in other Minimum employment package if they fail to comply with the scheme and in serious In April 2007, as described by Beth Asbury (p6), professions. The sectors currently being considered In November 2005 we asked RAOs to consider the cases can be removed from the Register. Two such IFA introduced an expanded set of minimum pay as comparable are engineering, planning, implications of changes to the IFA recommended cases have been investigated since January 2006. In recommendations, recognising the fact that pay is environmental management, other areas of the pay minima to include a package of employment both cases, which involved financial disputes, only one part of the total employment package and heritage sector, surveying and architecture, although benefits. Incorporating suggestions, this new investigating panels found in favour of the RAOs setting minimum standards for working time, £others may be suggested along the way. Information scheme came into effect on 1 April and is binding on after contractual documents and correspondence holiday and sick pay, and employer pension from this comparison will inform future revisions to all RAOs. As a minimum, an employment package were scrutinised. Two further complaints are contributions. The new pay minima, which are the IFA minimum salaries. If, as we suspect, the must now contain currently being investigated. binding on RAOs, are an important step but are still results indicate that archaeologists’ qualifications based on minimum salary levels which do not and skills are not being reflected accurately in their 1 6% employer pension contribution subject to any Looking ahead compare well with other professions. In order to pay, significant increases in IFA minimum salary reasonable qualifying period Application forms and guidance notes are raise minimum pay levels, a robust methodology is levels will be subject to extensive consultation and constantly updated, and a new easy reference needed to allow reliable comparisons to be drawn staged over a number of years. 2 average 37.5 hour working week format has been used in the 2007 Yearbook for listing with salaries in related professions, leading to pay services offered by our RAOs. The scheme itself is minima which reflect more accurately the The timetable is to complete data gathering this 3 paid annual leave of at least 20 days plus continuously reviewed to make it more applicable qualifications, skills and experience of professional summer and analysis in September, with the aim statutory holidays to solely curatorial, academic or avocational bodies, archaeologists. of reporting preliminary results at the IFA AGM on as well as bringing in more commercial 1 October. Other initiatives on pay and conditions, 4 sick leave allowance of at least 1 month on full organisations that have achieved necessary In order to move this issue forward IFA has such as the Diggers Forum Campaign for a Living pay subject to any reasonable qualifying period standards. A joint statement with ALGAO was sent employed a consultant to facilitate the process of Wage, SCAUM’s recently published statement of out to curatorial groups promoting the benefits of ‘benchmarking’ archaeological salaries against those good practice and the revised BAJR pay levels are Any shortfall in the above increases the minimum registration. in other industries. Frank Price is an experienced increasingly putting pressure on the archaeological salary requirement, although betterment of the human resources consultant with a background sector to deal with the issue of pay. Although there stated terms does not justify a reduction in basic For more information about the scheme and the advising on job evaluation schemes (amongst other are many factors contributing to low pay, we are pay. The amended scheme will be kept under procedures for joining, please consult the RAO page things) at the conciliation service ACAS. He will confident that real progress will have been made review and its operational impact monitored. In of the IFA website, or contact Beth Asbury. oversee the process and provide independent expert before the 2008/9 pay minima are announced next support, we reworded Principle 5.5 of the Code of advice to a Project Advisory Board and Working year. conduct so that action may be taken against Beth Asbury Group comprising representatives of a cross section individual IFA members (as opposed to RAOs) [email protected] of interests including the IFA RAO and Working Kate Geary paying less than this. This was agreed at the 2006 0118 3786446 Practices committees and Finds Group, SCAUM, IFA training and standards co-ordinator AGM. SCAUM is also in the process of preparing Prospect, BAJR and the Diggers Forum. [email protected] Rgood practice guidelinesA for its members, coveringO 6 The Archaeologist Autumn 2007 Number 65 7 Excavating human remains: latest (but still Alison Taylor interim) guidance

In May 2007, the Ministry of Justice (having Where there is uncertainty, archaeologists should O taken over this responsibility from the Home ask MoJ for advice in good time. Outreach to Office) decided that the Burial Act 1857 and However, there are still a number of problems and the Disused Burial Grounds (Amendment) uncertainties, such as developers: Act 1981 (under which archaeologists were expected to apply for licences) should not ♦ MoJ has drawn attention to the possibility of advice available have been applied to burial grounds which prosecution for offering indignity to the remains had passed into different use, and they are no of the dead – a common law offence set out in a 140-year-old judgement and not, as far as known, longer able to issue licenses for these sites. Blair Poole Archaeologists can feel unwelcome on Post excavation analysis as ever tested by case law. It is very unlikely a construction sites, in part because part of a developer-funded Their letters recommended that archaeologists prosecution would succeed if an archaeologist developers may not understand what is project. Photograph: B Poole seek legal advice (an advice note would have was excavating in response to a PPG-16 required to satisfy planning conditions, been more helpful – lawyers would find it requirement, and treating remains respectfully as compounded by not understanding hard to give clear advice at the moment). set out in relevant guidance, but the possibility is what archaeologists actually do. It is one that archaeologists are reasonably concerned evaluation as data gathering to aid the design about. important therefore that we communicate, After some weeks of confusion English Heritage, strategy and give curators enough information to urged on by IFA and many archaeological ♦ MoJ has indicated that where the two Acts do amongst other things, the extent of post- advise the planning department is integral to the organisations who found themselves in the front apply, they must require reburial of excavated excavation work that is essential. presentations. Specialist analysis, reporting and line, held discussions with MoJ that resulted in an human remains within a reasonably rapid archiving are addressed to show that site work is interim advice note. As this says, it appears that timescale. This may not allow sufficient time for only a small percentage of what we actually do. By proper study for large and important sites, nor L – P : Archaeology offers a range of services communicating the importance and scale of post- ♦ for excavations of burial grounds which have retention of important assemblages. EH are including consultancy, field work and post excavation work developers feel more aware of passed into other use, neither Act applies and working to try to address this problem with MoJ. excavation analysis. One of our additional services what we do and more involved in the process. therefore no applications and licenses are required is a CPD programme for other professionals in the Although there are still uncertainties, and the property industry. Short presentations are given for Has it worked? The presentations have been a ♦ for burials in churchyards and other burial changes may be more restrictive in a few cases, free and longer courses are offered at an hourly success with developers, who begin to ask more grounds under ecclesiastical jurisdiction, the many sites will lose red tape. Removal of rate. Funding for the time spent on this comes from relevant questions regarding archaeology and how Burial Act 1857 still applies and faculties and impediments to retention of human remains from an existing outreach budget with the free they can improve their project designs. They take licenses should be applied for as in the past these sites for future examination is welcomed. presentations viewed as an investment. away an idea of the scale of post-excavation works (license applications to MoJ) Also, when human remains are encountered and are more inclined to include funding in their ♦ in disused burial grounds which have not passed unexpectedly it should no longer be necessary to Members of our staff visit developers’ offices to budget. Relations with these developers have into other use and are still set aside as burial stop and ask for a section 25 licence: if the pre- present an in-depth view of the role of archaeology become easier, facilitating better planning on grounds, the Disused Burial Grounds excavation evaluation was done properly, it is likely in the planning process, inviting quantity surveyors, everyone’s part, and site managers in particular can (Amendment) Act 1981 applies (applications to that neither Act applies and that all you need to do project managers and site managers etc to develop a scheme of works to allow for the MoJ for “directions” under that Act. is think about informing the police. presentations, opening dialogue, informing each archaeology. Remember to leave plenty of time for public other of our various requirements and discussing advertisements). Alison Taylor the role of heritage within the planning process. We More information can be found on L – P : engage the developer with a sense of the Archaeology’s website, www.lparchaeology.com. significance and finite nature of our shared heritage, Please contact us if you might be interested in this and discuss legislation and both statutory and non- free service. General guidance statutory policies. We introduce MAP 2, and stress Brickley M and McKinley JI 2004. Guidelines to the standards for recording human remains . IFA Paper No 7 the importance of good relations with curators. Blair Poole (http://www.archaeologists.net/modules/icontent/inPages/docs/pubs/humanremains.pdf) L – P : Archaeology We discuss the various forms of archaeological Unit S9D, Chester Enterprise Centre Guidance for best practice for treatment of human remains excavated from Christian burial grounds in England. Church of England investigation, stressing the difference between pre- Hoole Bridge, Chester CH2 3NE and English Heritage 2005 determination investigations and those that are part 01244 313100 (http://www.helm.org.uk/upload/pdf/Guidance_for_best_practice_for_treatment_of_human_remains_excavated_from_Christian_burial_ of planning conditions. Developers can confuse [email protected] grounds_in_England.pdf) evaluation and excavation, leading to surprise when evaluation leads to excavation. Clarifying Guidance for the care of human remains in museums. DCMS 2005 (http://www.culture.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/0017476B-3B86-46F3- BAB3-11E5A5F7F0A1/0/GuidanceHumanRemains11Oct.pdf)

8 The Archaeologist Autumn 2007 Number 65 9 Following the Heritage White Paper’s proposal to New make it a statutory requirement for local authorities to have access to a Historic Environment Record (HER) it was timely that June saw publication of a Guidance new edition of Informing the Future of the Past, which THE Annual had first been published in 2000 by English for Heritage. This second edition is the result of a partnership of English Heritage, Historic Scotland, Conference RCAHMS, RCAHMW, Cadw, ALGAO UK and ADS. This edition is an entirely digital publication FOR ARCHAEOLOGISTS HERs and completely free. For each chapter there is an Martin Newman HTML page and a pdf file so if you want you can download and print the sections that interest you and bind them to create a hard copy version. READING At over 300 pages with 69 illustrations (mostly full colour), 13 panels and 54 separate contributors this edition constitutes a major revision and expansion from the original, covering the latest developments in what is now a dynamic sector (as demonstrated 2007 by the session on HERs at the IFA conference in Winchester in 2005). It is also illustrated with numerous case studies showing how the challenges facing HERs have been addressed across Britain. A record number of delegates attended IFA’s three-

Designed to assist those who manage and work in day conference in Reading this year. There was an HERs the Guidelines will also be useful to anyone excellent range of exhibitions, several social events, who uses their services or contributes information to them. They will also be of interest to anyone workshops organised by IFA Groups, trips out to studying Cultural Resource Management or heritage information systems as they provide an see Silchester guided by Michael Fulford and introduction to HERs as well as setting out agreed guidelines for working practices in all aspects of around Reading led by Adam Sowan and of course HER management. a full programme of lectures, in three parallel

The guidelines were formally launched as part of sessions, some of which are represented by papers the summer HER Forum meeting at Peterborough Museum on the 27 June by Stuart Jeffrey from the in this issue of TA. The full text of several papers ADS on behalf of the Steering Committee. can be downloaded on the Conference pages of Informing the Future of the Past: Guidelines for the IFA website. We are immensely grateful to all Historic Environment Records edited by Paul Gilman and Martin Newman is available online at our session organisers and speakers, and also to www.ifp-plus.info. our sponsors, acknowledged on this page. Martin Newman Without their support we could never English Heritage [email protected] put on an event on this scale.

10 The Archaeologist Autumn 2007 Number 65 11 12 READING 2007 Peter Hintonand Anne Locke VISIONS VISIONS THE FUTURE apnIAhasacrucial role. Ithasenjoyed 25years happen IFA understood andbetterenjoyed. Inmakingthat what wehavebetterprotected, betterfunded, Policy Statementcoveringarchaeology. ‘Iwanttosee institute membersandwitha modernised Planning with bettertraining,compulsoryCPDforprofessional our intentionthistime.’Finallyhelookedtoafuture our grantsbudgetsandthenreinstated them.Thatis temporary. Fouryearsagowewere forced todipinto buildings grantsby£1m.Ihopethatthiswillbe budgetby£500kandour to reduce theHEEP Programme budgethadtobecut.‘We havehad explained whytheHistoricEnvironment Enabling haslobbiedrepeatedly –he an issueonwhichtheIFA support’. OnthecutstoEnglishHeritage’sbudget– conditional onadequatefunding.‘Nomoney–no Heritage’s supportforgovernment’sproposals was of proper resourcing, andstressed thatEnglish standards. Hewascandid tooabouttheimportance andIHBCinsetting system work,andofIFA importance oflocalauthorityservicesinmakingthe setting outitsprovisions and emphasisingthe introduced theHeritageProtection WhitePaper, 1814)gavetheopeningaddress. He (and MIFA Simon Thurley,ChiefExecutiveofEnglishHeritage ‘NO MONEY–NOSUPPORT’ memberships, governmentanditsadvisors. responsibilities andtheexpectations oftheir the nextfewyearsiftheyare tofulfiltheir associations, whichfaceparticularchallengesover TA these issuesfrom theirpersonal perspectives(see speakers from thenational heritagebodiesaddress constituencies havedifferent insights:lastyear and physicalframeworkinwhichwework.Different and howtheyaffect theintellectual,philosophical strategic andlong-termimplicationsofthesechanges recognised thatourprofession needstodiscussthe approaches tothehistoricenvironment today. We to majorstructural andpoliticalshiftsaffecting our In 2006theconference includedasessionresponding 61). In2007itwastheturnofprofessional FOR survey andsummarised howprofessional bodies ‘Professionalisation ofProfessional Associations’ UK Network (PARN). ShefocusedonthePARN 2006 Williams was informedbyacontribution from sector, andparticularlyofitsprofessional bodies, Debate onunificationofthehistoricenvironment • • • • • • • • • • • • • • should of itsstrategicplanIFA mass globalmigration.Iproposed thatinitsreview travel andwork,domesticpoliticalstructure, and mortality andreproduction, socialperceptions of focus ofworldeconomy, andchangestohealth, impacts oftechnology, globalwarming,theshifting Iindulgedinareview ofthepossible For IFA BIG IMPACTS epistemological approaches. the valueplacedonrecords/education, and including corporatestructures, therole ofaesthetics, in conservationofthehistoricenvironment, philosophies ofarchaeologists andothersinvolved are keydifferences betweentheapproaches and discipline shouldadopt’.Healsoargued thatthere only reflects theaveragestandard that on thebasisthat‘conservationwithinadiscipline – getridofconservationasaseparatediscipline argued thatinanidealworldwewoulddojust presentation on‘Scotchconservationtomorrow’ and Seán O’Reilly,Director ofIHBC,gavea GRASPING WIDER TRENDS meet thechangesandchallengesahead.’ of extraordinary success,itnowneedstoarmitself environment professions. partnerships withotherbuiltandnatural join upthesector–properly –whilebuilding identify thoseheritageswehaveignored sectors, andoverseas) market research whatpeoplefeelisheritage(all anticipate massivepopulationandculturalshifts volunteering andencouragemore participation anticipate newpatternsofworkingand environment services campaign forlocalauthorityhistoric get heritageonallfeasiblepoliticalagenda and contribution make sure governmentunderstands ourneeds rural orcity-centre living changing ecosystemsandashiftfrom suburbiato be alertforprojects required byrisingseas, prepare itspositiononheritageandenergy efficiency get heritageintheOlympics technologies find archaeological applications fornew back HeritageProtection Reform tothehilt plan forunlikelyeventswithbigimpacts of theProfessional Associations Research The Archaeologist Christina [email protected] Chief Executive, IFA Peter Hinton website(Conference page). downloaded from theIFA Anne LockeandChristinaWilliams canbe The textsofpapersbySimonThurley, PeterHinton, editions ofTA future ofyourinstitute,whichmore infuture Council’s discussionsare settingtheagendafor government. Herobservationsonsuchmattersand accreditation schemesandrelations with promote professionalism viaCPD,ethicalcodes, Autumn 2007 Number 65 life, identityand citizenship. for example‘culturalvalue’,well being/qualityof involved incurrent externaldebatesonsocialissues, trends andseekingopportunitiestobecome government bydemonstrating itsgraspofwider archaeological sectorwouldraiseitsprofile with tolerance. Thedifferences suggestthatthe uncertain abouttheprospects forliberalismand would beimportant,heritagepeoplewere more environmental, technologicalandeconomicissues inequalities insociety. Whilebothgroups thought developments liketheageingpopulationor environment professions butfewmentionedsocial working andbetterleadershipwithinthehistoric sport. Archaeologists sawaneedformore joined-up civil servantsworkingwithculture, mediaand views of28archaeological managerswiththoseof dissertationFuture Past UCL. MyMA attheInstituteof Archaeology, DCMS withanMA Last yearIcombinedworkonfuture trends for techniques usedingovernmenttolookatthefuture. subjects seethemaininfluences,andintroduced professionals andcivilservants workingonrelated differences betweenthewayarchaeological heritage of placeandidentity?Mypapersuggestedthere were material, recreational andeducationalaccess,asense what thosegenerationsmightwant:research generations heritageprofessionals needavisionof To managethe historicenvironment forfuture through exercises infutures techniques. knowledge, andtohighlightactionneeded,now able toidentifyshared areas ofconcernorgapsin My paperlookedatwaystheheritagesectormaybe Anne Locke TECHNIQUES USING . FUTURES compared the READING [email protected] 01273 475381 Anne Locke copy ofFuture Past organisations. Pleasecontact meifyouwouldlikea futures workwitharchaeology andheritage part-time civilservant,andamkeentobuildonmy I amnowworkingasafreelance archaeologist and • • • sector ororganisation such as are usefulforexploringfundamental questionsfora aspects maysoundquirkyorfar-fetched, butthey inequality andsocialliberalismtolerance.Some archaeologists theywere socialandeconomic take-up andsocialculturalengagement:forthe over thenextfifteenyearsorsowere technology devised. Forthecivilservantsmainuncertainties My presentation outlinedtwosetsofscenariosIhad of uncertainty. combinations ofoutcomesforacouplekeyareas possible versionsofthefuture, basedondifferent Typically, scenariosare developedforthree orfour about trends and‘drivers’influencingthepresent. range of organisations toplanbypresenting aplausible reliable beyondadecadeortwo,buttheycanhelp what willactuallyhappen,andtheybecomeless around fiftyyears.Importantly, theycannotpredict Modern futures techniqueshavebeenusedfor do toavoidendingupthere instead? where wouldwe to helpgetthere? where wouldwe where dowethinkwill beinxyears’time? scenarios built upfrom current observations . not like like tobe,andwhatcanwe to be,andwhatcanwedo 2007 Photography View Aerial Photograph: Higher Conference. at IFA’s Reading between sessions Archaeologists

13 FUTURES within archaeological writing. The first extract is by READING Mark Edmonds, from Ancestral Geographies of the READING Neolithic (1999) where the chapters, written in an academic style, are broken up with short imagined 2007 pieces set in the Neolithic. 2007

The old man leaned forward and spat into the fire. WRITING the language I had, not from a list. Later, I was He took a twist of dried meat from the bag at his memorable, and we nod when we read it in introduced to the context sheet, with its side and drew his shoulders in towards the heat, a recognition of knowing people like that, because standardised fields, and to the spurious search for little further from the snow outside. ‘This is how what shines through the fiction is the truth. This ARCHAEOLOGY objectivity. The space for interpretation on the it is.’ He leaned back into the easy squat he had piece also shows that we are interested in ourselves. AND WRITING context sheet got smaller and often it was left blank held for much of the evening. Others sat close by, We – archaeologists, visitors, developers, contractors – interpretation became something to be done later. hands working back and forth unnoticed across – are the characters that inhabit the site. Other FICTION Archaeological language was sometimes further hide and wood. Where the shadows met the wall, people want to meet us on open days and watch us impoverished through translation into code or the older children listened absentmindedly, working, or come to work with us at weekends – David Wilkinson ‘keywords’ for a computer. Excavators, whose familiar with the path the tale would take. (p.11) they practically want to be us. When they can’t written ‘voice’ had been diminished by all of this, actually experience excavation, they want to came to be seen as technicians, which did nothing Edmonds’ characters feel a little abstract, partly experience stories which have archaeology and In 2003, after more than twenty years of working in for our pay, conditions or self-esteem. because they lack names, but his work is important archaeologists in them, a formula which has been archaeology, I took a year out to study for an MLitt – he recognises that ‘the study of the past is an act of successful for Time Team. in Creative Writing at St Andrews. It was a great The wheel of archaeological process is like the the imagination, bound by convention and by experience and I found myself re-thinking both my wheel of an ancient site caravan – rusty, mud-caked, evidence, but creative nonetheless.’ The tea hut may now be a portacabin, the donkey fiction writing and archaeology; hence this paper. even punctured, and yet it turns. There is now a jacket has been replaced by the hivi jacket, and the move back to allowing excavators to write what My other examples are taken from The Early Meso- Elsan has given way to the portaloo, but the story LANGUAGE AND VOICE they think and imagine as, for example, on American Village by Kent Flannery (1976). Flannery goes on. I can’t remember which pits I dug at Seamus Heaney has twice described Bann Clay: in Framework Archaeology’s Heathrow Terminal 5 interspersed conventional archaeological papers Winnall Down in 1977, but I can remember what a poem of that name in Door into the Dark (1969) excavations (Barratt 2006, 15). I think of it as writing with vignettes featuring three characters - the Great happened at the dig hostel on the night the digger outwards and upwards – writing not just about the Synthesiser (GS), The Real Meso-American driver presented us with a barrel of scrumpy. We all Slabs like the squared off clots posthole you have dug, but the other postholes in Archaeologist (RMA), and the Sceptical Graduate sit in portacabins, in offices, in vans, in pubs or Of a blue cream. Sunk your area and in surrounding areas, and (upwards) Student (SGS). round fires, and we tell stories about characters. We for centuries under grass. about the posts that once stood in them, and even have a great time and drink too much and what do about the people who put the posts up. While the waiter filled our order, RMA drew on we do the next morning? We get up and go to our and in To a Dutch Potter in Ireland, (from The Spirit Archaeologists are getting their voice back. a paper napkin the outline of the Rio San Jacinto offices and we write, ‘In Phase 1 ditch 761 was recut Level, 1996). drainage and the pattern of sites he had found (794) along part of its length.’ CHARACTER AND STORY so far. Reaching the end of the paper, he Until I found Bann clay. Like wet daylight I find that when writing fiction I often start with concluded, ‘and to the south, it looks as if there Surely, we can do better. or viscous satin under the felt and frieze place, with landscape; after all, place is what were no more Formative sites - just early Of humus layers. The true diatomite archaeologists always have. I have had to learn how Classic, and some small post-Classic sites.’ David Wilkinson also to start with people, with characters. But what Oxford Archaeology Discovered in a little sucky hole, of characters in archaeological writing? A site report Near his elbow the SGS quickly added, ‘but [email protected] Grey-blue, dull-shining, scentless, touchable – will typically only contain some names (authors and we can’t be sure, because our sample of sites is FICTION Like the earth’s old ointment box, sticky and cool. those acknowledged) while people from the past inadequate and our survey so far has been may actually be excluded through the chosen haphazard and unsystematic.’ Barratt, J 2006 ‘Academic aim and approach, in He calls it ‘touchable’, inviting us to touch the language, eg, in Phase 2, Pit 735 was backfilled with Framework Archaeology’, in Framework ‘viscous satin’, and we feel that we almost could. clay. The first major publication by Framework Now, short of calling his attention to a whole Archaeology, Landscape Evolution in the Middle Here is a different description Archaeology, where the research design explicitly projectile point on his backdirt pile, there is Thames Valley, Heathrow Terminal 5 Excavations sought ‘the practical ways in which people probably no easier way to make an RMA angry Volume 1, Perry Oaks, Framework Archaeology Very compact, Blueish-grey to white, 10YR / 8/1, established their presence in the material, social and than by telling him his survey techniques are Monograph No. 1, pp.15-17 pliable, clay 90% silt 10%, 35–17 cm, probably political conditions of their day’ (Barratt, 2006, 15) inadequate. In fact, RMA is still overheated natural. does include people in its interpretation, albeit at a from having read Binford’s 1964 article ‘A Lewis, J and Brown, F 2006 ‘Hunter-gatherers and generic level, eg ‘a loose association of kin-groups consideration of archaeological research design.’ first farmers: the Mesolithic wildwood to the end Where Heaney’s description gives us great richness chose to become a cohesive community in response (p. 133) of the monumental landscape of the Neolithic of language what we have here is, surely, poverty. It to growing concerns of access to land and (10,000BC-1700BC)’, in Framework Archaeology, is worth looking briefly at how we arrived at this. resources.’ (Lewis and Brown, 2006, 80). The characters (except Binford) still have Landscape Evolution in the Middle Thames Valley, On my early excavations I was given a notebook in representative titles instead of names, but they are Heathrow Terminal 5 Excavations Volume 1, Perry which to write not just the descriptions of what we For characters, however, I have had to turn to the vivid, and the characters are us, the people who do Oaks, Framework Archaeology Monograph No. 1, found, but also what I thought. And I chose from limited examples where fiction has been used the archaeology. The writing is funny and pp. 27-92 WRITING

14 The Archaeologist Autumn 2007 Number 65 15 READING READING 2007 2007

Successful training TRAINING: – Foxy Demeanour, centre, has just INVESTMENT IN OUR FUTURE completed her Chris Clarke and the Diggers Forum workplace training and is now finds environmental supervisor for EH at Silbury Hill

Students learning and training needs, identifying sources of funding, plan drawing at encouraging improvement of training provisions, Cladh Aindreis, and developing exemplar training projects. Also, Swordle Bay, through the RAO scheme, IFA monitors training Ardnamurchan. provisions provided by commercial organisations. Photograph: At the core of the standards and guidance Hannah Lawson associated with training, IFA developed National Occupation Standards (NOS) which define the skills a competent person needs in order to undertake their job role. These standards underpin IFA’s HLF Workplace Learning Bursaries and the English Heritage-funded EPPIC placement schemes (p18). The most recent application of the NOS has been as part of the NVQ qualification in archaeological considering issues of employability. archaeology and then developed a strategy to meet practice (p5). the sector’s training needs, including the Chris Perry and Rachel Bennett (Prospect) development of NOS for archaeological practice. Decent pay may be a holy grail for the Hannah Cobb (University of Manchester) and Phil described the services their trade union provided to With the NOS forming a firm foundation, much has archeological profession but training should Richardson (CFA Archaeology/University of members. They highlighted plans to improve the been built upon its framework, such as the IFA not be underestimated as a route to Newcastle) concentrated on archaeological training pay and conditions of archaeologists across the workplace training bursaries and recent launch of advancement. Parallel industries such as provisions within degree courses, highlighting the country, which frequently involves employer pay archaeological NVQs. engineering and architecture prove this is a wide variations that occur. As an example of bargaining and contractual negotiations. With closer theoretical and practical training occurring side by liaison with industry bodies such as the Diggers Natalie Kershaw (Archpeople Recruitment) powerful tool. Individuals with a wider skill side, the speakers used the Ardnamurchan Forum, IFA and BAJR, much more can hopefully be identified current practices in archaeology in terms set get promotion, expect a wage rise, and Transitions Project at the Neolithic chambered tomb achieved. They also focused on the role of Union of recruiting and training, with a view on what will impress potential employers. of Cladh Aindreis in western Scotland as a case Learning Reps (ULRs) and how they can assist happen if these practices do not change. Many study. The project explored the nature of the archaeologists to gain greater access to training. In archaeologists are not aware of employment issues Following the success of the Diggers Forum Mesolithic/Neolithic transition in the area, and less their basic role ULRs promote training and that dominate across the country; there was little session at last year’s conference, the Forum focused conventional training techniques were used development while supporting individuals and awareness of training opportunities that are this session on the issue of training within the alongside traditional ones to great effect. Academics identifying sources of learning. This can often lead available and no clear understanding of who to ask, industry. The subject has been rising up the agenda and practising field archaeologists together to additional training sources becoming available, a where to go, or what subjects there were available.

of many organisations over recent years, but what enhanced student training, with a key aim being to higher profile for training on company agenda, and Organisations need to communicate these issues in FUTURE changes have been occurring on the ground? This transform student attitudes towards the integration independent confidential sources of advice in the terms of their professional and financial session looked at who was developing issues of of theory and practice. Students were allowed to workplace. development, and should add the possibility of training, the initiatives promoted, and the results transform themselves through developing self- business training to provide a proper explanation of produced. reflexive aspects of the excavation process. Taking Mike Heyworth, on behalf of the Archaeological archaeology as a business. advantage of the relatively small team and high Training Forum, discussed the work of ATF, Kate Geary (IFA) looked at the relationship between staff/student ratios, the excavation invited students demonstrating how it was enhancing training and Chris Clarke the IFA and training, initially highlighting where the to develop key interests, take responsibility for personal development opportunities. He reviewed Hon Chair, Diggers Forum IFA’s role, remit and responsibilities lie in relation to excavation and interpretation and to reflect upon its history since its establishment in 1988, how it [email protected] professional archaeologists. IFA takes several transferable skills they were gaining whilst directly initially reviewed provision of training in TRAINING approaches which include identifying skills gaps

16 The Archaeologist Autumn 2007 Number 65 17 READING 2007 PLACEMENT LEARNING IN ARCHAEOLOGY Kate Geary and Natasha Kingham

This session showcased workplace learning they gave an excellent overview of the scheme, the SETTING STANDARDS IN ARCHAEOLOGY placements designed by IFA for the Heritage Lottery benefits they had gained and the challenges the Funded Workplace Learning Bursaries Scheme and placements had provided. the English Heritage funded EPPIC scheme. The HLF scheme will deliver at least eight placements a EPPIC placements have been run in previous years Institute of Field Archaeologists year for four years aimed at new and experienced by English Heritage but were taken under the IFA practitioners. EPPIC is aimed at archaeologists in the wing last year. We heard about the challenges Kate early stages of their careers and consists of around Page-Smith faced learning non-intrusive five placements each year with EH teams. archaeological surveying techniques with the south Annual report 2006/2007 west team and the experiences of Naomi Archer The variety of HLF placements and specialisms was and Matt Bentley, respectively architectural Covering the period July 2006 to June 2007 illustrated as Eliza Gore talked about learning to investigation and architectural graphics placements with financial statements for the period 1 April 2006 to 31 March 2007 lecture with the University of Winchester, Foxy in York. John Lord, now of CgMs, completed an Demeanour described her training to become a EPPIC placement four years ago and summed up finds/environmental officer with English Heritage, the benefits and deficiencies of the scheme. Tessa Poller recounted experiences surveying in the Scottish Highlands with RCAHMS and Emma-Jane Debate then followed on the value of work-based O’Riordan spoke about working with digital data learning and placements, the potential job market and e-publishing at ADS. We also heard from Oliver (or lack of, in some cases) for the skills gained and Russell and Victoria Bryant, trainee and supervisor how future placements might be funded. Many at Worcestershire County Council, and their work speakers were talking for the first time at a enhancing the Worcestershire HER. The speakers conference but gave a thought provoking and were all at different stages in their placements and inspiring session.

More details on the Workplace Learning Bursaries Scheme, including case studies and an evolving workplace learning diary, can be accessed from the Bursaries page on the IFA website. Between eight and ten Heritage Lottery funded bursaries will be

PLACEMENT available every year for four years across the UK, until 2010. Through Workplace Learning Bursaries, IFA aims to address identified archaeological skills gaps and create opportunities for all sectors of the community to gain professional skills in archaeology

Kate Geary and Natasha Kingham

Bursary holders who gave papers at Reading (with Natasha Kingham, centre)

The Archaeologist 18 Company Registration Number 1918782 ANNUAL REPORT 2006/2007 Many perceive us differently. Many do not see beyond a job title and see only divisions in the sector. Many fail to recognise how valuable it is that our professional environment is becoming more integrated, how this is reflected in the way we work, how our workplaces are structured and in plans for legislative change. Attitudes like these stand in the way of our profession’s development in parts of the sector where we have legitimately much to say and much to do. COVERING THE PERIOD JULY 2006 TO JUNE 2007 I believe we must make some fundamental changes to the Institute to allow it to represent the WITH FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE PERIOD 1 APRIL 2006 TO 31 MARCH 2007 breadth of our professional practice. We must • change the name of the Institute to reflect its broad role in archaeology and historic environment conservation • build on the Stewardship standard and guidance developed with IHBC and ALGAO • focus the published output of the Institute on the broadening needs and interests of our REPORT OF THE The last year has been an important one for the IFA. We have significantly improved our membership, including production of relevant professional papers HONORARY CHAIR influence with government and decision-makers through active involvement in the • give greater emphasis to CPD, professional training and practice qualifications development of the Heritage Protection White Paper and through consultations on a range of • reform membership validation processes to encourage applications from across the sector urban and rural, terrestrial and marine policies affecting our heritage. We have continued to • increase co-operation with other professional institutes, associations and organisations communicate within the sector. The Reading Conference was a great success with more through joint committees, groups and projects. delegates attending than ever before. Throughout the year our publications, notably The Archaeologist and the Yearbook and directory, have continued to illustrate our role in and I believe that now is the time for us to create an institute that embraces this evolution and responsibilities to the historic environment. aspires to work for all professionals in the historic environment. I hope that you will all join me in making 2008 not just a time to celebrate 25 years of successful practice but to usher in a new This year has seen the culmination of several major initiatives in professional development. Institute better able to face the challenges of a more integrated future. The launch of the NVQ in Archaeological Practice in April, with the highly successful workplace bursary scheme that provides archaeological apprenticeships (supported by HLF, Michael Dawson English Heritage and sector partners), sustained emphasis on the importance of CPD and a Hon Chair of Council decision to phase it in as a condition of membership all reflect our commitment to training and career development; and we have continued the development and provision of training courses in partnership with the Archaeology Training Forum, English Heritage and Historic Scotland. The Institute continues to make progress with the improvement of pay and conditions for archaeologists, with reformed minimum salary recommendations.

The institute has continued to promote professional practice with two new Standards and guidance – one on stewardship of the historic environment and another on maritime practice. These will be presented to the 2007 AGM. REPORT OF THE In line with the IFA Strategic Plan, Council has continued to pursue the following strategies HONORARY These are significant achievements and are evidence of the Institute’s commitment to our • S4.9: we will ensure our long-term financial security so that we are well placed to implement TREASURER membership in all areas of professional practice. It is a great pleasure to see that the Institutes our strategies and activities for the benefit of members and others membership continues to rise. We now have 2448 members. • S4.9: we will generate income • S4.10: we will manage our investments Financially, too, this has been a successful year and we look forward to a celebrating the • S4.11: we will pursue a sound pricing policy Institute’s first quarter century in 2008. My thanks go to Council and committee members, to • S4.12: we will manage the key risks to our financial security the groups and our staff and to all the individual members who, through their hard work and • S4.13: we will maintain adequate financial controls and procedures support, have contributed to these major achievements. There is of course much more to be done and the next year will be especially important. The Institute operates in an increasingly As reported in 2005/06 Council had agreed to invest some of the reserves in a recruitment challenging world. New legislation is promised and new planning guidance. But conservation strategy to increase the levels of individual and organisational membership. The increases in of the historic environment and its study through archaeology continue to be viewed in false individual membership exceeded expectation in the past year, increasing by 11% and this has opposition to economic progress by the governments of the UK. been a significant contributor to the unexpected surplus this year.

With our Chief Executive I have recently written to you to emphasise just how extensively the The Institute continues to maintain sufficient reserves to provide a financial base on which to IFA represents professional practice in the historic environment. Our individual roles and plan expenditure to further the aims of the Institute’s Business Plan, in particular the future of professionalism are found in all areas of the historic environment. As archaeologist we are the Institute as reported by the Honorary Chair, the promotion of the new Qualification in committed to the assessment, evaluation and informed decision making which have become Archaeological Practice, continued recruitment within the profession and the wider historic the underlying principles of our professional practice. These principles have been recently environment, and development of membership services following the results of the captured in the new Stewardship Standard and guidance and in so many areas from excavation membership questionnaire. to building conservation, from planning to education, understanding, benefiting and managing have become the watchwords of our practice. Whatever our individual role, we all Gerald Wait work as curators of the past. Hon Treasurer THE DIRECTORS’ REPORT Each director has taken steps that they ought to have taken as a director in order to make themselves aware of any relevant audit information and to establish that the company’s auditors are aware of that information. The directors confirm that there is no relevant information that they know of and which they know the auditors are unaware of.

FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 MARCH 2007 PRINCIPAL ACTIVITY The directors who served the company during the year were: The principal activity of the company is the advancement of the practice of field archaeology and allied disciplines.

NAME POSITION AUDITOR The auditors, Ross Brooke Limited, will be proposed for re-appointment in accordance with section 385 of Joanna Bacon the Companies Act 1985. Beverley Ballin-Smith Hon Vice Chair, Personnel and membership Peter Barker (Appointed 2 October 2006) SMALL COMPANY PROVISIONS Mike Bishop (Appointed 2 October 2006) This report has been prepared in accordance with the special provisions of Part VII of the Companies Act Stephen Briggs 1985 relating to small companies. Kayt Brown (Retired 2 October 2006) Catherine Cavanagh (Retired 2 October 2006) Signed by order of the directors Christopher Clarke Patrick Clay Hon Vice Chair, Standards Hester Cooper-Reade Hon Secretary Virginia Dellino-Musgrave (Appointed 2 October 2006) ALEXANDRA LLEWELLYN David Divers (Appointed 2 October 2006) Company Secretary Michael Dawson Hon Chair Approved by the directors on 6 June 2007 Veronica Fiorato David Gaimster (Retired 2 October 2006) Kasia Gdaniec (Appointed 4 January 2007) Victoria Hunns (Appointed 11 December 2006) Clare King (Retired 2 October 2006) EMPLOYEES OF THE NAME POSITION PERIOD OF OFFICE Philip Mills (Retired 2 October 2006) INSTITUTE Kenneth Aitchison, MIFA Head of Professional Development Full time Geoff Morley Beth Asbury, AIFA Membership Administrator Full time Martin Newman (Appointed 2 October 2006) Lynne Bevan, MIFA JIS Bulletin compiler Part time David Parham (Retired 2 October 2006) Kate Geary, MIFA Training & Standards Co-ordinator Full time Jayne Pilkington (Appointed 23 January 2007) Peter Hinton, MIFA Chief Executive Full time Roland Smith (Resigned 2 October 2006) Tim Howard Recruitment & Marketing Co-ordinator Part time John Sode-Woodhead (Appointed 2 October 2006) Gina Jacklin Finance and Administrative Assistant Part time Jack Stevenson (Retired 2 October 2006) Natasha Kingham HLF Workplace Learning Bursary Co-ordinator (Apr 06) Part time Jeremy Taylor Alexandra Llewellyn, MIFA Head of Administration Full time David Thackray (Retired 2 October 2006) Alison Taylor, MIFA Editor Part time Andy Towle Kathryn Whittington, PIFA Administrative Assistant Full time Rob Woodside Naomi Archer EPPIC scheme placement (to Mar 07) Full time Roger White (Appointed 2 October 2006) Matthew Bentley, PIFA EPPIC scheme placement (to Feb 07) Full time Gerald Wait Hon Treasurer Gemma Bryant EPPIC scheme placement (May 07) Full time Anna Doherty EPPIC scheme placement (to Mar 07) Full time The following directors are to retire from the board at the Annual General Meeting in Elizabeth Forester HLF workplace bursary placement (Jun 07) Full time accordance with the Articles of Association and are eligible for immediate re-election and Eliza Gore AIFA HLF workplace bursary placement (Sep 06) Full time may therefore be re-nominated: Catherine Grindley AIFA EPPIC scheme placement (Mar 07) Full time Joanna Bacon; Kasia Gdaniec; Stephen Briggs; Victoria Hunns; Patrick Clay; Geoff Morley; Emma Houghton PIFA EPPIC scheme placement (to Feb 07) Full time Hester Cooper-Reade; Jayne Pilkington; Veronica Fiorato. Daniel Jones PIFA HLF workplace bursary placement (Jan 07) Full time Richard Madgwick HLF workplace bursary placement (Dec 06) Full time Claire Martin PIFA EPPIC scheme placement (Apr 07) Full time Jonathan Millward PIFA EPPIC scheme placement (Mar 07) Full time DIRECTORS’ The directors are responsible for preparing the Annual Report and the financial statements in accordance Agnieszka Sadraei EPPIC scheme placement (Apr 07) Full time with applicable law and United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice. Kate Page-Smith PIFA EPPIC scheme placement (to Feb 07) Full time RESPONSIBILITIES Tessa Poller HLF workplace bursary placement (Jul 06 to Jan 07) Full time Directors are required by company law to prepare financial statements which give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the company at the end of the financial year and of the profit or loss of the company for the period ending on that date. In preparing those financial statements, directors are required to • select suitable accounting policies and apply them consistently COMPANY Company secretary Alexandra Llewellyn • make judgements and estimates that are reasonable and prudent INFORMATION • prepare the financial statements on a going concern basis unless it is inappropriate to presume that the Registered office Institute of Field Archaeologists University of Reading company will continue in business. Whiteknights PO Box 227 The directors are responsible for keeping proper accounting records which disclose with reasonable Reading RG6 6AB accuracy at any time the financial position of the company and enable them to ensure the financial statements comply with the Companies Act 1985. They have general responsibility for taking such steps Auditors Ross Brooke Limited 21/22 Park Way as are reasonably open to them to safeguard the assets of the company and to prevent and detect fraud and Chartered Accountants Newbury other irregularities. & Registered Auditors Berkshire RG14 1EE Bankers Co-operative Bank Plc 34 St Mary’s Butts, Reading RG1 2LQ INCOME AND NOTE 2007 2006 £ £ EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT Solicitors Simon Best Gaston Whybrew Tim Francis 86 The Crescent, Colchester, Business Park FOR THE YEAR ENDED Turnover 668,608 341,210 Colchester, Essex CO4 9YAQ 31 MARCH 2007 Cost of sales (329,265) (49,164)

Gross surplus 339,343 292,046 Administrative expenses (301,539) (307,443)

INDEPENDENT We have audited the financial statements of the Institute of Field Archaeologists (Company Limited By Operating surplus/(deficit) 2 37,804 (15,397) Guarantee) for the year ended 31 March 2007. These financial statements have been prepared under the Other interest receivable and similar income 9,699 8,818 AUDITOR’S REPORT TO accounting policies set out therein and the requirements of the Financial Reporting Standards for Smaller THE MEMBERS OF THE Entities (effective January 2005). Surplus/(deficit) on ordinary activities before taxation 47,503 (6,579) Tax on surplus/(deficit) on ordinary activities 5 (1,843) - INSTITUTE OF FIELD This report is made solely to the company’s members, as a body, in accordance with Section 235 of the ARCHAEOLOGISTS Companies Act 1985. Our work has been undertaken so that we might state to the company’s members Surplus/(deficit) for the financial year 45,660 (6,579) those matters we are required to state to them in an auditors’ report and for no other purpose. To the FOR THE YEAR ENDED fullest extent permitted by law, we do not accept or assume responsibility to anyone other than the 31 MARCH 2007 company and the company’s members as a body, for our audit work, for this report, or for the opinions we have formed. BALANCE SHEET AT NOTE 2007 2006 ££ ££ RESPECTIVE RESPONSIBILITIES OF DIRECTORS AND AUDITORS 31 MARCH 2007 As described in the statement of Directors’ responsibilities, the company’s directors are responsible for Fixed assets the preparation of financial statements in accordance with applicable law and United Kingdom Tangible assets 7 3,304 2,836 Accounting Standards (United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice). Our responsibility is to audit the financial statements in accordance with relevant legal and regulatory requirements and Current assets International Standards on Auditing (UK and Ireland). Stocks 23,070 19,993 Debtors 8 132,475 68,859 We report to you our opinion as to whether the financial statements give a true and fair view and are Cash at bank and in hand 446,377 410,761 properly prepared in accordance with the Companies Act 1985. We also report to you whether in our opinion the information given in the Directors’ Report is consistent with the financial statements. In 601,922 499,613 addition we report to you if, in our opinion, the company has not kept proper accounting records, if we Creditors:Amounts falling due 9 (247,313) (190,196) have not received all the information and explanations we require for our audit, or if information specified by law regarding directors’ remuneration and transactions with the company is not disclosed. within one year Net current assets 354,609 309,417 We read the Directors’ Report and consider the implications for our report if we become aware of any apparent misstatements within it. Net assets 357,913 312,253

BASIS OF AUDIT OPINION Capital and reserves We conducted our audit in accordance with International Standards on Auditing (UK and Ireland) issued Income and expenditure account 11 357,913 312,253 by the Auditing Practices Board. An audit includes an examination, on a test basis, of evidence relevant to the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. It also includes an assessment of the significant estimates and judgements made by the directors in the preparation of the financial statements, and of 357,913 312,253 whether the accounting policies are appropriate to the company’s circumstances, consistently applied and adequately disclosed. The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the special provisions of Part VII of the We planned and performed our audit so as to obtain all the information and explanations which we Companies Act 1985 relating to small companies and with the Financial Reporting Standard for Smaller considered necessary in order to provide us with sufficient evidence to give reasonable assurance that the Entities (effective January 2005). financial statements are free from material misstatement, whether caused by fraud or other irregularity or error. In forming our opinion we also evaluated the overall adequacy of the presentation of information Approved by the Board on 6 June 2007 and signed on its behalf by: in the financial statements.

OPINION In our opinion:

the financial statements give a true and fair view, in accordance with United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice applicable to Smaller Entities, of the state of the company’s affairs as at 31 March 2007 and of its loss for the year then ended;

the financial statements have been properly prepared in accordance with the Companies Act 1985; and GERALD WAIT Director the information given in the Directors’ Report is consistent with the financial statements.

ROSS BROOKE LIMITED Chartered Accountants & Registered Auditors, 21/22 Park Way, Newbury, Berkshire RG14 1EE 06/08/2007 NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL 1 ACCOUNTING POLICIES 6 PRIOR YEAR ADJUSTMENT DETAILED INCOME AND 2007 2006 STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR Basis of preparation The financial statements have been In the 2006 financial statements an adjustment to the prior EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT ££££ prepared under the historical cost convention and in year was required as conference costs of £29,773 were ENDED 31 MARCH 2007 FOR THE YEAR ENDED accordance with the Financial Reporting Standard for Smaller accrued in error. The total gain recognised in the 2006 Entities (effective January 2005). financial statements was £23,194. 31 MARCH 2007 Turnover (analysed below) 668,608 341,210 Cash flow statement The accounts do not include a cash flow statement because the company, as a small reporting entity, is Cost of sales exempt from the requirements to prepare such a statement. 7 TANGIBLE FIXED ASSETS Direct project costs 133,069 - Going concern These financial statements have been prepared Office equipment Core staff project salaries 68,899 49,164 on a going concern basis. £ Turnover Turnover represents the value of income earned and Cost Non-core staff project salaries 127,297 - services provided during the year. As at 1 April 2006 18,955 Depreciation Depreciation is provided on tangible fixed Additions 3,337 (329,265) (49,164) assets so as to write off the cost or valuation, less any estimated As at 31 March 2007 22,292 residual value, over their expected useful economic life as Gross surplus 339,343 292,046 follows: Depreciation Office equipment - 50% straight line basis As at 1 April 2006 16,119 50.75% (2006 - 85.59%) Long-term contracts Sales and foreseeable profits on long-term Charge for the year 2,869 contracts are recognised in line with the activity of each Administrative expenses (analysed below) As at 31 March 2007 18,988 contract. Invoiced sales in excess or deficit of recognised sales Employment costs 213,240 218,904 are carried forward in payments on account or accrued income. Net book value Establishment costs 6,672 11,051 The balance of costs recognised that are in excess or deficit of As at 31 March 2007 3,304 invoiced costs are carried forward in accruals or work in General administrative expenses 75,351 71,755 progress. Provision is made in accruals for any foreseeable As at 31 March 2006 2,836 Finance charges 3,407 3,564 losses. Depreciation costs 2,869 2,169 Foreign currencies Profit and loss account transactions in foreign currencies are translated into sterling at the exchange 8 DEBTORS rate ruling at the date of the transaction. Assets and liabilities 2007 2006 (301,539) (307,443) denominated in foreign currencies are translated into sterling £ £ at the closing rates at the balance sheet date and the exchange Trade debtors 82,420 58,223 Operating surplus/(deficit) 37,804 (15,397) differences are included in the profit and loss account. Prepayments and accrued income 50,055 10,636 Operating leases Rentals paid under operating leases are Other interest receivable and similar income charged to the profit and loss account as incurred. 132,475 68,859 Area and special interest groups The institute has a number Bank interest receivable 9,699 8,818 of regional and special interest groups, who organise comparatively small scale events, conferences and other 9 CREDITORS: Amounts falling due within one year Surplus/(deficit) on ordinary activities 47,503 (6,579) activities. The income, expenditure and funds held by these 2007 2006 before taxation groups are incorporated into the accounts of the institute. £ £ Payments received on account 181,309 147,712 Tax on surplus/(deficit) on ordinary activities Trade creditors 13,563 13,722 2 OPERATING (DEFICIT)/SURPLUS Corporation tax charge (1,843) - Operating surplus/(deficit) is stated after charging/(crediting): Corporation tax 1,843 - 2007 2006 Social security and other taxes 9,434 7,532 Surplus/(deficit) for the financial year 45,660 (6,579) £ £ The audit of the company’s annual accounts 3,819 3,764 Other creditors 7,602 1,858

Foreign currency (gains)/losses (199) 254 Accruals and deferred income 33,562 19,372 Turnover Depreciation of tangible fixed assets 2,869 2,354 247,313 190,196 Subscriptions 230,020 198,908 Amortisation of capital grants - (185) Application Fees 4,273 3,450 ROA Fees 45,581 39,143 10 COMPANY STATUS Conference income 100,933 - 3 DIRECTORS’ EMOLUMENTS The company is a private company limited by guarantee and No emoluments were paid to the directors during the year consequently does not have share capital. Each of the Adverts 2,800 1,760 (2006 - £nil). members is liable to contribute an amount not exceeding £10 Publications 921 1,071 towards the assets of the company in the event of liquidation. JIS subscriptions & adverts 14,967 16,074 Building Group fees 85 836 4 PARTICULARS OF EMPLOYEES The aggregate payroll costs of these persons were as follows 11 RESERVES Sundry income - 95 2007 2006 Income and expenditure account Total project income 269,028 79,873 £ £ £ Balance at 1 April 2006 312,253 Wages and salaries 395,183 256,646 668,608 341,210 Transfer from income and expenditure 45,660 Corporation tax is only chargeable on bank interest received. account for the year Employment costs Balance at 31 March 2007 357,913 Core staff overhead salaries 198,987 207,482 5 TAXATION Temporary staff costs 904 557 Analysis of current period tax charge Staff recruitment - 1,148 2007 2006 12 OPERATING LEASE COMMITMENTS Staff training 1,126 370 £ £ As at 31 March 2007 the company had annual commitments Current tax Committee travel 9,120 7,033 Corporation tax charge 1,843 - 2007 2006 Group funding 3,103 2,314 £ £ Corporation tax is only chargeable on bank interest received. Within two and five years 11,519 11,519 213,240 218,904

Establishment costs Premises costs 6,672 11,051 2007 2006 Practitioners 358 (338) £ £ Students 240 (214) General administrative expenses Affiliate 268 (188) Telephone and fax 4,239 3,241 Computing & IT 3,615 4,880 Total 2446 (2203) Printing, postage and stationery 18,218 12,705 Sundry expenses 326 230 The number of IFA Registered Archaeological Organisations has also increased from 51 to 55. Two applications JIS costs 1,434 1,537 have been deferred by the RAO committee for further clarification. Publications:TA 23,734 23,178 OUTREACH Insurance 4,599 3,832 Staff and Groups have again continued to carry out a programme of outreach. The 25th anniversary conference Staff expenses - conference 1,151 1,183 in Reading was a success and attracted a record 460 delegates and a large number of display exhibitions. We Travel and subsistence 10,653 9,874 would like to thank all those who sponsored the conference which includes Towergate Risk Solutions, our Promotional material 959 3,915 principal sponsor, and session and event sponsors Archaeological, Forensic & Environmental Scientific Services, Hospitality 442 555 Beta Analytic, Council for British Archaeology, CgMs, English Heritage, Headland Archaeology and the Heritage Magazine and institution subscriptions 1,037 1,226 Lottery Fund. Our 2008 conference will be held in Swansea. Accountancy fees 300 410 Audit of the company’s annual accounts 3,819 3,764 During the last year The Archaeologist magazine has covered the topics of Archaeology and identity, Archaeology Payroll costs 825 1,225 and urban regeneration, Archaeology and field survey and Post-medieval archaeology. From April 2007 the popular Jobs Information Bulletin has been provided as a free service to members along with Heritage Link Update 75,351 71,755 newsletter both of which can be received by email. As reported last year we carried out a review of our publication strategy and as part of the implementation plan have recently carried out a questionnaire survey of Finance charges membership services to assist us in gaining a better understanding of what members would like to receive from Bank charges 3,606 3,310 their Institute. Foreign currency (gains)/losses (199) 254 Staff, Council and Groups have continued to represent IFA on external bodies including DCMS heritage 3,407 3,564 protection reform sounding board and working groups, APPAG advisory group, The Archaeology Forum, the CCSkills Cultural Heritage Panel, ICE Site Investigations Steering Committee and the Archaeology Training Depreciation costs Forum. They have also responded to 16 consultations such as BAJR Pay and Conditions for 2007/2008, Historic Ships Amortisation of government grants - (185) Consultation, DCMS Capability Review, Draft Marine Minerals Dredging Regulations & Procedural Guidelines, Depreciation 2,869 2,354 Understanding the Future: Priorities for England’s Museums paper and most recently the Heritage Protection for the 21st century White Paper. 2,869 2,169 STANDARDS The Committee for Working Practices in Archaeology, supported by Kate Geary, Training and Standards Co- ordinator, has continued to work towards improving standards. The new IFA pay minima came into effect from 1 April and will be monitored through established RAO monitoring procedures. Whilst for many this will represent an improvement in conditions of employment, there is still a need to improve basic pay. To this end, a consultant has REPORT OF THE The 2006/07 IFA Council is made up of 23 corporate members of the Institute. They cover a wide perspective of been appointed to oversee the benchmarking of archaeological salaries against those in other sectors. This work will HONORARY the historic environment profession and include representatives from county archaeologists, conservation take place over the summer, with preliminary results expected by the AGM in October 2007. officers, national heritage agencies, historic environment advisors, universities, consultants and IFA Area and SECRETARY Special Interest Groups. The Standards and guidance for Stewardship, and a Standard for Nautical Archaeology Recording and Reconstruction are proposed for adoption at the 2007 AGM. As ever, Council continues to oversee the strategic aims of the Institute and debate key issues facing the profession with guidance from six elected Executive committee members and eight committees who cover issues of We have continued to make progress on improving opportunities for professional training and our Professional professional training, working practices in archaeology, applications for membership and RAOs, etc. Training Committee has agreed a timetable for the introduction of compulsory CPD in 2010. Also, working with English Heritage and IHBC, another six EPPIC placements have been appointed this year and the scheme has MEMBERSHIP AND PERSONNEL been aligned more closely with the HLF workplace learning bursaries scheme which aims to address identified The IFA has 11 staff members who are dedicated to the day to day running of the Institute. It also employs a archaeological skills gaps, build capacity within the heritage sector and create opportunities for all sectors of the number of individuals as part of the English Heritage Professional Placements in Archaeology, and the IFA community to gain professional skills whilst earning a realistic salary. Trainees on both placement schemes will Workplace Learning Bursary scheme which is now in its second year and making excellent progress, with thanks be amongst the first candidates to undertake the new Qualification in Archaeological Practice which was to a grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund. launched on 25 April. The IFA will offer the Qualification alongside a network of assessment centres overseen by the awarding body, EDI. Work has started to revise the IFA’s validation procedures to take the new qualification Year 1 placements have been hosted by English Heritage, Worcestershire County Council, RCAHMS, Sussex into account. Archaeological Society, and ADS/Internet Archaeology, RCAHMW and the Universities of Cardiff and Winchester. Two placements have recently been completed and the feedback from these has been extremely As reported in TA 62 an independent review was carried out on our implementation of the Disciplinary by-law positive. Year 2 is set to include exciting new placements with AOC (Scotland), North Yorkshire County Council, adopted at the 2005 AGM, which proved satisfactory. In the last year we have been dealing with six cases, three ARCUS, English Heritage National Monuments Record Centre, Headland Archaeology, with others to be ongoing from last year and three new. Of these, two are continuing to be investigated, two have resulted in confirmed soon. There continues to be enormous enthusiasm for the scheme from both archaeological advisory recommendations, one was deemed to have no case to answer, and one resulted in expulsion from IFA. organisations offering to host placements, and applicants keen to gain new skills in the workplace. There have been three complaints against RAOs.

Our recruitment campaign has continued and in turn the Validation Committee and Membership Team have Over the past year there has been a sense of achievement in particular with regard to recruitment, the continued continued to deal with an increased number of applications. In the last twelve months they have considered 333 new, success of the HLF and EPPIC placement schemes, and the launch of the Qualification for Archaeological 91 upgrade and 14 rejoiner applications, an increase of 19%. One new application was turned down and 28 were not Practice. Thanks are due to all staff who ensure the development of the Institute and maintain the smooth accepted for the grade for which they had applied. Membership Appeals Committee considered two appeals against running of the IFA Council, Executive and other committees. Thanks are also due to our committee members the decision of Validation. The current (June) membership is as follows (2006 figures in brackets) who dedicate their time voluntarily to the Institute. We are always keen to see new faces on our committees, and if you are interested in assisting in the development of your Institute please contact the office staff for further Honorary members 15 (13) information. Members 984 (918) Associates 581 (532) Hester Cooper-Reade Hon Secretary • advise Council and its Committees on issues relating to voluntary and community archaeology, within AREA & SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS the context of IFA and within archaeology as a whole • provide a recognised voice for voluntary and community archaeology within IFA • promote adoption and implementation of IFA standards by voluntary and community archaeologists (and the organisations to which they belong). REPORT OF THE Julie Satchell (Hon Chair), Mark Dunkley (Hon Secretary), Douglas McElvogue (Hon Treasurer), Mark • provide guidance and assistance to ensure that voluntary and community archaeologists have the necessary and recognised competence to carry out archaeological research to high standards MARITIME AFFAIRS Littlewood, Paola Palma, David Parham and Jesse Ransley • campaign for IFA to support and recognise voluntary and community-based archaeological groups GROUP Responses have been made to Defra’s Marine bill and ICZM and Marine minerals consultations, the that carry out archaeological research to IFA standards. Archaeological Archives Forum (Archive Best Practice document), COWRIE – Windfarms & historic environment, DCMS’ Proposed designation of a historic vessel and Future of museums and the National historic Jeff Morris Hon Chair, Voluntary and Community Archaeology Group ships committee consultation, and to the Scottish Executive Enquiry on marine heritage.

In September the Managing the marine cultural heritage II conference was organised by Paola Palma and Dave Parham, sponsored by English Heritage and the British Academy. Work now begins on publication REPORT OF THE Marilyn Palmer (Hon Chair); Jonathan Mullis (Hon Secretary), Jonathan Edis (Hon Treasurer), Heather of the proceedings. MAG seminars were Maritime archaeological archives in policy and practice, organised BUILDINGS Lindsay (Education Officer), Philip Thomas (Newsletter Editor), Geraint Franklin (Newsletter Designer), by Jesse Ransley, sponsored by IFA and Provision of advice on marine designation, organised by Mark Oliver Jessop (Website Editor), David Connolly, Shannon Fraser, Frank Green, Bob Hill and Peter Owen. ARCHAEOLOGY Dunkley in February. This event brought a range of views on the current and potential provision of advice in relation to marine historic assets. A successful session was held at the IFA conference in GROUP 2005–7 We are grateful to David Divers for formally representing BAG on IFA Council. This report covers 2005–7. Reading (p50). BAG has 264 members, produces two newsletters a year, organises a session on buildings archaeology and Regular communication with MAG members has continued through our ‘Email Information Service’ a tour at each of the IFA conferences and makes representations on guidance and policy documents from thanks to our secretary Mark Dunkley and the MAG Bulletin edited by Mark Littlewood. government and other organisations. The group co-organised a training seminar in June 2005 with the IFA Finds Group on Buildings Archaeology and Building Materials, the papers for which are published on the Slipping through the net: maritime archaeological archives in policy and practice was published in support of the Groups’ pages on the IFA website. seminar held in December. It outlined the principal issues and challenges facing marine archives and was widely circulated for consultation. Standard and guidance for nautical recording and reconstruction, by BAG provided case studies and a model recording brief for English Heritage’s Understanding historic Douglas McElvogue, is proposed for consultation at the AGM. Managing the marine cultural heritage: buildings and areas policy and guidance for LPAs, and led on a major IFA representation to DCMS on their defining, accessing and managing the resource – the proceedings of the first MAG conference, edited by Julie draft Revisions to principles of selection: PPG 15 and on English Heritage’s Conservation principles guidance. Satchell and Paola Palma, has been published through the CBA Research Report Series (supported by We have good links with ALGAO’s Buildings Committee, the AIA and the Historic Farm Buildings English Heritage). A special edition of the MAG bulletin Provision of advice in support of marine designation Forum. We are looking to build improved links with IHBC and RICS. includes papers from the February seminar, with responses by delegates. We have three committee meetings a year followed by a tour of local sites, such as Battersea Power Station Julie Satchell Chair, Maritime Affairs Group and cutlery works in Sheffield. New committee members are needed with the energy and time to help respond to consultations, revise IFA’s guidance on building recording and analysis and set up training courses. In particular, we are seeking individuals to take responsibility for the website and newsletter.

Chris Clarke (Hon Chair), Paul Everill (Hon Secretary), Jez Taylor (Hon Treasurer), Geoff Morley, and Kevin Catherine Cavanagh Outgoing Education Officer, Buildings Archaeology Group REPORT OF THE Wooldridge Jonathan Smith Outgoing Honorary Secretary, Buildings Archaeology Group DIGGERS FORUM The committee met on a regular basis, developing initiatives to improve pay and conditions of employment for non-management level field archaeologists and specialists. The most significant initiative we launched this year was the ‘Living Wage’ campaign which has been undertaken in co-operation with REPORT OF THE Jenny Hall (Hon Chair), Fiona Gale (Hon Secretary), Kate Howell (Hon Treasurer to October 2006), Stephen IFA, Prospect, and BAJR. The aims are to highlight poor levels of pay within the industry and to increase WALES/CYMRU Briggs (Hon Editor), John Latham, Neil Johnstone, Ian Brooks (Hon Treasurer from October 2006), Richard pressure on employers to raise wages. The campaign is now seeing good intentions by IFA and SCAUM Hankinson, Jonathan Berry GROUP being acted upon.

We held another successful session at IFA’s Conference at Reading University, focusing on training and The AGM was held on 7 July 2006 and the Wales/Cymru committee also met on 7 July and 6 October. We development (p16). We have also been developing greater contacts with UNISON to further engage public held our spring day school on New views on old buildings and our autumn one on Prehistoric funerary and sector archaeologists, plus providing a response to the consultation of the Standard and guidance for ritual monuments: Where are we and where are we going? The theme of both day schools was informed by the stewardship of the historic environment. Two issues of the DF newsletter (the Forum Dispatch) have been questionnaire circulated the previous year, and both events were well attended. published, while the DF webpage has been regularly updated. The IFA Wales/Cymru group web page on the IFA Website was updated regularly The 2007 AGM will be followed by a seminar to discuss the progress of current DF initiatives. The Welsh Research Agenda process, initiated at the IFA Wales/Cymru conference in 2001, continued Chris Clarke Hon Chair, Diggers Forum although rather slowly. It is hoped that the final document will be ready for publication in early 2008.

Jenny Hall Hon Chair, IFA Wales/Cymru group

REPORT OF THE Jeff Morris (Hon Chair), Kate Clark (Hon Sec) VOLUNTARY & IFA Council has now sanctioned creation of the above group which is now organising its first AGM. COMMUNITY Purposes of the group will be to ARCHAEOLOGY GROUP • promote discussion between voluntary and community archaeologists and other archaeologists to foster greater understanding and improvement of relations, to further the overall pursuance of archaeological knowledge and research 2006/2007 COMMITTEES READING

COMMITTEE FOR WORKING REGISTERED ARCHAEOLOGICAL VALIDATION COMMITTEE PRACTICES IN ARCHAEOLOGY ORGANISATIONS COMMITTEE 2007 Paul Adams Patrick Clay (Chair) Laura Schaaf (Chair) Simon Atkinson Kenny Aitchison Beth Asbury Jo Bacon need to raise the profile of illustration work by Phil Bethell Evelyn Baker Evelyn Baker ASSOCIATION OF defining jobs more precisely. A wide variety of Paul Chadwick Peter Barker Beverley Ballin Smith Richard Cuttler Stephen Briggs Stephen Briggs ARCHAEOLOGICAL graphics skills and software knowledge is Paul Everill Stewart Bryant Catherine Cavanagh required by professionals today, yet when Kate Geary Stephen Carter Chris Constable ILLUSTRATORS employees upgrade their skills this is rarely Ed Lee Chris Clarke Hester Cooper-Reade rewarded by career advancement. Fiona MacDonald Patrick Clay Ed Dickinson Phil Mills Hester Cooper-Reade David Divers & SURVEYORS Geoff Morley Bob Croft Rachel Edwards (chair) • Sarah Lucas (Oxford Archaeology) and Laura Taryn Nixon Sue Davies David Hibbitt WORKSHOP Templeton (Worcester County Council) outlined Marc Spanjer Rachel Edwards Kirsten Holland the experience of employees in their respective Margaret Mathews Jez Taylor Peter Hinton Oliver Jessop organisations, touching on issues raised in Andy Towle Gwilym Hughes Beccy Jones discussion. Do employers support illustrators and John Woodhead John Hunter Clare King surveyors by paying professional association and David Jennings Roy King conference fees? This varies between employers. Clare King Douglas McElvogue The session was an opportunity to air issues of Mark Leah Phil Mills (vice chair) Do illustrators and surveyors get the concern to illustrators and surveyors. Short PROFESSIONAL TRAINING Forbes Marsden Geoff Morley acknowledgement they deserve in publications? COMMITTEE Jonathan Parkhouse John Lord presentations were given to initiate discussion Compared to the authors of often short specialist Paul Spoerry Dave Parham on various topics. reports, illustrators are often not mentioned on Mike Bishop (chair to May 2007) Dave Start Jonathan Parkhouse Roger White (chair from May 2007) Andy Towle Philip Richardson the title page. Kenny Aitchison Gerry Wait Julie Satchell • How consistent is the standard of drawn Jo Bacon John Williams Dan Slatcher recording and how reliable are survey data The meeting closed with an invitation to interested Beverley Ballin Smith John Woodhead John Sode Woodhead deposited in archives? Colin Berks is liaising participants to sign up for the ISSIG (Illustrators and Catherine Cavanagh Bob Zeepvat Jez Taylor with the IFA to build on the excellent general Surveyors Special Interest Group) which is being John Collis Bob Zeepvat guidelines produced by English Heritage and to organised by John Hodgson, Jo Bacon and Laura Rachel Edwards Beth Asbury/Kathryn Whittington produce more detailed technical guidelines which Kate Geary Templeton. Contact them c/o IFA at Reading. Don Henson EDITORIAL BOARD can be promoted to the industry. Bob Hook Margaret Mathews Gary Lock David Gaimster (chair) MEMBERSHIP APPEALS • Training is crucial in maintaining standards. Laura Templeton Fiona MacDonald Stephen Briggs COMMITTEE Trevor Pearson, head of archaeological graphics Nicky Powell Chris Catling at English Heritage, emphasised that EH can John Walker Catherine Cavanagh Kayt Brown Roger White Julie Gardiner Chris Clarke recommend good practice, run training courses Peter Hinton Leigh Dodd and placements but is not in a position to police Dan Hull Veronica Fiorato standards. Ed Lee Andy Towle Alex Llewellyn • Archaeological organisations often infringe the Alison Taylor ILLUSTRATORS rights of freelance illustrators in using and Tracy Wellman reproducing their work. John Hodgson pointed out the need for proper copyright licensing agreements as developed by AAI&S and supported by IFA. These need to be actively promoted to safeguard freelancers’ rights. Artist Steve Rigby, working on a • Along with other specialists, illustrators fare reconstruction badly in the salary league tables (see TA 60, p52). drawing of David Connolly told us about the new BAJR Evesham Abbey recommended payscales and highlighted the for interpretation panels in Abbey Park, Evesham. Photograph: Malcolm Atkin

Autumn 2007 Number 65 33 READING READING 2007 2007 GREAT EXCAVATIONS ‘THE BEST OF TIMES; THE WORST OF TIMES’ FUN AND FREEDOM John Schofield ‘It was the best of times; it was the worst of times’. Great excavations were always both – there were Happy diggers: Wharram Percy times on each of my three great excavations when I excavation team, 1981. The idea for this session came while having an hated archaeology! But what actually made an Photograph: Sebastian Rahtz evening drink after a conference session in excavation ‘great’ was key here, and a point Tasmania, talking with others about how far from addressed by several of the eleven speakers. Do archaeology: Hurst and Beresford. As with Geoff conventional field archaeology my career was taking great excavators make great sites or vice versa? Wainwright’s Antiquity piece some years ago, the me. It seemed an odd contradiction that, despite the Great excavations were invariably great fun. But is it excavation team photos were from another age – distance, the influence of my early training was still possible to have fun in these days of reminiscent of an Incredible String Band album increasingly evident: it drove my enthusiasm for commercially-driven archaeological practice? cover. There’s surely a book of these team photos archaeology as a discipline that provided a unique There’s another ‘F’ too: Freedom. Is freedom to waiting to be published! perspective on the past; but increasingly it helped experiment still possible in the field, or are we me to see the contemporary world through an driven too closely by inflexible project designs and But it was OK to avoid self-indulgence too. Stephen archaeological lens – a unique perspective on the rigid project management procedures? Indeed are Briggs conducted an eloquent review of British present. I decided then that, whatever happens for Fun and Freedom closely related? Does lack of one excavation in the period 1729-1876, and Martin the rest of my career, I will always be an preclude the other? Carver revealed four centuries of excavation at archaeologist. We see the world in a particular way. Sutton Hoo, culminating in his own work there. We have remained archaeologists, following SHEER PHYSICAL EFFORT Paul Everill spoke about Sutton Hoo too, in the particular paths or specialisms, because of Francis Pryor spoke of team dynamics, highlighting context of his recently completed research into ‘the something we were taught, perhaps on one of these the importance of volunteers, directors and invisible diggers’, and the changing conditions of Great Excavations. As individuals we owe these supervisors. Did the project have a good vibe? How field archaeology over the years.

GREAT excavations a great deal – as a digger I will never important was sheer physical effort – clearly a factor Chester amphitheatre forget what I learnt at Hambledon Hill, the Sweet for at least one participant at West Heslerton. And PART OF THE HERITAGE (above) Excavating Coppergate, – a great excavation Track and at Pont Newydd. But as a profession the what about the women – weirdly absent from the ‘The future’ was raised in several presentations and York 1980. Excavations here lasted

in 2005. © English debt is greater still. list of speakers? Tim Schadla-Hall spoke of Clark’s in the discussion that followed. Richard Hall spoke 1976–1981. One result of EXCAVATIONS Heritage excavations at Star Carr. He revealed the future of the new excavation at Hungate, in the context of (below) Tea-break on the Holne discoveries here was the Jorvik careers of the men that worked there; but there his earlier ‘Viking Dig’, for example. All agreed that Moor excavations, 1984. Viking Centre. Photograph: York appears no trace at all of the women. Changes of great excavations are needed, perhaps to maintain Photograph: Dave Hooley Archaeological Trust name make it more difficult to track them I guess. tradition; certainly to inspire and engage archaeologists in the future. If this session LEARNING, LIVING AND WORKING succeeded only in emphasising this fact it will have Before the session started one speaker asked ‘Is this been worthwhile. It was a popular session, and fun: session entirely self-indulgent?’ ‘Of course’, I for those that had been there; and those like me for replied. It was my hope that speakers would reflect whom these great excavations are part of the on how these projects shaped them as professionals, heritage, the folk history and the mythology of but also how it shaped others that came to British field archaeology. experience such a unique activity, one in which boundaries between learning, living and working The session is now being prepared for publication blurred to the point of collapse. Alongside Tony with Oxbow. The latest count is 22 chapters. Great Wilmott’s reminiscences on Birdoswald, Whitby, Excavations will now become a Great Publication, I Chester and Richborough, Bob Croft’s review of hope. Wharram Percy came closest to this ambition perhaps, with some wonderful insight and personal John Schofield stories, not least on those greats of medieval English Heritage

34 The Archaeologist Autumn 2007 Number 65 35 Andrew Petersen of Lampeter University finished READING with a paper on Islam and Archaeology in Britain. READING He reviewed the rich but little known archaeological evidence for Muslims in Britain and their interaction 2007 with British society. This included artefacts from 2007 medieval and later excavations, as well as the period of the British Empire. He also considered Muslim representations in architecture such as the ARCHAEOLOGY Royal Pavilion in Brighton and some of the first Tim Phillips of the Department of Archaeology at mosques to be built in this country by Islamic AND the University of Reading presented the results of immigrants. The discussion highlighted that there is the Inclusive, Accessible, Archaeology project which much in the archaeological record of Britain that INCLUSION was funded by the Higher Education Funding Muslims can relate to and engage with directly. Tim Phillips Council for England (HEFCE) to investigate disability and archaeological fieldwork training. Tim Phillips Through questionnaire surveys, the project team Teaching Development Officer, Department of had established that there were significant numbers Archaeology, University of Reading The last ten years have seen greater emphasis of archaeology students and professional [email protected] placed on social and other forms of inclusion in the archaeologists with a recognised disability. In many work place. Although driven by government cases these are not very visible, being conditions legislation this also reflects changes in such as dyslexia and other hidden disabilities. To contemporary society, with multi-culturalism and tackle the challenge of including disabled students recognition that all members of society have in fieldwork training, the project developed a self- A Turkish gun that, as an inscription on it says, was something to contribute. Archaeology is central to evaluation tool kit with which all students could made by Murad son of Abdullah in 1524 and was this radical shift in many ways. In this session we assess their potential and developing abilities and ‘taken’ in Egypt by the British army in 1801. Now looked at current practical and research projects that archaeological and transferable skills. By displayed in Horseguards Parade, London have been exploring aspects of inclusion in emphasising people’s abilities, what they can do archaeology and heritage. The papers described rather than their disabilities, the tool kit allows an Never too young work with ethnic minorities, disenfranchised social individual to establish where reasonable to get excited by groups and the disabled, as well as the non- adjustments may have to be made to ensure that archaeology. Local professional sector of archaeology. they are included. schoolchildren join a community Rachel Hasted, head of Inclusion and Diversity Sarah Dhanjal, Widening Participation and excavation in their Policy for English Heritage, discussed EH’s Diversity officer at the Institute of Archaeology at park at Shoreditch, developing policy towards inclusion. Britain today University College London, highlighted the fact that organised by is multi-cultural, and yet some groups are under- participation in archaeology does not reflect the LAARC. represented in heritage activities. She considered diversity of today’s society. She spoke about the Photograph: Alison possible reasons for this, whether some groups do initiatives being pursued by the Young Taylor feel excluded, and the nature of ‘Englishness’ today. Archaeologists Club in Camden that were trying to She concluded by asking whether English Heritage encourage youngsters from ethnic minorities to should continue to be called ‘English’ Heritage? become involved and perhaps consider archaeology as a subject to be taken in higher education. Don Henson, education officer for CBA, spoke about the future direction of public archaeology. Shoreditch Park excavations in Hackney formed the He reviewed how archaeology had started as a focus of the talk given by Faye Simpson of the Muslim influence in rich man’s hobby but now attracted diverse University of Exeter. She emphasised that lack of 8th-century England: groups. He argued that, despite mass participation appropriate learning can lead to behavioural a dinar of King Offa in archaeology on television, the reality is difficulties, social exclusion and even criminal struck in Abbasid style. fundamentally about uncovering a small-scale and activity in later life. Inclusion of local people in Photograph: Andrew geographically specific past that belongs to local Hackney who are in danger of being socially Petersen people. True public involvement in archaeology is excluded had had rewarding results, allowing people investigating for themselves, giving meaning participants to learn life skills and build self- to the places in which they live. The increase in confidence and social skills so that they could local groups means that archaeology is no longer become full members of society and train for Getting everyone involved: Great just the preserve of professionals and he saw this employment. She argued that archaeological Ayton Community Archaeology ‘democratisation of archaeology’ as making a fieldwork is the perfect tool to deliver individual Group conducting a survey. positive contribution to the discipline. focused learning. Photograph: Kevin Cale INCLUSION

36 The Archaeologist Autumn 2007 Number 65 37 AAF 2004 A review of standards in England for the READINGcreation, preparation and deposition of archaeological READING archives Montelupo ware dishes and 2007 Aitchison, K and Edwards, R 2003 Archaeology Tazza of mid 17th century 2007 labour market Intelligence: profiling the profession. IFA date, including Cavalier dishes Wheeler, RM 1954 Archaeology from the earth dated between 1620 and 1640. © Pre-Construct FINDS GROUP Archaeology Ltd SESSION PIRATES AND PRIVATEERS AT HOME Spanish rounded and PRESERVATION BY AND AWAY carrot shaped olive Frank Meddens jars dated between PLUNDER? 1600 and 1750. Duncan H Brown During 2000 Pre-Construct Archaeology excavated © Pre-Construct Narrow Street on the Thames waterfront in London, Archaeology Ltd This paper was conceived as an examination of the where building remains with associated pits and Narrow Street site in lot of a museum curator in a commercialised ditches dated from the 16th through to the 18th Limehouse, London. archaeological profession. What emerged was an centuries. Much of the assemblage originated in the © Pre-Construct examination of the current condition of professional Netherlands, France, Germany, Spain, Italy, Portugal, Archaeology Ltd archaeology in Britain based around contemporary Turkey, Iran and China, with many examples that sources, including Profiling the profession (IFA, 2003) have rarely if ever been found before in Britain. and the Review of archive standards (2004), produced by the Archaeological Archives Forum. Quotations The waterfront here was associated with maritime from those were compared with more venerable activities, and occupation coincided with expansion views of archaeology. Some understanding was of English maritime power and with conflict with reached of how things have changed with regard to Spain. Documentary research by Chris Phillpotts our perceptions of the archaeological profession and has demonstrated that inhabitants and owners of our expectations for its progress. This might best be our site were active at sea. Half of them could be summarised by a few of the quotations presented. linked to piracy and privateering, and where no career could be identified links with pirates and ‘Project briefs are not successfully governing privateers were frequently demonstrable FINDS archaeological practice, the resources are not always (inheritance, marriage, business deals etc). During there to enforce them and they are inconsistent from the 16th and 17th centuries the foundations were region to region’ (AAF, 2004). laid for pirate and privateer communities as companies of ‘adventurers’. Places where they ‘…field archaeologists with no knowledge of, or could meet and lodge offered opportunities to interest in, research questions are dictating the scope exchange information and plan joint actions. Within and scale of finds work with the result that finds these social networks pirate culture developed, and reports are no more than catalogues of data devoid an identifiable material culture was associated with of interpretation’ (IFA, 2003). this specific social group. multinational trade practices and relations, random looters who stole more than 3000 ‘...the archaeologist is no mere clerk in a counting- Boundaries between trade, privateering and piracy including aspects of deniability so convenient when excavation-site pieces, and insiders who stole house...Passion, enthusiasm... – that is the basic were often blurred, and successful operators had trade exchanges shade into illegal practices. almost 11,000 cylinder seals and pieces of jewelry.’ quality which our discipline exacts from us. And if mutually beneficial links with the court of Elizabeth you who are entering upon it have no vital urge I. One example was Henry Seckford, 16th-century Modern looting of antiquities such as pillaging of The international antiquities trade is to an extent within, turn, I beg you, to some less human merchant, courtier and privateer, who captured two the National Museum in Baghdad in 2003 has covert. It is for example common practice to quote avocation than the study of mankind. There are Italian ships off the Algarve in 1590. Litigation by aspects in common with ways pirate culture and lower prices in customs documentation than the enough already of the house-painters who ape the the Doge of Venice followed. Two of the privateer privateering operated. Looting and limited actual ones charged in transactions. Common law in artist.’ (Wheeler, 1954) galleons had been commissioned by Elizabeth in protection afforded by US forces followed by many European countries favours the rights of the 1588 but, perhaps not surprisingly, at the time of the intense media interest resulted in detailed innocent buyer of stolen goods and Switzerland has ‘Too much conflict is talked up between consultants, litigation they were no longer registered as investigations. Matthew Bogdanos headed the become a recognisable stopping off point to curators and contractors. It is immature and we belonging to her. Merchant venturer companies and investigations and determined that there had been legitimise ownership of looted antiquities. Britain should move on from these entrenched positions. Our privateering and piracy operations lay the thefts by three distinct groups: ‘professionals who has the second largest art market in the world with profession is not in a healthy state at all’ (IFA, 2003). foundations of modern international and stole several dozen of the most prized treasures, sales totalling just under £3300 million in 2002. GROUP

38 The Archaeologist Autumn 2007 Number 65 39 Archives, Iraq National Museum, and the Museum removal and sale of antiquities is unacceptable. READINGof Fine Art, were ransacked. Looters had the run of • collate data on the sale of illicitly recovered READING the National Museum until returning museum staff archaeological material online and elsewhere chased them off on 12 April. It was not until 16 • collate information on prosecutions and 2007 April that four tanks finally arrived. The official US convictions of ‘heritage crime’. 2007 Defence Department investigation reported that at least 13,864 objects were stolen, of which 5359 have The project is therefore solely concerned been recovered. with those who break the law, not the majority of detectors who follow good Archaeological sites are looted by an assortment of By late 2003 archaeological looting in southern Iraq practice. Incidents of damage from people, from farmers to army units, organised had escalated out of control. There was extensive nighthawking and illicit sale of items criminal gangs to day trippers. Money made by digging at Larsa and hundreds of looters were will be collected by questionnaire looters is chickenfeed compared to that made by reported at work at Adab, Umma and Isin, and (online or paper). Although key antiquities dealers and art buyers. Dealers obtain other sites too had been badly damaged. As the organisations will be contacted, it is their purchases from local middlemen, they security situation has worsened there have been no hoped to attract information from the function on the international stage, share a common systematic surveys, but eye-witness reports and wider public. Some follow-up professional language and culture. Governments satellite photography suggest archaeological looting interviews will also be carried out. have been reluctant to introduce more than limited has continued unabated. After UN Security Council regulation. Resolution 1483 unprovenanced Mesopotamian The questionnaire is available at artefacts offered for sale at the main London and www.nighthawking.thehumanjourney.net What 16th-century pirates have in common with New York auction houses have dropped off to and will stay open until the end of 2007. unethical art dealers, auctioneers, middlemen, art nothing, but they are easily found on the Internet. For further information contact buyers and government officials therefore are a [email protected] IN THE METAL STORE common interest in a specific material culture, In retrospect it is easy to see that during the 1990s WITH A LEAD PIPE… elements of a common culture and language, a political and academic apathy allowed the illegal Jill Hind Roy Stephenson presence in the international market, participation trade in looted Iraqi antiquities to develop and Oxford Archaeology in illegal and illicit trade, and protection by and prosper. Despite the best efforts of a small number [email protected] How can we deal professionally with storage of FINDS collusion with government agencies and powerful of academics and journalists, most of academia and oversize objects? The London Archaeological patrons. the media seemed unaware of what was happening. Archive and Research Centre (LAARC) is well Those profiting from the trade, either commercially known for its serried rows of well ordered boxes, Frank Meddens or academically, looked the other way. If decisive but unfortunately there are objects that do not fit Pre-Construct Archaeology action had been taken in the 1990s to ensure the Roy Stephenson at LAARC, into the standard sizes. These include lead pipes, [email protected] effective enforcement of regulatory controls, the considering the problem one in excess of 2.5m long. For this we proposed a illegal trade in Iraqi antiquities could have been sampling methodology to preserve sufficient for stopped from taking root. Then there would have future analysis of lead and formation. For large WHERE ARE ALL THE been no point in robbing the National Museum in portions of whale bone we use plastic crates. 2003, as there would have been no market for the Waterlogged timbers have always been problematic IRAQI ARTEFACTS GOING? stolen material. in London. Many are sampled for dendro analysis, Neil Brodie but avoiding fungal growth and degradation after Neil Brodie freeze drying is avoided by regular inspection. Before the 1991 Gulf War Iraq’s archaeological Illicit Antiquities Research Centre, Cambridge Worked stone assemblages can always be dealt with heritage was supervised and protected by a large [email protected] by using the phrase ‘take good advice’, and reading and professional Department of Antiquities and Mark Samuels’ recent paper in the Society of remained relatively free of theft and vandalism. In Museum Archaeologists’ newsletter is especially the aftermath of the 1991 war, eleven regional recommended. Pots should not be stuck back museums were broken into and approximately 3000 NIGHTHAWKING together. GROUP artefacts and 484 manuscripts were stolen, of which Jill Hind only 54 have been recovered. By the mid-1990s, the Staff need to be trained properly for the essential focus of destruction had shifted from museums to Oxford Archaeology has been commissioned by processes of ‘manual handling and slinging’, with archaeological sites. English Heritage to investigate nighthawks and slinging in particular only undertaken by trained nighthawking, and the extent of illegal metal and certified staff. Despite the 1990 UN Security Council Resolution detecting, across Britain. Our aims are to 661 there was still a healthy trade in London and The next LAARC open day on the 20 October – all New York of unprovenanced Mesopotamian • produce targeted baseline data on the extent of archaeologists are welcome. artefacts, many no doubt recently looted. It was no damage to the archaeological heritage caused by surprise that in April 2003 many cultural nighthawking Roy Stephenson institutions, including the Iraq National Library and • foster a climate of opinion that the illegal search, LAARC

40 The Archaeologist Autumn 2007 Number 65 41 42 READING 2007 AND REGENERATION © UMAU 20th century 1790s tothemid- buildings spanthe the 1990s. These Works complexin Wallsuches Bleach REGENERATIONGroup Buildings Archaeology REFORM required tounderstand thecontext,historyand Miller Tritton emphasisedthewiderange ofskills variety andchoice.HeatherLindsay ‘city cloning’andlossoflocal distinctiveness, industries withgrantsschemes are vitaltoavoid demonstrated. Policiessuchassupportingcreative (Planning Aid England,RTPI andIHBC) environmental benefits,as Conservation deliverssocial,economicand VALUE ADDED regeneration overthe archaeologists cancontribute toplanningand analysis. Thissessionlookedathowbuildings academic andcommercial potentialofbuildings recently thattheprofession really wokeuptothe archaeology forevenlonger, butitwasmore The IFA’s beenhere for25yearsandbuildings next quarter century. Dave Chetwyn of Purcell remembered too. of heritage;peopleandcommunities mustbe archaeologists thatphysicalremains are onlya part in thefaceofdemolitionproposals. Sylviareminded the significanceofamuch-maligned buildingtype others. Grass-roots opinionwaskeyinarticulating won thesupportofCBA,EnglishHeritageand save terracedhousesatWhitefield,Nelson,and spearheaded asuccessfulcommunitycampaignto Under Threat (www.fightforourhomes.com) Bleachworks, BoltonbyMikeNevell In practice,buildingsanalysisatWallsuches to changeandinformfuture managementdecisions. significance ofbuildings,toidentifyvulnerability highlighted inhispaper. the increased democracythatDaveChetwyn alongside communityinvolvement,responding to Multi-disciplinary workingneedstotakeplace HERITAGEA WIDER archaeologists. multifaceted understandinggainedby single periodofabuilding’shistory, overridingthe authenticity andthedangersofconcentratingona Williamsburg, Virginia. Thisraisesquestionsof PalaceatColonial 18th- centuryGovernor’s buildings were demolished in1933torebuild the interpreters toguidebooks. 19thand20th-century favoured overconservation, andcostumed rather thanarchaeologists, reconstruction is has beentheconcernofarchitectural historians approach intheUSA,where thestudyofbuildings (University ofLeicester)describedaverydifferent their separateidentities). work together, aslongspecialtiesdon’tlose and IHBCshould the boldsuggestionthatIFA cover awiderrangeofexpertise(heevenmade approach. Project teamsmustworkflexiblyand and nowneedsanincreasingly multi-disciplinary expanded intosignificantnewareas ofinterest Heritage andRICS.Conservationofbuildinghas challenged by The traditionalapproach toconservationwas MULTI-DISCIPLINARY WORK more effective? regeneration, buthowdowemaketheprocess So buildingsarchaeology cancontributeto Reading University. of Reading,arrangedbyPaulinaDrzewinska more examplesofregeneration initiativesonatour to early20thcentury, amodelofreuse. We saw within anindustrialtextilecomplexofthelate18th design. Theresult isanewcommunitybased from retention ofhistoricfabrictoinformingthe of Manchester)effectively shapedthenewscheme, Stephen Bond, Sylvia Wilson Marilyn Palmer The Archaeologist TFT Cultural (University of Homes of • • • • challenges: development, andsocialpolicy. We identifiedthe archaeology intheworldofregeneration, considered debateaboutthe role ofbuildings Jason Wood FUTURE CHALLENGES and urbanareas. already identifyingbuffer zonesforhistoricsites Sites onunderstandingculturallandscapesis Work relating toUNESCOandWorld Heritage as torespect andenhance theirvaluetosociety’. change was definedas‘theproper managementof technological advances.Sustainableconservation only theimpactsofglobalwarmingand Chetwyn drew attentionto theworldview, andnot principles toeverythingaround us.HeandDave flagging upthewaysweshouldapplyconservation intangible considerationssuchasculturalvalues, Stephen Bondelaboratedontheimportanceof © CatherineCavanagh included itsmedieval abbey. historian andauthor, Adam Sowan, local A tourofReadingledby Autumn 2007 Number 65 identification ofbuffer zones new approaches toheritageprotection, including to usersandoccupiers a shiftinthefocusofheritage sitesfrom visitors government, especiallyDCMS andDCLG accompanied bymore interconnected community andmanagementneeds, increased democracy, accommodating landscapes contribution ofintangibleandcultural value-based management,understandingthe in andaround historicplaces andspaces,so , HeritageConsultancyServices,leda use and READING [email protected] Catherine Cavanagh, Victoria CountyHistory • • • • • • the profession willneedto To berelevant towiderhistoricenvironment work, © CatherineCavanagh abroad (www.millsarchive.com) and water millsoftheUKand House holdsinformationonwind The Mills Archive at Watlington experienced. to doajobforwhichthey’re notqualifiedor working closelytogetherbutshouldnotattempt increase training.Professionals benefitfrom with related interests ensure co-operationbetween professional bodies awareness ofwidercontexts use multi-disciplinaryteamstoincrease Records support increased useofHistoricEnvironment development is notseenasabarriertoinvestmentand and environmental impactofheritage,sothatit undertake more research onthesocial,economic and communicationatalllevels raise itsprofile, through increased promotion 2007

43 REFORM improvements, which would substantially reduce opinion. An effective methodology must start from a READINGnoise and visual intrusion at some sites but increase sensitive understanding of how a particular site READING them at others. George Lambrick drew attention to ‘works’ in its landscape context, but must also be other potential impacts of road developments, such systematic and rigorous. 2007 as severance of access routes and lines of sight. 2007 Sandy Kidd discussed how, as Buckinghamshire LANDSCAPE CHARACTER ASSESSMENT County Archaeologist, he approached mitigation Differences over the criteria we use are even more and management of the effects of suburban problematic. For a start, there is little agreement on THE SETTING OF expansion on the landscape setting of Quarrendon, the definition of setting, which is often equated with a DMV and Tudor mansion near Aylesbury. From a the views from and towards the site. George CULTURAL HERITAGE Scottish perspective, as Lily Linge and Krysia Lambrick saw this as the wrong starting point, since Glorious setting: the Campbell made clear, wind energy currently poses setting has more to do with physical fabric and Edinburgh skyline. FEATURES the greatest challenge: with at least 500 applications comprises elements of topography, vegetation, built © Headland Paul Masser in Scotland to date, windfarms will have a radical environment, routes and approaches that contribute Archaeology impact on upland landscapes. Careful assessment to intrinsic character. Landscape character and strategic planning are essential to ensure that assessment is often ignored and conflated with the historic landscape can accommodate this visual assessment, but it is a powerful tool for Planning guidance says that heritage sites should be change. identifying elements that contribute to setting. preserved ‘in an appropriate setting’. This sounds Applying the rubric of EIA is not straightforward straightforward, but how do we define this setting? SENSITIVE BUT RIGOROUS and can lead to some abstruse, though necessary, Are there consistent criteria? This session was In the absence of clear guidance, consultancies have debates. For instance, there is confusion over the planned to highlight divergences in opinion and developed their own methodologies for setting, term ‘receptor’: should it refer to the physical site, practice rather than hope for instant consistency. producing results that are not necessarily people visiting the site, the wider landscape or all comparable. The methodology used for the A303 three? What criteria should be used to determine In the short term, however, we have to work within FRAMEWORK FOR SETTING Stonehenge Environmental Statement, for example, ‘sensitivity’? Criteria for determining the the existing framework of planning guidance, and Setting is often the issue of greatest concern for key relies on scoring systems and matrices. This ‘magnitude’ of an impact, along with related terms this involves getting to grips with setting. Many heritage sites affected by developments: changes to approach is systematic and allows easy comparison such as ‘dominant’ or ‘noticeable’, also need delegates expressed their frustration with the valued landscapes provoke passionate debate that of alternative options, as required by the EIA definition. Finally, cumulative impacts from multiple current situation, and there was agreement that can become entrenched and acrimonious if handled process but, as other speakers argued, over-reliance developments are seldom assessed effectively. guidelines on best practice are an urgent matter. insensitively. There is therefore a strong case for a on quantitative methods gives an illusion of Stephen Carter, concluding the session, suggested framework within which setting and historic objectivity. Analyses may appear rather dry, abstract ‘CONTEXT’ NOT ‘SETTING’? that Headland Archaeology could mediate further How to destroy an landscape effects can be discussed in a balanced and remote from the embodied, holistic experience Setting is a deeply problematic concept. Graham discussion, and we have a growing mailing list of historic setting – and impartial way. of place that is the core of most people’s Fairclough advocated ‘setting aside setting’, people and organisations interested in participating traffic at Stonehenge. appreciation of landscape. But reliance on common proposing ‘context’ as a more useful term for in such an initiative. © Gerry Wait, Jim Keyte described the methodology used by sense description and professional judgement can describing the ideas that ‘setting’ has tried, and Gifford Gifford to assess the proposed A303 Stonehenge make assessment little more than a matter of generally failed, to capture about a site’s The next step will be to set up a Working Party to relationship with its landscape. Recent advances in commission a draft document for interested parties landscape thinking, expressed in the European to discuss. If you would like to contribute Landscape Convention, and use of methods such as suggestions or offers of help please contact Stephen Assessment of a Historic Landscape Characterisation, stress the Carter ([email protected]). skyline: the view interconnectedness of landscape, whereas setting from Tantallon, East reinforces a point-centred approach which Paul Masser Lothian. © Headland landscape archaeology has left behind. [email protected] Archaeology HERITAGE CULTURAL

44 The Archaeologist Autumn 2007 Number 65 45 READING READING 2007 2007

OUR SENSES AND A SENSE OF PLACE For me, it is explicit that if we have profound PARASITE OR PARTNER? questions about our relationship with landscape, and for what it can reveal for us the eye is useful CONTEMPORARY ART’S RELATIONSHIP only up to a point. After this other senses must TO ARCHAEOLOGY come into the equation. The ears serve to alert us to changes in physical material as the trowel runs over Simon Callery and through it. Vibration through the trowel is a direct and physical indicator of changes in soils, fills or natural that the eye cannot always detect This paper looks at the relationship between through the traditions of depiction but rather in especially in changing light and weather conditions. contemporary art and archaeology in the creating work that I think of as an equivalent This strengthens my gut feeling that the stress in the context of the Thames Gateway Project, an experience. Specifically, I am looking for ways of visual arts – as made evident by the very term – AHRC fellowship carried out in eliciting a parallel response to mine on site. The actually establishes the parameters of what can be communicated and sets limits to what can be collaboration with Oxford Archaeology. excavation site holds clues in the rich and varied gained. For art (and archaeology) to really The research objective is to investigate material, colouration and textural forms of pits and gullies, trenches and sections. Excavation sites are communicate a sense of place it must engage the how we respond to landscape in change very particularly places where I am sensitised to attention of all our senses or it will risk limiting the within the Thames Gateway regeneration temporality, connected to past human activity and range of what can be expressed. zone, through contemporary art. am aware of my place within its continuity. That Traditionally, landscape-based art has excavation sites are bound physically and Simon Callery played the role of guardian to a notion of conceptually to temporality in such a tangible way makes me ambitious that this element be a defining landscape as enduring. I am concerned with Tall Cadmium Red Painting. 2007. © Simon Callery the reality that landscapes are constantly quality communicated by my artwork. changing – as they have done throughout ADAPTING TO COMMUNICATE history – reflecting our changing needs and As a painter it is my opinion that painting must Round Painting (Red Deep). 2007. demands. adapt to communicate new ideas and experiences if © Simon Callery it has a chance of enduring. I am frustrated with the LANDSCAPE AS CONTEMPORARY ART traditions that define painting exclusively as the My involvement with archaeology has primarily domain of the eye. In my work an ambition has been through time spent on excavations, most developed to find new forms for painting that can recently with OA in Kent. On site I am in a position convey a broader sensory-based equivalent of place. to witness the process of excavation and to confront Since imagery, picture making and illusionistic the physical and material changing landscape values have been thrown out of my painting there directly as a subject for contemporary art. It is not exists no obstacle to question conventions of difficult to understand why an artist might be presentation. My new paintings need not hang at attracted to working with archaeologists – but to eye level but may be found on the floor, low on the what extent does an insight into the work of a wall or in the corners of rooms. They activate the contemporary artist resonate across the discipline architectural space around them and ask the viewer and inform the work of an archaeologist? Rather not to be static but to be drawn close to examine than drawing conclusions I intend to describe the edges, to peer into the body of the opened stretchers point where my experience of excavation dissolves and sub-frames and to measure their perceptions into the process of art making. against the fully pigment-saturated cloth. If all is well the sense of place migrates and becomes RICH AND VARIED MATERIAL internalised as the viewers perceptive route leads I understand the excavation site as a sculptural into themselves, radically shifting the dynamic, environment. I see it as a model for what my rendering the works invisible and the art forgotten. artwork seeks to achieve, not only in form and In the presence of these new works I find a parallel material but also in the character of the response I with my experience of quietly sitting by a recently hope to nurture. I am not interested in doing this excavated Iron Age storage pit. PARASITE PARTNER

46 The Archaeologist Autumn 2007 Number 65 47 MULTI-INSTRUMENTAL GEEP READING Ian Hill, University of Leicester, described a new READING technique using a multi-instrument array or GEEP (Geophysical Exploration Equipment Platform), 2007 product of a joint project by Leicester University 2007 and Geomatrix Earth Science Ltd (and here began a little competition between geophysicists in the room as to who could drive fastest!). The advantage of the BELLS, WHISTLES & GEEP system is that up to six different sensors NEW DEVELOPMENTS: EXTENDING (magnetic/resistance/EM, or combinations of these) HORIZONS MACHINES THAT GO PING! can be towed across a site simultaneously, at a rate The session finished by looking forward to future of up to 5ha per day. Instrumentation and mode of geophysical developmental possibilities and at RECENT ADVANCES IN & APPLICATION OF survey (density of sampling) can be varied to suit ways archaeologists should adapt their questioning ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE circumstances, and the output viewed in real time, and broaden their horizons. Chris Gaffney, allowing flexible and immediate response to survey University of Birmingham, drew attention to the A three fluxgate sensor cart-based system, an and/or mitigation strategy. We were shown new technologies being applied, and to the greater Jane Siddell, Andrew David and Vanessa Straker innovation discussed by Chris Gaffney. The impressive examples from Wroxeter, West Heslerton breadth of investigation they offer. Increasing direction of the traverse is kept on course by RTK and Northmoor, where there was good correlation emphasis on multiple geophysical sensors, where DGPS and the actual measurement positions are with more conventional data. greater sensitivity and sample resolution can be located to a few centimetres. There is no need to combined with ever-faster ground coverage, was re- establish an accurate grid before the magnetometer CHANGING LINCOLNSHIRE emphasised. In addition, Lidar and ground-based data are collected. Photograph: Richard Cutler Michael Wood, Archaeological Project Services, laser scanning offer a fine-tuned topographic spoke on environmental change across a dimension and more integrated digital presentation QUAD BIKES AND GPS Lincolnshire landscape settled in the Roman period. and analysis. For instance, modern imaging Tim Archer, of Arrow Geophysics, introduced radar, The Fenlands have always been susceptible to software and commercial seismic data have allowed outlining some of the disadvantages of the environmental change, but the land is highly virtual reconstruction of buried submarine technique, which has been over-sold in the past, but productive and worth exploiting. The difficulties of landscapes below the North Sea. Like the new also stressing its usefulness in urban contexts and dating Late Iron Age and Roman sites are well chronological resolution offered by Bayesian Tim Archer on a for imaging deep archaeology in three dimensions. known and the techniques used in this case methods in scientific dating, such new ‘mechanical horse’ He advocated using a radar antenna towed behind a included conventional artefactual dating plus developments in exploration and analysis (quad bike) which quad bike for increased speed and ground coverage, archaeomagnetism applied to a saltern, combined dramatically extend the horizons of archaeological improves survey with a GPS receiver to grab real time 3D positioning with optically stimulated luminescence and enquiry. productivity, while data. This saves gridding-out time and enormously radiocarbon dating in both settled areas and creek radar is combined

increases the rate of data collection, so radar can be sediments formed before and after settlement. Jane Sidell, Andrew David and Vanessa Straker with centimetre- WHISTLES used on multi-hectare sites at evaluation. Case Bayesian modelling was used to refine standard English Heritage accurate GPS. studies included a Franciscan Friary in Winchelsea chronological frameworks to answer archaeological Photograph: Ian and Roman temple buildings near Chichester. questions. The paper also showed that thorough Allison understanding of environmental change assists DATING QUESTIONS interpretation of archaeological events – multi- Jane Sidell, Alex Bayliss (English Heritage) and proxy environmental analysis which showed how The session concentrated on recent advances in Chris Thomas (MoLAS) used St Mary Spital in the environment changed and shifted, leaving some archaeological science which are relevant to the London as an exemplar of use of Bayesian parts of the site unusual at certain times. commercial world. modelling. The technique was advocated because it can save money and increase the chronological OFFSHORE ENVIRONMENTS David Dungworth (English Heritage) opened by resolution on your site. The point was that we Stuart Leather, Wessex Archaeology, took us focusing on techniques which identify processes should no longer be dating ‘things’ but dating underwater to demonstrate that the offshore and products on glass works and metal smelting questions; for example, when were people first environment is now accessible to archaeologists furnaces, showcasing new English Heritage buried at St Mary Spital? Bayesian modelling can through marine geophysics and geotechnical data guidance (www.helm.org.uk/upload/pdf/Science- assist in this, as well as providing dates for material available from clients. He showed how a Historic-Industries.pdf) applicable to post-medieval submitted. If the stratigraphic model is suitably combination of geophysics and geotechnical industrial sites. He showed that many early robust and samples are selected well, then date modelling could be used to select locations for industrialists jealously guarded their techniques, so ranges may be estimated for questions for which no drilling vibrocores to test the models produced. these were not always recorded. He demonstrated physical material exists, for instance, the Case studies included modelling and tracking how long-established laboratory techniques can be construction date of the stone charnel house. This Pleistocene deposits off the East Anglian coast. Such used to reconstruct historic processes even where paper showed that the cost of really tight dating and cores enable detailed palaeoenvironmental analysis, the evidence is locked in uninspiring lumps of slag the ability to answer an unexpectedly wide range of and of course the potential for dating horizons (see TA 64, 50–51). questions could be below 1% of excavation costs. initially observed in the geophysical dataset. BELLS

48 The Archaeologist Autumn 2007 Number 65 49 these raw materials in sufficient detail and that READINGmodern computer drawings can fail to match the New members detail of pencil. He stressed that current commercial environments, with increased job fluidity, have led 2007 to loss of in-house expertise, and that standards of teaching for recording have declined. He argued ELECTED Member (MIFA) Associate (AIFA) Practitioner (PIFA) Affiliate Student that recording can be done to a higher standard on David Adams Katharine Barber Darren Baker David Brookes Rachel Baldwin the foreshore, after recovery, rather than Robert Armour- Mark Beattie- Sandra Bonsall Mark Farry Steven Black MARITIME underwater. Chelu Edwards John Brown Gary Jenkins Richard Bradley Paul Belford Michael Boyle Samantha Colclough Kelly Madigan Hannah Clews ARCHAEOLOGY Nigel Nayling agreed, and advocated use of Colin Berks Julia Candy Ian Cook Sam Riches Rachel Cruse GROUP SESSION computerised recording as an additional tool for Paul Bidwell Niall Donald Rebecca Crawford Agnieszka Sadraei Shirley Curtis 3D interpretation, manipulation and understanding, James Bonnor Bruce Eaton Eoin Fitzsimmons Robert Smisson Shana Dooley rather than a replacement for pencil drawings. As David Bowsher Emma Firth Sarah Green Paul Smith Chris Gibbs ship and boat remains need a high level of Valerie Diez Toby Gane Sarah Holland Ashley Strutt Elfreda Gibson- THREE SHEETS TO THE WIND? interpretation they require a high level of Ben Ford Emily Glass Stephen Laurie- Kathryn Tidd Poole NATIONAL STRATEGIES FOR understanding by the recorder. This is still true Mark Hinman Richard Greene Lynch Philip Tidy Annie Hamitton- when using equipment such as Faro arms on the Isabel Holroyd Alison James Chloë Lewis Nicholas Waloff Gibney SHIP AND BOAT REMAINS Newport ship. Julia Huddle Christiane Jonathan Millward Kate Jopling Richard Jones Meckseper Emma Rouse Emma Lawler Mark Littlewood Martyn Heighton, National Historic Ships Michael Lewis William Mitchell Julia Sulikowska James Lawton Committee, outlined challenges posed with Richard Lewis Jody Morris Julia Meen recording, preserving or deconstructing historic Jonathan Lowe Katie Murphy Roisin Miskelly ships. Remains should be recorded as found rather David McOmish Peter Pritchard Helen Parvin To complement the new IFA Standards and guidance than to ship architectural standards. Agreeing with Natasha Powers Martin Railton Kevin Paton for the recording and reconstruction of nautical Damian and Nigel that hand-recording is more Robert Read Simon Roper Amanda Penfold archaeological remains MAG held a session on intuitive, Douglas McElvogue outlined how Peter Rowsome Kathleen Sayer Rosy Phillipson national strategies for ship and boat remains. The modern naval architecture methods can provide David Score Lucy Talbot Nicola Redhead speakers addressed approaches, issues and incorrect solutions to ancient ship and boat remains. Nick Shepherd Roger Roper challenges for recording ship and boat remains. This was demonstrated by a new reconstruction of Gary Trimble Neil Sandilands the Mary Rose, which discarded the original bow Paul White Gill Scott Damian Goodburn argued that maritime reconstruction provided using modern standard Richard Shakles archaeology is lagging behind terrestrial and inter- naval architecture methods, resulting in a Heather Smith tidal archaeology in wood archaeology and timber reconstruction closer to the one depicted in the Cynthianne Spiteri recording and that this situation has declined since Anthony Roll. Matthew Tilley the high point of the Graveney boat back in the TRANSFERS Member (MIFA) Associate (AIFA) Practitioner (PIFA) Affiliate Timothy Tyler 1970s. He argued that it is fundamental to record Finally, Anthony Firth presented approaches Clifford Bateman Grzegorz Kalwak Annette Hughes Imogen Sambrook Sophie Unger developed by Wessex Archaeology for management Brigitte Buss Heather Lindsay David Stewart Kayleigh Whiting MAG of ship and boat recording projects. These have Kevin Colls Tina Tapply Tom Williams been developed within the framework of contract Mark Dunkley Vasileios Tsamis archaeology to demonstrate to consultants and Rachel Hall clients the requirements of maritime remains and Melanie Johnson the process of investigation. Roderick Mackenzie These papers provided context for discussion of Blair Poole the new IFA Standard and guidance, which will act as John Trehy a top-level strategic tool within which individual Mark Williams recording methods can be developed.

Mark Littlewood

Toby Jones using Faro Arm and Rhino to record timber at the Newport Ship Project. © Newport Museums and Heritage MEMBERS

50 The Archaeologist Autumn 2007 Number 65 51 Members news

Gwilym Hughes (MIFA 892) and Ken Murphy Hedley Swain (MIFA 424) (MIFA 666) This May Hedley Swain was appointed head of This summer saw changes at Cadw and Cambria Museum Policy for the Museums, Libraries and when Gwilym Hughes, director of Cambria, Archives Council (MLA), charged with delivering succeeded the late Richard Avent as Chief Inspector policies for the long-term transformation of museums of Ancient Monuments and Historic Buildings for services in England. Hedley has been head of Early Cadw, and Ken Murphy became trust director of History and Collections at the Museum of London Cambria. since 1998, overseeing creation of two new permanent galleries and also the LAARC and the Centre for After studying archaeology at Southampton, Human Bioarchaeology at London Museum. Hedley Gwilym excavated in Italy and Wales and then has been chair of the Society of Museum worked in Zimbabwe, establishing conservation Archaeologists (SMA) and the Archaeological programmes at the World Heritage sites of Great Archives Forum, he is currently the editor for SMA Zimbabwe and Khami. Back in Britain he directed and Meetings Secretary for the Royal Archaeological excavations for Birmingham University, publishing Institute. He is a member of the Museums numerous books and articles. In 2000 he returned to Association Ethics Committee and convenor of the his native Wales to take over Cambria Archaeology. Human Remains Subject Specialist Network.

Ken Murphy joined Cambria Archaeology in 1979 on a six-week contract and has worked there ever Bruce Eaton (AIFA) since. Working initially on late prehistoric sites, he Bruce Eaton has just joined IFA after working as a has developed an interest in late-18th and early- professional archaeologist since 1998, being 19th century picturesque landscapes. Recently he involved in over 150 fieldwork projects which has returned to late prehistory, undertaking surveys included Glastonbury and Wells Cathedral. He is of hill-forts and defended enclosures across south also a small finds illustrator with a particular west Wales and excavation and survey on Iron Age interest in the post-Roman/Early Medieval period. enclosures in Pembrokeshire and Ceredigion. He has just left C&N Hollinrake Ltd in Glastonbury after many years to become freelance, and is keen to hear about any interesting projects in the South West. Contact: [email protected]. Kate Clark (MIFA 861) Kate Clark has just left the Heritage Lottery Fund to set up her own business, Kate Clark Associates. Kate graduated from Cambridge in Palaeolithic Bob Bewley (MIFA 231) archaeology although she ended up more interested Bob Bewley joined the Heritage Lottery Fund as in industrial topics. After graduating she worked in Director of Operations this May. Greece, Honduras, Kenya and Zanzibar (and Prior to this he was regional director for English Repton and St Albans), and had a brief stint at the Heritage in the South West, and before that was BBC before becoming archaeologist for Ironbridge head of survey for English Heritage. He studied Gorge, running the field unit. Moving to CBA, she archaeology at Manchester and Cambridge, and was their conservation officer for two years and spent much of his career specialising in aerial then joined EH. As head of Historic Environment archaeology with RCHME, an interest he maintains Management she was the author of Informed with flying projects in Jordan and other countries. Conservation (EH, 2001). At HLF she was involved in developing guidance for managing heritage sites, evaluating heritage projects and programmes and Robina McNeil (MIFA 709) looking at the economic and social benefits of Just as we were going to press we heard the sad heritage conservation. In her new role she offers news that Robina McNeil, head of the Greater help with conservation planning, research and Manchester Archaeological Unit, stalwart of our evaluation, heritage problems and training. Buildings Archaeology Group before her illness, has Contact [email protected] died of cancer. A fuller appreciation will be in next TA. MEMBERS

52 The Archaeologist