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Frank Jacob Emma Goldman and the Russian Revolution Frank Jacob Emma Goldman and the Russian Revolution From Admiration to Frustration This book has been published in Open Access Format thanks to financial support from Nord Universitet, Norway ISBN 978-3-11-067928-1 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-067940-3 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-067949-6 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License. International For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-nd/4.0/. Library of Congress Control Number: 2020916180 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available from the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2020 Frank Jacob, published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Cover Illustration: Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman around 1917–1919, Wikimedia Commons Print and Binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck www.degruyter.com ForEmma, whose ideas will be important as long as there is no equality and no freedom for all. Contents Introduction 1 Emma Goldman’sIdentity: Anarchist, Anarcha-Feminist, Publicist, and Revolutionary 17 The Anarchist 22 The Anarcha-Feminist 31 The Publicist 45 The Revolutionary 51 Early Perceptions of the Russian Revolution 57 Anarchism and the Russian Revolution 60 The International Anarchists and the Russian Revolution 66 Goldman and Early Perceptions of the Russian Revolution 74 Trial and Deportation 85 Arrival and Life in Russia 119 Against Bolshevism 143 No Support for Anti-Bolshevist Emma 177 Conclusion 211 Works Cited 217 Unpublished Sources 217 Newspapers and Other Periodicals 217 Published Primaryand Secondary Works 218 Index of Persons 233 Index of Places 235 1Introduction Revolution is the negation of the existing, aviolent protest against man’sinhumanity to man with all the thousand and one slaveries it involves. It is the destroyer of dominant val- ues upon which acomplex systemofinjustice, oppression, and wrong has been built up by ignoranceand brutality.Itisthe herald of NEW VALUES, usheringinatransformation of the basic relations of man to man, and of man to society.Itisnot amerereformer,patching up some social evils;not amerechangerofforms and institutions;not onlyare-distributor of social well-being. It is all that,yet more, much more. It is, first and foremost,the TRANS- VALUATOR,the bearerofnew values. It is the great TEACHER of the NEW ETHICS, inspiring man with anew concept of life and its manifestations in social relationships.Itisthe men- tal and spiritual regenerator.¹ Emma Goldman (1869–1940) was atrue believer in the power of revolutions to createanew world as well as anew society and thereby,regardless of being an anarchist,inawayfollowed the basic consideration of Friedrich Engels (1820 – 1895) that “the right for revolution is […]the onlytrue ‘historical right’”² for ev- eryone. Although she might have disagreed that arevolution, according to En- gels, wasthe base for this right and at the same time needed amodern state for it to be expressed.For manyofher earlybiographers,Goldman was a “chal- lengingrebel,”³ even a “rebel in paradise,”⁴ because she contested astate, name- ly the United States,that for manyresembled the values of liberty much more than Goldman’scountry of origin, i.e. Czarist Russia.However,the famous fe- male anarchist’slife, to quote American Women’sStudies scholar Loretta Ken- singer, “spanned manyimportantmoments of social upheaval in the United States” and as an “anarchist,aradical, aJewishimmigrant escapingthe increas- ing repression of Czarist Russia, she rose to be one of the most infamous figures of her times.”⁵ Due to her steadypolitical activism, or radicalism depending on Emma Goldman, My Further DisillusionmentinRussia (Garden City,NY: Doubleday, Pageand Co., 1924),https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/emma-goldman-my-further-disillusionment-in- russia. Friedrich Engels, “EinleitungzuKarl Marx, Klassenkämpfe in Frankreich 1848 bis 1850 (1895),” in Marx-Engels-Werke,vol. 22 (Berlin: Dietz, 1956‐), 524, citedinManfred Kossok, “Im Gehäuse der selbstverschuldeten Unmündigkeit oder Umgang mit der Geschichte,” in Manfred Kossok, Sozialismus an der Peripherie: Späte Schriften,ed. Jörn Schütrumpf (Berlin: Dietz, 2016), 80.All translations from German, if not stated otherwise, aremyown. Joseph Ishill, Emma Goldman: AChallenging Rebel (Berkeley Heights,NJ: Oriole Press, 1957). RichardDrinnon, Rebel in Paradise: ABiography of Emma Goldman (Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1982 [1961]). Loretta Kensinger, “Radical Lessons:Thoughts on Emma Goldman, Chaos,Grief, and Political Violence Post-9/11/01,” Feminist Teacher 20,no. 1(2009): 52. OpenAccess. ©2020 Frank Jacob, published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative CommonsAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110679403-001 2 1Introduction one’sperspective,Goldman, almost60years after Allen Guttmann’sevaluation, still ranks among “the most famousofAmericanradicals.”⁶ In contrast to the radical imageoften attached to Goldman by her political enemies, Britishjour- nalist Henry W. Nevinson (1856–1941) introduced her at “Foyle’stwenty-ninth literaryluncheon” in London on 1March 1933 as a “real championoffreedom” and “awoman who has devoted all her life, amidst terrible suffering, indignities and loss to the cause of freedom and freedom alone.”⁷ The imageofEmma Gold- man was ambivalent,tosay the least,during her life, and it has remained am- bivalent until today. Very often, she was referred to as a “Queen of the Anarchists”⁸ or the “most dangerous anarchist in America,”⁹ while some characterized her as a “cultural radical”¹⁰ or simply “aborn refusenik.”¹¹ Hailed by feminist historians like Alice Wexler and Clare Hemmings as “one of the most respected members of an international radical movement”¹² as well as “the larger-than-life anarchist activist and political thinker”¹³ within the history of Americanradicalismingen- eral, and Americananarchism in particular,her contemporaries likethe German anarchist Rudolf Rocker (1873 – 1958)¹⁴ also claimed her to be “without anydoubt one of the most outstanding and curious personalities”¹⁵ of her time. Eventually, Allen Guttmann, “Jewish Radicals,Jewish Writers,” TheAmerican Scholar 32, no. 4(1963): 563. Emma Goldman, “An Anarchist Looks at Life,” text of aspeech by Emma Goldman,held at Foyle’stwenty-ninth literary luncheon (London, UK), March 1, 1933,Emma GoldmanPapers, In- ternational Institutefor Social History,Amsterdam (henceforth EGP-IISH), No. 191,3. Shari Rabin, “‘The Advent of aWestern Jewess’:Rachel Frank and Jewish Female Celebrity in 1890s America,” in “Gender and Jewish Identity,” special issue, Nashim: AJournal of Jewish Women’sStudies &Gender Issues 22 (2011): 121; AndreaRich and Arthur L. Smith, Rhetoric of Rev- olution (Durham, NC: Moore, 1979),60. KathyE.Ferguson, Emma Goldman: Political Thinking in the Streets (Lanham, MD:Rowman & Littlefield,2011), 21. Robert Wolfe, Remember to Dream: AHistoryofJewishRadicalism (New York: Jewish Radical Education Project,1994), 11. Vivian Gornick, Emma Goldman: Revolution as aWay of Life (New Haven, CT:Yale University Press, 2011), 3. AliceWexler, Emma Goldman: An Intimate Life (New York: PantheonBooks, 1984), xv. ClareHemmings, Considering Emma Goldman: Feminist Political Ambivalece and the Imagi- nativeArchive (Durham, NC/London: DukeUniversity Press,2018), 1. On Rocker’slife and work, see William J. Fishman, East End JewishRadicals 1875–1914 (Lon- don: Five Leaves, 2004 [1975]), 229–310;Mina Graur, An Anarchist “Rabbi”:The Life and Teach- ings of Rudolf Rocker (New York: St.Martin’sPress,1997); Peter Wienand, Der “geborene” Rebell: Rudolf Rocker Leben und Werk (Berlin: KKV,1981). Rudolf Rocker, “ZumGeleit,” in Emma Goldman, Die Ursachen des Niederganges der russi- schen Revolution (Berlin: Der Syndikalist,1922),3. 1Introduction 3 as Alice Wexler correctlyevaluates, Goldman’s “name became ahousehold word, synonymous with everythingsubversive and demonic, but also symbolic of the ‘new woman’ and of the radical labor movement”¹⁶ and she is consequentlyre- memberedtoday, although not as intenselyasshe probablydeserves, as “one of the most influential and self-revealing radical activistsinthe United States.”¹⁷ The fact that she livedanextraordinarilyand often intriguing as well as eventful life, however,atthe same time led to the fact,associologists Jeffrey Shantzand Dana M. Williams highlighted afew years ago, that “[m]ost of the academic work on Emma Goldman has focused overwhelminglyonher life and personal biog- raphy.”¹⁸ At the sametime, the famous anarchist’spolitical ideas, besides those in relation to feminism, have often been treated rather superficiallyby scholars discussing her biographyfrom aspecific angle.¹⁹ Indeed, one can onlyagree with Donna M. Kowal’sassessment that there have been “manyvivid characterizations of Goldman”²⁰ thatlinked her life to the events that caused her radical existence,as, to quote Jewish Studies scholar Gerald Sorin, “she was in her politics aproduct of the rapid economic disloca- tions in late nineteenth-century Russia,virulent Russianantisemitism, and her own proletarization.”²¹ Since Richard Drinnon’sbiography, Rebel in Paradise, was published in 1961, manyscholars from different disciplines have dealt with Emma Goldman from different perspectives, and sources that cover parts AliceWexler, Emma Goldman
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