CHAPTER 3 APPENDIX C: Hazard Summary Maps for the State of Hawai‘i

Hazard Map Explanation The following maps were copied directly from the Coastal Hazard Atlas (Source: Fletcher III, Charles, Eric Grossman, and Bruce Richmond. Atlas of Natural Hazards in the Hawaiian Coastal Zone. 2000. Funded by State of Office of Planning, Coastal Zone Management Program and Coastal and Marine Geology Program U.S. Geological Survey) for use in thinking about hazard mitigation activities that should occur in these areas.

The summary maps show four general types of hazards that may be linked with stronger hazard events. These maps show tsunami inundation, stream flooding, high winds, and damaging high waves, and provide a general history of these event occurrences collected through extensive research from various sources. Although the histories only go back to the 1800s and are not exhaustive, they do show that certain areas have an increased likelihood of certain types of hazard occurrences. (Given the small size of Hawaii State, an area that does not have a prerecorded history of a natural hazard occurrence does not preclude it from being affected in the future).

In the atlas, a second set of maps (not reprinted in this document because these maps appear in each of the county mitigation plans and are accessible online and in the atlas) shows the communities in sections approximately 5 to 7 miles in length, with colored bands that rank the relative intensity of each hazard at the adjacent shoreline. Darker sections of the band indicate higher intensity. These bands have been labeled as follows, from the inner coastal band to the outer band:

G: Geology - B=Beach; S=Stream; R=Rocky; H=Headland; D=Developed; fr=fringing reef; br=barrier reef; e=embayed coast; w=wetland. CS: Coastal Slope T: Tsunami SF: Stream Flooding W: High Waves S: E: Erosion SL: Sea Level V/S: Volcanic/Seismic

The intensity readings are APPROXIMATIONS, based on the best available scientific evidence. In many cases, data is limited or not available, which is the reason that the authors of the hazard atlas did not pinpoint the exact location of the hazards, but used the intensity bars to show likelihood. Table 2 explains the intensity rankings. Again, the lack of evidence or data does not mean that a specific hazard will never occur in the area. Therefore, it is important to prepare inclusive hazard mitigation plans that will deal with a variety of contingencies.

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Table 2. Hazard Intensity Rank Definitions

Low (1) Moderately Low Moderately High High (4) (2) (3) Tsunami No history of History of Minor History of major History of major Inundation tsunami activity flooding (<10 ft. flooding (>10 ft. flooding (>10 ft. and no reasonable elev.); future elev.) but elev.) with basis for expected flooding hazard is historical damage, significant activity. low because of a and expected damage because steep coastal zone future damage is of a moderate (>45%) or some slight because the slope. other mitigating steep coastal zone factor (tsunami slope (>45%) barrier). makes development unlikely. Coastal No history of History of Abundance of Historically high Stream coastal stream nondamaging streams and high flood damage on Flooding flooding and no flooding where seasonal rainfall gentle slope, reasonable basis streams or in watershed watershed rainfall for expected highlands (monthly max. >8 monthly max. >8 flooding due to w/seasonal high in) and history of in, no mitigation low seasonal rainfall are present damaging floods efforts or rainfall in (monthly max. >8 with partial improvements watershed in) and coastal mitigation; or no since last (monthly max. <5 slope >20%; or mitigation where damaging flood. in); or steep history of flood slope >20% and coastal slope damage with full <45%. (>45%). mitigation since last major flood. High No reasonable Seasonal high Seasonal high Seasonal high Waves basis to expect waves 4-6 ft. waves 6-8 ft. waves > 12 ft., high waves. characterized by rapid onset. No history of Minor historical Historical Historical Overwash overwash or high overwash (<10 ft), overwash >10 ft overwash >10 ft and/ or winds, and no and/or high winds on steep slope, on moderate to High reason to expect (-40 mph gust). and/or high winds gentle slope, Winds them. with localized and/or high winds (isolated cases) with widespread structural damage structural damage (-40 mph (-75 mph gust). sustained).

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Coastal Long-term Long-term stable, Long-term erosion Chronic long-term Erosion accretion (>10 yr) or minor erosion/ rate <1 ft/yr; or erosion >1 ft/yr, with no history of accretion cycles highly dynamic or beach is lost, or erosion, or with erosion fully erosion/ accretion seawall at water- dynamic cycles recovered by cycles with line for portions with consistent accretion; low significant lateral of the tidal cycle. annual accretion. rocky coasts; shifts in the perched beaches. shoreline. Sea-Level Steep coastal Gentle or Gentle or Gentle or Rise slope where rise moderate slope moderate slope, moderate slope >0.04 in/yr or where rise >0.04 where rise >0.08 where rise >0.12 gentle slope where in/yr or steep in/yr or steep in/yr. rise <0.04 in/yr. slope where rise slope where rise >0.08 in/yr. >0.12 in/yr. Volcanism No history of No volcanic Limited history of Frequent and/or volcanic or activity in recent volcanism, volcanism, Seismicity seismic activity; recorded history; seismic seismic seismic seismic probability zones probability zones probability zone probability zone 2 or 3 2 or 3 (frequent 0. 1, minor historic recommended historic damage). seismic damage. (historic seismic damage).

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Hamakua Coast 1890 Dec 9 Flash floods @ Hamakua & Honoka‘a 1902 Mar 6 Flash floods @ Hamakua 1965 Aug 4Ð5 Sheet flows 1982 Jul 16Ð17 Flash flooding @ Hamakua Hawaii 1982 Aug 1 TD Gilma, flash flooding 1982 Aug 9Ð10 TS John, flash flooding @ Honoka‘a 1983 Oct 26 Hamakua Coast Stream flooding Upolu Waipio Valley 1984 Feb 8 Flooding Point 1902 Mar 6 Flash flooding 1985 Mar 11 Flash flooding 1972 Aug 18ÐSep 3 Flash flooding 1986 Mar 16 Flash flooding 1978 Dec 6 Flooding 1986 Apr 3 Flash flooding Islandwide stream flooding 1979 Dec 14Ð18 Severe flooding 1986 Apr 8 Flooding because of heavy Kohala 1989 Apr 4Ð9 Flooding 1986 Sep 26 Flash floods, 6Ð10" 1918 Apr 9Ð10 Flash flooding 150 1991 Aug 5Ð7 Flooding 1987 May 5Ð6 Extensive flash flooding, over 10" rain 1959 Aug 4Ð7 H Dot 1936 Jan 17 Flash flooding @ N. Hi 1987 Oct 1 Flooding, 10Ð15" rain 1979 Feb 19Ð20 Flooding 175 1966 Nov 20 Flash flooding @ S. Kohala 75 1987 Nov 21 Flash flooding 1979 Dec 14Ð18 Flooding 1967 Jan 11 Flooding 1988 Mar 14Ð18 Flooding, 5Ð10" rain 1980 Mar 6Ð25 Episodes of flooding 1982 Aug 9Ð10 Flash flooding 1989 Apr 28–29 Flooding @ Honoka‘a 1981 Oct 27Ð28 Flash flooding 1983 Dec 24Ð26 Flooding Kawaihae 75 1989 Aug 20Ð21 Minor flash floods 1982 Jul 21Ð22 TD Daniel, flash flooding 1986 Feb 16 Localized flooding 50 1990 Dec 18Ð20 Flooding 1984 Dec 24Ð25 Kona storm, flooding 1986 Apr 8 Flooding @ Waimea & Kohala Waimea 40 30 1991 Aug 5Ð7 Flooding 1986 Apr 8 Flooding 1889 Feb 3Ð5 Flash flooding @ Pahala 20 1994 Apr 11Ð12 Floods, 1986 Nov 10Ð11 Flooding 1989 Apr 28Ð29 Flash flooding @ Waimea 1987 Jul 21Ð23 Flooding 1991 Aug 5Ð7 Flash flooding 10 1987 Dec 11Ð19 Flooding 1996 Sep 8Ð9 20 1988 Mar 14Ð18 Flooding S. Kohala and Waikaloa 1988 Aug 4Ð8 H Fabio, flooding 1997 Jan 5 Widespread floods 1989 Feb 3Ð5 Flooding Waikaloa Village 30 1989 Mar 1Ð4 Flooding 20 Hilo / Puna 40 15 1989 Jul 18Ð20 TS Dalilia, flooding Keahole 15 Hilo 1928 Oct 1 Flash flood of Wailuku R. 1990 Jan 14Ð22 Flooding 250 300 1966 Jul 25 Sheet flow 1992 Sep 14 TS Orlene, flooding Point 50 1967 Aug 2Ð11 Flash flood, 12" rain 1992 Nov 29 widespread flooding 1971 Apr 23 Flash floods, 9.66" in 24 hrs 1993 Jul 21Ð22 TS Dora, flooding 60 1979 Feb 19Ð20 Flooding @ Hilo, Ke‘eau, KailuaÐKona Pahoa, Kurtistown 1918 Apr 18 Flash flood @ Kona sugar mill 200 1980 Mar 18 Flooding 1922 Oct 22 Flash floods @ South Kona 1980 Sep 20Ð22 Flooding 1930 Jan 25 Holualua reservoir burst, flash floods 100 150 1982 Mar 30Ð31 Flooding, 10" rain 1961 Oct 30 Flash floods @ South Kona 1982 Jul 16Ð17 TS Emilia, flash flooding 1963 Apr 29 Flash floods @ Kaimaliu 75 125 1982 Jul 23 Flash flooding, 29" rain in July 1965 Sep 25 Capt. Cook, Kaimaliu 15 1982 Aug 1 TD Gilma, flash flooding 1966 Oct 3Ð5 Flash floods @ Capt. Cook & Holualua 100 1984 Nov 3Ð4 Flooding, 4Ð6" rain 1967 Oct 12 Overland flow @ Ho‘okena 1985 Sep 25 Flash floods 1967 Oct 24 N. Kona 75 1986 Apr 3 Flash floods 40 1986 Sep 26 Flash flooding, 6Ð10" rain 1968 Jul 17 Local flash flooding @ Kealakekua 50 0 20mi 1968 Oct 3 Flash floods @ N. Kona 1986 Nov 8 Flash flooding, 10" rain 1974 Oct 15 Flooding Kaloloa to Honaunau, 4.5" in 7 hrs 1987 Oct 1 Flooding, 10Ð15" rain 1976 Apr 26 Flash flooding Honaunau 1988 Aug 4Ð8 H Fabio, flooding in Hilo 1982 Mar 17 Minor flooding @ Kona 75 40 and Kurtistown 020km 1985 Sep 29 Flash flooding Capt. Cook to Kealakekua 1990 Nov 18Ð20 Flooding, 30" rain 1985 Nov 19 100 1991 Aug 3Ð4 Flash flood, 11" at airport 1986 Feb 16 Localized flooding @ N. Kona Ka‘u 1992 Sep 14 TS Orlene, widespread flood 1993 Oct 3 5Ð7" rain Puna and Hilo Lakes and reservoirs 1989 Feb 3Ð5 Flash flooding @ S. Kona 125 1917 Mar 19 Flash flood 1992 Sep 17 Heavy thunderstorms, minor flooding 1994 Apr 11Ð12 Floods, landslides 0Ð2000 feet 1945 Apr 8 Flash flood 1996 Jun 22 2.1" in 1 hr, widespread flooding 1962 Mar 13Ð15 Overland flow @ Palaha 2000Ð4000 feet 1997 Jan 5 Widespread floods, Captain Cook to Kona 50 1980 Mar 18 Flooding 1982 Jul 16Ð17 TS Emilia 4000Ð6000 feet 1982 Aug 1 TS Gilma 6000Ð8000 feet 40 1985 Nov 19 Minor flash flooding in Ka‘u district 30 1986 Nov 8 Flash floods, 10" rain 8000Ð10,000 feet 20 1989 Jul 18Ð20 TS Dalilia, flooding 10,000Ð12,000 feet 1990 Jan 14Ð22 Flooding, over 20" rain 1990 Sep 14Ð28 Flooding over 12,000 feet 1990 Nov 18Ð20 Flooding, 30" rain

Urban areas 11" Max. rainfall from storm (inches) South Point 1070 cfs Max. peak discharge (ft3 per sec) 1967 Nov 26Ð27 Severe flooding @ Na‘alehu Highways 1979 Feb 19–20 Na‘alehu & Pahala, 22.3" in 24 hrs Streams 5 ft Max. height of flooding (feet) Canals 30 Mean annual rainfall (inches)

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CIFIC SW TH PA ELL NOR Hamakua Coast / Hilo °

0 1951 Nov 31 High seas @ Hilo Hawaii 1954 Apr 4 High seas 1967 Jan 5Ð6 High surf 1972 Jul 4 High seas @ Onekahakaha Beach Upolu 1976 Oct 9 Large swell Damaging high 1983 Mar 16Ð17 High surf Point 1984 Feb 28Ð29 High surf ° 1989 Jan 8Ð11 High eastern swell 45 1990 Feb 6Ð9 Rough surf waves* and Kohala 1993 Feb 3Ð4 25Ð30 ft N swell 1987 Jan 9Ð10 High surf 1993 Aug15Ð16 H. Fernanda N Waipio 1996 Feb 16Ð17 8Ð12 ft NNE O swell, overwash in Hilo R high waves due T 1996 Nov 8 20 ft N swell, damage H inside Hilo breakwater E to hurricanes 1998 Jan 23Ð31 20Ð30 ft N swell A Kawaihae S Waimea T Islandwide high waves T 1970 Dec 25Ð29 High waves R 1974 Mar 23Ð24 High surf A 1975 Nov 23Ð24 High seas D 1976 Feb 5Ð7 High surf E

1976 Nov 13 High surf W 1978 Jul 17Ð28 30 ft surf 1979 Jan 11Ð16 High seas A 1985 Mar 1Ð11 High surf 282° Keahole Hilo V 1992 Sep 11 H Iniki Point E 1993 Aug15Ð16 H. Fernanda West Coast / Kona S 1956 Nov 29 High waves 1968 Jan 23 high surf @ Kawaihae-Puako 1968 Feb 15Ð18 High surf along coast KailuaÐ 1968 Feb 26 High surf Kona 1968 Mar 3 High surf @ Keahou Bay 0 20mi 1971 Jan 6 High surf 1972 Aug 8Ð20 30 ft 1974 Jan 6Ð7 High surf along coast 1975 Nov 23Ð24 High surf @ Magic Sands Beach 020km 1982 Aug 14Ð16 High surf 1986 Feb 6 High surf along coast 1986 Feb 22 High surf along coast Lakes and reservoirs 1987 Jan 9Ð10 High surf 1992 Sep 11 H Iniki, high surf 0Ð2000 feet ° 1995 Jun 25Ð30 "King 258 South Puna Coast 2000Ð4000 feet Kamehameha Day 1972 Jul 6 High surf @ Opihikao Swell", 10Ð12 ft 4000Ð6000 feet 1982 Aug 18 High waves @ Puna coast 1983 Oct 15Ð20 High surf @ Kalapana and Kaimu 6000Ð8000 feet 1985 Jul 1 High surf 10 ft Ka‘u 1985 Jul 25 10Ð15 ft surf @ Kalapana and Kapoho 8000Ð10,000 feet 1970 Aug 17Ð26 Surf 25 ft 1986 Jul 22Ð23 Heavy surf 10Ð20 ft 1978 Jul 19 20 ft surf 10,000Ð12,000 feet 1988 Aug 4Ð8 High surf Southwest Coast 1985 Jul 1 10 ft surf 1988 Dec 30Ð31 High surf over 12,000 feet 1969 Dec 1Ð4 High surf 1985 Jul 25 10Ð15 ft surf 1992 Sep 11 H Iniki 1985 Jul 1 10 ft surf 1985 Sep 5Ð9 High surf 123 Urban areas 1989 Mar 1Ð4 Storm, high surf 1986 Jul 22Ð23 High surf ° 1988 Aug 4Ð8 High surf K Highways O 1989 Jan 8Ð11 High easterly swell N 1989 Jul 18Ð20 High surf Streams A 1992 Sep 11 H Iniki S South Point 1994 7/21Ð24 H. Emilia 12Ð15 ft Canals T 147 OR 1972 Aug 17 High waves H Hurricane M W 1978 Jul 19 20 ft surf ° TS Tropical storm AVE 1992 Sep 11 H Iniki S 1994 7/21Ð24 H. Emilia 12Ð15 ft 10 ft Height of surf (feet) 147

° ° *Does not include high waves due to tsunamis 210 LL SOUTHERN SWE

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° 40 Upolu Hawaii Point Kohala Hamakua Coast 1871 Aug 9 Kohala Waipio 1961 Apr 2Ð3 High winds, thunderstorm Strong winds 1932 Feb 22 High winds @ Kohala 1982 Jul 16Ð17 TS Emilia T 1982 Aug 9Ð10 TS John, winds 58 mph @ Kawaihae 1986 Feb 12 Strong winds @ Laupahoehoe 1982 Dec 18Ð19 Strong winds @ Kawaihae, R gusts to 60 mph A Islandwide strong winds 1985 Dec 30Ð31 Gusty, northerly winds @ Kawaihae D 1871 Aug 9 Kohala Cyclone, strong winds Kamuela, Kawaihae Waimea E 1925 Jul 31ÐAug 4 Ramage Cyclone 1986 Feb 12 Strong winds in Kohala area W 1950 Jan 12 High winds 1992 Jan 14Ð15 High wind, damage in Kamuela-Waimea 1993 Dec 4Ð6 Strong, gusty trades 60-80 mph 1950 Aug 14 H Hiki I 1996 Dec 26Ð27 Strong S winds, gusts 75 mph 10Ð20 mph N 1957 Nov 30Ð31 H Nina °, 70% of the time 1958 Aug 6Ð9 TS °Ð90 D 40 1959 Jan 17Ð18 Storm S 1959 Aug 4Ð7 H Dot 1963 Jan 15Ð17 Severe winds 1963 Feb 1Ð2 Strong winds Keahole Hilo/Puna 1967 Nov 2Ð11 High winds Hilo and funnel 1967 Dec 12 High winds Point clouds frequent 1968 Dec 5Ð6 Storm Kona Coast 1954 Apr 4 High winds 1969 Nov 5 High winds Waterspouts & funnel clouds frequent 1967 Apr 21 Storm, high winds 1970 Dec 25Ð29 High winds 1956 Dec 1Ð2 High winds @ Mountain View 1971 Jan 5 High winds 1957 Feb Captain Cook KailuaÐKona 1974 Nov 14Ð16 High winds 1971 Jan 27Ð28 High winds 1971 Jan 27Ð28 Winds 69 mph @ Keahole, 1975 Jan 27 Heavy surge 90° 1975 Nov 23Ð24 High winds possible @ Honomalino Farms, 1982 Jul 16Ð17 TS Emilia 1976 Feb 5Ð7 High winds Paris, Greenwill ranches 1982 Dec 18Ð19 Strong winds 1979 Jan 11Ð16 Winds gusting to 50 mph 1978 Dec 11Ð12 High winds @ Kawaihae & Kona @ Keaukaha 1980 Jan 8Ð10 Storm 1982 Feb 1Ð2 Windspouts/tornadoes 1986 Feb 15 Gusty winds in Hilo 1981 Feb 11 Strong winds 1985 Mar 24 Strong easterly winds, esp. @ Puoko & Puna areas 1982 Feb 11 Strong winds 1991 Jan 27 Winds, gusts 60Ð70 mph 1986 Feb 16 Gusts to 55 mph 1982 Mar 17 Storm 1996 Dec 7 Strong N winds, gusts to 60 mph 1986 Apr 3 Small tornado 1982 Apr 1Ð3 Storm @ Waiakea Uka 1982 Jul 16Ð17 TS Emilia 1989 Dec 9Ð11 Strong winds 1982 Aug 9Ð10 TS John 1997 Jan 28 Gusts to 60 mph 1982 Aug 14Ð16 H Kristy 1997 Feb 24 Gusty N winds 60 mph 1982 Dec 18Ð19 Strong winds, gusts to 60 mph Mauna Kea / Mauna Loa 1983 Dec 24Ð26 High winds to 50 mph 1978 Mar 1Ð2 High winds, 1984 Dec 24Ð25 Kona storm gusts > 100 mph 1985 Jan 13Ð15 Gusty winds, 50Ð60 mph 1989 Mar 1Ð4 Storm, gusts 1985 Mar 1Ð11 Strong winds up to 70 mph Lakes and reserviors 1992 Feb 13Ð14 Strong winds 1986 Jul 21Ð25 H Estelle, winds 50 mph 0Ð2000 feet 1988 Dec 17Ð18 Storm, gusty winds 50Ð80 mph @ Mauna Kea 1988 Dec 30Ð31 High winds Ka‘u 2000Ð4000 feet 1989 Mar 1Ð4 Storm 1956 Dec 1Ð2 High winds 1989 Jul 18Ð20 TS Dalilia ° 1982 Jul 16Ð17 TS Emilia 4000Ð6000 feet 1989 Dec 9-11 High winds 240 1989 Jul 18Ð20 TS Dalilia, high winds 6000Ð8000 feet 1990 Feb 6Ð9 High winds, gusts to 60 mph 1991 Jan 27 Strong winds 8000Ð10,000 feet 1992 Feb 13Ð14 High winds 10,000Ð12,000 feet 1993 Mar 14 Gusty 50-70 mph winds 1993 Dec 4Ð6 Gusty 60Ð80 mph trades over 12,000 feet 1996 Dec 26Ð27 S winds gusts 75 mph South Point 1997 Feb 24 Gusty N winds 60 mph 1984 Apr 17 High winds @ Pahala Urban areas Highways Streams , 30% of the time ° Canals

Ð240 ° H Hurricane K Storms & variable winds, 150 0 20mi O N 150 TS Tropical storm A ° W I N 50 mph Max. winds D S (miles per hour) 020km

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Anahola

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SWELL IFIC PAC H ° RT 0 NO

° 45

N O R T H E A S T T R A D E

W

A

V 282° E

S

° 258

K 123 O ° N A S T 147 OR M W ° AVES 147 ° ° 210 LL SOUTHERN SWE

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Molokai and Lanai Stream flooding Molokai Statewide stream flooding because of heavy rains that probably affected Ilio 1916 Jan 1 Flash floods @ Kualapu‘u Gulch Molokai and Lanai Point 1971 Jan 27Ð28 Storm, flooding 40 1980 Jan 6Ð14 Flooding 10 20 30 1961 Jan 1 Flooding, 10,900 cfs 1981 Oct 27Ð28 Flash floods @ Halawa Str 1981 Aug 3Ð4 Flooding Kalaupapa 1961 Oct 31ÐNov 3 Flooding 1981 Dec 25Ð26 Flooding 40 @ Kawela Gulch 1982 Mar 17 Flooding Halawa 1982 Mar 30Ð31 Flooding 20 1982 Aug 14Ð16 H Kristy, flash floods 1983 Dec 24Ð25 Flash floods 1984 Dec 24Ð25 Flash floods 1985 Feb 14 Flooding 10 160 1985 Oct 17Ð18 Flash flooding 1986 Nov 10Ð11 Flash floods La‘au 1987 Apr 21Ð22 Flash floods Point 120 1987 May 5Ð6 Flooding Kaunakakai 1988 Sep 26Ð27 Flooding 80 1988 Nov 4Ð5 Flooding, up to 10" rain 1988 Dec 5Ð6 Flooding, over 10" rain 1989 Feb 10Ð11 Flooding 1993 Jul 21Ð23 Flooding, remnants of H. Dora 1950 Nov 30 Flash flooding @ Kaunakakai Kamalo 1961 Oct 31ÐNov 3 Storm, flash flooding 1997 Jan 19Ð20 Street flooding 1961 Oct 31ÐNov 3 Flash flooding @ Kamalo 0 10 mi 1965 Apr 13 Flash flooding along SE Molokai

010km

Lakes and reservoirs 0Ð1000 feet Lanai 1985 Oct 17Ð18 Flash flooding on Lanai 1000Ð2000 feet 10 2000Ð3000 feet 20 Halepalaoa 3000Ð4000 feet 30 Landing over 4000 feet Lanai City Urban areas 40

11" Max. rainfall from storm (inches) Highways 1070 cfs Max. peak discharge (ft3 per sec) Streams 5 ft Max. height of flooding (feet) Canals 30 Mean annual rainfall (inches)

NOTE: Because of the low population density on Molokai and Lanai, the extent and location of flood history is poorly known.

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CIFIC SW TH PA ELL NOR ° Molokai and Lanai 0

Damaging high ° 45

waves* and N North Shores O R 1969 Dec 1Ð4 High surf T high waves due Molokai 1974 Mar 23Ð24 High waves H 1976 Sep 19ÐOct 1 H Kate, 8Ð15 ft surf E Ilio 1976 Nov 13 High surf A to hurricanes Point S T T Statewide high waves R that probably affected Kalaupapa A Molokai and Lanai D E 1959 Jan 17Ð18 High surf Halawa 1959 Aug 4Ð7 H Dot, high waves W 1964 Dec 19Ð23 High seas A

1968 Dec 5Ð8 High waves V

1978 Jul 17Ð28 H Fico, high waves 8Ð12 ft 282° E

1980 Jan 8Ð11 High waves S 1982 Nov 23 H Iwa, high waves 1983 Sep 29 TS Narela, high waves La‘au 1985 Mar 1Ð11 High surf Point 1986 Jul 21 H Estelle, high surf 1993 Aug 16 H. Fernanda, high surf Kaunakakai 0 10 mi West Shores 1969 Dec 1Ð4 High surf 1976 Nov 13 High surf 1989 Mar 1Ð4 High surf Kamalo 010km1992 Sep 11 H Iniki, high waves East Shores Lakes and reservoirs Lanai 1976 Sep 19ÐOct 1 H Kate, 8Ð15 ft surf 0Ð1000 feet 1985 Sep 5Ð9 H Pauline, high surf 1990 Feb 6Ð9 High surf ° 1000Ð2000 feet 258 1992 Sep 11 H Iniki 2000Ð3000 feet Halepalaoa 1993 Aug 16 H. Fernanda, high surf Landing 3000Ð4000 feet Lanai over 4000 feet City Urban areas

Highways Streams 123 ° Canals K H Hurricane O N TS Tropical storm A South Shores S 10 ft Height of surf (feet) 1976 Jan 5Ð7 High surf T 147 1985 Jul 1 10 ft surf OR M ° 1989 Mar 1Ð4 High surf WA *Does not include waves due to tsunamis. 1992 Sep 11 H Iniki, high waves VES

147 NOTE: East, west and south shores of Molokai and north and east shores ° ° of Lanai are protected by neighboring islands and experience 210 LL reduced seasonal wave energy. SOUTHERN SWE

° 40 Molokai and Lanai Strong winds T R Statewide high winds A D that probably affected E Molokai and Lanai Molokai W 1870 Sep 21Ð24 TC, strong winds Windward Coasts 1957 Nov 30Ð31 H Nina, high wind Ilio 1981 Feb 11 High winds I 10Ð20 mph N 1959 Jan 17Ð18 High SW wind Point °, 70% of the time 1959 Aug 4Ð7 H Dot, strong winds °Ð90 D 40 1967 Nov 2Ð11 High winds S 1970 Dec 25Ð29 50Ð60 mph winds 1971 Jan 8Ð18 TC Sarah, 60 mph winds Kalaupapa 1971 Jan 27Ð28 High winds 1976 Jan 5Ð7 High winds 1980 Jan 8Ð11 Storm, high winds Halawa 1981 Aug 3Ð4 High winds 1982 Feb 11 High winds 1982 Dec 18Ð19 High winds 1983 Sep 29 High winds 1983 Dec 24Ð25 Gusts to 50 mph 90° 1984 Dec 24Ð25 Kona storm, high winds 1985 Mar 1Ð11 Gale force trade winds La‘au 1985 Nov 30 Strong northerly winds Point 1987 Jan 19 High winds, 35Ð60 mph Kaunakakai 1988 Nov 4Ð5 Gusty winds 1988 Dec 30Ð31 40Ð50 mph 1989 Dec 9Ð11 Gusty winds 1990 Feb 6Ð9 Strong winds, gusts to 60 mph 1991 Jan 27 Strong winds, local gusts 60Ð80 mph Kamalo 1992 Feb 13Ð14 High winds 1993 Dec 4Ð6 Strong trade winds 60Ð80 mph 1996 Dec 26Ð31 Strong southerly winds

Lakes and reservoirs Lanai Halepalaoa Landing 0Ð1000 feet Lanai 1000Ð2000 feet City 2000Ð3000 feet ° 240 3000Ð4000 feet over 4000 feet Urban areas

Highways 0 10 mi Streams Canals 010km , 30% of the time H Hurricane ° TS Tropical storm Ð240 ° 50 mph Max. winds (miles per hour) K Storms & variable winds, 150 O N 150 A ° W I NOTE: No site-specific high wind data have N D S been recorded on Molokai or Lanai.

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