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Getting Along in the Grassfields: Interethnic Relations and Identity Politics in Northwest Cameroon

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Getting Along in the Grassfields: Interethnic Relations and Identity Politics in Northwest Cameroon Getting along in the Grassfields: interethnic relations and identity politics in northwest Cameroon Michaela Pelican PhD Thesis Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg 2006 Getting along in the Grassfields: interethnic relations and identity politics in northwest Cameroon Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) vorgelegt der Philosophischen Fakultät der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Fachbereich Geschichte, Philosophie und Sozialwissenschaften von Michaela Pelican geb. am 05.04.1972, Chur Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Günther Schlee Prof. Dr. Burkhard Schnepel Eingereicht am: 17. Mai 2006 Tag der Verteidigung: 12. Dezember 2006 For my grandmother, Cathy Pelican-Dosch (1911-2005) ii CONTENTS Deutsche Zusammenfassung viii English abstract xviii Acknowledgements xx Note on orthography xxii 1 Introduction 1 2 National political background and introduction of the research area 21 2.1 Political history of Cameroon 22 2.2 The research area 38 2.3 Conclusion 63 3 Setting the scene: cultural difference and local power 69 relations 3.1 Conflict theory and the extended case method 69 3.2 The ceremonial investiture of fon Richard Chefon (a retrospective account) 71 3.3 Analysis of the investiture conflict 77 3.4 Individual assessments and the allocation of guilt 87 3.5 Reintegration and dealing with the past 93 3.6 Conclusion 96 4 Nchaney history and identity 99 4.1 Studying ethnicity in the Grassfields 99 4.2 Nchaney history 108 4.3 Local Grassfielders’ self-representation to the state 135 4.4 Conclusion 141 5 Aku and Jaafun in the Misaje area 145 5.1 (Re)constructing Mbororo history and identity 146 5.2 Mbororo migration and intra-group relations 151 5.3 History and self-understanding of Mbororo in the Misaje area 164 5.4 Agents of Mbororo representation to the state and neighbouring communities 188 5.5 Conclusion 198 6 From economic complementarity to competition? Farmer- herder disputes and cattle theft in the Western Grassfields 201 6.1 Farming and herding in the Misaje area 202 6.2 Mediating farmer-herder relations 206 6.3 Economic diversification in the Grassfields 210 6.4 Farmer-herder disputes and cattle theft: economic conflicts and discourses 226 6.5 Conclusion 247 iii 7 Hausa history, economy, and identity in the Misaje area 249 7.1 In search of Hausa identity 249 7.2 Hausa in the Grassfields: a historical reconstruction of economic practices 254 7.3 Historical memories of Hausa establishment in the Misaje area 266 7.4 Hausa economic trajectories and interethnic relations in the second half of the 20th century 279 7.5 Absence of politicised Hausa ethnicity 293 7.6 Conclusion 301 8 Religious conversion, intermarriage, and interethnic 305 friendship 8.1 Individual identity switching and cross-cutting ties 306 8.2 Religious conversion and intermarriage in the Grassfields: general considerations 308 8.3 Actors’ perspectives on religious conversion and intermarriage 314 8.4 Correlation of religious and ethnic conversion 335 8.5 Interethnic friendship in Misaje 341 8.6 Conclusion 350 9 Discourses on occult economies and intra-/interethnic 352 relations 9.1 Studying occult economies 353 9.2 Discourses on occult economies in Misaje area 357 9.3 Muslim perspectives on occult economies 374 9.4 Containing occult aggression and restoring public order 381 in the 1990s 9.5 Conclusion 391 10 Conflict management and legal pluralism in the early 2000s 393 10.1 Procedural strategies of conflict resolution 394 10.2 Legal pluralism in northwest Cameroon 397 10.3 The Murder of Mr X 403 10.4 Analysis of the murder conflict 413 10.5 Individual perspectives 416 10.6 Conclusion 421 11 Comparative analysis and conclusion 424 Acronyms 439 Glossary 441 Bibliography 448 iv Appendices A Report of the Misaje Film Festival 486 B Map of Misaje Town drafted by my research team, 523 basis for maps 2.6 and 2.7 C Report of the Islamic Primary School (IPS) Misaje 524 D Newsletter of the Islamic Youth Association Misaje 530 E Analysis of the role-play ‘sippoygo (selling milk)’ 536 performed by the Mbororo women’s group of Chako, April 2001 v LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Maps 2.1 Administrative structure of Cameroon 23 2.2 Transition from colonial to post-colonial Cameroon 26 2.3 Language and dialect groups of the Western Grassfields 40 2.4 Administrative structure of the North West Province 44 2.5 Misaje Sub-Division and research area 47 2.6 Ethnic composition of Misaje Town 55 2.7 Quarters of Misaje Town 59 4.1 The Nchaney and neighbouring chiefdoms 124 5.1 Aku and Jaafun migration to the Western Grassfields 154 5.2 Evolution of cattle population in the Western Grassfields 160 (1948 – 1968) 5.3 Spatial dispersal of Jaafun and Aku over the North West Province 162 7.1 Current Hausa settlements in the Western Grassfields 257 7.2 Hausa long-distance trade between Nigeria and the Western 260 Grassfields Diagrams 1.1 Author’s working model of ethnic and cultural categories 3 relevant for this study 2.1 Grassfields languages, Fulfulde, and Hausa 42 2.2 Ethnic composition of Misaje Town 56 2.3 Distribution of business enterprises and town population 62 specified by population groups 4.1 Layers of Nchaney identity 143 7.1 Kin and social security network of Talatu Yusufa, Misaje 287 (November 2001) 10.1 Elwert’s field of four poles 394 11.1 Author’s working model of relevant ethnic and cultural 428 categories 11.2 Nchaney model of ethnic identification 428 11.3 Mbororo model of ethnic identification 428 11.4 Hausa model of ethnic identification 428 Tables 2.1 Population statistics of the Misaje Sub-Division for 1999/2000 46 2.2 Categories used in the village survey of Misaje Town 52 2.3 Quarters of Misaje Town and their ethnic composition 60 2.4 Business enterprises in Misaje Town 61 4.1 List of fons of Nkanchi 112 4.2 Hausa trade exchange (according to fon Richard Chefon) 131 6.1 Mbororo and native graziers in the Misaje area 218 8.1 Comparing religious and ethnic conversion in the Western 337 Grassfields and northern Cameroon vi 10.1 Schematic illustration of legal forums operative in 399 northwest Cameroon 10.2 Forum shopping in the murder conflict (in chronological order) 415 Plate 3.1 Painting of Mbororo kariya versus Nchaney ngumba ju-ju 75 Photographs 2.1 Central area of Misaje Town 54 2.2 Misaje lowlands 64 2.3 Weekly market day (Saturday) in Misaje Town 64 2.4 fon’s palace in Misaje Town 65 2.5 Mosque of Misaje Town 65 2.6 Induction of the new Divisional Officer 66 2.7 Traditional authorities (Grassfields, Hausa, 66 and Mbororo leaders) 2.8 Nchaney masquerade (nyamfuh) 67 2.9 Mbororo display of horse-riding skills 67 2.10 End of ramadan prayers 68 2.11 Christmas with a migrant couple 68 4.1 shey Sale and fon Michael Fuma II 114 4.2 fon Michael Fuma II and his associates 115 4.3 Investiture ceremony of fon Richard Chefon 117 4.4 Administrative induction of fon Richard Chefon 118 5.1 Early Mbororo grazier in the Grassfields 163 5.2 Cow design as emblem of Mbororo identity 167 5.3 arDo Affang and mallam Mudi 170 5.4 Nigerian Mbororo 173 5.5-5.10 Sabga rulers 184-187 5.11 North West Cultural Fair 2000, Bamenda 188 6.1 Grassfielders’ farming practices 204 6.2 Mbororo grazing practices 206 6.3 Oxen ploughing as an example of economic diversification 211 6.4 Aku compound surrounded by maize farms 213 6.5 Pinyin grazier 217 6.6 The current Nchaney arDo Benjamin Kokila 221 6.7 Interspersed compounds of Mbororo and local Grassfielders 230 in the Misaje area 6.8-6.12 ‘farmer-grazier conflict’, role-play of the Ballotiral staff, 235 Nkambe, 29/01/01 7.1 Resident Hausa community in Bali 258 7.2 Donkey caravan 263 7.3 alkali Yusufa 274 vii DEUTSCHE ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Im Zentrum meiner Studie steht die Frage nach den Faktoren, welche das Zusammenleben verschiedener Bevölkerungsgruppen in einem kulturell und ethnisch heterogenen Umfeld positiv oder negativ beeinflussen. Dieser Fragestellung gehe ich im Kontext einer Kleinstadt in Nordwestkamerun (auch bekannt als das Kameruner Grasland) nach, in der ich zwischen August 2000 und Januar 2002 vierzehn Monate Feldforschung durchgeführt habe. In meiner Arbeit befasse ich mich mit drei Bevölkerungsgruppen (Grasländer, Hausa und Mbororo) und untersuche ihre Identitätskonstrukte und Interaktionsmuster. Weiterhin beschäftige ich mich mit der Rolle des kamerunischen Staates und der britischen Kolonialverwaltung in der Gestaltung interethnischer Beziehungen. Während ich in der Analyse ethnischer Identitäten nahezu 100 Jahre Koexistenz im Kameruner Grasland berücksichtige, konzentriere ich mich in der Untersuchung lokaler Konfliktstrategien auf die 1990er Jahre und die Jahrtausendwende, die von den Auswirkungen der politischen und ökonomischen Liberalisierung Kameruns geprägt waren. Ich habe meine Studie mit ‚Getting along in the Grassfields’ oder ‚Zurechtkommen im Kameruner Grasland’ betitelt. Dieser Titel verweist auf zwei wichtige Dimensionen des ethnischen Zusammenlebens, nämlich das eigene Überleben zu sichern und sich in das lokale politische und soziale Gefüge einzugliedern, d.h. mit Nachbargruppen und staatlichen Strukturen zurechtzukommen. Divergierende Interessen und gelegentliche, kleinere Konflikte sind ebenfalls Teil interethnischer Beziehungen und werden von der lokalen Bevölkerung als relativ normal wahrgenommen. Im Kontext der politischen Veränderungen der 1990er Jahre kam es jedoch zu schwerwiegenderen Auseinandersetzungen, die das Zusammenleben von Grasländern, Mbororo und Hausa infrage stellten. In meiner Studie fokussiere ich auf solche kritischen Momente, untersuche aber auch Mechanismen, die zur sozialen Integration der Bevölkerungsgruppen beitragen. Zentrale Themen meiner Forschung sind: - die Rolle von Ethnizität im lokalen Selbstverständnis sowie in der Wahrnehmung lokaler Konflikte - das Wechselspiel zwischen rivalisierenden Gruppeninteressen, staatlicher Vermittlung und Strukturen politischer Repräsentation viii - die Bedeutung sozio-ökonomischer Überlappungsbeziehungen (cross-cutting ties) für das ethnische Zusammenleben - lokale Konfliktlösungsstrategien im Rahmen pluralistischer Rechtssysteme und globaler Minderheiten- und Menschenrechtsdiskurse - die gegenwärtige Relevanz ‚okkulter Ökonomien’ (Comaroff & Comaroff 1999a) im intra- und interethnischen Alltag.
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