Gymnosperms Gnetopsida
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Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants of Namal Valley, Salt Range, Pakistan - 4725
Shah et al.: Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants of Namal Valley, Salt Range, Pakistan - 4725 - ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS OF NAMAL VALLEY, SALT RANGE, PAKISTAN SHAH, A.1* – POUDEL, R. C.2 – ISHTIAQ, M.3 – SARVAT, R.1 – SHAHZAD, H.1 – ABBAS, A.1 – SHOAIB, S.1 – NUZHAT, R.1 – NOOR, U. D.1 – MAHMOODA, H.1 – SUMMAYA, A.1 – IFRA, A.1 – IHSAN, U.1 1Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha-40100, Pakistan 2Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Pātan-44700, Nepal 3Department of Botany, (Bhimber Campus), Mirpur University of Science & Technology Mirpur-10250 (AJK), Pakistan Corresponding author٭ e-mail: [email protected] ; phone: +92-48-923-0811-15 ext. 609 (Received 5th Jan 2019; accepted 26th Feb 2019) Abstract. This paper presents the first quantitative ethnobotanical knowledge and practices of using native plants for different ailments from Namal Valley of Pakistan. Data was gathered by interviewing 350 informants through semi-structured questionnaires. A total of 217 taxa belonging to 166 genera and 70 families were documented. Fabaceae and Asteraceae families were found to be the most cited families (with 19 and 18 species receptively). Herbs represent the most cited life form (71%) and flower was the most widely used part (34.8%) with decoction as main mode of the utilization (41.5%). On the basis of use values, the most commonly used ethnobotanical taxa in the Valley were reported to be Euphorbia heterophylla (0.7) and Merremia dissecta (0.6). The highest RFC value was noted for Aloe vera (0.14) while highest ICF value was estimated for dental problems category (0.7). -
Some Threatened Medicinal Plants of Beer Jhunjhunu Conservation Reserve of Rajasthan, India
International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research Volume – 2 Issue – 1 February 2014 Website: www.woarjournals.org/IJPMR ISSN: 2348-0262 Some Threatened Medicinal Plants of Beer Jhunjhunu Conservation Reserve of Rajasthan, India Manju Chaudhary Department of Botany, S.R.R.M. Govt. College Jhunjhunu Abstract: Plant diversity remains essential for human beings, providing numerous modern and traditional remedies to the healthcare system. The vast land of Rajasthan together with its vegetation and flora has a variety of medicinal plants growing in different habitats. The present study aimed to document the preliminary analysis of rare and threatened medicinal plants of Beer Jhunjhunu Conservation Reserve of Rajasthan. The study area is a protected forest area and considered as important in terms of biodiversity. The area harbors rich flora and fauna. However, the rich resources including medicinal plants are disappearing at an alarming rate due to over- exploitation. Therefore, the management of traditional medicinal plant resources has become a matter of urgency. Conservation of the species in natural habitat and artificial regeneration would be the best opinion to recover the species from near extinction. Keywords: Threatened, Endangered, Extinct, Conservation Reserve, in-situ and ex-situ conservation Introduction Jhunjhunu Conservation Reserve of Rajasthan is such an area Plants containing medicinal and other beneficial properties have which was declared as conservation reserve by the State been known and used in some form or other since time immemorial Government on 9 March, 2012 for the purpose of protecting in the traditional system of medicines (Jain and Saklani, 1991). The landscapes, flora and fauna and their habitat. -
Multipurpose Trees for Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands
For Educators, Gardeners, Farmers, Foresters, and Landscapers Agroforestry Guides for Pacific Islands “Well-researched, concise, user-friendly...an invaluable practical resource for those working to conserve and expand the use of trees in agricultural systems.” —APANews, The Asia-Pacific Agroforestry Newsletter FAO Regional Office, Bangkok, Thailand “A significant contribution to public education, advancing the cause of integrated agriculture and forestry...a resource of lasting value.” —The Permaculture Activist, North Carolina “A most excellent handbook...a wonderful resource.” —Developing Countries Farm Radio Network, Toronto, Canada “Eloquently makes a case for reintroducing and emphasizing trees in our island agriculture.” —Dr. Bill Raynor, Program Director, The Nature Conservancy, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia “Provides a real clearinghouse on traditional and modern agroforestry not only for Pacific Islands, also very useful for other regions.” —ILEIA Newsletter for Low External Input and Sustainable Agriculture, The Netherlands Purchase the book at http://www.agroforestry.net/afg/ Agroforestry Guides for Pacific Islands edited by Craig R. Elevitch and Kim M. Wilkinson Price: $24.95 (plus shipping) Availability: Usually ships within one business day. Paperback - 240 pages, illustrated and fully indexed Release date: September, 2000 ISBN: 0970254407 Publisher: Permanent Agriculture Resources, P.O. Box 428, Holualoa, HI, 96725, USA. Tel: 808-324-4427, Fax: 808-324-4129, email: [email protected] Agroforestry Guides for Pacific Islands #2 Multipurpose Trees for Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands by Randolph R. Thaman, Craig R. Elevitch, and Kim M. Wilkinson www.agroforestry.net Multipurpose Trees for Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands Abstract: The protection and planting of trees in agroforestry systems can serve as an important, locally achievable, and cost-effective step in sustainable development in the Pacific Islands. -
Wild Food Plants of Remote Oceania
Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae Journal homepage: pbsociety.org.pl/journals/index.php/asbp INVITED REVIEW Received: 2012.09.01 Accepted: 2012.10.12 Published electronically: 2012.11.22 Acta Soc Bot Pol 81(4):371–380 DOI: 10.5586/asbp.2012.034 Wild food plants of Remote Oceania Will C. McClatchey* Botanical Research Institute of Texas, 1700 University Drive, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA Department of Botany, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawai’i 96822, USA Environmental Studies Program, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA Abstract Agricultural societies partly depend upon wild foods. Relationships between an agricultural society and its wild foods can be explored by examining how the society responds through colonization of new lands that have not been previously inhabited. The oldest clear example of this phenomenon took place about 5000 years ago in the tropical Western Pacific at the “boundary” interface between Near and Remote Oceania. An inventory of wild and domesticated food plants used by people living along “the remote side of” that interface has been prepared from the literature. This was then assessed for the roles of plants at the time of original colonization of Remote Oceania. The majority of species are wild foods, and most of these are used as leafy vegetables and fruits. The wild food plants mostly serve as supplements to domesticated species, although there are a few that can be used as substitutes for traditional staples. Keywords: Oceania, wild food plants, colonization, agriculture Introduction implication is that humans brought wild plant materials to their homes or processing sites, much as squirrels or fruit bats Human-plant co-evolutionary relationships have been might do, and then consumed less than all of the material col- documented for processes of wild plant food domestication lected, discarding material (seeds or other living parts) that into socially critical crops [1,2]. -
1 Relationships of Angiosperms To
Relationships of Angiosperms to 1 Other Seed Plants Seed plants are of fundamental importance both evolution- all gymnosperms (living and extinct) together are not arily and ecologically. They dominate terrestrial landscapes, monophyletic. Importantly, several fossil lineages, Cayto- and the seed has played a central role in agriculture and hu- niales, Bennettitales, Pentoxylales, and Glossopteridales man history. There are fi ve extant lineages of seed plants: (glossopterids), have been proposed as putative close rela- angiosperms, cycads, conifers, gnetophytes, and Ginkgo. tives of the angiosperms based on phylogenetic analyses These fi ve groups have usually been treated as distinct (e.g., Crane 1985; Rothwell and Serbet 1994; reviewed in phyla — Magnoliophyta (or Anthophyta), Cycadophyta, Doyle 2006, 2008, 2012; Friis et al. 2011). These fossil lin- Co ni fe ro phyta, Gnetophyta, and Ginkgophyta, respec- eages, sometimes referred to as the para-angiophytes, will tively. Cantino et al. (2007) used the following “rank- free” therefore be covered in more detail later in this chapter. An- names (see Chapter 12): Angiospermae, Cycadophyta, other fossil lineage, the corystosperms, has been proposed Coniferae, Gnetophyta, and Ginkgo. Of these, the angio- as a possible angiosperm ancestor as part of the “mostly sperms are by far the most diverse, with ~14,000 genera male hypothesis” (Frohlich and Parker 2000), but as re- and perhaps as many as 350,000 (The Plant List 2010) to viewed here, corystosperms usually do not appear as close 400,000 (Govaerts 2001) species. The conifers, with ap- angiosperm relatives in phylogenetic trees. proximately 70 genera and nearly 600 species, are the sec- The seed plants represent an ancient radiation, with ond largest group of living seed plants. -
Evolutionary Studies of the Gnetales
Evolutionary studies of the Gnetales Chen Hou Academic dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Plant Sys- tematics presented at Stockholm University 2016 Evolutionary studies of the Gnetales Chen Hou ©Chen Hou Stockholm University 2016 ISBN 978-91-7649-371-7 Printed in Sweden by US AB, Stockholm 2016 Distributor: Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Sweden ”Although relatively few people have chosen to study the Gnetales, those who have had the opportunity to work with these organisms experience a profound sense of extraordinary beauty and complexity of the evolutionary process.” - Willian E. Friedman, 1996 Abstract The Gnetales consist of three distinct genera, Ephedra, Gnetum and Wel- witschia with considerable divergence among them regarding morphologi- cal, ecological and molecular characters. A longstanding debate of the simi- larity between the Gnetales and angiosperms and the unresolved seed plant phylogeny intrigues plant scientists to further investigate the evolutionary history of the Gnetales. The presented projects deal with interdisciplinary questions on proteomics, chloroplast genomes, phylogenetic relationships, gross morphology and taxonomy. The thesis aims to summarize general problems encountered in previous studies, and to provide new insights and future perspectives based on the results of completed and ongoing projects. In Ephedra, the Mediterranean species E. foeminea has been shown to be entomophilous and it possesses an important phylogenetic status as the sister of the remaining genus. Therefore, the chloroplast genome of E. foeminea was assembled and compared to that previously presented (of the anemophi- lous Asian species E. equisetina, nested in the core clade of Ephedra). The genome has a quadripartite structure and comprises 118 genes and 109,584 base pairs. -
BAGO Gnetum Gnemon Linn
RESEARCH INFORMATION SERIES ON ECOSYSTEMS Volume 13 No. 2 May – August 2001 BAGO Gnetum gnemon Linn. Compiled by Rafael T. Cadiz Helen B. Florido Foreword In search of locally available natural resources that could be a productive source of livelihood for farmers, we came up with an alternative tree species called Bago (Gnetum gnemon L.). Bago is a multi purpose tree species which is native to the Philippines. It can be a source of food, wood and fiber. Because of its edible young shoot, the species is more popularly known in some upland areas as a vegetable crop. Unknown to our local farmers, Bago trees can become a source of export products. Countries like Indonesia process the seeds and leaves of Bago and export them to Japan and some European countries. Aside from its economic potential, bago can also help in rehabilitating our marginal lands. This species aids in soil improvement because of its beneficial association with some mychorrhizal fungi. Both an economically and ecologically important tree species, Bago could provide great benefits to our rural communities. The information contained in this issue will serve as guide to our readers especially the upland farmers in considering bago for agroforestry, tree planting activities, or tree plantation development. CELSO P. DIAZ Director 1. Common name: Bago 2. Local names: bago, magatungal (Lanao, Cotabato); bago or bagu (Bataan, Tayabas, Camarines); banago (Visaya, Bohol); kunan (Davao); nabo (Bicol) 3. Internationally used common name: Spanish koint fir (English) Other common names: Melinjo, belinjo, bagoe - Indonesia Maninjau - Malaysia Voe, Khalet - Cambodia Peedae, phak, miang phak kaniang, liang - Thailand Gam cay, bet - Vietnam 4. -
122 Antibacterial Effect of Gnetum Gnemon L. Leaves
Online-ISSN 2565-1409 Journal of Widya Medika Junior Vol 3. No. 2 April 2021 ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF GNETUM GNEMON L. LEAVES EXTRACT ON STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS Paul J Dayoh1), Endang Isbandiati2), Titien Rahayu3) ABSTRACT Introduction: Bacterial infections are common among doctors in Indonesia, leading to increased use of antibiotics. Increased use of antibiotics, if not accompanied by rational indication, can increase bacterial resistance. At present, alternative medicine from natural ingredients is widely studied, one of which is the leaves of melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.). Melinjo leaves are thought to contain antibacterial compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and alkaloids. Staphylococcus aureus is a round Gram-positive bacteria, that forms grape-like clusters. Staphylococcus aureus is a normal flora on the skin and human mucosa but can be opportunistic pathogens that cause mild to severe infections such as sepsis. Pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus can produce hemolysis blood, frozen plasma, and produce various extracellular enzymes and toxins. Purpose: This research aims to study the MIC and MBC of melinjo leaves extract on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. This research is an experimental study with a post- test control group design. Method: Testing conducted using the microdilution method. Melinjo leaves used were extracted by maceration method using 96% ethanol. Samples were Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 from BBLK Surabaya. Results: extract of melinjo leaves (Gnetum gnemon L.) had MIC on Staphylococcus aureus bacteria at a concentration of 640 mg/ml. MBC was not obtained because the extract of melinjo leaves clotted above 1280 mg/ml concentration. Conclusion: Melinjo leaves extract has an antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus, the MIC is obtained at a concentration of 640 mg/ml, and the MBC cannot be determined. -
Experimental Evaluation of Surface Sterilization Protocol for Seed Explants of Ephedra Foliata Boiss. Ex C.A. Mey
International Journal for Research in Engineering Application & Management (IJREAM) ISSN : 2454-9150 Vol-04, Issue-08, Nov 2018 Experimental evaluation of surface sterilization protocol for seed explants of Ephedra foliata Boiss. ex C.A. Mey. Mahabir Singh*, Rameshwar Groach and Narender Singh Department of Botany, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136119 (India). [email protected] Abstract: The most essential step for in vitro culture to obtain contamination free plants is surface sterilization of explants. This study investigated the sterilization procedure for seed explants from Ephedra foliata by varying the concentration and time of four sterilizing agents: sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), mercuric chloride (HgCl2), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and Bavistin. We found that pre sterilization using 0.4% bavistin for 25 minutes raised the number of infection free explants, followed by surface sterilization using NaOCl. Treatment with 0.1% mercuric chloride HgCl2 for 2 minutes and 3% NaOCl for 10 minutes gave the best results. High concentrations of H2O2 and mercuric chloride were unable to control the bacterial and fungal contamination in the explants. We find out that mercuric chloride along with bavistin treatment developed a really potent sterilization method producing 60-65% infection free explants after fifteen days in culture. Keywords: Contamination, in vitro, explant, sterilization, Ephedra foliata. I. INTRODUCTION slow and less effective, as compared to its exploited rate. Sterilization is the basic and pre requirement of any in vitro The genus Ephedra is seed bearing non flowering, culture to establish aseptic cultures. So, the present study xerophytic, perennial gymnospermic shurbs belongs to was carried out with an aim to develop the highly desirable family Ephedraceae (Bhtanagar and Moitra, 1996). -
Ancestral State Reconstruction of the Mycorrhizal Association for the Last Common Ancestor of Embryophyta, Given the Different Phylogenetic Constraints
Supplementary information Supplementary Figures Figure S1 | Ancestral state reconstruction of the mycorrhizal association for the last common ancestor of Embryophyta, given the different phylogenetic constraints. Pie charts show the likelihood of the ancestral states for the MRCA of Embryophyta for each phylogenetic hypothesis shown below. Letters represent mycorrhizal associations: (A) Ascomycota; (B) Basidiomycota; (G) Glomeromycotina; (M) Mucoromycotina; (-) Non-mycorrhizal. Combinations of letters represent a combination of mycorrhizal associations. Austrocedrus chilensis Chamaecyparis obtusa Sequoiadendron giganteum Prumnopitys taxifolia Prumnopitys Prumnopitys montana Prumnopitys Prumnopitys ferruginea Prumnopitys Araucaria angustifolia Araucaria Dacrycarpus dacrydioides Dacrycarpus Taxus baccata Podocarpus oleifolius Podocarpus Afrocarpus falcatus Afrocarpus Ephedra fragilis Nymphaea alba Nymphaea Gnetum gnemon Abies alba Abies balsamea Austrobaileya scandens Austrobaileya Abies nordmanniana Thalictrum minus Thalictrum Abies homolepis Caltha palustris Caltha Abies magnifica ia repens Ranunculus Abies religiosa Ranunculus montanus Ranunculus Clematis vitalba Clematis Keteleeria davidiana Anemone patens Anemone Tsuga canadensis Vitis vinifera Vitis Tsuga mertensiana Saxifraga oppositifolia Saxifraga Larix decidua Hypericum maculatum Hypericum Larix gmelinii Phyllanthus calycinus Phyllanthus Larix kaempferi Hieronyma oblonga Hieronyma Pseudotsuga menziesii Salix reinii Salix Picea abies Salix polaris Salix Picea crassifolia Salix herbacea -
Ecology and Conservation of Threatened Plants in Tapkeshwari Hill Ranges in the Kachchh Island, Gujarat, India
JoTT COMMUNI C ATION 4(2): 2390–2397 Ecology and conservation of threatened plants in Tapkeshwari Hill ranges in the Kachchh Island, Gujarat, India P.N. Joshi 1, Ekta B. Joshi 2 & B.K. Jain 3 1 Sahjeevan, 175-Jalaram Society, Vijay Nagar, Bhuj, Kachchh, Gujarat 370001, India 2 Matruchhaya Kanya Vidhyalay, Matruchhaya Road, Bhuj, Kachchh, Gujarat 370001, India 3 M.G. Science Institute, Gujarat Uiniversity, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India Email: [email protected] (corresponding author), [email protected], [email protected] Date of publication (online): 26 February 2012 Abstract: The survey was conducted in Tapkeshwari Hill Range (THR) areas, wherever Date of publication (print): 26 February 2012 threatened plant species were said to exist, based on secondary information in literature. ISSN 0974-7907 (online) | 0974-7893 (print) Thirteen plant species categorized as ‘Threatened’ by the World Conservation Monitoring centre (WCMC 1994) and also listed under various threat categories in the Red Data Editor: N.P. Balakrishnan Book of Indian Plants (Nayar & Sastry 1988) were surveyed in the THR. All the RET Manuscript details: plants reported from the study area occupied eight major habitat types. Thorn mixed Ms # o2410 forests harbored the highest number of individuals (560) of all RET plants, followed by Received 23 February 2010 open scrubs (345 individuals), Acacia senegal forests (328) and thorn mixed scrubs Final received 03 November 2011 (293). Field observations showed that except Helichrysum cutchicum, all the other RET Finally accepted 24 January 2012 plant species were reported with very low seedlings and regeneration ratio. This paper discusses the status, distribution and threats faced and the conservation implications at Citation: Joshi, P.N., E.B. -
Endangered Plants and Their Uses of Sivasagar District, Assam, India
International Research Journal of Biological Sciences ___________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 4(7), 15-18, July (2015) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. Endangered Plants and their uses of Sivasagar District, Assam, India P Jiji Department of Botany, Swahid Peoli Phukan College, Namti Namtidole, Sivasagar, Assam, INDIA Available online at: www.isca.in, www.isca.me Received 10 th May 2015, revised 13 th June 2015, accepted 3rd July 2015 Abstract Assam is a strategically very important state of North Eastern region. It has a treasure of biodiversity. Sivasagar District of Assam is a historical place was capital city of ahom dynasty. The district is also important due to their natural resources. The district have six reserve forest areas, viz. Sapekati, Dilli, Abhaypur, Sola, Gelekey, and Panidihing reserve forests, having treasure of biodiversity due to wide variability in climatic and edaphic condition. Major parts of the flora of Assam are found in Sivasagar District. Ethnic people (Tai-Ahom, Tai-Shyam, Tai-Phake, Mising, Kachari, Sonowal and various Tea-tribe) are living neighboring these forests. They depend the forest for their shelter, food, medicines, fodder etc. But biodiversity of district is declining fast and most of the plants were coming under IUCN red list due to increased demand, destructive harvesting over exploitation, illegal trade, opens grazing, developing buildings etc. To meet the demand of authentic plant materials from the field, plantation of medicinal plant farm helps for sustainable utilization. Keywords : Endangered, ethno medicinal plants, conservation, sustainable use. Introduction Material and Methods Assam is the gateway of Northeastern India, having an area of The study based on fieldwork, literary survey, herbarium 78,438 km 2 and is one of the most sensitive biodiversity zones scrutiny of plant specimen.