Empire's New Clothes

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Empire's New Clothes Central Europe Review Empire’s New Clothes Unveiling EU Enlargement Edited by József Böröcz and Melinda Kovács József Böröcz Katalin Dancsi Salvatore Engel-Di Mauro Peter Kabachnik Melinda Kovács Anna Sher ______________________________________________________________________________________ 2001 All Rights Reserved. May Not Be Copied or Distributed Page 1 Central Europe Review (http://www.ce-review.org/) Central Europe Review Published by Central Europe Review Ltd., UK 2001 Copyright © 2001 All rights reserved This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior consent in any form of binding or cover, electronic or print, other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. “The Fox and the Raven” by József Böröcz was reproduced here by kind permission from the Cambridge University Press, publisher of the journal Comparative Studies in Society and History. Central Europe Review Ltd., Holly Cottage, Ellerdine Heath, Telford, Shropshire TF6 6RP ISBN: 1-84287-009-2 2 Central Europe Review Table of Contents Introduction: Empire and Coloniality in the "Eastern Enlargement" of the European Union, by József Böröcz ................................................................................................................. 4 The Fox and the Raven: The European Union and Hungary renegotiate the margins of Europe, by József Böröcz ............................................................................................................... 51 The enduring national state: NATO-EU relations, EU-enlargement and the reapportionment of the Balkans, by Salvatore Engel-Di Mauro......................................................................................... 111 Shedding light on the quantitative other: The EU's discourse in the Commission Opinions of 1997, by Melinda Kovács and Peter Kabachnik....................................................................... 147 Putting down and putting off: The EU's discursive strategies in the 1998 and 1999 follow-up Reports, by Melinda Kovács ......................................................................................................... 196 A Di-vision of Europe: The European Union Enlarged, by Anna Sher................................................................................................................... 235 The Austrian Freedom Party’s Colonial Discourse in the Context of EU-Enlargement, by Katalin Dancsi........................................................................................................... 273 3 Central Europe Review Introduction: Empire and Coloniality in the "Eastern Enlargement" of the European Union1, by József Böröcz The issue, of course, is not to erase the West as though to restore to its others some ancient pre-colonial unity, as though, indeed, the West were erasable. The issue, it seems to me, is rather to establish a reflexively marked practice of dialogical exchange that might enable the postcolonial intellectual to speak to postcolonials elsewhere (subalterns, but intellectuals too) through those shared- but-different histories and shared-but-different identities. The issue [ . ] is to reconstitute the map so as to engage in a tacking between postcolonial spaces, a recursive movement of figure and ground in which that West—so much the sovereign legend of the colonial imagination—is at once interrogated and displaced, interrupted and critiqued (Scott, 1999a). If we read, as I prefer, David Scott’s above outline of the task of postcolonial scholarship as an invitation, this essay registers a modest RSVP from the right-hand half of the map of Europe. Clearly, the sender’s address on my envelope might strike some as surprising. Others will feel comfortable with the sender’s address but some might be taken aback by the destination of my missive.2 I wish to seize on, and work with, that double surprise; this Introduction, and indeed the very volume it introduces, asks what we can learn from it. 4 Central Europe Review On the one hand, what I propose in this Introduction is the most conventional operation in the social sciences: examining the relevance of two consequential and contested theoretical concepts—empire and coloniality—to an empirical phenomenon— the "eastern enlargement" of the European Union (EU). Yet I do also mean to disturb the all-too-convenient normalcy of the "normal" science of conventional scholarly analysis, especially as it applies itself to various parts of Europe. The absence of any theoretical absorption of the notions of empire and coloniality (and indeed basically any reference to those societies’ connectedness to the rest of the world or to the structural conditions or theoretical implications arising therefrom) in the mainstream historical sociology of west European state making and statehood—logically a possible source of conceptual tools for the study of the European Union today—is one aspect of this normalcy I seek to unsettle.3 With a handful of refreshing exceptions (e.g., Bornschier 1995, 1997, Schmidt 1999 and the studies in this volume), the vast majority of the literature addressing the question of what the European Union is today (an international organization with a grandiose PR? a confederacy? a federal state in the making? a set of policy realms with an imperfect geographical overlap?) also proceeds from an entirely internal perspective, hence, by default, it remains oblivious to implications of empire and coloniality. It is this disconnect that makes it possible to address the external relations of the EU—as it is done customarily—as something that is added, always as if an afterthought, to an otherwise entirely internally focused perspective, just as the comparative-historical sociology of west European statehood is so conveniently apart from any consideration of International Relations. That omission of course also occludes the ways in which the experiences of western Europe and, by 5 Central Europe Review implication, its current supranational project, the EU, have been a constitutive focus and center of dependence for important social, cultural, economic and political processes at places outside of western Europe. If we intend to maintain an interest in this traffic between the internal and the external with respect to the European Union, the current experiences of the EU’s nearest and most recently affected outside—commonly referred to as Central and Eastern Europe—should be of interest. Even the official term that denotes the process—eastern enlargement—is suggestive. Enlargement implies a process of simple augmentation, reducing a daunting amount of social, cultural, moral and administrative complexity, involving concerted, sustained action by some very powerful European states aiming to redraw the continent’s geopolitical order, to a quasi-technical operation. Given that in such idiomatic expressions as Eastern Europe, the term Eastern means either inferior or non-Europe, it is quite plausible to consider, furthermore, the possibility that the name "eastern enlargement" ends up as an orientalizing tool when applied as the marker of the current re-division of Europe.4 Of course, no previous enlargement has been called “eastern’ in spite of the fact that the last one, resulting in the inclusion of Sweden, Finland and Austria, or the preceding one, appending former East Germany to the Federal Republic, involved, technically, the EU’s expansion to the east.5 Let us take our departure from the frequent, easy reference to the historical subjectivity of the colonial perpetrator (or, alternatively, the supposed historic telos of human progress) as "Europe." Far from a nominalist preoccupation, my protest against this shorthand notes that the placement of "Europe" in the heart of this scheme blurs things inexcusably on two important counts: it is both falsely inclusive and falsely 6 Central Europe Review exclusive. At the risk of sounding pedantic, obvious, or both, I insist that the unqualified "Europe" invoked as the core protagonist of coloniality contains societies whose experiences in the realm of colonial practices have been vastly varied—indeed quite contradictory. Some have been modern colonial metropoles, some have not. Some have been centers and/or peripheries of empires of various kinds, some have not. The complexity of the cross-European experience with empire and coloniality is daunting. In addition, any quick reference to "Europe" as the colonial perpetrator also implicitly absolves large and important bodies of social experience—e.g., the US—whose history features imperial practices that are quite identical with those denoted as "European." If we imagine the continent for a moment as the landmass stretching from the northeastern littoral of the Atlantic to the Urals, and from the Arctic to the Mediterranean, one purpose of my brief Introduction is reconsidering some of the ways in which the notions of empire and coloniality are relevant to this Europe. In this sense, our project resonates deeply, and in rather farcical ways, with some aspects of "Euro-speak" (Diez 1999)—a peculiar identity discourse promoted by the European Union. When the Green Foreign Minister of the most powerful member state announces, in an interview with an established liberal weekly of his country, no less than having discovered a remedy to nearly all the world’s ills—"The Answer to Almost All
Recommended publications
  • Emperor Hirohito (1)” of the Ron Nessen Papers at the Gerald R
    The original documents are located in Box 27, folder “State Visits - Emperor Hirohito (1)” of the Ron Nessen Papers at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Copyright Notice The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Ron Nessen donated to the United States of America his copyrights in all of his unpublished writings in National Archives collections. Works prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties are in the public domain. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or organizations are presumed to remain with them. If you think any of the information displayed in the PDF is subject to a valid copyright claim, please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Digitized from Box 27 of The Ron Nessen Papers at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library THE EMPEROR OF JAPAN ~ . .,1. THE EMPEROR OF JAPAN A Profile On the Occasion of The Visit by The Emperor and Empress to the United States September 30th to October 13th, 1975 by Edwin 0. Reischauer The Emperor and Empress of japan on a quiet stroll in the gardens of the Imperial Palace in Tokyo. Few events in the long history of international relations carry the significance of the first visit to the United States of the Em­ peror and Empress of Japan. Only once before has the reigning Emperor of Japan ventured forth from his beautiful island realm to travel abroad. On that occasion, his visit to a number of Euro­ pean countries resulted in an immediate strengthening of the bonds linking Japan and Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • Rule of Law Guide for Politicians
    Rule of Law A guide for politicians 2 Copyright © The Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law and the Hague Institute for the Internationalisation of Law 2012 ISBN: 91-86910-99-X This publication is circulated subject to the condition that it shall not by way of trade or otherwise be lent, sold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publishers’ prior consent in any form of binding, or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition, including this condition being imposed on the subsequent publisher. The Guide may be translated into other languages subject to the approval of the publishers and provided that the Foreword is included and that the translation is a true representation of the text. Translators at the national level are encouraged to perform this work pro bono. The publishers would be grateful for a copy of translations made so that they can be posted on their websites. Published by The Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law Stora Gråbrödersgatan 17 B P.O. Box 1155 SE-221 05 Lund Sweden Phone: +46 46 222 12 00 Fax: +46 46 222 12 22 E-mail: [email protected] www.rwi.lu.se The Hague Institute for the Internationalisation of Law (HiiL) Anna van Saksenlaan 51 P.O. Box 93033 2509 AA The Hague The Netherlands Phone: +31 70 349 4405 Fax: +31 70 349 4400 E-mail: [email protected] www.hiil.org Cover: Publimarket B.V., The Netherlands 3 Rule of Law A Guide for Politicians TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Nineteen Eighty-Four
    MGiordano Lingua Inglese II Nineteen Eighty-Four Adapted from : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four Nineteen Eighty-Four, sometimes published as 1984, is a dystopian novel by George Orwell published in 1949. The novel is set in Airstrip One (formerly known as Great Britain), a province of the superstate Oceania in a world of perpetual war, omnipresent government surveillance, and public manipulation, dictated by a political system euphemistically named English Socialism (or Ingsoc in the government's invented language, Newspeak) under the control of a privileged Inner Party elite that persecutes all individualism and independent thinking as "thoughtcrimes". The tyranny is epitomised by Big Brother, the quasi-divine Party leader who enjoys an intense cult of personality, but who may not even exist. The Party "seeks power entirely for its own sake. We are not interested in the good of others; we are interested solely in power." The protagonist of the novel, Winston Smith, is a member of the Outer Party who works for the Ministry of Truth (or Minitrue), which is responsible for propaganda and historical revisionism. His job is to rewrite past newspaper articles so that the historical record always supports the current party line. Smith is a diligent and skillful worker, but he secretly hates the Party and dreams of rebellion against Big Brother. As literary political fiction and dystopian science-fiction, Nineteen Eighty-Four is a classic novel in content, plot, and style. Many of its terms and concepts, such as Big Brother, doublethink, thoughtcrime, Newspeak, Room 101, Telescreen, 2 + 2 = 5, and memory hole, have entered everyday use since its publication in 1949.
    [Show full text]
  • The Future of the European Union
    A HYBRID REGIME: THE FUTURE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION Mallory McMahon Thesis Advisor: Dr. Bartlomiej Kaminski Government and Politics Honors Program Undergraduate Thesis December 6, 2013 1 Abstract The key question discussed in this dissertation concerns the future path that the European Union could take. Conceptual framework developed to answer this question derives from theories and concepts explaining the rise and decline of empires and the emergence and survival of regimes understood along the lines of hegemonic stability theory. This project involves a review of empire and regime formation theory as possible ways of examining the evolutionary path of the European Union. The European Union is compared to the Holy Roman Empire to analyze its similarities to an empire. Among others, this involves a review of European enlargement and the region’s political institution building as a characteristic of empires. By analyzing major forces driving the European integration in terms of both concepts, it is argued that the European Union is a hybrid regime with characteristics of an empire. I conclude that its survival depends on it retaining the characteristics of a regime rather than an empire. Committee Members Dr. Bartlomiej Kaminski Dr. Piotr Swistak Dr. Vladimir Tismaneanu 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................. 3 Introduction .............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Alan Sked on the EU: Part One – a Superstate in the Making
    Alan Sked on the EU: part one – a superstate in the making blogs.lse.ac.uk/brexit/2016/06/07/alan-sked-on-the-eu-part-one-a-superstate-in-the-making/ 07/06/2016 In the first of a series for LSE BrexitVote, Alan Sked – who founded Ukip in 1993 (but has since distanced himself from the party) – examines the EU’s structures and purpose, and looks for clues in a pamphlet published by the Union. He argues that its aim is political and not merely economic union, and recalls the experience of Yanis Varoufakis during the Greek bailout negotiations and what it reveals about the ‘democratic deficit’ that afflicts the relationship between the ‘troika’ and the rest of the EU. What exactly is the European Union? It is not an easy organisation to describe. Its hybrid constitution includes among other bodies a decision-making European Council (summit meetings of the heads of government of the 28 member states), a powerful bureaucracy run by the European Commission with 30-odd departments (directorates-general), a Parliament that discusses Commission proposals, and a Supreme Court (the European Court of Justice) to rule on disputes. The Commission has its own President, as does the Council. One Commissioner heads the new EU Foreign Service and there is also a separate organisation – the Eurozone – for the 19 member states which employ the would-be “single currency” of the EU, the euro. Nine member states, including Britain, use their own currencies. Jean-Claude Juncker, president of the European Commission. Photo: European People’s Party via a CC-BY-2.0 licence The governance of the Eurozone does not relate intelligibly to the other institutions previously described.
    [Show full text]
  • "Democratic Deficit": Reassessing Legitimacy in the European Union
    JCMS 2002 Volume 40. Number 4. pp. 603–24 In Defence of the ‘Democratic Deficit’: Reassessing Legitimacy in the European Union* ANDREW MORAVCSIK Harvard University Abstract Concern about the EU’s ‘democratic deficit’ is misplaced. Judged against existing advanced industrial democracies, rather than an ideal plebiscitary or parliamentary democracy, the EU is legitimate. Its institutions are tightly constrained by constitu- tional checks and balances: narrow mandates, fiscal limits, super-majoritarian and concurrent voting requirements and separation of powers. The EU's appearance of exceptional insulation reflects the subset of functions it performs – central banking, constitutional adjudication, civil prosecution, economic diplomacy and technical administration. These are matters of low electoral salience commonly delegated in national systems, for normatively justifiable reasons. On balance, the EU redresses rather than creates biases in political representation, deliberation and output. Introduction Is the European Union democratically legitimate? It is an appropriate mo- ment to pose this question. The last decade has witnessed the emergence of a stable institutional equilibrium – let us call it the ‘European Constitutional Settlement’ – that serves as a de facto constitution for Europe. The Treaties of Amsterdam and Nice failed to alter its structure significantly. Deliberations now underway, despite being turbo-charged with constitutional rhetoric, are unlikely to achieve much more. The most ambitious proposals still under se- rious
    [Show full text]
  • A History of Global Governance
    2 A History of Global Governance It is the sense of Congress that it should be a fundamental objective of the foreign policy of the United States to support and strengthen the United Nations and to seek its development into a world federation open to all nations with definite and limited powers adequate to preserve peace and prevent aggression through the enactment, interpretation and enforcement of world law. House Concurrent Resolution 64, 1949, with 111 co-sponsors There are causes, but only a very few, for which it is worthwhile to fight; but whatever the cause, and however justifiable the war, war brings about such great evils that it is of immense importance to find ways short of war in which the things worth fighting for can be secured. I think it is worthwhile to fight to prevent England and America being conquered by the Nazis, but it would be far better if this end could be secured without war. For this, two things are necessary. First, the creation of an international government, possessing a monopoly of armed force, and guaranteeing freedom from aggression to every country; second, that wars (other than civil wars) are justified when, and only when, they are fought in defense of the international law established by the international authority. Wars will cease when, and only when, it becomes evident beyond reasonable doubt that in any war the aggressor will be defeated. 1 Bertrand Russell, “The Future of Pacifism” By the end of the 20th century, if not well before, humankind had come to accept the need for and the importance of various national institutions to secure political stability and economic prosperity.
    [Show full text]
  • Israel Hilatelist Journal of Israel Philatelists Inc
    SIP WINTER cover 2021.qxp_Layout 1 2021-01-02 7:07 PM Page 1 THE ISRAEL HILATELIST JOURNAL OF ISRAEL PHILATELISTS INC. WINTER 2021 DEVOTED to the PHILATELY of the HOLY LAND & JUDAICA VOLUME LXXII / NUMBER 1 qqqqqqqqqqqqq AA s you raise spoon of soup ( A ) to your mouth it pulls string ( b ), thereby jerking ladle ( c ) which throws cracker ( D ) past parrot ( E ). Parrot jumps after cracker and perch ( F ) tiLts, upsetting seeds (G) into pail ( H ). Extra weight in pail pulls cord ( I ) which opens and lights automatic cigar lighter ( J), setting off sky-rocket ( K) which causes sickle ( L ) to cut string (M) and allow pendulum with attached naPkin to swing back and forth thereby wiping off your chin. P ROFESSOR BUTTS WALKS IN HIS SLEEP, STROLLS THROUGH A CACTUS FIELD IN HIS BARE FEEt, AND SCREAMS OUT AN IDEA FOR A SELF-OPERATING NAPKIN. (roob gold´berg), Rube Goldberg IN THIS ISSUE a comically involved, complicated Notorious RGB 1933-2020 .............................................. 6 invention, laboriously contrived to A Disavowal of Self Delusion ................................. 8 perform a simple operation. Controversial Israel Stamp................................. 28 Rube Goldberg _ page 30 Jerusalem United .......................................................... 38 by Gregg Philipson Thessaloniki and Israel, The Story ................ 40 SIP WINTER cover 2021.qxp_Layout 1 2021-01-02 7:07 PM Page 1 THE 2021 Society of Israel Philatelists Fundraising Campaign ISRAEL HILATELIST MOSES Level MOSES Level JOURNAL OF ISRAEL PHILATELISTS INC. WINTER 2021 Gifts directed to the Endowment Fund DEVOTED to the PHILATELY of the HOLY LAND & JUDAICA VOLUME LXXII / NUMBER 1 qqqqqqqqqqqqq KING DAVID Level MOSES Level MIRIAM Level Jonathan Greene Bruce Arbit Charles Barnett Arbit Family AA s you raise spoon of soup ( A ) to your mouth it Gitte Finkelman-Cohen pulls string ( b ), thereby jerking ladle ( c ) which Tzedakah Fund of the JCF Vicki & Steven Galecki throws cracker ( D ) past parrot ( E ).
    [Show full text]
  • Towards Jamaica the Cultural Superstate December 2003
    NATIONAL CULTURAL POLICY OF JAMAICA TOWARDS JAMAICA THE CULTURAL SUPERSTATE DECEMBER 2003 Culture Division Ministry of Education, Youth and Culture Page 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. THE VISION..........................................................................................................................................5 2. THE PROCESS......................................................................................................................................5 3. THE CONTEXT.....................................................................................................................................7 4. DEFINITION OF CULTURE................................................................................................................9 5. POLICY CONSIDERATIONS............................................................................................................10 6. AIMS OF CULTURAL POLICY ........................................................................................................11 7. POLICY FRAMEWORK.....................................................................................................................11 THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE CULTURAL SUPERSTATE......................................................................12 8. JAMAICANS AND THE WORLD .........................................................................................................12 8.7 Positions ...............................................................................................................................................13
    [Show full text]
  • Should the EU Merge Into One Superstate, and Be Controlled by One Major Capital City? L Almost the Entire Population of the World Seems to Have Cell Phones
    Exemplification Essay Should the EU merge into one superstate, and be controlled by one major capital city? l Almost the entire population of the world seems to have cell phones. Regardless of one’s economic status, one possesses a modern cell phone. Publishing anything on workspaces is possible “on the move.” Thanks to cell phones, anyone in the company can view it. It is an advantage to people who work in specific fields. Nowadays, workers can keep in touch with absent colleagues during the day. They are using cell phones while driving is something very illegal. Most drivers are guilty of this crime. It is recognized as being “as dangerous as drink driving.” They are making it one of the leading causes of road accidents. Multitasking is not everyone’s strong point. While a driver is staring at a cell phone, he or she is unable to focus on what’s ahead. There are numerous laws in almost every country that go against using a cell phone while being driving a vehicle. Some states go as far as to fining drivers for holding a cellphone while the car is still running, even if the vehicle has stopped. Although all these factors are considered, chatting on the phone while driving is still a common issue. And one of the leading causes of many road-related injuries and deaths. Many claims that using cell phones in cinemas, malls, parks, and other public spaces, is highly inappropriate. As others claim it is okay. Something that is derived in very recent years is that people shout to the other person they are speaking to, on the phone - while being in a public space.
    [Show full text]
  • Act400011975eng.Pdf
    á REPORT ON TORTURE 1 Amnesty International REPORT ON TORTURE DUCKWORTH in association with Amnesty International Publications Second edition 1975 First published in 1973 by Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd. The Old Piano Factory, 43 Gloucester Crescent, London NW1. © 1973, 1975 Amnesty International CONTENTS 7 All rights reserved. No part of this publication Preface to the Second Edition may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, Preface to the First Edition 10 or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording Introduction 13 or otherwise, without the prior permission of Historical aspects of torture 27 the copyright owner. The problem of legal definition 33 cloth ISBN 0 7156 0711 1 39 paper ISBN 0 7156 0712 X I. Medical and Psychological Aspects of Torture Torture as a stress 41 49 Typesetting by Specialised Offset Services Limited, Liverpool Manipulation and resistance Printed by Unwin Brothers Limited, Old Woking Pharmacological torture 55 Injury and long-term effects 58 Torturers: psychological aspects 63 The difficulty of investigation 68 2. Legal Remedies 70 International governmental organisations 71 Regional organisations 74 • Non-governmental organisations 76 Case Study A: The UN and occupied terri- tories of the Middle East 77 CaseStudyB:Regional and international response to the use of torture in Greece, 1967-1973 79 CaseStudyC:The UK government and Northern Ireland 105 3. World Survey of Torture 114 The nature of the evidence 114 Africa 117 Burundi118Malawi 123 Carneroun119Morocco 124 Ethiopia120Rhodesia 126 Ghana121South Africa 128 Namibia PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION 133 Tunisia Tanzania 140 137 Uganda Togo 141 Amnesty International continues to receive information to 139 Zambia Asia 144 indicate that torture is a truly world-wide phenomenon that India 145 does not belong solely to one political ideology or to one 149 Philippines Korea 157 economic systcm.
    [Show full text]
  • Eesti Vabariigi Sümboolika Ja Keila Lasteaed Vikerkaar Tutvustus, Mis Reisib Koos Nukkude Juku Ja Juulaga
    Eesti Vabariigi sümboolika ja Keila Lasteaed Vikerkaar tutvustus, mis reisib koos nukkude Juku ja Juulaga Eesti Vabariik Estonia Eesti Vabariigi vapp Coat of arms of Estonia The current coat of arms of Estonia is a golden shield which inchedes three slim, blue leopards(or lions) in the middle, with oak branches along the side of the shield. The lions symbolize the Estonians courage of the fight for freedom and the wreath of oak leaves shows the strength of Estonia and the evergreen traditions of freedom. Eesti Vabariigi lipp Flag of Estonia The national flag of Estonia is a tricolour- colloguially called the “sinimustvalge” (literally “ blue- black-white”) after the colours of the bands: Blue- blue sky above the native land. Black- the soil of the homeland, growing the grain for bread. White- the promise of a brighter future; purity and hope. The Estonian tricolour is used displayed not only on state holidays, but also on national and family dates. Eesti rahvuslind suitsupääsuke National bird The bran swallow The bran swallow (or: chimneyswallow) builds its nest under the ridge of a roof or a broken window. The ancient Estonians thought that the chimney swallow brought them happiness and it symbolized their diligence. Eesti rahvuslill rukkilill National flower Cornflower The flowers are most commonly an intense blue colour, produced in flowerheads with a ring of a few large, spreading ray flortes. It grows in the rye fields and as we know Estonians like their daily brown bread. The Estonians think that the cornflower symbolizes faith Eesti rahvuskivi paekivi National stone Grey limestone Estonia lies on a thick layer of limestone.
    [Show full text]