Analysis of New Collaborative Writing Within Web 2.0

Advances in Information Science and Applications - Volume I Analysis of new collaborative writing within Web 2.0 P. Cutugno, L. Marconi, G.Morgavi, D. Chiarella, M. Morando • Turn writing. In this form of writing, authors Abstract—In recent years, the transition from Web 1.0 to Web contribute different sections of a text which are then 2.0 enabled the creation of content by the users of the Network: merged and harmonized by a lead author. social networks, blogs, forums, chats and wikis have arisen.. • Lead writing. One person drafts the text, which is Phenomena, such as collaborative/collective writing, already born amended by the others.Alternatively, authors might at the beginning of the 20th century, found their natural setting, a write the text for their own particular subplot within wide audience of reference of "writers' and readers in multiple languages within the Web 2.0. an overall narrative, in which case one author may In this paper our goal is to verify if and how the characteristics of have the responsibility of integrating the story as a the textual analysis of narrative plots can be used for the analysis of whole. collaborative narrative texts. In particular, we will check if features • Writing together side-by-side. A text is composed by like correctness, completeness, consistency and coherence together two or more persons who think aloud together, with tools for statistical analysis of language suitable for analysing negotiating and refining the content. A collaborative the new collaborative writing 2.0. author may focus on a specific protagonist or character in the narrative thread, and then pass the Keywords—Collaborative Writing, Social Publishing, Textual story to another writer for further additions or a Analysis, Social Implications of Modern Communications. change in focus to a different protagonist. Italy has a strong traditionin collaborative fiction: one of the I. INTRODUCTION oldest and the most remarkable texts wasLo zar non è morto, a 1929 collective novel by the futurist team "Gruppo dei Dieci". T he term collaborative writing refers to projects where In the ‘Letture Americane’ Italo Calvino[4]defines the multiple people together (collaboratively) create written works hyper -fiction as a place ‘ of contemporary infinite universes rather than individually. In a true collaborative environment, where all possibilities are realized in all possible each contributor has an almost equal ability to add, edit, and combinations’. It is amazing, at a time when today’s remove text. The writing process becomes a recursive task, technological developments were unpredictable, that Calvino where each change prompts others to make more could imagine to build a hyper -fiction content. In 1941 Luis changes.When a group of authors shares creative control of a Borges[5] wrote, "The Garden of Forking Paths" a novel in story the form of writing is called collaborative which "describes every possible outcomes of an event, each of fiction.Collaborative writing is easier to do if the group has a which leads to a further multiplication of consequences in a specific final goal in mind and harder if the goal is absent or continuous branching of possible futures". This is an example vague.Writing games for collaborative writing have a tradition of hypertext novel realized on paper. The first hypertext novel in literary groups such as the Dadaists. written for the Network was ‘Afternoon, a story’by American There are several of possible degrees of collaboration in author Michael Joyce in 1987[6]. It was published by Eastgate authoring. At one end of the range there is a single author Systems in 1990. Its hypertext structure, its links to other who, through discussion with and review by colleagues, nodes of the novel, the chance to choose the plot more produces a document. In the other end of the spectrum there is pleasing to the reader, earned him some attention from the a group of writers who jointly author a document. Lowry et web surfers and generated both commercial and critical al.[1]identified five coordination strategies for group writing: success. single-author writing, sequential single writing, parallel The advent of the Internet has seen many such collaborative writing, reactive writing and mixed mode. Each strategy has writing experiences online, resulting both in hypertext fiction inherent advantages and disadvantages.Traditional fiction and in more conventional literary production. writers and writing circles have experimented in creating In more recent years(1994) in Bolognaa number of cultural group stories. Collaborative writing can greatly increase activists (hackers, writers and cultural workers)began using motivation and speed of production for authors[2]. the pseudonymLuther Blissett (the name of the first black Extending the three types of co-authoring described by Ritchie footballers to play in Italy[7]), for staging a series of urban and Rigano[3] collaborativewriting can be organised as: and media pranks and to experiment with new forms of authorship and identity. From Italy this open-identity multiple- use name spread to other European cities, such as London, as ISBN: 978-1-61804-236-1 91 Advances in Information Science and Applications - Volume I well as countries such as Germany, Spain, Sloveniaand also practice. They aim to write, in such a way an open great novel, Canada, United States, and Brazil. According to Marco a collective book written by hundreds of users that should be, Deseriis[8], the main purpose of the Luther Blissett Project first of all, a good book"[11]. (LBP) was to create "a folk hero of the information society" The industrial collective writing is based on an whereby knowledge workers and immaterial workers could approachplanned in every detailby the " artistic director " who organize and recognize themselves. Thus, rather than being formally does not participate in the writing process, but who understood only as a media prankster and culture jammer, leads the writing,selects the topics and guidelines of the plot. Luther Blissett became a positive mythic figure that was The task of the artistic director is, at first, to prepare outlinesof supposed to embody the very process of community and cross- writing textsfocused on the characters, the templates and the media storytelling. Roberto Bui[9], one of the co-founders of plot. The members of the writing group will give life to each the LBP,explains the function of Luther Blissett and other outline producing their own novels. In the next step the artistic radical folk heroes as mythmaking or director together withthe collective of writers, will make a mythopoiesis:“Mythopoiesis is the social process of collage and editing of novelsproducing the final text of the constructing myths, by which we do notmean ‘false stories’, novel. The idea,underlying thismethodology, is "to overcome we mean stories that are told and shared, re-told and the individual approach to the literature in the age of manipulated, by a vast and multifarious community, stories participatory culture more and more spread through the that may give shape to some kind of ritual, some sense of computer network"[12]. continuity between what we do and what other people did in Relay writing [13] began in 2008 with the stated aim to give the past. A tradition: in Latin the verb ‘tradere’ simply meant users the freedom to propose content. The current writer is ‘to hand down something’, it did not entail any narrow- called the guardian of the pen.Each guardian has the chance to mindedness, conservatism or forced respect for the past. decide to leave the pen to the next writer for the subsequent Revolutions and radical movements have always found and contribution. Only writerswho proposes an outline tuned with told their own myths”.This collective has become famous with the novel plot image foreshadowed by the guardian will be the novel Q, a historical novel published in Italy by Einaudi chosen. In turn, the second writer becomesthe next guardian of publishing house in multiple languages. the pen. Two main ideas underlying this approach: the anarchy Wu Mingcollective (extended name: Wu Ming Foundation) of the contents is counteracted and the stiffness of plot and is thenom de plume for a group of Italian authors stemmed in deadlines are avoided for the writing group. 2000 from a subset of the "Luther Blissett" community in Bologna. In Chinese, ‘wu ming’ can mean "anonymous" or, with a different tone on the first syllable, ‘five people’. The II. COLLABORATIVE WRITING SOCIAL NETWORKS name is meant both as a tribute to dissidents (‘Wu Ming’ is a In 2013 the first collective writing social network common byline among Chinese citizens demanding introduced a new web 2.0 collaborative writing shape: democracy and freedom of speech) and as a rejection of the 20lines[14]. celebrity-making machine which turns the author into a star.‘wu ming’ is also a reference to the third sentence in the Dao de jing: "Nameless is Heaven's and Earth's origin"[10]. Unlike the open name "Luther Blissett", "Wu Ming" stands for a defined group of four known writers active in literature and popular culture. The band authored several novels, some of which have been translated in many countries. Their books are seen as part of a body of literary works (the "nebula", as it is frequently called in Italy) described as the New Italian Epic, a phrase that was proposed by Wu Ming themselves. Another example of collaborativewriting is represented by fourteen-writers,an internationalcollective from 14 different nations around the world who decided to join their efforts and their narrative skills to create a novel - the first "international" novel (Global Novel) in history of literature-: ‘My name is nobody’. All the details of the book, from the story to the writing style, were planned during a single meeting in Athens.

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