Kiladi oro vivineidi ria tingitonga pa idere oro pa goana pa Marovo

Edvard Hviding na kubere vekoi Reef and Rainforest Written by Edvard Hviding An Environmental Encyclopedia of Marovo Lagoon, Solomon Islands

Kiladi oro vivineidi ria tingitonga pa idere oro pa goana pa Marovo

Reef and Rainforest An Environmental Encyclopedia of Marovo Lagoon, Solomon Islands

UNESCO – LINKS

Kiladi oro vivineidi ria tingitonga pa idere oro pa goana pa Marovo

Pa jinama Marovo oro jinama vaka, mana koe magomago, oro kilakila pa kalena tadiria scientist

Reef and Rainforest An Environmental Encyclopedia of Marovo Lagoon, Solomon Islands

In Marovo and English, with scientific identifications and colour illustrations

Edvard Hviding Kiladi oro vivineidi ria tingitonga pa idere oro pa goana pa Marovo

This book should be cited as: Hviding, Edvard. 2005. Reef and Rainforest: An Environmental Encyclopedia of Marovo Lagoon, Solomon Islands / Kiladi oro vivineidi ria tingitonga pa idere oro pa goana pa Marovo. Knowledges of Nature 1. UNESCO: Paris. 252 pp. (revised and expanded second edition of a book originally published in 1995)

Cataloguing in Publication Data 1. Ecology – Solomon Islands 2. Human ecology – Solomon Islands 3. Ethnobiology – Solomon Islands – Marovo Lagoon 4. Ethnobotany – Solomon Islands – Marovo Lagoon 5. Food use – Solomon Islands – New Georgia 6. Marine resources – Solomon Islands 7. Forest resources – Solomon Islands 8. Coral reef biology – Solomon Islands 9. Rainforest botany – Solomon Islands 10. Marovo Lagoon (Solomon Islands) – Natural resources 11. Marovo (Solomon Islands people) – human ecology 12. Marovo (Solomon Islands language)

Graphic & Cover design: Stéphane Rébillon

Published and printed in 2005 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 7, place de Fontenoy F-75352 Paris 07 SP France

ISBN 92-990041-0-2 © Copyright The People of Marovo and Edvard Hviding, 1995 / 2005 This edition © Copyright Edvard Hviding, 2005 All photographs by Edvard Hviding All rights reserved

XXXXVI+206 pp., 20 / 25 cm, 4 maps and colour illustrations.

The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The authors are responsible for the choice and the presentation of the facts contained in this book and for the opinions expressed therein, which are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization.

This book has its foundations in work carried out by the author in 1986-1989 as part of the Marovo Lagoon Resource Management Project, a project of the Marovo people, initiated by the Marovo Area Council. The making of this book is a joint collaborative effort since 1986 by the Marovo people, the Western Province of Solomon Islands, the University of Bergen, and Edvard Hviding. Research for the book was supported by the Research Council of Norway, the University of Bergen, and the village communities of Marovo. Permission to conduct altogether three years of research in Marovo in 1986-87, 1989-90, 1991-92, 1994, 1996, 2003 and 2004 was given by the Solomon Islands Government, the Western Provincial Government, the Marovo Area Council, and the chiefs of different parts of Marovo. The printing (1995) and Marovo-wide free distribution (1996) of the first edition of the book was funded by the Centre for Development Studies, University of Bergen through a grant from the Research Council of Norway. This revised and expanded version has been produced and distributed for free with funding and support from UNESCO’s Local and Indigenous Knowledge Systems (LINKS) project. Additional support has been forthcoming from UNESCO’s Coastal Regions and Small Islands platform (CSI) as part of its contribution to ‘Enhancing linkages between cultural and biological diversities’.

This book is not for sale but for free distribution by UNESCO. The author will not receive any royalties. Like its first edition, this book is printed for distribution to schools and villages in the Marovo Lagoon area, and to other interested people in Solomon Islands and elsewhere.

The author’s address Professor Edvard Hviding, Department of Social Anthropology University of Bergen, Fosswinckels gate 6, N-5007 Bergen, Norway E-mail: [email protected]

The Local and Indigenous Knowledge Systems (LINKS) project was created by UNESCO in 2002. Website: www.unesco.org/links

(SC-2004/WS/54)

VI Reef and Rainforest – An Environmental Encyclopedia of Marovo Lagoon, Solomon Islands

FOREWORD

Knowing and naming go hand in peoples as keepers of their resources, This revised and expanded version of hand. By understanding to what as the traditional owners of clan-based Reef and Rainforest: An Environmental people assign names in their natural territories on land and sea. It opens Encyclopedia of Marovo Lagoon is a environment and how these natural opportunities for a dialogue between contribution to UNESCO’s project on things are further clustered into Marovo knowledge holders and ‘Local and Indigenous Knowledge groups that are also named, we gain scientists and resource managers, Systems’ (LINKS). It is the first insights into the ways in which based, as a starting point, upon volume of a new publication series people think about and interact with acknowledging and showing mutual entitled Knowledges of Nature. the world around them. respect for each other’s words and knowledges of nature. Launched by UNESCO in 2002, For the non-Marovo reader, the LINKS project works with local Professor Edvard Hviding of the For the Marovo reader, the content knowledge holders to promote University of Bergen proposes a of this encyclopedia is familiar recognition of their expertise about voyage of discovery. It is a voyage territory. But the printed medium the local environment and reinforce that lays out not only the vastness of offers broader meanings and their role in biodiversity governance. the environmental repertoire of the addresses far-ranging goals. Destined It also recognises the importance of Marovo people, as evidenced by the for use in classrooms and keeping indigenous knowledge alive more than 1,200 names they possess communities throughout Marovo within local communities by for plants, animals and features of Lagoon, as well as elsewhere in reinforcing its transmission from their bio-physically complex and Solomon Islands, the book brings elders to youth, and strengthening its diverse milieu, but also divulges, indigenous language, knowledge and presence in the classroom. through innumerable insights gleaned worldview into the formal education from the detail of individual entries, system. It is a first step to enhance the daily preoccupations of the the confidence and pride of youth in Marovo people. These preoccupations indigenous knowledge and ways, to Douglas Nakashima include managing people’s access to reinforce ties between elders and Head, LINKS Project and use of natural resources. In this youth, and expand the community’s respect, the encyclopedia also active involvement in local schools. reaffirms the role of the Marovo

VII

JINAMA VA KADUVU INTRODUCTION X

PINAJAKA VINA MEKA CHAPTER ONE 2 Ria hokiti puku tingitonga vasidi pa idere, saghauru, toba oro rarusu Coastal-marine topography and reef classification

PINAJAKA VINA KARUA CHAPTER TWO 10 Ria binu oro idaka pa saghauru, oro tingitonga pule pu to pa saghauru Corals, stones and other things that grow on the reef

PINAJAKA VINA HIKE CHAPTER THREE 16 Ria tingitonga pu ponu pa idere oro pa kavo: ria ihana oro katiga tingitonga pule Fish and other swimming creatures of sea and river Chaba ihana tinavete arilaena via pa Marovo 62 Fishing: a central part of everyday life in Marovo

PINAJAKA VINA MADE CHAPTER FOUR 64 Ria tingitonga pu mea, doku oro napata pa saghauru, pa rarusu oro pa petupetuani Shells, sea cucumbers and similar things

PINAJAKA VINA LIMA CHAPTER FIVE 82 Ria tingitonga pu ko maheledi madi ene oro rerese pa sagharuru, rarusu, pa petupetuani oro pa mati katigae Crustaceans of reef, beach, mangroves and forest

PINAJAKA VINA ONOMO CHAPTER SIX 88 Ria tingitonga kovurudi pa mati oro vuradi mae pa mati The land: topography and soil types Hirama dekuru oro choku hae: tinavete gete pa hua pia pa goana pa Marovo 94 Logging and tree plantations: large-scale development in the forests of Marovo

PINAJAKA VINA JUAPA CHAPTER SEVEN 98 Ria hae, rikiroko, adoso oro checheu Plants of forest and gardens

PINAJAKA VINA ONOMO CHAPTER EIGHT 152 Tongania tingitonga todi pu haba oro ene pa puava oro keba pa hae Snakes and all kinds of four-legged animals of the land

PINAJAKA VINA SIA CHAPTER NINE 162 Ria tingitonga kikidi pu charava pana ulu oro haba pa puava oro pa hae oro pa rokoroko Insects, spiders, centipedes and similar things

PINAJAKA VINA NAGURU CHAPTER TEN 168 Ria oloko charava Birds and bats

Tokele kilakila: Jinama Marovo (mana ta likocho pa jinama tadiria scientist) 178 Index: Marovo names (and scientific equivalents) Tokele kilakila: Jinama tadiria scientist (madi ta likocho pa jinama Marovo) 186 Index: Scientific names (and Marovo equivalents) Ria tasedi ria kasiatona pa pinato Hoava (dae pa pinato Marovo) 192 Hoava-to-Marovo name list Ria kiladi ria tinitona pa kinepoto Vanunu (oro pa kinepoto Marovo) 198 Vanunu-to-Marovo name list Kiladi oro vivineidi ria tingitonga pa idere oro pa goana pa Marovo

JINAMA VA KADUVU Pata ta hamu pa Marovo

Ia buka pia ieni ta hokoto pa vina mana pata va la ta hamu tinoni pa oro vina noro puledi ria kinubere meka kolokolo pa burububuru 1995. Ulusaghe, Kalikolo, Kalivarana, seadi oro linikocho seadi pu ko susua Pa buruburu 1996 mae raka pa Nono, Kale Vangunu oro tongania pa tania kinubekubere pia no. Heni Marovo pa paleke Julae pata vuvusu chugichugilina Marovo. Ginavuna be korapa ko dia tungana katiga nia ia buka pia pa tongania taguraka pa Norway, oro ria pa jinama ba be vivinei pu kadi te tava palavanua oro vasina sikulu pa UNESCO pa United Nations, va norodi, na kani dia sinea ria mana pa Marovo, talavuni pa Biche pa mae nina poata pata ta tavete ia kalena tagu raka ngana. E Sam Gatokae kaduvu pa Jela pa Kusaghe. buka pia. Patavaqara ni vari tokae va gete via Pa hua pia, pa buruburu 2004, mado pa vina hokotona ia buka pia, ia pa via raka pata vala nia ia buka pia ta Pa hua, kani soku ria oreke na hua nga mani la ta kubere pa vasina hamu pa Marovo pa vina karua maroke tiatamami hamu pa Marovo taveteani buka (Printery) ia, pa kolokolo. Mana lea buka haguruna ia pia pu atei valeana nidi ria kiladi oro kalena pa vina dokudi ria jinama pa buka pia. Omia ria pa United Nations vivineidi tongania ria tingitonga todi hinairina oro vina hokotona ia pa Paris, France ia buka vina meka. pu ko pa idere oro pa goana. Mana kinubekubere pa tania buka pia. Balabala ria pu arilaena via ria tongania ria tingitonga pira iedi tingitonga pu ko pa Marovo pa arilaedi via pa kino ta hamu tou pa Jama leana uka raka pata hamu tou kalena pa idere, pa goana oro pa Ulusaghe. Ria ihana, oloko, hae, pu va atei nia taguraka tongania inatei ta hamu, oro balabala ria pu rikiroko, adoso, checheu na vei, oro tingitonga pu ko pa buka pia. Ria leana via ia buka pia pata vata omi ria soku via tingitonga pule pu to, ko ba tinoni na manemaneke pira iedi vari tingitonga pira tadiria tononi pa ene pa ria hokitihokiti vasidi pa tokae va gete via pa tinavetena ia kalavaseu oro pa ria ria hokiti tusu pa Ulusaghe iedi ta kubere oro ta vivinei buka pia: Dyson Kiko Jimuru, Pastor Solomon Islands. Heni va mae nina pa buka pia. Kuloburu Liligeto, Amos Dioni, Rex poata pata ta tavete pule ia buka pia, Dioni, Patson Dioni, Billy Kioto, pa vina karua kolokolo. Mana kani Raka iegu kuberea buka pia, mana ria Pastor Kata R. Ragoso, Ronter Amos, meka tonu ia buka koina oro ia buka maroke na oreke na katiga tinoni na Risley Amos, Eddie Moses oro Wilson haguruna pia, pula va mae nina manemaneke pule iedi totovei nidi ria Liligeto pa Chea; Erik oro Vivian poata ria pa UNESCO pata vekoa va kiladi oro vivineidi ria tingitonga pira. Andersen pa Mahoro; Jonathan Evu, soku ria magomago pa ia buka Leana uka ta hamu tou! Nelly Teku, Tena Baketi, Amina Kada haguruna pia. Oro ko tungana katiga oro Katareti Sepe pa Tamaneke; vivinei oro magomago pu kadi ko pa Madi katiga tinoni pule pa Ulusaghe Ezekiel Mateni pa Vivila; Nelson ia buka koina. Vura mae ria vivinei iedi raku vari tokae pa ia tinavete pia, Pulekevu oro Isaac Hivu pa Keru; pira, oro ria magomago hagurudi, pa talavuni pa buruburu 1986 kaduvu Nicholas Kwate’ana oro Cedric Bird kolokolo pule mae raka pa Marovo pa pa hua. Erikahike tinoni pira, Vincent pa Chubikopi; David Livingstone buruburu 2003 oro 2004 pa kalena Vaguni, Harold Jimuru oro Beraki Kavusu pa Ninive; Mapeli Jino oro pa tinavete tadiria pa UNESCO. Jino iedi vari tokae via pa vinanorodi Smith Jino pa Zaira. Mana soku via ria vivinei oro jinama pa buka pia. ria tinoni na manemaneke pule pa Pia ia jinama va kaduvu pu ta kubere Tinavete ta hami ka made pira ieni ria hokihokiti palavanua pa Ulusaghe nia raka pa ia buka vina meka, ia talavuni mae tu pa buruburu 1986, iedi raku vari tokae pa ia tinavete pia. buka koina pu hara sanu koko liloro kolokolona pu va havoroa hita ia Leana uka ta hamu pa Chea oro pa kani sea Marovo talavuni pa “Marovo Lagoon Resource Tamaneke pu chakei nio raka pa burubutu 1996 kaduvu pa hua pia. Management Project” pa hiniva tongania rane pa kino valeana tagu Mana padana ia pata tavete pule tadiria bangara pa Marovo oro pa raka pa Marovo. Oro leana uka hamu pata va la pule pata ta hamu tou pa tania Marovo Area Council. E Beraki pa Bagholae, Bareho, Barora, Batuna, Marovo or tadiria pa hokiti tusu. Ia Jino, mani katiga tinoni pule, di gete Biche, Bili, Bisuana, Buini Tusu, buka pia ieni kani pata vata holu, via dia vinaritokae pa tiniro lilosona Bukobuko, Cheke, Chemoho,

X Reef and Rainforest – An Environmental Encyclopedia of Marovo Lagoon, Solomon Islands

Chubikopi, Chuchulu, Duvaha, na Vangunu (pa “kinepoto Vanunu”) Leana via pata ta tavetavetei pa Kavokoasa, Keru, Ketoketo, Lalauru, ta huei ria karua tokele kilakila tadiria koburu pa sikulu ta hamu Mahoro, Manabusu, Michi, tingitonga pa goana oro idere di ta tinoni hagurumi oro ta tongania Nazareth, Ninive, One, Patutiva, veko vari lului pa vina hokotona la ia tinoni pa Ulusaghe, Kalikolo, Pejuku, Rakata, Rukutu, Sasaghana, buka pia. E Vincent Vaguni oro Kalivarana, Nono oro Kale Vangunu Seghe, Telina, Tibarene, Tiqe, Tobe, Amina Kada mani katiga pule ria na ia buka pia, pata mi gura atei ni ria Uipi, Vakabo, oro Zaira, pu chakei butubutu tadi karu di ko pa tingitonga leadi pu ko pa idere na nio raka pa nginongo, pa minucha Tamaneke ra na kubere horeni oro va goana, oro pata mi chakei valeana ni oro pa kino valeana tagu raka pa noro poara ni taguraka ria kilakila pa hua oro pana maena. tongania inene tagu raka pa Marovo Hoava puri, mani e Beraki Jino oro pa hike buruburu choda talavuni pa Smith Jino madi ria katiga pule pa 1986 kaduvu pa hua pia pa butubutu tadi karu pa Zaira na Raka buruburu 2004. kuberedi na va norodi ria kilakila Edvard Hviding Vangunu ra. Te tiro gora nia ngina tu Bergen, Norway, October 2004 Buka pia ieni lea hae tinavete pu vura hoi oro la atei nia mua nga hoi iepu mae pa tania “Marovo Lagoon sokudi ria kilakila Hoava oro Vangunu Resource Management Project”, pa riedi mekatonu puta ngana pa hiniva ta hamu pa tongania jinama Marovo. Katiga ngana di palavanua na butubutu pa Ulusaghe. chire vasina kiki hokara. Ba ko dia tu Hara katiga tingitonga oro vivinei ngana katiga pu lea hokitidi uka tu iedi kani ko raku pa buka pia, oro ngana (huena ihana, na oloko hara katiga jinama iedi kani noro charava, na hae, na hua). Heni ia hoi uka. Pula katiga tingitonga pu kamu pu kamu gora nina pa korapana atei nia hoi oro kamu pitae hoi pa meka pinajaka pa buka pia ia meka buka pia, la nanasa pa tadiria maroke kilakila Hoava be Vangunu pu hiva na oreke pu ko ta hamu. Ria ngina atei nia hoi, mu repacha la pa vina hara atei nidi. hokotona la ia buka pia mamu pita ia ia kilakila iana. Pula gora nia hoi Sokudi ria hae na rikirokona ia goana vasina ia, pita vae ia linikocho na iedi na meresena. Katiga vivineidi Marovo na ia, mamu la repacha pule ria hokihokiti pukusae binorue puri la pa tania pinajaka (”chapter”) pu gu kuberi raka pa jinama Marovo. titiro susua ia hoi no, pata mu gura Kadi ta likocho ie puri pa jinama vae vasina ia tonganana uka ia vaka, puna na kadi nadi ria. Mi nga vivineina ia. Ta vinari luludi ria karua hamu pa Marovo. Mana kare puilingi tokele kilakila pu ko pa vina betona uka nia, hamu na tinoni hagurumi, ie la ia buka pia pu hua nia raka no ieni pata mu kare sanu tavetavete ni ria hua pa pui. Susua uka na kilakila binorue pira. Mu vae va hokoto putai Hoava ba be Vangunu gu vekoa raka, ria vivineidi na hinuadi na vei tadiria lulu vina rua mae ia kilana ia pa na maroke na oreke na vei oro ria pu jinama Marovo. Mana pula meka ateidi. Na kadi madomado ria katiga ngana kiladi ria, huena ”(meka hae)” hae ra pula huana kamu atei va leana na hua, ie ni kani ta veko la ngina ia ni hoi na vina tanadi. Na vari va legu. kilakila Marovo. Lulu vina hike mae ia Ia hinivana ia kinubere pia ieni pata pinajaka ni ko ia jinama, oro tokania nga inatei tamuhoi hua. Atei vivineina ia pa jinama Marovo. va leana paki ni, mamu la nanasa vae Korapa kani te ta va ibara va hokoto ni tadiria pu ateinidi ria hinuadi ria. tou la puri tongania kilakila pu isiri ta vala. Heni ta hivae pata tuti la ia hoi Gura uka ngana oro leana uka tu ia huani te ta veko la puri. Hara pata ie hamu pu jama Vanunu oro makasina leana va susua ie pata Hoava no, pata mu tavetavete nia ia kuberia tunga hita meka pu koia na buka pia. Pata ta hamu pu atei linikocho pa sinana Bareke. kilakila Hoava (pa “pinato Hoava”)

XI Kiladi oro vivineidi ria tingitonga pa idere oro pa goana pa Marovo

INTRODUCTION

This book is an illustrated science. For example, as Chapter 3 importance to the Marovo people – encyclopedia of the coral reef and classes together all “swimming things in a context of accelerating threats rainforest environments of the of sea and river”, marine mammals, to, and mounting local concerns Marovo Lagoon in the New Georgia marine reptiles and some free- about, the well-being of land, lagoon Group of Solomon Islands, in the swimming invertebrates are thereby and sea. To achieve this goal, a small Melanesian southwest Pacific. Its title added to the myriad of fish species of number of research workers from in the Marovo language literally all sizes and kinds which constitute abroad were identified and invited by means “The Names and Stories of the main focus of the chapter. the Project Committee, through its the Things in the Sea and Forest of adviser Dr. Graham Baines, to spend Marovo”, revealing the encyclopedic To complement the Marovo shorter or longer periods in Marovo ambition of the Marovo people who perspective and expand the from 1986 to 1989. During those requested, back in 1986, that a book usefulness of the book for Marovo years, several local workshops were of such scope should be written and people when they deal with outside held, funded by the Commonwealth published by the present author. worlds, as well as to connect the book Science Council. Among the research – and Marovo people’s environmental results presented on these occasions The tropical Pacific Island knowledge – to these worlds, each of to an audience of delegates from environment of the Marovo Lagoon is the more than 1200 entries also villages throughout Marovo were the host to an extraordinary biodiversity; includes a description in English and, beginnings of the present book, one moreover this biodiversity is captured in many cases, a scientific of several responses to requests for in the rich and complex repertoire of identification (many of which are locally relevant educational materials indigenous environmental knowledge tentative, given the relative lack of in- expressed by the Marovo Area held by the Marovo people. It is this depth biological and botanical studies Council, by chiefs from throughout knowledge that is the focus of this for the area). The English account the area, and by the local leadership book, which contains the names and appearing under the entry name is of the Marovo Project. associated stories of some 350 fishes, not necessarily a direct translation of 450 plants, 100 shells, 80 birds, 80 the Marovo account preceding it, but The anthropological component of distinct topographical features of has generally been adapted to the Marovo Project, for which I was coral reef, sea and coast – and much simplify reading and ease access for principal investigator, involved an more. This all adds up to a English-speaking readers. Conversely eighteen-month period of field comprehensive overview of the rich the Marovo account under each entry research in Marovo during 1986-87, tropical environments of coral reef, may contain information of specific with a main focus on marine tenure lagoon, mangroves and rainforest as cultural relevance that is not and maritime traditions. conceived, known and used by the translated into English. Subsequently I was granted the people of Marovo. privilege of carrying out another four The book has been written on the months of work in Marovo during The book has been written first and request of the Marovo people, and as 1989-90, and a further eleven foremost for the use of the Marovo such is a major outcome of the months during 1991-1996. In 1996, people themselves in village schools Marovo Lagoon Resource my Marovo work also included and in community-level Management Project, a research- documentary film activities with a environmental education, in which and-education programme initiated small Norwegian film team, under an elders and other local experts on reef by the Marovo Area Council in 1984. agreement with the Solomon Islands and rainforest play a key role. The For this reason, the copyright is held National Museum. Brief visits in 2003 following ten chapters are organised jointly by the Marovo people and the and 2004 were carried out under the according to Marovo author. The “Marovo Project”, as it auspices of the Solomon Islands conceptualizations of the physical came to be called, had as its major National Commission for UNESCO environment and its living aim the description of the natural and the UNESCO LINKS project. My inhabitants, rather than the resources of Marovo Lagoon and involvement with Marovo Lagoon taxonomic divisions of Western their past, present and future and its people continues.

XII Reef and Rainforest – An Environmental Encyclopedia of Marovo Lagoon, Solomon Islands

In the course of these many periods ko pa idere oro pa goana pa becoming, in important ways, a new of field research in Marovo I have Marovo = Of Reef and Rainforest: A one rather than simply a reprint. He worked closely with a number of Dictionary of Environment and has also influenced the revision of the collaborators on the completion of Resources in Marovo Lagoon) was text with his many well-informed this book, taking it through many published in 1995 by the Centre of suggestions. Many thanks are also drafts and culminating in its first-time Development Studies at the University due UNESCO’s editorial team, who publication in 1995. From early of Bergen, in cooperation with the worked for months on text, layout, beginnings in 1986, the younger- Division of Culture of the indexes, and much more: Stéphane generation leaders Mr. Vincent Government of Western Province of Rébillon (who has done the graphic Vaguni, Mr. Harold Jimuru, Mr. Beraki Solomon Islands. With funds from the design), Robb Rutledge (who copy- Jino, Mr. Sam Patavaqara, Mr. Wilson University of Bergen and the Research edited most of the text), Annette Liligeto, the Hon. Job Duddley Council of Norway, 500 copies of the Nilsson (who completed and cross- Tausinga and the late Hon. book were printed in Norway and checked the indexes and did the final Christopher Columbus Abe in many freighted by air and sea to Solomon proof-reading of the text) and different ways initiated, encouraged, Islands. In July-August 1996, my wife Jennifer Heath. participated in and urged on the (and fellow anthropologist) Karen making of this book. Chapter 7 Leivestad and I then travelled by The most striking addition, compared originates in part from an extensive motorized canoe to more than 50 to the 1995 book, is the great list of plants in the Hoava language of villages and schools throughout the number of colour photographs taken northern Marovo prepared by Vincent entire Marovo area and distributed by myself during many years of Vaguni in 1988. The many wise elders free copies of the book (plus a involvement with the Marovo of the villages of Chea and Tamaneke companion volume of custom stories Lagoon and its people. Furthermore, have been exceptionally important in local languages and English). My the present book also includes a contributors to this book, by long-term Marovo collaborators number of new entries that were providing, checking, verifying and Harold Jimuru and Vincent Vaguni developed during brief visits under expanding the names and stories joined us for much of this period of UNESCO auspices to Solomon Islands contained in it, and by following this daily lagoon travel. Copies were and Marovo Lagoon in August 2003 up through continuing conversations simultaneously given to the Solomon and June 2004. Finally, during the with me on the lives and human Islands government and to libraries of long process of revision every single usages of plants, fishes, birds, snakes, the Pacific Islands region. one of the 1,211 entries of the and all kinds of other ‘living things’ present book has been examined and (tingitonga todi) of Marovo. The Since then many requests to reprint revised, and updated where idea of an environmental this work have come from Solomon necessary. This includes updating the encyclopedia emerged from these Islands and elsewhere. The present scientific taxonomy, which conversations. The contents of the book is a response to these requests. (particularly in the case of tropical chapters have accumulated gradually Moreover, through a generous reef fishes) has been substantially over the years, during discussions initiative from UNESCO in Paris, it revised in the years since the original with these elders and many, many has been possible to revise, expand publication. I am grateful to Dr. Knut others, and during my own and completely redesign the volume. Rio of the University of Bergen, who participation, together with those UNESCO, through its “Local and in 2003 laid the foundations for most active in this work, in the Indigenous Knowledge Systems” much of the later editorial work by everyday practical life at sea and in (LINKS) project, led by Dr. Douglas weaving new information on forest in most corners of Marovo. I Nakashima, has provided generous scientific identification into the draft am deeply grateful to all these people financial and logistic support, as well text and indexes, from updated lists I from so many Marovo villages who as editorial services for the had started compiling once the idea have given so much of their time to production of this new version, of republishing the book was the making of this book. Some of including publication and subsequent launched by UNESCO in 2002. them are listed in the preceding distribution in Solomon Islands and introduction in the Marovo language. elsewhere. Dr. Nakashima is to be For scientific identifications, I have thanked in particular for initiating relied over the years (both in Marovo The original work on which the revision and reprinting with an and in Norway) on a number of present book is based (Kiladi oro enthusiasm and creativity that soon illustrated field guides to the fishes, vivineidi tongania ria tingitonga pu resulted in the present book plants, birds, molluscs and reptiles of

XIII Kiladi oro vivineidi ria tingitonga pa idere oro pa goana pa Marovo

the region, as listed below. Most of When in 1994, Dr. T.C. Whitmore, The number of entries for different these books have been actively used the principal authority on Solomon categories of living things in discussions with Marovo experts, Island forests, generously offered to (tingitonga todi) and their who have approached the tasks of examine the final draft of the “plant environmental contexts, contained in identifying species from photographs chapter”, he provided a logical the following ten chapters, reflects with the utmost care and sound conclusion to a process in which he the extensive biological diversity of scepticism. It should be noted that had unknowingly participated from the Marovo Lagoon, and the information on usages, behaviour the very beginning. In 1989, three of demonstrates the major and ecology contained in this book the leading Marovo authorities on preoccupations of the Marovo people relies exclusively on the Marovo point the New Georgia rainforest, Tena in their myriad usages of the of view. The reference literature listed Baketi (a hunting expert and speaker bountiful environments of land and below (page XXXXVI) has only been of the Hoava language of northern sea. Doubtlessly there are many more used for scientific taxonomic Marovo), Ezekiel Mateni (a master names and stories still known by the identification. Brief field surveys in gardener from central Marovo) and elders of the Marovo Lagoon – and Marovo, during 1986-87, by experts Nicholas Kwate’ana (a Kwara’ae man hopefully this book, as its more in various fields of biology and botany from Malaita but long resident in modest predecessor from 1995, also yielded scientific identifications central Marovo) spent a full day will inspire young people to study, (partly contained in brief unpublished walking (with Vincent Vaguni and utilize, and in turn even expand the reports) that have served in preparing myself) from coastal mangroves wisdom of the old men and women this book. I gratefully acknowledge through gardens, fallows, secondary whose voices are represented in the the work carried out in this respect by forest and virgin land all the way up following chapters. For Marovo Dr. Graham Baines (reef classification, into the dry moss forest on the people, the “natural” environment plants), Mr. Ron Canarella (plants), mountain ridges of the Vahole area does not represent a “nature” the late Dr. R.E. Johannes (fishes), and (see Figure 1). On the way the three separate from themselves. Rather, Mr. Mike McCoy (reptiles). experts named well over 200 plants they point out that their unique Subsequently, the following scientific in their three respective languages, Marovo ‘lifestyle’ (kino) does not just specialists kindly provided additional communicating intensely in Marovo depend on, but more directly derives identifications, clarifications and about subtle nuances of leaf from, all the ‘good things of land and scrupulous cross-checking of various structure, flower shape, habitat types sea’ and the continuous engagement drafts, and have attempted to weed and other botanical topics. The of men, women and children with out such misunderstandings as may trilingual information in Marovo, these things. As they say in Marovo: result from an anthropologist’s Hoava and Kwara’ae that emerged “Those who cannot name the good dealings with scientific taxonomy: from this walk was crucially things of sea and land, cannot find Dr. Tim Bayliss-Smith (garden crops), important for the development of them, and therefore cannot eat or Dr. Hugh Govan (corals, molluscs and this book’s chapter on “trees, shrubs, otherwise benefit from them, nor will crustaceans), Dr. Peter Last (fishes), climbers and creepers, leafy grasses”. they know how to look after them Mr. Mike McCoy (reptiles), Dr. John By connecting crosschecked Marovo well”. This book may be of help in L. Munro (molluscs, corals and fishes), and Hoava names with ensuring that these mutual and Dr. David Roe (birds), and the late corresponding Kwara’ae names, beneficial bonds between people and Dr. T.C. Whitmore (plants). With the scientific identifications were quickly environment continue into the accelerating development of obtained using Dr. Whitmore’s future. As its predecessor, it will be information bases on the World Wide standard reference work from 1966 – distributed free of charge to the Web, a number of such internet bases a book that contains comprehensive villages and schools of Marovo, but – particularly those combining lists of tree names in the Kwara’ae UNESCO’s enthusiasm and financial photographic material and taxonomic language. Thus after almost 40 generosity, and the Marovo people’s information – have been used in years, a creative interplay between generosity in sharing their recent years to crosscheck local and scientific knowledges knowledge, will also enable these information and update scientific continued to flourish. stories of the lands and seas of identification. The most important Marovo to reach a wider audience in of these sources has been FISHBASE, Solomon Islands and beyond. an extraordinarily rich searchable database developed by the World Fish Center.

XIV Reef and Rainforest – An Environmental Encyclopedia of Marovo Lagoon, Solomon Islands

Figure 1 The forest experts: Ezekiel Mateni, Nicholas Kwate’ana and Tena Baketi, each a master of the forest and each representing his own language, during the trilingual – Marovo, Hoava and Kwara’ae – plant-naming walk from seashore to mountain ridge in Vahole, 15th November 1989.

XV Kiladi oro vivineidi ria tingitonga pa idere oro pa goana pa Marovo

MAROVO LAGOON: PEOPLE AND ENVIRONMENT

Marovo Lagoon, located in the New Some clarification of the many just a few square kilometres, but with Georgia area of Western Province, meanings of “Marovo” and “Marovo fertile volcanic soils, supports a Solomon Islands, is an ecologically Lagoon” are useful at this stage. population of almost 1,000 people in diverse environment dominated by Figure 2 (Map of Marovo Lagoon) three large villages. When the first 700 square kilometres of coral reef. provides the background for the European traders and navigators It is delimited by a long, uneven following clarification. entered the lagoon in the early 19th chain of raised barrier reefs and century, Marovo Island was one of backed by high volcanic islands “Marovo” currently refers to a their first localities of substantial covered with rainforest. As of 2004, modern administrative area of the friendly contact, and as these around 12,000 people live in some Western Province of Solomon Islands, processes developed throughout the 50 villages, mainly on the lagoon and as such is constituted by five middle part of that century, the coasts of the high islands. electoral wards of that province. The name “Marovo” became a Household-based production is still outer perimeters of Marovo in this designation used on early charts both centred on the shifting cultivation of administrative sense are the village of for the large lagoon and for the root crops (mainly sweet potatoes), Jela in the northern Kusaghe district, entire area defined by it. Thus reef and lagoon fishing and a small the Viru Harbour area near the east “Marovo Lagoon” and “the Marovo but diverse cash sector. Since the end of the island of New Georgia, area” came into being as 1990s, the latter sector has seen and the island of Gatokae at the geographical units. considerable but conflict-ridden south-eastern end of the lagoon – expansion, due to the activities of with several uninhabited offshore In local terms, however, there is Asian logging companies and their islands further east. The dominant another area name of major payment of timber royalties to feature of this modern administrative significance that defines the area of customary landowning groups. unit is the lagoon formed by the “Marovo”. That name is Ulusaghe, Adherence to Christian churches, raised, forested barrier reef that which is an old amalgamation from mainly Methodist and Seventh-day extends for about 100 kilometres in a Marovo language (from the olden Adventist (but with the influential southeasterly / northwesterly direction days called “Ulusaghe language”) presence also of the indigenous along the shores of the large islands and the neighbouring Roviana Christian Fellowship Church) is of New Georgia, Vangunu and language of western New Georgia. universal throughout the area. By Gatokae. The eastern sections of the Ulusaghe, in this Marovo-Roviana early 1995, the Marovo Lagoon with barrier reef form a globally unique combination, means “above-and- its perceived combination of double chain of raised islands, with ascending” and refers to the location biological and cultural diversity was the parallel chains separated by 1-2 of the main body of the lagoon and being considered for inscription as a kilometres of deep sea. its adjacent large islands in an UNESCO World Heritage Site. Since “upward” direction relative to then, a multitude of Asian logging The name “Marovo” derives from a Roviana – it is a local convention to and fishing companies and mainly small island which itself is called refer to southeast and east as ‘up’ Western conservationists have Marovo. Marovo Island, or in local and northwest to west as ‘down’, engaged with the local land- terms Tusu Marovo, is a steep with reference to the rising and and sea-holding groups in a volcanic peak, densely populated setting of the sun. While Ulusaghe is sometimes bewildering variety of now as before, located in the central the traditional name for the central encounters and projects (see Hviding lagoon just off the northern coast of and southern lagoon area including and Bayliss-Smith 2000; Hviding the main island of Vangunu. Marovo Gatokae, northern Vangunu and 1998a, 2003a under “Further Island was in the olden days a southeast New Georgia, the wider Reading on Marovo”). stronghold of powerful regional area we refer to as “Marovo Lagoon” maritime traders, raiders and or “Marovo” today also includes the headhunters, and today this island of following additional districts:

XVI Reef and Rainforest – An Environmental Encyclopedia of Marovo Lagoon, Solomon Islands

Kalikolo and its adjacent lands and adjacent parts of (and near) To allow this book to be also useful Vahole, Gerasi and Dekurana (the western New Georgia not unlike in the wider linguistic field of northern reaches of the lagoon and Marovo (and, moreover, derived Marovo, I have included two the north coast of New Georgia), from the small “Roviana Island” or comprehensive lists that cross- Kalivarana (the cliff coasts and Nusa Roviana which has a historical reference terms for living organisms lowlands around Viru Harbour), role in western New Georgia similar and environmental features in the Nono (the small subsidiary lagoon at to that of Marovo Island). Although Hoava and Vangunu languages, to the southern tip of New Georgia), there are, and have historically been, their Marovo equivalents. Clearly, and Kale Vangunu (the exposed significant cultural overlaps between lists of this kind could be compiled “weather coast” of southern Marovo and Roviana – particularly in for other languages, with the Vangunu). The Marovo language is inner New Georgia and in the Marovo names contained in this reckoned to have originated in Kusaghe district – the co-existence of book as a source and linguistic Kalivarana, but flourished on Marovo these two areas as well-defined bridge. The process could be similar Island in the central lagoon and, due cultural and political units continues. to that described earlier, where to its expansion-oriented speakers, Marovo, Hoava and Kwara’ae spread to many other coastal Given this background, the present speakers collaborated in identifying locations in the area, partly replacing book may safely focus on “Marovo plants for Chapter 7. I encourage local vernaculars that became people’s environmental knowledge”, readers from other parts of Solomon extinct. But despite the regionally although the described Islands, near and far, to carry out dominant role of the Marovo environments of land, reef and sea such work, which should be possible language (bolstered by its role as a are fairly typical of the Western so long as someone is present who church language of the Seventh-day Province and indeed Solomon has a knowledge of both the Marovo Adventists, the largest denomination Islands, in general. However, Marovo and local languages, as well as the of the area), four other languages, all Lagoon is extraordinary in its relevant environmental knowledge. related to both Marovo and Roviana, combined range of ecological zones The following maps provide an still survive (and to some degree as well as the sheer scale of the overview of Solomon Islands and thrive) in the lagoon and weather interrelated land-and-sea system that the Marovo Lagoon, and situate coasts. They are Hoava (spoken by a constitutes the source of livelihood most of the local place names used few hundred people in Tamaneke of the people. To some degree, the in this book. and other villages of Kalikolo), ecological complexity and scale of Kusaghe (spoken in the northern Marovo Lagoon can be seen parts of the lagoon), Bareke (spoken schematically in the landscape view by a declining number of lagoon and transect diagrams below (Figs. 4 people on Vangunu’s north coast), and 5). From the 1,120 m summit of and Vangunu (spoken on the south Vangunu to the outer edge of the Vangunu weather coast). barrier reef islands of the central lagoon, there is a distance (as the Despite this considerable complexity crow flies) of some 27 km, including in area names and languages, an island-studded lagoon seascape “Marovo” is today overwhelmingly from mainland shore to barrier reef used by the “Marovo people” that is some seven to eight km wide. themselves (who both refer to The tenure system of Marovo, themselves, and are referred to by whereby corporate kinship groups other Solomon Islanders, as such) to each hold as their ancestral property, designate the entire area from Jela in a bounded section of land and / or the northwest to Gatokae in the lagoon and barrier reef, plus added southeast, as well as the main islands features of exchange and use rights and their outer weather coasts. In for neighbours and relatives, gives fact, the most significant contrast every Marovo villager potential perceived locally and more widely is access to a complex mosaic of that between “Marovo” and ecological zones and their resources. “Roviana”. The latter is an inclusive designation for the Roviana Lagoon

XVII Kiladi oro vivineidi ria tingitonga pa idere oro pa goana pa Marovo

Jela Kolobaghea 8°00’S KUS AG H M E N as e R .

DEKURANA NEW GEORGIA RAMATA ISLAND Keru

G Tita R. ERASI R oviana L ag HOEZE o VA o HO n P . L io ngo Lavata R E Tamaneke o R. KALIKOLOOb Vakabo VANGUNU UIPI ISLAND K AL IVA R. Ma RANA lo ro o vo La K goon Viru Harbour Chea 8°30’S Michi MAROVO I. NONO Bisuana Seghe BAREKE Batuna Bareho Mt. Reku

Gevata R.

V Bili A N G U S a N g TETEPARE i U v Sobiro i HELE ISLANDS R . Pejuku Zaira BULO Vao R.

GATOKAE 01020 km 157°00’E 158°00’E ISLAND

Figure 2: Marovo Lagoon area, showing major locations and districts. Source: Adapted from E. Hviding & T. Bayliss-Smith: Islands of Rainforest: Agroforestry, Logging and Ecotourism in Solomon Islands. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000.

XVIII Reef and Rainforest – An Environmental Encyclopedia of Marovo Lagoon, Solomon Islands

154°E 156° 158° 160° 162°

BUKA PAPUA ONTONG JAVA NEW GUINEA

6°S

N

BOUGAINVILLE CHOISEUL

SANTA ISABEL

8° Gizo

NEW GEORGIA Marovo Lagoon ISLANDS NGGELA MALAITA RUSSELL ISLANDS SOLOMON 10° ISLANDS GUADALCANAL

MAKIRA

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 RENNELL km

Figure 3: Map of Solomon Islands, showing location of Marovo Lagoon Source: Adapted from E. Hviding & T. Bayliss-Smith: Islands of Rainforest: Agroforestry, Logging and Ecotourism in Solomon Islands. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000.

XIX Kiladi oro vivineidi ria tingitonga pa idere oro pa goana pa Marovo

Let me now provide a brief summary of local views of the lands and seas under customary ownership, as subsumed in the important Marovo E concept of puava (Figures 4 and 5) ER OG meaning in a restricted sense ‘earth, T ground’ – a concept totally in line with other “land-and-sea estates” of Oceania as discussed in the regional A PIRU anthropological literature. The basic GOAN relationships between people, land BURUA and sea in Marovo are between kin- BURU NI C H based groups (butubutu) and IG O CH delimited territories (puava) of land IG OA and – usually – sea and reefs. A land- NI NG OCH and sea-holding butubutu bears the MATI NGO A- CHA RA A IN same name as the puava its U I N NI A members own, use, and manage as UA V ET A P L U T A communal property handed down E P RARUSU P through many generations. There is a A TOB saying which sums up this KOGU foundational relationship between people and environment: “Kino pa KOLO Marovo ieni soto pa tututi oro soto pa puava” (“Life of the Marovo people is joined to genealogy and land”). Two other standard Figure 4: The land and sea environments of Marovo Lagoon, showing local expressions in Marovo convey the classification according to the puava concept. closeness of butubutu-puava Source: Hviding & Bayliss-Smith 2000 relationships: “If there is no puava, Landscape view based on a river catchment in Bareke, northern Vangunu, extending inland there can be no butubutu”; “The to the summit of Mount Reku. (After British Solomon Islands Land Resources Survey, 1975) butubutu guards the puava”. This mutual relationship between defined units of people and defined units of In the classification of a typical puava, forest (which is elevated also literally) territory and environment is seen as ‘land’ (mati) and ‘sea’ (idere) are the and the sea, both of which are fundamental for the continued lives foundational pairs of complementary ‘above’ (pa ulu). From the coast or of both. A butubutu derives its zones. The land is further divided into village, one moves ‘up’ to the forest, identity, as well as day-to-day ‘forest’ or ‘bush’ (goana) and ‘coast’ but also ‘up’ to the outer lagoon and sustenance, from the puava it holds or ‘beach’ (rarusu). The latter open sea. Conversely, when located in inalienable ancestral title, and the includes the subcategory of sera (area ‘up’ in one of these more remote puava cannot be sold or otherwise of human settlement) and as the zones, one moves ‘down’ to the transferred to non-members. This transitional zone where land and sea central coast again. principle is also enshrined in merge through the flow of tides and Solomon Islands national legislation rivers, also encompasses seashore and The overall zone of forest or ‘bush’ concerning customary tenure. mangroves. Surprisingly, the word (goana) escapes the classificatory mati (‘land’) re-emerges here as the ambiguity of the coast and is The following figure gives a term for nearshore shallow reefs and straightforwardly divided into generalized picture of the puava of mangrove areas, with reference to the coconut groves Marovo as an assemblage of anomalous position of these zones in (ngochangocharaini, after ecological zones each categorized in terms of ‘sea’ (idere). Thus rarusu is a ngochara [coconut tree]), swidden an overall system classification. These central focus of the puava; it is also garden areas (chigochigoani, after classifications are presented in detail invariably referred to as being located chigo [garden]) some of which may in Chapters 1 and 6. ‘below’ (pa peka) relative to the be at any time under fallow, special

XX Reef and Rainforest – An Environmental Encyclopedia of Marovo Lagoon, Solomon Islands

MATI RARUSU IDERE land coast sea

GOANA bush

GOANA PA TOGERE mountain forest GOANA PIRU wild forest BURUBURUANI nut groves 500 m

CHIGOCHIGOANI TOBA gardens barrier reef

NGOCHANGOCHARAINI KOGU KOLO coconut groves lagoon open sea

PALAVANUA 200 m village

PETUPETUANI KALEKOGU KALELUPA mangroves lagoon side ocean side 50 m

sea level

Figure 5: The land and sea environments of Marovo Lagoon, showing local classification according to the puava concept. Source: Hviding & Bayliss-Smith 2000 Classification of the same environments viewed in cross-section. cultivated groves of nut trees an extended sense, ‘the world’. of the Pacific Islands with respect to (notably of the ritually important The latter sense reflects some the integration between land and sea Canarium nuts), and successively long-standing views that a sizeable in human life-worlds. To summarize more remote zones named after volcanic island and its reef-and- at this introductory stage, Marovo typical vegetation or topography lagoon surroundings are a repertoires for talking about land, and culminating in goana piru, foundation for the localized reefs and sea, as well as the non- literally ‘wild forest’ that is assumed existence of people, plants and human occupants of these never to have been significantly animals. In this sense soloso is environments, are composed of a disturbed by human activity and directly opposed to the equally basic vocabulary of names for 500 that, unless logged by recent remote, yet more unlimited, domain plants, 70 birds, 350 fishes, and 100 commercial operations, remains as of kolo – the open ocean. marine shells. Added to this are some hunting grounds. A special category 50 distinct terms for forest types, of goana piru is goana pa togere, As an area of extraordinary marine land topography and freshwater ‘mountain forest’; an environment of and terrestrial biodiversity, the systems, and more than 80 separate the upland ridges and peaks whose Marovo Lagoon is the focus of a terms for reef types and underwater stunted and tangled vegetation is similarly rich body of indigenous and coastal topography, as well as regarded as most inhospitable to knowledge of these environments innumerable designations for the humans and game animals alike. In and their bountiful offerings to habitual whereabouts of specific the Marovo language, the concept human existence. While the breadth species of marine and terrestrial life. soloso refers to these far inner lands of biodiversity and knowledge may Reef-related terms, for example, have of mountains, peaks and steep be greater in Marovo than elsewhere much specific information value for ravines. It is also the term for a ‘large in Oceania, the Marovo example fishing, as they differentiate between mountainous island’ and indeed, in demonstrates typical patterns for all a great number of distinct forms of

XXI Kiladi oro vivineidi ria tingitonga pa idere oro pa goana pa Marovo

fish habitats requiring one or another all-encompassing term for birds This leads, for example, to the of 80 common fish-catching and land animals. In this sense, inclusion of all such ‘living things’ in techniques, most of which are still oloko corresponds to the pan- this book’s Chapter 4, under the practised around the Marovo Oceanic term manu, which in most Marovo gloss of ria tingitonga pu Lagoon. Whereas saghauru is a Austronesian languages of Oceania mea, doku oro napata pa saghauru, generic term for ‘reef’ (as is goana applies primarily to birds and pa rarusu oro pa petupetuani (‘the for ‘forest’), knowledge of the great secondarily to birds and land creatures that move as if by tongue repertoire of named reef zones and animals. Significantly in this regard, across, perch on, or are attached to, bottom types converges with oloko is maunu in Vangunu, a the reef, the coastal zone and the knowledge about the migration language which is spoken on the mangroves’). Similarly, crustaceans patterns and seasonal aggregations south coast of the large island of are the focus of Chapter 5 under the of important food fishes – not unlike Vangunu in central Marovo, and banner of ria tingitonga pu ko the way in which the complementary which is closely related to the maheledi madi ene oro rerese pa repertoire of land-related terms for Marovo language. rarusu, pa petupetuani oro pa mati forest zones and topography guides katigae (‘the creatures equipped the hunter and crop cultivator in MADEMAHELEDI ‘Four-legged beings’: with legs that walk or run in the their search for game, wild honey, All four-legged animals – coastal zone, in the mangroves, and medicinal plants and good plots for mammals and reptiles – that move some even on land’) – implying that new gardens. on the land and climb in trees, land crabs are different from other including both indigenous and land-dwelling creatures by their Marovo classification of plants, fishes, introduced ones. relation to the crabs of the sea. In this shells, snakes, birds and more, respect, the most inclusive chapter in includes a very large repertoire of NOKI ‘Snake’: the book is Chapter 8, which lower level taxa (largely All snakes of land and sea, contains the names and stories of corresponding to scientific species) including certain eels with a tongania tingitonga todi pu haba that are grouped into fewer, more snake-like appearance. As for oro ene pa puava oro keba pa hae inclusive categories. Fundamentally, oloko/ololoko, the reduplicated (‘all living things that creep or walk the concept of ria tingitonga todi term nokinoki refers to small on the ground or climb in trees’), (‘living things’] includes all small and worms burrowing in the ground exemplified as noki, erebachi, moa, large organisms that move in sea or or infesting root vegetables. binahere, oro na paragoa (‘snakes, air, on reef or land, as well as non- monitor lizard, pig, cuscus and moving organisms (plants and plant- CHEBECHEBE ‘Insect’: frogs’). From the Marovo perspective like) of sea and land. The major All ants, beetles and other small there is an inherent logic in classing Marovo categories of ‘living things’ insects that move on the ground together categories such as noki and that move are presented below: and in vegetation. mademaheledi (see above), since they are all creatures of some IHANA ‘Fish’: Organisms are grouped together significant size that move about on All marine and freshwater fishes, in various other ways, with habitat the land or in trees and are, above including also marine mammals, and means of locomotion as all, distinguishable from the myriad and in the widest sense all other particularly important criteria. of smaller creatures of land and trees swimming organisms such as These somewhat more flexible (exemplified as deri, lipata oro na turtles, squid, jellyfish, and so forth criteria for classification provide pepele [‘mosquitoes, centipedes and (see Chapter 3). the basis for several of the chapters butterflies]) found in Chapter 9. in this book. There are no equivalents OLOKO ‘Bird’: in Marovo classification for many All birds, including also bats (see Western scientific higher order taxa Chapter 10). Flying insects are within the animal kingdom, such subsumed under the general term as mammals, reptiles, crustaceans ololoko, which is formed by and molluscs. Nevertheless, reduplication from oloko and Marovo people do recognise that signifies smallness compared to similarities exist among, say, birds proper (Chapter 9). This term molluscs – at least bivalves (shells) is interesting for it also serves as an and gastropods (snails).

XXII Reef and Rainforest – An Environmental Encyclopedia of Marovo Lagoon, Solomon Islands

For PLANTS, Marovo classification is very rich in taxa but follows a rather simple structure with four general categories that relate fairly well to similar domains of Western botany:

HAE ‘Tree’ RIKIROKO ‘Leafy shrub’ ADOSO ‘Vine’ (both climbing and creeping species) CHECHEU ‘Grass’ (low herb)

These general categories of ‘growing things’ (a domain which itself is included in that of ‘living things’) are to varying degrees sub-divided. For example, important sub-categories of hae are:

HAE PIROPIRO ‘Gingers’: Literally meaning ‘tree of piropiro type (Alpinia sp.)’, referring to piropiro as the essential prototype of tall woody gingers.

HUHUA HAE IVU ‘Bamboos’: Literally meaning ‘tree similar to ivu (Bambusa vulgaris)’, referring to the large ivu as the essential prototype of bamboos.

HUHUA HAE PIJAKA ‘Palm tree’: Literally meaning ‘tree similar to pijaka (Areca catechu)’, referring to the Areca betelnut palm as the essential prototype of palm trees.

XXIII Kiladi oro vivineidi ria tingitonga pa idere oro pa goana pa Marovo

IMAGES OF MAROVO

This series of photographs with This is the route most often followed the middle, were regularly navigated extended comments offers the by present-day travellers to the by large plank-built paddle canoes reader a journey of initiation to the lagoon whether by air or sea, from departing from the Marovo Lagoon environments and people of Marovo. the Solomon Islands capital of on missions of inter-island trade or, It highlights a number of significant Honiara on the island of perhaps more often in the old days, places and ecological features, as Guadalcanal. It is also a classic sea warfare and headhunting. well as some key aspects of Marovo route in Marovo people’s cultural people’s everyday activities on land, history, since the open stretches of lagoon and sea. The starting point is ocean between the New Georgia the maritime approach to the Islands and Guadalcanal to the east, Marovo Lagoon from the east. with the Russell Islands somewhat in

The last (or first) island

The remote uninhabited island of Borukua lies mid-way between the New Georgia islands and the Russell Islands, and was once a destination for shelter, rest and recuperation from paddling for headhunting (as well as trading) parties from the Marovo Lagoon. In this sense Borukua is also a stepping-stone on the way to and from Marovo’s former headhunting territory of West Guadalcanal, and a symbol of the importance of long-distance sea travel and inter-island expeditions in the past. As the “half-way” island, Borukua is also the focus of important tales about the origins, and inferred import to Marovo, of vital things such as taro (talo), Canarium nuts (ngoete and maria) and sago palm (edeve). In this multiple sense, Borukua is far more than an uninhabited speck in the ocean. It is both the last and the first island in the wider geographical realm of “Marovo”.

XXIV Reef and Rainforest – An Environmental Encyclopedia of Marovo Lagoon, Solomon Islands

Gatokae: where Marovo begins

The island of Gatokae consists of an hillside patches of unknown origin – attempts at developing village-based almost perfect volcanic cone (more is by far the smallest of the major adventure tourism. In contrast, the than 800 m in altitude) to which are volcanic islands skirted by the remote village of Biche on Gatokae’s added the sheer cliffs of the eastern Marovo Lagoon. However, it has a exposed south coast continues to raised reef peninsula of Chubiuru complex cultural history featuring maintain an ancient regional (foreground) and a narrow northern hilltop fortresses, migrations and monopoly on the manufacture of strip adjoining the double raised massacres, irrigated taro agriculture, stone mortars for household use. barrier reef of eastern Marovo. Right huge feasts of regional attendance The island overlooks the at this spot is Bili Passage, the and even a relatively recently extinct unpredictable comings and goings, southern entrance to the lagoon. language called Chipuru. These days, eruptions and disappearances, Gatokae – whose name derives from Gatokae is the scene of a bewildering of the famous underwater volcano of the northern language of Hoava and array of logging operations and Kavachi, situated in the ocean some means ‘treeless’, referring to barren ensuing conflicts, and of varied 35 km to the southwest.

XXV Kiladi oro vivineidi ria tingitonga pa idere oro pa goana pa Marovo

The entrance to Marovo

The famous Bili Passage has always The surrounding waters are dotted Marovo’s best fishing grounds right been, and continues to be, the point with wave-exposed islets where a few off their canoe landings), on an of entry for seafarers approaching the hardy trees grow and seabirds nest. island with no access to freshwater. Marovo Lagoon. From the deep ship The remarkably circular Bili Island Until the advent of rainwater tanks passages at Bili, the raised barrier reef contains the old and politically fed from corrugated iron roofs, the of Marovo, the toba, runs north and important village of Bili and – in the people of Bili – like a number of other westward for some 100 km. This interior – the swidden gardens of its groups of “saltwater people” twisting chain of forested islands, inhabitants. These are true “saltwater elsewhere in Marovo – had to paddle fringed by tall sheer cliffs, calm reef people”, having barrier reef and to the mainland of Gatokae to get pools and small lagoons, is lagoon as their main territorial water from streams and springs. punctuated by deep passages property and maintaining a lifestyle between ocean and lagoon. centred on fishing (with some of

XXVI Reef and Rainforest – An Environmental Encyclopedia of Marovo Lagoon, Solomon Islands

The southern lagoon

A chain of broad barrier islands and deeper areas that have to be separated only by narrow, shallow intimately known by today’s seafarers passages almost connects the two who travel the lagoon in fibreglass major islands of Gatokae (left) and canoes or aluminium boats with fast Vangunu (right, in the distance). outboard motors. Far out at sea, This is the southern perimeter of the beyond the horizon, is the active Marovo Lagoon. In this view, one can underwater volcano of Kavachi that clearly see the mazes of reefs, islets from time to time erupts.

XXVII Kiladi oro vivineidi ria tingitonga pa idere oro pa goana pa Marovo

The great lagoon and the mainland

The great volcanic island of Vangunu on board an Air Niugini F-28 jet in the Western Province of Solomon forms the geographical focus of the 1986, when the national airline of Islands, whose peoples have strong Marovo Lagoon and is spoken of Papua New Guinea still operated historical links with Bougainvilleans. locally as soloso or ‘mainland’. flights from the capital Port Moresby, Air Niugini’s abandoned route from The rims and peaks of Vangunu’s via the mining township of Kieta Kieta, southwest through the interior crater rise to more than in Bougainville (the largest and Solomons, in fact retraced inter- 1,100 m. Marovo’s globally unique northernmost section of the island migrations dating back double chain of raised barrier reef Solomons archipelago, which is part thousands of years, as well as the islands extends in an irregular, of Papua New Guinea), to the naval movements of World War II broken line parallel to the north and Solomon Islands capital, Honiara, when Japanese and American ships east coasts of Vangunu, some seven on the island of Guadalcanal. From plied “The Slot”, the wide expanse to eight km from the ‘mainland’ the late 1980s, Bougainville entered of ocean separating the New Georgia shores. The lagoon thus formed is into almost ten war-torn years as the islands from the northern chain dotted with forested islands. This rare anti-mining, secessionist Bougainville of the Solomons archipelago. high-altitude view of the central, Revolutionary Army confronted most densely populated parts of Papua New Guinea defence forces. Marovo Lagoon was photographed Effects of the war spilled over into

XXVIII Reef and Rainforest – An Environmental Encyclopedia of Marovo Lagoon, Solomon Islands

On the barrier reef of central Marovo

This photo offers a good view of the are rooted in a complex and fine- European navigators, is a volcanic natural features of the Marovo tuned system of knowledge of fish peak just off the north coast of Lagoon and provides several clues behaviour, reef topography and Vangunu and an old stronghold of about society and economy. A group climate, that also carefully takes into “saltwater people”. Strongly of men from the village of Chea account lunar and seasonal cycles. maritime-oriented groups that once assemble and prepare to return The canoe is a very large dugout pursued inter-island headhunting home after a day’s fishing at the carved from a huge goliti tree, and and trade, “saltwater people” live in barrier reef. For several hours, they the community-owned Yamaha several different parts of the lagoon have been carrying out, individually outboard motor, although a and continue to be regarded as or in groups of two or three, a conspicuous item of wealth in a expert fishers of Marovo Lagoon. multitude of fishing activities such as subsistence-dominated economy, is They hold the major portions of underwater spearfishing off the indispensable and ubiquitous in the barrier reef and lagoon as their ocean-facing reefs, hook-and-line Western Solomons where nearly all customary territory. Regular fishing fishing along lagoon shores, and gill- transport is maritime. Chea is located on reefs by those with customary netting on the reef flat. The choice of on the small but prominent island of tenure reinforces these entitlements. fishing method varies throughout the Marovo (to be seen centre right). day in response to changing tides, Marovo Island, after which the entire winds and currents. These decisions lagoon area was named by early

XXIX Kiladi oro vivineidi ria tingitonga pa idere oro pa goana pa Marovo

Spearfishing in the surf

Large parrotfishes such as topa and carefully stalks his prey and when the who know’ (ria pu atei). vele frequent the outer edges of the time is right, throws himself out into Significantly, such spearfishing barrier islands (kalelupa) to graze on the water over the reef, spear held in expertise, as many other specialities corals in the surf zone (chagiri). both hands. Hurling oneself into the in fishing, hunting, healing and Considerable expertise is needed to surf over sharp coral to reappear with magic, are reckoned to run in special obtain the depicted results: a fine a prime fish may seem like an family lines only. vele taken on a long hand spear. For astounding accomplishment, but it is this fishing method, the fisherman an everyday occurrence for ‘those

XXX Reef and Rainforest – An Environmental Encyclopedia of Marovo Lagoon, Solomon Islands

The hills and peaks of Bareke

The Bareke peninsula constitutes the abode of large inland summit of Voge rises like a thumb. the northeastern part of the large populations in earlier times. It is More recently, rumours of gold, and island of Vangunu. Like Gatokae, criss-crossed by rivers and streams, the reality of expanding logging Bareke (here seen from the west, along which complexes of irrigated operations, have given the long- on the central lagoon) is an area of taro terraces were established, and abandoned interior hills of Bareke historical significance, having been deep in the interior, the sacred a new, conflict-ridden actuality.

XXXI Kiladi oro vivineidi ria tingitonga pa idere oro pa goana pa Marovo

On the lagoon

This view of the low rolling hills of expansive foothills, before releasing trunks, and finally – characteristic of northwest Bareke, with the village of their showers. More than a dozen Bareke lands – a mosaic of swidden Cheke seen in the lower right corner, villages dot the coastline, and when garden clearings, secondary forest shows the characteristic nature of the travelling the lagoon, one has a good and inaccessible limestone pinnacles wide central lagoon. Here, seven km view of the typical pattern: a village with their unique tangled growth of of open lagoon separate mainland backed by coconut groves, then trees and vines. and barrier reef. The weather tends gardens under sometimes perennial to be clear and sunny as clouds are cultivation, stands of Canarium nut blown far inland, across low and trees with their distinctive white

XXXII Reef and Rainforest – An Environmental Encyclopedia of Marovo Lagoon, Solomon Islands

The household hamlet

On Marovo Island in the central timber and corrugated iron. The (ngoete and maria) that are at the lagoon, a single-household hamlet kitchen house containing stone core of many Marovo households’ shows the typical lay-out of Marovo ovens and open fireplaces is flanked productive property. Beyond this settlements. On a clearing along the by two “sleeping houses” for the zone of arboriculture is the mangrove-fringed shore, a low extended family, and the three secondary coastal rainforest with its seawall of basalt rock has been built buildings enclose an open space for plethora of medicinal plants, leading to support a house foundation on socializing and household work, into rotating plots for swidden which stand three buildings shaded by fruit trees. A canoe agriculture. Most larger villages in constructed partly from traditional landing is to the right. Immediately the Marovo Lagoon are composed of “bush” materials – including panels beyond is a grove of coconut trees a series of hamlets of this type, of sago palm leaves (edeve) for walls and conspicuous stands of the connected by a coastal footpath. and roofs – and partly from sawn important Canarium nut trees

XXXIII Kiladi oro vivineidi ria tingitonga pa idere oro pa goana pa Marovo

In the kitchen house at midday

The wife of the household preparing the day’s catch of fish from a morning trip to the barrier reef by her husband and some of his male relatives. Pieces of fresh fish are wrapped in leaves of special ginger-like plants (sinu, vaho) and will be placed in the stone oven with root crops and leafy greens for slow baking. The vegetables have been harvested from the hillside swidden gardens and secondary forest by the women and girls of the family and related households. These foods constitute the essential Marovo dietary assemblage of ‘food’ (nginongo, staple root crops) and ‘that which is eaten with food (binaso, referring to seafood and other animal protein as well as nuts and greens), to be consumed at each family’s evening meal at sunset. Most kitchen houses are open to the sea, providing for refreshing winds, good views of canoe travel on the lagoon, and easy disposal of refuse. In Marovo, where nearly every household still operates more or less fully within the subsistence economy, kitchens are the centre of everyday life, where the concerns, activities and products of men and women meet, where the households of a village mingle, and where friends and relatives arriving by canoe from elsewhere in the lagoon are entertained.

XXXIV Reef and Rainforest – An Environmental Encyclopedia of Marovo Lagoon, Solomon Islands

Children of Marovo

These children of Chea village are knowledge for locating the right older girls and boys. Although taking a break during a normal day fishing spots at the right time. Since children of the village are entitled in which play and work intermingle, children of quite a few Marovo to eat with any household, they may mainly along the seashore. From villages even paddle to school also catch or collect their own food quite an early age, Marovo children (primary schools are often shared and prepare it in miniature cooking are adept with fishing lines and large by two or more villages and located fires or even small earth ovens. machete knives, and from the age of between them), their maritime As boys grow, they increasingly seven, they may paddle out in small orientation deepens and builds the follow their fathers to sea, while girls canoes on the lagoon in the vicinity foundation for teenage and adult take up garden work and seashore of the village and build up their lives, when men fish on the outer gathering with their mothers. This fishing skills. Parents and reef and women fish and collect experience-based way of transferring grandparents often comment how shellfish from inshore reefs and practical subsistence knowledge readily small boys and girls learn the mangroves. When not at school, remains strong into the 21st Century. basics of moon, tides and winds as children move about the village well as the application of this in mixed groups of younger and

XXXV Kiladi oro vivineidi ria tingitonga pa idere oro pa goana pa Marovo

Late afternoon on the lagoon

A fine, late afternoon off the village the right is an old coconut plantation lagoon, as extended families shore reveals the spectacular scenery on a lagoon island, a reminder of the assemble in their seaside kitchen of the wide central lagoon, with the colonial history of Solomon Islands as houses for the approaching main forested hills and crater rims of a copra-producing territory. A variety meal of the day, taken at sunset. Vangunu towering in the distance. To of dugout canoes ply the inner

XXXVI Reef and Rainforest – An Environmental Encyclopedia of Marovo Lagoon, Solomon Islands

The tuna boats

Two photographs of “catcher boats” of the Solomon Taiyo fishing company at anchor in the lagoon. This tuna fishing company, a joint venture between the Solomon Islands government and a Japanese transnational company, was the foundation of the Solomon Islands export economy since independence in 1978 until 2000. By the latter date, when national unrest and the disruption of government caused the company to cease operations, rainforest logs had already surpassed tuna as an export commodity. A nationalized version of the company has since resumed successful operations. The pole-and- line technology employed by catcher boats such as the ones shown here requires daily supplies of live baitfish from coastal lagoons. The resulting interaction between villagers and fishing crews – at first predominantly Okinawans and later mainly Solomon Islanders – has characterized the Marovo Lagoon for decades. Designated customary reef-owners receive royalties for baitfish taken by company vessels, and much bartering goes on between fishing boats and canoes from villages, often based upon long-term friendly relations between specific fishing boats and villages. To this end, a unique, rudimentary shipboard trade language referred to as Okinawan Pidgin emerged during the late 1970s and early 1980s. Not surprisingly, these interactions have also shown potential for conflict, whether over the distribution of royalties, the effects of baitfishing on lagoon fish stocks, or relationships between village girls and tuna boat crew members.

XXXVII Kiladi oro vivineidi ria tingitonga pa idere oro pa goana pa Marovo

The indigenous church of the Western Solomons

The village of Tamaneke in northern have continued his work, making church leadership holds land in a Marovo is a ritual centre of the the church a large-scale agent of corporate fashion on behalf of its Christian Fellowship Church. rural development. Today the CFC constituent villages, and ritual and This indigenous religious and functions as a locally grounded, yet everyday reverence for the Holy political movement started as a large-scale, development agent that Mama continues. The importance breakaway from the Methodist operates independently on the attached by the CFC and its Church in the 1950s. It has since global financial scene by managing followers to ancestral worship and expanded into a major regional force its own arrangements for logging community work, and the potential under the charismatic leadership of and tree plantation development. It scale of CFC activities, is indicated by its founder Silas Eto (known as the also maintains local infrastructure in this 1986 photo of the huge Holy Mama, mama being an education, health and business traditionally built church in affectionate term for father). where the deeply troubled national Tamaneke, the largest leaf building Since his death in 1984, his sons government has failed to do so. The anywhere in the Western Solomons.

XXXVIII Reef and Rainforest – An Environmental Encyclopedia of Marovo Lagoon, Solomon Islands

“Pristine” mountain rainforest?

This view from north of the Mategele activity – such as these impressive ecological intervention through mountain on the island of Gatokae upper slopes of Gatokae – is in fact generations, the rainforests of shows the uphill rainforest of well-developed secondary forest. Marovo have continued to Marovo’s high volcanic island in its It may be only 100 years ago that regenerate. In cases where seemingly pristine state. Yet recent these areas were cleared in large present-day logging neither examination of botanical and patches for the purposes of involves extensive clearfelling, archaeological evidence and large-scale taro cultivation and nor the subsequent development important clues in local historical human settlement (see Bayliss-Smith, of plantations on logged land, traditions indicate that much of Hviding & Whitmore 2003 under such regeneration seems likely also what is today regarded as primary “Further Reading”). In this state, in the future. rainforest untouched by human including human activity and

XXXIX Kiladi oro vivineidi ria tingitonga pa idere oro pa goana pa Marovo

Signs of ancestral history

The near and remote forests of Marovo, whether on the coasts or in the interiors of the large volcanic islands or on smaller islands in lagoon and along barrier reef, are repositories of history by the presence of many ancestral shrines. These are often connected in direct ancestral ways with the present-day inhabitants of the area in question. Containing skulls (some known to be those of named ancestral persons) and old valuables and ritual objects made mostly from shell, and having certain ceremonial plants (such as jipolo and burongo) growing on or near them, such shrines vary widely in their traditional role and present-day importance. Some were shrines for fishing, gardening or hunting, some are caches for ritual objects not supposed to figure in public, and the most significant ones are central repositories for the skulls of generations of chiefs. All, however, generally function as markers of uninterrupted customary tenure over (and use of) lands, reefs and seas. Yet the state of shrines throughout Marovo is precarious. A long history of plunder, from desecration by early Christian missionaries to present-day theft by young local men of shrine objects desired by tourists, has been augmented recently by wanton destruction of forest shrines by logging machinery.

XXXX Reef and Rainforest – An Environmental Encyclopedia of Marovo Lagoon, Solomon Islands

Logging the rainforest

View of a “log pond” at Gerasi in technical staff. The huge log ships vary greatly from operation to northern Marovo (2004). Felled logs arriving regularly bring additional operation, as does the level of are brought from the forest and global contact also in the form of ongoing disturbance of the rainforest stored here, awaiting transport videotapes, alcohol and other by logging machinery, and the state by barge and tug to ships waiting “consumer goods” that were until and fate of the land after logging is in deeper areas of the lagoon near recently largely inaccessible in the over. Furthermore, issues of royalty passages to open sea. Each log is rural Solomons. Most logging distribution often generate deep given a number and a species code. operations in the Marovo area are conflict among representatives of Operational log ponds and their located on customary land and are the various social groups within associated infrastructures of worker’s run by Southeast Asian companies. the communal “corporation” of housing, company offices, technical The kin-based groups that hold the landowners. The extensive logging workshops and trade stores are forest as their ancestral communal activities under way in most parts zones of confluence between the estate receive royalties and other of Marovo Lagoon since the 1990s local and the global in Marovo. cash compensation from logging have changed the forest landscape, Most companies employ mainly local companies according to written and the social and economic life men as manual labour, and hire Asian agreements. However, the actual in the villages, in fundamental and expatriates as management and benefits accruing on the village level lasting ways.

XXXXI Kiladi oro vivineidi ria tingitonga pa idere oro pa goana pa Marovo

After logging

In northern Marovo, where the subsistence gardens and tree hierarchical politics of the CFC indigenous Christian Fellowship plantations of introduced commercial (whose leadership sees tree Church (CFC) acts as a large-scale woods such as Gmelina, Eucalyptus plantation development as a land-owning corporation and and in recent years, very valuable sustainable enrichment of the maintains direct relations with an hardwoods such as mahogany and, customary land). It contrasts sharply Indonesian company, logging of particularly, teak. Plantation blocks with areas in central and southern tribal lands has been carried out for arranged on both sides of abandoned Marovo where some lands are left years according to rules set by the logging roads are the responsibility of unattended by their customary CFC, and in more regulated ways CFC households. The company owners after logging, with some than what is usual. The resulting retains some presence in areas of consequent potential for forest landscape is one where the logged-out forest, as a provider of regrowth, while other lands, mangroves, the coastal swamp forest, some tree plantation infrastructure, government-controlled since colonial and uphill forests, are largely and as a future buyer of plantation times, have been clearfelled and undisturbed, but where most of timber. This rather orderly picture of transformed into oil palm plantations the lowland forest is permanently logging and its aftermath is by a Malaysian company. transformed into a mixture of contingent upon the centralized

XXXXII Reef and Rainforest – An Environmental Encyclopedia of Marovo Lagoon, Solomon Islands

Eco-tourism in “the world’s greatest lagoon”

“Eco-tourist” lodge at Tibarene, near beautiful coastal locations and operations such as the expatriate- Bili Passage in southern Marovo. intended to provide alternative owned Uepi Resort in the barrier In 1996 when this photo was taken, long-term incomes to the windfall islands of the central lagoon (which a number of such lodges were profits of logging, the tourist lodges caters largely to upmarket SCUBA being built in central and southern around Marovo Lagoon have never divers), and the up-and-coming Marovo. Most of these were funded seen many visitors, however. And adventure-oriented Wilderness by foreign conservation interests during the years of national crisis Lodge on the southern island of such as the World Wide Fund for leading up to Australian-led military Gatokae, the future for small-scale, Nature (WWF) and a New Zealand intervention in 2003, the number of community-based “eco-tourism” government initiative to promote tourists visiting Solomon Islands as a in Marovo remains uncertain. UNESCO World Heritage listing for whole fell to almost zero. Although Marovo Lagoon. Located in strikingly there are the solid long-term

XXXXIII Kiladi oro vivineidi ria tingitonga pa idere oro pa goana pa Marovo

SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION OF THE MAROVO LANGUAGE

Marovo, in 2004 spoken as the main and pronunciation are listed below, English “church”. This is a distinct language by about 12,000 people with additional notes on the Roviana sound of Marovo and is not found in throughout the southeastern and language where there are differences. many Solomon Islands languages. central parts of the New Georgia Roviana spelling is often used for Group in the western Solomon Marovo language too by many j as in Marovo jipolo, is a voiced Islands, belongs to a group of Marovo people who belong to the palatal fricative, always “pre- Oceanic languages called the United Church and the Christian nasalized” (see below) Northwestern and Central Solomons Fellowship Church. In addition, Austronesian family. It is quite closely speakers of the Vangunu (Vanunu) The m, n and ng commonly used in related to the more well-documented language invariably use the Roviana official spelling (for example on Roviana language of western and rules for writing their language, as do Solomon Islands maps) to indicate southwestern New Georgia. Both the speakers of Hoava in northern the “pre-nasalization” of the voiced these major languages again are Marovo Lagoon. Here are the rules of sounds b, d, and j have been quite close to the four languages spelling followed in this book: dropped in favour of the spelling Vangunu, Bareke, Hoava and used by Marovo people themselves. Kusaghe which are also spoken by Marovo vowels – a, e, i, o, u – are In fact the official spelling, rendering, small groups within the larger pronounced approximately as in for example, “Gatokae” as Marovo-Roviana area. While Roviana Italian. The difference between long “Nggatokae” and “Babata” as is the denominational language of and short vowels is not often “Mbambata”, does not reflect the Methodist church in the Western significant, as Marovo typically relies normal speech in Marovo. Emphasis Solomons (now the United Church on strongly voiced consonants (see on pre-nasalization varies and the Christian Fellowship Church), below) and a repertoire of very considerably among individual Marovo is the denominational common diphtongs (ae, ai, oe, ou, speakers and from word to word. language of the Seventh-day and so forth). Adventist Church in Solomon Islands, Therefore: which has a particular stronghold in g as in Marovo kogu, and English balubalu is (generally) pronounced Marovo Lagoon. “finger” (ngg): in Roviana, q approximately like MBALUMBALU; dudu is (generally) pronounced The spelling used in this book follows ng as in Marovo sangava, and approximately like NDUNDU; that set out in the Marovo Seventh- English “singer” (ng): in Roviana, n pajara is (generally) pronounced day Adventist Bible translation of approximately like PANJARA, with the j 1956 (which was accomplished gh as in Marovo ghalusu, is a roughly as in English. mainly by indigenous Marovo “soft g” (voiced velar fricative, the speakers who were first-generation Greek g ‘gamma’): in Roviana, g However, in none of the above converts), and is the one most widely examples is pre-nasalization so used today for writing the Marovo ch as in Marovo chachao, is a prominent as to warrant the inclusion language. The main rules for spelling voiceless palatal fricative, as in in writing of “n” and “m”.

SOME CONVENTIONS Throughout this book, Marovo names are set in bold, and Latin names are set in italics. For ease of cross-reference, all Marovo names that are separate encyclopedic entries in the book are set in BOLD AND SMALL CAPITALS wherever they occur elsewhere in the text.

XXXXIV Reef and Rainforest – An Environmental Encyclopedia of Marovo Lagoon, Solomon Islands

GLOSSARY OF SOME SCIENTIFIC TERMS

This glossary lists scientific terms EPIPHYTE OPERCULUM which are used with some frequency A plant, such as a tropical orchid, The horny shell cover in snails or in the text or which are otherwise that grows on another plant upon other molluscs, or a hard flap in need of explanation. It has been which it depends for mechanical serving as a cover for the opening compiled by UNESCO/LINKS to assist support but not for nutrients. of the shell in certain gastropods the general reader. It derives moisture and nutrients when the body is retracted. from the air and rain. BIVALVE PREHENSILE A mollusc, such as an oyster, ESTUARY Adapted for seizing, grasping, scallop or a clam, which has Where a river and the sea meet, or holding, especially by wrapping two shells or valves which and fresh and salt water mix. around an object: for example, open and shut. a monkey’s prehensile tail. GASTROPOD For Marovo, only applied to CEPHALOPOD Molluscs, such as snails, cowries or the remarkable endemic Marine molluscs, such as octopus, limpets, which characteristically Prehensile-tailed skink Corucia squid, cuttlefish, or nautilus, have a one-piece coiled shell and zebrata (a large tree lizard, which have large heads, large eyes, flattened muscular foot with a called bukulu in Marovo). prehensile tentacles, and, in most head bearing stalked eyes. species, an ink sac containing SERRATE a dark fluid used for protection INVERTEBRATE Having a saw-toothed edge or defence. An animal, such as an insect or a or margin notched with tooth-like mollusc, which lacks a backbone or projections: for example, serrate CHITON spinal column. leaves. Marine molluscs that live on rocks and have shells consisting of eight LANCEOLATE URCHIN (SEA URCHIN) overlapping calcareous plates. (A leaf) shaped like the head of a Echinoderms that have soft bodies lance or spear. in round, symmetrical shells and CYCAD are covered with movable spines Palmlike cone-bearing evergreen LIMPET that are often long and sharp. plants. Gastropod molluscs that characteristically have conical shells ECHINODERM and cling to rocks of tidal areas. Radially symmetrical marine animals, such as starfish, MOLLUSC sea urchins, and sea cucumbers, Mainly marine invertebrates, which have an internal calcareous such as shellfish and snails, skeleton and often covered which typically have soft with spines. unsegmented bodies, a mantle, and a protective shell.

XXXXV Kiladi oro vivineidi ria tingitonga pa idere oro pa goana pa Marovo

REFERENCE MATERIAL USED FOR SCIENTIFIC IDENTIFICATION

Abbott, R.T. and S.P. Dance. 1990. Henderson, C.P. and I.R. Hancock. Ryan, P. 1988. Fiji’s Natural Heritage. Compendium of Seashells. Bathurst, 1988. A Guide to the Useful Plants of Auckland: Southwestern Publishing Co. NSW: Crawford House Press. Solomon Islands. Honiara: Research Department, Ministry of Agriculture Ryan, P. 1994. The Snorkeller’s Guide Carcasson, R.H. 1977. A Field Guide to and Lands. to the Coral Reef. Honolulu: University the Coral Reef Fishes of the Indian and of Hawaii Press. West Pacific Oceans. London: Collins. Johnson, R.H. 1987. Sharks of Polynesia. Singapore: Times Editions / Whistler, W.A. 1980. Coastal Flowers Clarke, W.C. and R.R. Thaman (eds.). Les Editions du Pacifique. of the South Pacific. Lawai, Hawaii: 1993. Agroforestry in the Pacific The Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden. Islands: Systems for Sustainability. Kwai’oloa, Michael and Ben Burt. Tokyo: United Nations University 2001. Na Masu’u kia ‘i Kwara’ae / Whistler, W.A. 1992. Polynesian Press. Our Forest of Kwara’e. London: Herbal Medicine. Lawai: Hawaii: British Museum Press. National Tropical Botanical Garden. Dowe, J.L. (ed.). 1989. Palms of the Solomon Islands. Milton, Qld.: The Levers Pacific Timbers Limited. n.d. Whistler, W.A. 1994. Wayside Plants Palm and Cycad Societies of Timbers of the British Solomon Islands. of the Pacific Islands. Honolulu: Isle Australia. Kolombangara, B.S.I.P.: Levers Pacific Botanica. Timbers Limited. FISHBASE: A Global Information Whitmore, T.C. 1966. Guide to the System on Fishes. www.fishbase.org McCoy, M. 1980. Reptiles of the Forests of the British Solomon Islands. Solomon Islands. Wau Ecology London: Oxford University Press. Grant, E.M. 1982. Guide to Fishes. Institute Handbook No. 7. Way, Brisbane: The Department of Papua New Guinea: Way Ecology Harbours and Marine. Institute.

Hadden, D. 1981. Birds of the North Myers, R.F. 1989. Micronesian Reef Solomons. Wau Ecology Institute Fishes. Barrigada, Guam: Coral Handbook No. 8. Wau, Papua New Graphics. Guinea: Wau Ecology Institute. Pajmans, K. (ed.). 1976. New Guinea Hancock, I.R. and C.P Henderson. Vegetation. Canberra: 1988. Flora of the Solomon Islands. Commonwealth Scientific and Research Bulletin No. 7. Honiara: Industrial Research Organization in Research Department, Ministry of Association with the Australian Agriculture and Lands. National University Press.

Hargreaves, D. and B. 1970. Tropical Randall, J., G.R. Allen and R. C. Trees of the Pacific. Lahaina, Hawaii: Steene. 1990. Fishes of the Great Ross-Hargreaves. Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

XXXXVI Reef and Rainforest – An Environmental Encyclopædia of Marovo Lagoon, Solomon Islands

FURTHER READING ON MAROVO

Baines, G.B.K. and E. Hviding. 1992. Hviding, E. 1998a. “Western Hviding, E. 2003d. “Disentangling “Traditional Environmental movements in non-Western worlds: the butubutu of New Georgia: Knowledge from the Marovo Area towards an anthropology of uncertain cognatic kinship in thought and of the Solomon Islands”, in LORE: encounters”. Journal of the Finnish action”, in Oceanic Socialities: Capturing Traditional Environmental Anthropological Society, 23(3): 30-51. Ethnographies of Experience, I. Hoëm Knowledge, Martha Johnson (ed.), & S. Roalkvam (eds.), 71-113. 92-110. Ottawa: International Hviding, E. 1998b. “Contextual Oxford: Berghahn Publishers. Development Research Centre. flexibility: present status and future of customary marine tenure in Solomon Hviding, E. and G.B.K. Baines. 1994. Bayliss-Smith, T.P., E. Hviding & T.C. Islands”. Ocean & Coastal “Community-based fisheries Whitmore. 2003. “Rainforest Management, 40: 253-269. management, tradition and the composition and histories of human challenges of development in disturbance in Solomon Islands”. Hviding, E. 1999. “Taro irrigation, Marovo, Solomon Islands.” Ambio, 32: 346-352. arboriculture and stratified polities in Development and Change, 25: 13-39. coastal Melanesia: evidence from the Hviding, E. 1995a. “Maritime travel, pre-colonial agricultural systems of Hviding, E. & G.B.K. Baines. 1996. present and past, in Marovo, Western New Georgia”, in Archaeology, “Custom and complexity: marine Solomon Islands”, in Seafaring in the Agriculture and Identity, P. Wallin tenure, fisheries management and Contemporary Pacific Islands: Studies (ed.), 17-24. No Barriers Seminar conservation in Marovo Lagoon, in Continuity and Change, R. Feinberg Papers, Vol. II. Oslo: The Kon-Tiki Solomon Islands”, in Resources, (ed.), 90-113. DeKalb, Ill.: Northern Museum, Institute for Pacific Nations and Indigenous Peoples: case Illinois University Press. Archaeology and Cultural History. studies from Australasia, Melanesia and Southeast Asia, R. Howitt, J. Hviding, E. 1995b. Vivinei tuari pa Hviding, E. 2003a. “Contested Connell & P Hirsch (eds.), 66-87. Ulusaghe: Stories and legends from Rainforests, NGOs and Projects of Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Marovo, New Georgia, in four New Desire in Solomon Islands”. Georgian languages and with English International Social Science Journal, Hviding, E. & T. Bayliss-Smith. 2000. translations. Recorded, translated and 178: 439-453. Islands of Rainforest: Agroforestry, edited by Edvard Hviding, with Logging and Ecotourism in Solomon assistance from V. Vaguni and others. Hviding, E. 2003b. “Both Sides of the Islands. Aldershot: Ashgate. Bergen: Centre for Development Beach: Knowledges of Nature in Studies, University of Bergen, in Oceania”, in Nature Across Cultures: Johannes, R.E. & E. Hviding. 2003. collaboration with Western Province Non-Western Views of the Environment “Traditional knowledge possessed by Division of Culture. and Nature, Helaine Selin (ed.), 243- the fishers of Marovo Lagoon, 275. Science Across Cultures: The Solomon Islands, concerning fish Hviding, E. 1996a. Guardians of History of Non-Western Sciences, aggregating behavior”. Traditional Marovo Lagoon: Practice, Place, and Volume 4. Dordrecht: Kluwer Marine Resource Management and Politics in Maritime Melanesia. Pacific Academic Publishers. Knowledge Bulletin, No.12: 22-29. Islands Monograph Series, 14. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press. Hviding, E. 2003c. “Between Somerville, H.B.T. 1897. Knowledges: Pacific Studies and ”Ethnographical notes in New Hviding, E. 1996b. “Nature, culture, Academic Disciplines”. The Georgia, Solomon Islands.” Journal of magic, science: on meta-languages Contemporary Pacific, 15:43-73. the Royal Anthropological Institute, 26: for comparison in cultural ecology”, 357413. in Nature and Society: Anthropological Perspectives, P. Descola & G. Pálsson (eds.), 165-184. London: Routledge.

XXXXVII

PINAJAKA VINA MEKA RIA HOKITI PUKU TINGITONGA VASIDI PA IDERE, SAGHAURU, TOBA ORO RARUSU

RIA KILAKILA PIRA RIA KANI PATAVELA PATA VAHELE VIVINEIDI, PUNA TE ATEI NIA NGANA HAMU PU GURA ENE LILORO ORO CHABA PA KOGU NA LUPA

CHAPTER ONE COASTAL-MARINE TOPOGRAPHY AND REEF CLASSIFICATION

ALTHOUGH SOME OF THESE TERMS ARE NOT EXPLAINED THOROUGHLY, THEIR MEANINGS SHOULD ALREADY BE FAMILIAR TO THOSE WHO TRAVEL AT SEA AND GO FISHING AT THE BARRIER REEF 1 1 – Ria hokiti puku tingitonga vasidi pa idere, saghauru, toba oro rarusu

BINUBINUANI CHALABORO Vasina pa saghauru pu ko va sokua Chacha binubinu pu legudi, pu ko binubinu. Keoro heva pa pa saghauru na rarusu idere. chakepekana. Gravel, coral rubble; reef with rubble. Special type of reef flat (usually sandy) covered by dense stands of branching coral. CHECHEA Vasina pa rarusu toba pa lupa pana Bao vonu ie Amos Diono pa Gorugoru Kemu, uluna chagiri pu ko soku via idaka kolokolo mati rane. ngachudi na kopikopi. Kani mae Low tide at Gorugoru Kemu: Amos Dioni with a large CHABEHA turtle speared at the drop-off. Vasina pa kokorapana toba, kani kaduvua singi. Oro kilana vasina pa tata pa idere, pu ko soku via idaka toba pu koe idaka ngachudi. ngachudi oro hae heledi. Outer barrier island shore: jagged GOVARA The inland zone of the raised barrier stone beach above high-water mark, Vasina pa idaka saghauru, kokoani islands, with sharp rocks and tall forest. the landward extension of the CHAGIRI ta ihana na chehana. Ba kopi gete shore; a general term for any stony, pa chagiri pu vura la pa rarusu jagged terrain in the barrier islands. idere pa tabikale. 1) Small hole or cave in the reef where fish and crayfish hide. 2) Deep pool on CHAGIRI shore with a CHOCHOPO connecting channel that leads out to Vasina pa saghauru ba mati pu hele the sea at the outer reef wall or drop- vura la pa tabikale ba rarusu. off. Point or spit of outer reef crest, extending out into the sea at the outer reef wall; headland along island shores. IDAKA Bao ihana pa chagiri, pa Toba Matiu Spearing fish off a chagiri shore Tongania idaka pa saghauru, pa mati oro pa goana. CHAGIRI ‘Stone’, ‘rock’: hard coral colony at Vasina pa rarusu toba pa lupa, tata any depth; a general term for any uka pa idere mani mae kaduvua stone in the sea and on land. singi, pu ko soku via idaka ngachudi na kopikopi. Mani katiga ta okata vasina, la hua pa tabikale. Outer barrier island shore: jagged IDAKA KALUKALU rock terrace partly covered by the Omia patu kalukalu. high tide, with many tidal pools, and See PATU KALUKALU. in some areas intersected by trenches Gorugoru Kemu and grooves leading to the outer drop-off. GORUGORU Saghauru hele pa toba, kani lao IDERE mana katiga kolokolo hore mati Kilakila getena tungana ta ieni vura mae. Mana Gorugoru tongania vasidi pa idere oro CHAKEPEKANA Kemu oro Gorugoru Matiu di ko pa saghauru, kani pa mati. Chakepekana idere. Kogu Marovo. Sea: salt water; the sea as an The bottom of the sea; the surface of Long, mostly submerged reef flat environmental zone in contrast to a submerged reef. between two raised barrier islands, land (MATI). often with small, forested islets. In Marovo Lagoon we have Gorugoru Kemu and Gorugoru Matiu.

4 1 – Coastal-marine topography and reef classification

IDIDAKAINI KEORO Vasina pa saghauru pu ko ia soku Keoro heva ba chinoko, ko pa via idaka legudi na todi. saghauru ba pa rarusu. Shallow reef with many coral stones Sand: white or black, on beach or reef. of any size, live or dead.

JEMIJEMI Vasina pa votu na petupetuani ba pa goana tata pa rarusu oro kavo. Kani koe na idere, ba kavo ngana. Swamp: muddy freshwater area in conjunction with estuaries and mangroves; or muddy freshwater area in forest near the seashore or along rivers. Kogu Marovo, titiro la pa Bareke Compare PENO. View of Marovo Lagoon towards Bareke KOGU Huana Kogu Marovo. KALEKOGU Lagoon: for example, Kogu Marovo Kopi Vua, Gatokae Rarusu toba pa kalena kogu, kani (Marovo Lagoon). pa lupa. The lagoon-facing coastal zone of the KOPI barrier islands. Huana kogu kiki via, pa KOKORAPANA IDERE petupetuani ba pa rarusu oro Idere pu ko pa varikokorapana goana, be idere ba kavo. korekore idere mani chakepekana, Small lagoon along coastal reef; pool KALELUPA be lao ba mati. in mangrove forest; lake in freshwater Rarusu toba pa kalena lupa, kani pa The water ‘column’: the sea swamp area; wide, slow-flowing kogu. contained between the surface and inland section of some rivers. The ocean-facing coastal zone of the the bottom. May be of any depth. barrier islands. KOPI KORAPA KOLO Kopi pa lupa, pu ko varilikoho nia KARAKA Idere pa lao, kani tata pa tutupeka. saghauru. 1) Idere ngana. The ocean: the deep open sea Small reef-enclosed lagoon on ocean- 2) Tingitonga heva pu ko pa tinoni beyond the outermost reef. facing side of barrier islands. ba mola pula ene pa raghi. Compare POANA KORAPA. 1) Salt water. 2) White crusts of sea-salt on people or canoes after maritime travel in KOLO PIRU rough weather. Idere pu kani tata mae pa vasina KOPIKOPI pu koe tinoni. Chacha kopi pa rarusu idere pa ‘Wild ocean’: open sea beyond sight vasina pu koe idaka. of land. Tidal pools among stones near the sea. KAVO 1) Kavo na piongo ngana. 2) Bei. 1) River, stream. KOREKORE IDERE 2) Fresh water, drinking water. The surface of the sea (kore = ‘skin’).

5 1 – Ria hokiti puku tingitonga vasidi pa idere, saghauru, toba oro rarusu

KOROKORO IDERE LOLOMO LAO MAMAVARA Tingitonga heva pu irongo gone pa Vasina lao pu vari pajaka ni karua Saghauru pa lupa tata pa kopi korekore idere pa vasina pu koe saghauru. korapa pu koe idaka, mana natara ruava na totolo, mani koe Passage of deeper water separating oro lumocho chakepekana. chapachapa, nginongo tadiria vonu two submerged reefs. Flat, smooth stone reef on ocean- na rumu. facing side of barrier islands; White froth on the sea surface, landward extension of KOPI KORAPA regularly occurring in areas with lagoons. Compare MAVARA. breakers and currents, and mixed with plant debris. These are feeding areas for turtles (VONU) and dugong (RUMU). MARAHA Saghauru pu vura mae pa lao, kani gura ta omi va leana. Reef patches emerging from the KULIKULIANI depths of the sea, discernible only by Vasina pa saghauru pu koe keoro oro variations in the sea’s colour or shade. Lupa pa Gorugoru Matiu soku via checheu pa idere, kuli kilana. Lupa cliff shore at Gorugoru Matiu Seagrass bed: reef area with white sand and KULI seagrass. LUPA Tongania vasidi na rarusu pu titiro MATI la hua pa kolo, kani vasina bulena. 1) Saghauru pu kani lao, tata vura Pa toba, na pa tutupeka hua pa mae pa kolokolo hore mati. LAO Vangunu, Gatokae oro Kalivarana. 2) Tongania saghauru pa kogu. Vasina kani mati. 1) The entire ocean-facing side of 3) Tongania vasidi pu popa mani ‘Blue sea’: deep water of unlimited barrier islands, including sheltered pu koe goana. expanse. Compare TODO. beaches, cliffs, wave-exposed shores, 1) Any shallow reef almost exposed reefs and sea. at low tide. 2) Exposed ocean-facing seashores 2) All small and large reef flats in the (“weather coast”) of main islands, lagoon. LAO TODO such as on Vangunu and Gatokae, 3) The terrestrial realm, any dry land with Vasina pa kogu ba lupa pu lao via, and off Viru. vegetation, in contrast to sea (IDERE). kani gura ta omi chakepekana. The deepest parts of the lagoon, where the bottom cannot be seen. Also applied to deep areas of water MATI KEORO along sheer drop-offs at outer reefs. Saghauru mati tata pa rarusu pu keoro tou. Very shallow sandy reef close to the seashore. LOBI Lobi pa rarusu. Lupa pa Kale Vangunu Bay: embayment along shores of Lupa shore on the Vangunu weather coast large and small islands. MATI ULU Ria saghauru pa lupa, pa meka kalena ieni poana, mani pa meka MALAKEORO kalena ieni idere lao. Katiga vura LOLOMO Saghauru mati pu koe keoro heva, mae pa kolokolo hore mati. Vasina gura ta karovo pa saghauru lea pa kalekogu. Upper reef: the narrow outermost pa toba. Shallow reef with white sand, often on edge of ocean-facing reefs. Some are Passage: submerged but shallow area lagoon-facing side of barrier islands. exposed at low tide. There is deep providing canoe passage across the sea on the outer side, and often a barrier reef flat. small lagoon (POANA) on the inner.

6 1 – Coastal-marine topography and reef classification

MAVARA PETU PODALA Meka saghauru huana mamavara 1) Vasina pu to ria hae pa idere. Idaka gete pa mati ulu, pa mana pa kogu na tutupeka 2) Kiladi gete tadiria hae pa karaka. ruruavani. Mani vura mae pa lao tungana. 1) General, unspecific term for any part katigae, pa uluna mati ulu. Shallow, smooth stone reef extending of the mangrove zone (PETUPETUANI). Exposed rocks on the outermost reef from the tidal zone in any location. 2) A generic term for mangrove trees. edge, where waves break. Some emerge well outside the reef edge, in deeper sea.

PUSUKATA Govara pa rarusu lupa, vasina pu vura mae idere pula ibaria ruava. Hara meka kilakila pa jinama Vangunu. Blowholes on the stony beaches of wave-exposed weather coasts, especially on Vangunu and Gatokae (but also in some barrier reef areas). The Patu kalukalu pa sangava Matenana term is from the Vangunu language. Patu kalukalu at Matenana Passage PETUPETUANI PATU KALUKALU Vasina pa votu, pa tutupeka oro na Tusu kiki pa rarusu lupa na sangava kalekogu na sangava pa toba pu to pa toba, katiga hae na rokoroko to va sokua hae petu. vasina. Idaka kalukalu meka kilana Mangrove zone: area dominated by pa Marovo. mangrove trees – in estuaries, along ‘Hairy rock’: small coral islet with mainland shores and lagoon-facing trees (typically CHAKOPE, NGIRASA and sides of barrier islands, and around RAMOSO), located on shallow ocean- some barrier reef passages. facing reefs and in barrier reef passages. In Marovo also called idaka kalukalu, as patu is the Roviana language term for stone or rock. PIONGO Kavo gete. RARUSU Large river. Tongania vasidi tata pa idere. Beach, coastal zone: all areas adjacent PATUKAE to the sea, including the intertidal zone. Idaka binu pu gete via mani ko hese. POANA Coral boulder: Large, solitary coral Huana kopi gete pa lupa, ko mati colonies at any depth. uluna pa tata la hua pa idere pa lao. RARUSU IDERE Small lagoon (larger than KOPI) on Rarusu pu mae kaduvua singi. ocean-facing side of barrier islands, Beach below high-water mark, tidal fringed by the outer reef edge. zone. PENO Vasina jemi pu roche via, pa votu oro petupetuani. Mud flat: area with soft mud, POANA KORAPA RARUSU KEORO typically in estuaries and mangroves. Poana kiki pa lupa pu varilikoho nia Rarusu pu ko tou ia keoro. Compare JEMIJEMI. mati ulu. Intertidal sandy beach. Small lagoon on LUPA, ocean-facing side of barrier island, (larger than KOPI KORAPA), enclosed on all sides by raised outer reef edges.

7 1 – Ria hokiti puku tingitonga vasidi pa idere, saghauru, toba oro rarusu

RARUSU LUPA SANGAVA SUSUKA Rarusu pu titiro la hua pa lupa na 1) Vasina pu varipajaka nidi karua toba. Kopi idere pa petupetuani pa toba, koe pa kolo, pa toba oro pa tutupeka. 2) Vasina pa varikorapadi karua tusu. jemi. Mani sangava vura la pa idere. Ocean-facing beach zone in the 3) Vasina pa varikorapadi tusu Saltwater pool on barrier islands with barrier islands or on mainland mani tutupeka. Mola gura ene mangroves and mud, connected to the weather coasts (LUPA). ukala pa tongania sangava. sea through a tidal mangrove passage. 1) Large passage separating two barrier islands, leading from the lagoon to the open sea. RARUSU MATI 2) Passage between lagoon islands. TA LUKUTU Rarusu pu kani mae kaduvua singi. 3) Passage between a lagoon island and Vasina pa toba pula karovoa gone Beach zone above the high-water mark. the mainland. All types of SANGAVA idere pula singi. are navigable for most canoes. Low-lying, narrow part of barrier island, usually covered by high tide and thus separating two low areas of land.

Sera te Jimuru pa Chea (1987) RARUSU TOBA Sera as part of village shoreline (Chea, 1987) Lea rarusu lupa pa toba. Beach in the barrier islands, usually SERA applied to the ocean-facing side and to Rarusu oro mati tata pa idere, vasina TA OKATA well-forested shores along passages. pu koe palavanua. Mana ta kilae Vasidi pa chagiri na tabikale pu tapa meka pa vasina pu koe tinoni. taba hore mana kadi lao. Kokoani Village shore; landing place; seashore tadiria ihana oro chehana. adjacent to a house site or hamlet; Steep grooves or trenches in ocean- RARUSU TUTUPEKA populated coast. In locations of facing reefs, stretching from CHAGIRI Lea rarusu pa tutupeka, pu titiro la present or past villages, all SERA have reefs outward and either terminating pa kogu. specific names. before the drop-off or intersecting it. The coast of the mainland, from Fish and crayfish are abundant here. which the lagoon can be viewed. SURUKAROVOANI Vasina pa toba pu natara oro pike SAGHAURU lumocho oro kani seu pa kogu 1) Kilakila getena ta tongania kaduvu pa lupa; gura suru karovo hokihokiti saghauru. nia mola tinoni pa kolokolo raghi 2) Kilana ria saghauru pu ta omi va oro hore mati. leana. Flat, low-lying and narrow (usually 1) Reef: generic term for any coral reef. sandy) area of barrier island, useful 2) Specific term for any clearly visible for dragging canoes between lagoon reef at shallow to medium depth. and open sea during extreme low tides or very rough weather. TABIKALE Vasina pa lupa pu ukala nia mati ulu mani taba hore pa lao. Kokoani tadiria ihana.

8 1 – Coastal-marine topography and reef classification

The drop-off: steep outermost reef Island: general term for any island; a wall dropping down from the MATI specific term for large and small islands ULU reef crest into deep sea. Very in the lagoon, in contrast to TOBA. important fishing grounds are here.

TUSU PETU TAROBE Chacha tusu pa kogu pu to ia petu Govara kiki pa taba pa saghauru oro ngana. Toba Ulu tata pa Japuchajomo, omi la hua pa Gatokae pa ididakaini, kokoani te mudala. The double chain of elevated barrier reefs in southeast Small, low islands or islets in the Small hole on reef slope and among Marovo lagoon, built up by mangrove trees. stones on reef flat. Moray eels (MUDALA) live here. The elevated barrier reefs of Marovo and Roviana, and (by extension) elsewhere in Solomon Islands where TUSUANI such reef formations exist. The most Ria vinarihagonoi tusu pa kogu oro TEGOTEGO important fishing grounds are here pa kolo, hua Midemide na Hele. Vasina tabataba pa saghauru, tata Mana ta kilae tutusuani tungana, pa todo. huhua Tutusuani Gevala. Deep reef slope; facing TODO if Archipelago: cluster of smaller islands located in lagoon, a terrace located TODO and sand cays in the lagoon (like the below the drop-off at the barrier reef. Idere lao pa varikorapadi saghauru Midemide islands in the lagoon) or in the pa kogu. open sea (like the reef islets and sand Areas of deep water in the lagoon cays of the Hele Bar); Also TUTUSUANI, between medium-depth reefs. referring to a larger, denser group of small islands such as that beyond the estuary of the large Gevala river. TOHANA Vasina pu hore na toka gone tinoni pa mola. TUTUPEKA Submerged, smooth man-made Tusu gete via pu koe togere, kavo canoe path from village shore out to oro goana piru. navigable water, constructed by Mainland: the large main islands of New clearing away corals and stones. Georgia, Vangunu and Gatokae. Islands TEMARA covered by this concept have mountains, Vasidi pa lupa pu taba uka mani rivers and inland forest. The term is used kadu-vua ruava katigae. relative to lagoon, sea and barrier reef 1) Steep overhanging coral cliffs and thus applies to the mainland coast. behind the ocean-facing beaches of barrier islands. 2) Deep, elevated notches running horizontally along the outer walls of VONAVONA barrier islands. Saghauru hele pa varikorapadi karua lao. Long reef at medium to large depth, between two areas of deeper water. TOBA Ria tusu hele via pa varikorapana TUSU kogu mani lupa. Lea vasina Tongania ria hokiti vasidi pa mati; chabaini tadiria tinoni pa Kogu oro meka kilana ria tusu pu kadi VOTU Marovo oro Kogu Roviana. gete via pu ko pa kogu pa dia Vasina pu hore vura kavo. tutusuani. River estuary.

9

PINAJAKA VINA KARUA RIA BINU ORO IDAKA PA SAGHAURU, ORO TINGITONGA PULE PU TO PA SAGHAURU

CHAPTER TWO CORALS, STONES AND OTHER THINGS THAT GROW ON THE REEF

2 2 – Ria binu oro idaka pa saghauru, oro tingitonga pule pu to pa saghauru

ASATITA BURONGO IDAKA Idaka to, kiki mani ko liloro pa Huana burongo, vura mae pa idaka saghauru. Ta vae pa asae ure tita to, mana pula tata la tinoni gura pata tavete mola. nuguru kachiena pule pa idaka. Coral, fam. Fungiidae: unattached Tube worms, fam. Serpulidae: ‘stone small ‘stones’ of mushroom coral flower’; the colourful spiral gill worms lying on the shallow reef, used by Spirobranchus spp., which live in canoe builders for grating the kernels holes in coral stones (IDAKA TO). They of TITA nuts. disappear quickly into the stones when disturbed.

ASATITA IDAKA Idaka to pu huhua asatita mana CHICHI OREKE idaka ngana. Huana idaka mana roche, to pa Coral, fam. Faviidae: small to idaka. medium-sized colonies of stony brain Corals, Sarcophyton spp.: soft coral of corals, similar to ASATITA but not free- leathery foliaceous type, growing on living nor used for TITA grating. They coral stones. The name means ‘old are firmly attached to the reef. woman’s genitalia’. Tope hae peropero ria pa Chea pa 1987, pa lao pa kogu. Black coral taken by divers from deep lagoon waters (1987) HAE PEROPERO CHUCHU Binu gete lea hua puta hae Kalala mana kiki, orava katigae. ragaraga. To pa lao pa saghauru, Napata pa idaka. icho gone ria peropero pa ragana. Small sea anemones, order Actiniaria. Vae tinoni tope ragana pata tavetei Some are bright red. See KALALA. tingitonga pa binu chinoko. Coral, Cirrhipates spp.: branching ‘trees’ of black coral growing on deep reefs in the lagoon. Brownlip ERO pearl shells (PEROPERO) usually grow Meka checheu pa idere, to pa idaka attached to the branches, thus the BINUBINU tata pa rarusu. name means ‘tree of brownlip shells’. Binu pu ragaraga huana meka Algae, unidentified: a seaweed with chacha hae, ko soku via pa branching stems and brown leaves, binubinuani. Ta vae mani ta kina pa growing on nearshore stones. ikuchu pata tavete binu pata mila. HUGURU Corals, Acropora spp.: large colonies Huana idaka mana roche, soku of branching staghorn corals. People govarana. make lime for betelnut chewing from Unidentified: A soft, stone-shaped these corals by collecting them in piles thing with many holes – a form of and burning them in very hot fires. sponge or soft coral.

12 2 – Corals, stones and other things that grow on the reef

IDAKA KULI HELE NGEDARA Pa saghauru ieni kilana tadiria Kuli pu hele rokona. To pa vasina Idaka natara via, soku ko pa idaka pu ko varihagonoi. pu kani mati, mani ta pala va soku tabikale. ‘Stone’: in terms of reef topography, ria roko legudi pa chapachapa pa Corals, Acropora spp.: large plate-like a generic term for colonies of sangava, mani ta ngo tadiria vonu. coral colonies, abundant at the drop- honeycomb and brain corals (fam. Marine plant, fam. Hydrocharitaceae: off where they often form vertical Faviidae) growing in groups. a sea grass with long leaves, probably tiers. Enhalus acoroides. It grows in deeper water than KULI NGONGOTO. Dead leaves and whole plants are often IDAKA TO found amongst floating debris in and NGEJALA Meka kilana tadiria idaka kikidi oro near barrier island passages. Turtles Binu kiki, tona pa idaka mani getedi pa saghauru huana asatita come to such places to eat, and can ragaraga. Oha mani varisulu. navei; oro kilana idaka gete pu be speared there. Fire corals, Millepora spp.: small, chichinoko mana to gonea binu yellow stinging branch corals that oro tingitonga pule. grow on stones. ‘Living stone’: 1) generic term for any stone-like KULI NGONGOTO colony of living coral; Kuli pu kokochu mani ngongoto 2) specific name for certain large dark rokona, soku via to pa vasina pu PATUKAE stones with lots of small corals and koe keoro heva, ieni ta kilae Idaka gete, ko hese ngana pa other things growing on them. kulikuliani. Lea nginongo ta vonu saghauru. ihana. Pa katiga kulikuliani iedi koe Very large Porites coral colonies, morumoruani. Pa Michi, ta vae which resemble large solitary patuna pa tadiria koburu mani ta boulders. KALALA ngo. Huana burongo gete pa idere, Marine plant, fam. Hydrocharitaceae: napata pa idaka. Kokoani ta ihana a sea grass with short leaves, possibly kalala. Thalassia hemprichii. Generally quite PEDEPEDE Large sea anemones, order Actiniaria. similar to KULI HELE. It grows in Binu gete huana meka roko gete Clownfish (IHANA KALALA) live in them. shallow water, and has relatively via, tona pa tabikale pa lao. short leaves with straight ends. Large Coral, order Gorgonacea: Gorgonian beds of KULI NGONGOTO are regularly corals or sea fans, growing along the visited by green turtles (VONU IHANA), steep outer reef walls (usually at KULI and some seagrass beds are special some depth). Checheu pa idere. Meka pu hele locations for traditional turtle-net rokona, meka pu kokochu mani fishing (morumoru). In some places, ngongoto rokona. Lea nginongo such as Michi in central Marovo, tadiria vonu ihana na rumu. children collect and eat the seeds of PUHA Marine plants, fam. this sea plant. 1) Huana idaka mana roche via, ko Hydrocharitaceae: sea grasses with ia idere korapana. narrow leaves. There are two main 2) Meka checheu pa idere huhua types recognized in Marovo, with tatalo, to pa idaka legudi pa shorter and longer leaves. KULI MAHEMAHELE CHIE saghauru mati. Ngira rokona, mani grasses are the favourite food of Binu tona pa idaka mani kani ta vae pata va lumocho mola ria. green turtles (VONU IHANA) and ragaraga va soku, katiga lumocho 1) Sponges of the reef. dugongs (RUMU). oro katiga kani lumocho. 2) Algae, fam. Codiaceae: Halimeda Coral, fam. Pocilloporidae: knobby opuntia, a green algae with calcified coral of smooth or rough types, leaves. It grows on dead coral stones growing on coral stones. The name in calm shallow areas. Tufts of PUHA means ‘dog’s feet’. are used for scraping and cleaning canoes.

13 2 – Ria binu oro idaka pa saghauru, oro tingitonga pule pu to pa saghauru

VOA Idaka gete mani natara, ko varihagonoi. Coral, probably Montipora spp.: large tabular corals that grow in tier-like groups.

VOA LEGUDI REVO Idaka legu pa kogu na tata pa Meka checheu pa idere, to pa tutupeka. Huana voa mana legudi keoro pa kogu lea pa tadiria pa pa tuari. Vae ia ria pa tuari pata Michi, oro soku via pa sangava pa tavete hope. Babatana pa Savele. Nginongo ‘Dead VOA’: dead tabular corals found leana te katigae, ta vae gone pa around the lagoon, even along tadiria manemaneke, mana ta vae mainland shores. They are true VOA, tungana pa tadiria tinoni chaba but have been dead since the old pula manobu oro leana via pata days. People used to build skull ngongo pa mola kolokolo chaba. shrines with these coral slabs. Algae, fam. Caulerpaceae: Caulerpa racemosa (sea grape), a green algae with succulent stalks bearing tips looking like clusters of tiny grapes. VOA TODI Abundant in some sheltered, sandy Idaka to pa lupa, pa saghauru oro areas of the inner lagoon, and in the tabikale. Babatana passage at Savele. ‘Living VOA’: large tabular corals Regarded as a good food by many. forming dense tier-like groups along Usually collected by women, but reef slopes and the outermost drop-off. sometimes also by men on fishing trips, as it is cool and refreshing to eat in the canoe at sea.

TATALO Meka checheu kiki pa idere, huhua puha mana kadi labe rokona. Ta vae rokona pula ngira ria, pata valumocho mola. Nginongo tadiria vonu, hua katigae. Algae, fam. Codiaceae: Halimeda sp., a green algae that grows on shallow, nearshore reefs of dead coral. The calcified leaves are used for scrubbing and cleaning canoes, and are eaten by turtles. PUHA is similar, but has flatter leaves.

14 2 – Corals, stones and other things that grow on the reef

15

PINAJAKA VINA HIKE RIA TINGITONGA PU PONU PA IDERE ORO PA KAVO RIA IHANA ORO KATIGA TINGITONGA PULE, HUANA VONU, RUMU, VUA, IVU ORO NA PUSUI, ORO KATIGA TINGITONGA ROCHEROCHE HUANA GAE, KUSOLO ORO BETABETA

CHAPTER THREE FISH AND OTHER SWIMMING CREATURES OF SEA AND RIVER INCLUDING FISHES, MARINE REPTILES AND MARINE MAMMALS, AND VARIOUS FREE-SWIMMING INVERTEBRATES 3 3 – Ria tingitonga pu ponu pa idere oro pa kavo: ria ihana oro katiga tingitonga pule

BALIBALIGHUTU in the open sea but sometimes Fishes, fam. Serranidae: generic term Omia mara balibalighutu, oro swimming slowly in the lagoon near for very small, often colourful ngongo ghalusu. village shores. VARIPOPOLO is another Serranids (groupers, rock cods, a See MARA BALIBALIGHUTU and NGONGO name for the manta rays. typical one being the small brown- GHALUSU. spotted Epinephelus merra). They are abundant on some SAGHAURU reefs, bite the hook eagerly and are edible, BATUTUDU but are not favoured because of their BALUBALU Omia mara batutudu. small size. The name derives from the Meka ihana pa lupa, getena See MARA BATUTUDU. British Broadcasting Corporation (the vasinakiki mani nginongo leana. Ta BBC) and refers to these small vae pa chaba karumae. Kolokolo groupers as ever-present fish, just as soku oro deana ia pa kikitaomina the BBC is always on the radio. paleke. Pula kikina, pipilaka kilana, BELELE mana meka puku ria balubalu, Katiga ihana pu labe tinina mani pipilaka oro tilo. gete tiherena, ta omi pa saghauru pa Fish, fam. Carangidae: Elagatis keoro, oro pa petupetuani. Pula kiki bipinnulata, Rainbow runner, a rather ieni hokitina. Gura ta hona ia pula large ocean fish (sometimes 70-80 gete, mana kani nginongo leana. cm). It is considered a good food fish Fishes, fam. Ephippidae: batfishes, and is caught by trolling. It is including Platax orbicularis, Platax especially abundant, fat and willing pinnatus and Platax teira. Batfish to bite around the first quarter of the juveniles have a very different moon. This name is applied to adult appearance from adults, but do not fish, small ones are sometimes have a distinct name in Marovo. Larger termed PIPILAKA (which is, however, BELELE can be shot with spearguns but also the name for another fish). are rarely eaten in Marovo. BIRAKE BALUBALU, PIPILAKA and TILO are Meka ihana baini huana matapou, considered to be closely related. orava tinina mani buma tongania kapuna. Getegetena padana karua BETABETA pidoko. Kani kokochu chikuna. Ko Tingitonga roche pu irongo na liloro ngana pa vinarihagonoi pa BATUBATU ponu pa korapana idere. Puku ta toba na kogu. Mucha pa ipu, mana Omia mara batubatu. maligharo mana kani varisulu. kani ko meluku tania. See MARA BATUBATU. Omia chira batubatu, maligharo Fish, fam. Scaridae: Scarus ghobban oro paro tungana. (terminal phase), a big (over 35 cm) Invertebrate, class Scyphozoa: free- orange-red parrotfish with blue- swimming jellyfish, non-stinging but green scales. It lives in many parts of BATURUA related to the stinging MALIGHARO. the lagoon or by the barrier reef, Meka tape lavata. Chacharavadi The name also functions as a generic usually swims in groups, and is quite gura gete hara kaduvu pa hike term for all jellyfish, including CHIRA similar to the slightly larger MATAPOU. ngava. Kani soku mana ta omi BATUBATU, MALIGHARO and PARO. They sleep at night but unlike many katiga kolokolo pula irongo vura. other parrotfishes do not sorround Ko pa lupa mana gura mae tata pa themselves with a mucus cocoon (in sera pa kogu katiga kolokolo. Hara Marovo referred to as a ‘spiderweb’). varipopolo meka kilana tungana. BIBISI Fishes, fam. Mobulidae: Manta Ria pajara pu kikidi via, soku via pa birostris, Giant manta. The name katiga saghauru mani gura ngo uka means ‘two-headed’ and also applies pa chaba vekovekoi na vahorehore BOBORE to any similar species occurring in pa katiga kolokolo. Ta ngo ria Kilana meka ihana kiki pa kavo, pa Marovo. This giant ray may be more mana kadi leana via puna kikidi. jinama Vangunu. Huhua ububo. than 6 m across. Single BATURUA are Ginete tania ieni hara meka pidoko seen occasionally in Marovo, usually choda. Ta hona pa paka kiki ria pa

18 3 – Fish and other swimming creatures of sea and river

Vangunu, mani nginongo leana. Ta Fish, fam. Scaridae: Scarus globiceps, Gudgeons. These small to medium- bia gone pa roko piropiro mani ta Globehead parrotfish (terminal sized fishes do not swim a great deal vatoi. phase). A small (up to ca. 25 cm) but spend much time lying still Freshwater fish, unidentified: a schooling parrotfish with bright blue- among stones in streams, rivers and Vangunu name for a small river fish green colours. The name is an turbid pools. They are called approximately 15 cm long or slightly intensified form of buma (‘blue- bulosuru in Vangunu, where they are larger, similar to UBUBO. In Vangunu green’). It lives mainly around lagoon very common in rivers and streams in they regard this fish as good food, islands, and sleeps among branch locations with little current. Small and they shoot it in rivers with small coral in its own mucus cocoon ones are highly abundant near stones spearguns. BOBORE are especially (referred to as ‘spiderweb’ in Marovo). and gravel. Large BOLUCHURU good food when wrapped in PIROPIRO It is rarely seen in big groups, but (probably the Loach goby, leaves and roasted in embers. quite often a few BUBUMA (as well as Rhyacichthys aspro) may reach 30-40 LIKE) are seen mixed in with a larger cm in length and are edible, but are baini group of MALAKIHI or MALAKIHI not eaten even in Vangunu, because PEPEA. See IHANA BAINI. it is believed that anyone who eats BOREBORE them will become weak. That is why Meka kubuku kiki, chichinoko tinina. these fishes have an old secondary Fish, fam. Balistidae: a small, darkly name in Vangunu: node (‘weak’, coloured triggerfish of the KUBUKU BUCHO which in Marovo is roche). On other type. Possibly Sufflamen chrysopterus, Ihana kikidi, meka kilana gete islands, some people do catch and Flagtail triggerfish. tongania hokihokiti bucho. Soku eat them. via di ko noso pa buturu oro pa binubinuani. Fishes, fam. Apogonidae: generic term BOTE BELAMA for cardinalfishes, Apogon spp., CHAMEHOLO Meka mara gete, oha vasinakiki especially the larger individuals of these Kilana katiga ihana gete via oro tinina. Ko pa lao tata pa mati ulu. small reef fishes. They hover in groups changa via pa kolo, huana viruviru Hara mara popoana pu getena, above coral thickets and boulders and mana kani gete uka tiheredi. Kadi mana ko pa keoro pa kogu ngana near village wharves. The smallest soku pa Marovo. Ria tinoni pu ia mara popoana. cardinalfishes are generally called PIKA. valusa ba karumae makasi pa kolo Fish, fam. Carangidae: adult Golden gura omia chameholo pa meka trevally, Gnathanodon speciosus. This karua kolokolo ngana. large silvery trevally with a yellow Fishes, fam. Istiophoridae and tinge swims in deep water off outer BULOCHURU Xiphiidae: a generic term for Marlins reefs. In Marovo it is not considered Katiga ihana pa kavo na piongo (Makaira spp., Tetraterus spp.) and to be related to the young lagoon- mana vasina pu kani totolo via Swordfish, Xiphias gladius. These living life stage of the Golden trevally, kavo. Kadi ponu langana ria madi large fast-swimming billfishes of the known as MARA POPOANA, that swims eko gone pa idaka. Pula kiki di ko open sea are uncommon in Marovo. over and feeds on sandy bottoms. gone pa idaka na chalaboro. They are seen on rare occasions, by Bulosuru kilana tadiria pa Vangunu, those who fish for tuna far out at sea. soku via di ko vasina. Pula gete ria The Indo-Pacific sailfish (Istiophorus ieni gura kaduvu karua hike platypterus), however, is more often BUBUMA pidoko. Kadi ta ngo ia pa tadiria pa encountered and has its own name Meka ihana baini huana malakihi Vangunu puna balabala ria pula ta (VIRUVIRU). mana buma via tou tinina. Kani ngo mana kani ngingira tinoni, gete, meka pidoko kukurana heni ‘node’ meka kilana pa jinama ngana. Ko gone pa tusu pa kogu, tadiria pa tuari (mana ‘roche’ pa kokoani tania pa idaka mani mucha jinama Marovo). Mana katiga ia pa binubinuani pa nana meluku. tinoni pa hokiti vasina di chaba Kani soku pa toba ba pa lupa. Ko gonei madi ngo ia. varicheni karua hike bubuma na Freshwater fishes, fam. Gobiidae, like pa vinarihagonoi ta malakihi Rhyacichthyidae and Eleotridae: oro malakihi pepea. generic term for all Gobies and

19 3 – Ria tingitonga pu ponu pa idere oro pa kavo: ria ihana oro katiga tingitonga pule

CHAMUHU CHAMUHU LAO CHIKOCHIKO MUJIKI Kilana gete tadiria chamuhu. Hele Meka chamuhu gete pa kolo, Meka kilana habili haguruna, ko pa mani ngachu hujuna. Gura chupaka huana chamuhu homahoma mana sangava oro toba. Pula gete ieni mae pa mola pana ipu mani gura hara meka kilana ngana. Kani gura habili kilana. Gura chiko mujiki varivatasuni ta tinoni pa katiga ta loketei tinoni tope chamuhu pia, gone ria habili kiki pira. kolokolo. Buma susuridi pula kina mana la tata ta tinoni. Gura ngoi ia Fish, fam. Labridae: juveniles of the mana nginongo leana ta katiga ria chamuhu kikidi. huge Cheilinus undulatus, Humphead tinoni. Fish, fam. Belonidae: a large wrasse. These small HABILI are known Fishes, fam. Belonidae: generic term needlefish of the open sea, closely for their efficiency in stealing bait off for needlefishes (longtoms), surface- related to CHAMUHU HOMAHOMA. This hooks without getting caught (hence swimming fishes with long pointed fish does not run away from the name which means ‘bait-stealer’). jaws, such as Tylosurus spp. underwater spearfishermen, but Sometimes they jump into canoes at swims close by. It sometimes eats night and, on occasion, people have smaller CHAMUHU. been injured by their sharp beaks. CHIKU MELAKA When cooked, they have green Omia mara chiku melaka. bones, but some people like to eat See MARA CHIKU MELAKA. them anyway. CHEHOHO Kilana meka puku ihana pu huhua kubuku na makoto, mana kikina. Ko pa idaka na binu, soku CHIKU NGONGOTO CHAMUHU CHAPA kalakalana tou tinidi ihana pira. Meka ihana baini huana bubuma Meka chamuhu getena, chinoko Fishes, fam. Monacanthidae: generic mana ngongoto chikuna, ko pa tiherena na chikuna mani gete term for all kinds of leatherjackets or binu, pa kogu na poana. Mucha pa chalivina. Gura ene varihagonoi ba filefishes, a group of small to nana meluku. chapa. moderate-sized fishes rather similar in Fish, fam. Scaridae: Chlororus Fish, fam. Belonidae: a large appearance to triggerfish. They live sordidus, a medium-sized parrotfish needlefish with black fins and large among coral and have many different (up to 25 cm) with blue-green head, probably Tylosurus acus colourful patterns. colours. Overall similar to BUBUMA but melanotus, Keel-jawed needlefish. It the tail is notably short with a may form slowly milling groups at straight vertical margin (chiku = ‘tail’; the surface. ngongoto = ‘cut squarely’). They live CHICHIRU among coral in the main lagoon and Meka ihana pa kogu oro pa in the small lagoons that fringe the saghauru pa lupa, labe tinina oro ocean side of the barrier reef, and CHAMUHU GATAGATA kiki chalivina, varihagonoi pa may move in baini aggregations. Meka chamuhu gete. kokorapana idere pa nana kolokolo. They sleep in their own mucus Fish, fam. Belonidae: a large Suliri ieni huana chichiru mana kiki. cocoon or ‘spiderweb’. needlefish. The name refers to the fact Nginongo leana, ta vae pa that its body is shaped like a long pole. hinonahona (babao, paka, bokala). Fishes, fam. Kyphosidae: Kyphosus vaigiensis and Kyphosus cinerascens, CHIPUCHIPU Drummers or Rudderfishes, medium- Meka inabuku, nginongo tadiria CHAMUHU sized fishes with flat bodies and small mara oro chamuhu, ko pa rarusu HOMAHOMA heads. They sometimes form free- pa tutupeka. Meka chamuhu gete via, getegetena swimming groups in the lagoon. A Fish, unidentified: a small baitfish padana ghohi mani ko talena pa lao. closely related but smaller fish is that forms aggregations along Fish, fam. Belonidae: a very large SULIRI. CHICHIRU are good food and are mainland shores and is eaten by needlefish, probably Tylosurus taken with hand spear, underwater trevallies and needlefishes. crocodilus crocodilus, Hound speargun or bow and arrow. needlefish. It may reach almost the size of a large barracuda, and it swims alone in deep waters.

20 3 – Fish and other swimming creatures of sea and river

CHIRA BATUBATU and fins. They are abundant in DAVERE Tingitonga roche pu irongo na certain places during the four days Kilana karua ihana pu kadi gete, ponu pa korapana idere, huana around full moon. CHORI are closely heva oro labe tinidi. Ko pa kogu, betabeta oro maligharo. Hele via related to REHE, squirrelfishes with red pa kopi oro pa petupetuani, ikuna, mana ria mara batubatu pu and white longitudinal stripes. varihagonoi gone. Meka tonu nga kikidi ko gone pa kauruna, pa ihana pira.Getegetedi huana karua korapa ikuna. pidoko ngana. Invertebrate, class Scyphozoa: a free- Recognised as a common name for swimming jellyfish with long CHORI ORAVA two similarly looking, although tentacles. Small MARA BATUBATU (Giant Meka chori gete pu orava uka. distinct, small to medium-sized fishes trevally) hide among its tentacles. Fishes, fam. Holocentridae: large with flat silvery bodies. They live in The name means ‘giving birth to spiny squirrelfish of exceptionally the lagoon and in estuaries. BATUBATU’. bright red colour, Sargocentron 1) fam. Leiognathidae: Leiognathus spiniferum and similar species. equulus, Ponyfish or Slipmouth. A rather small (up to ca. 25 cm) silvery fish with a tall flat body. Often seen CHOCHO in aggregations. Ihana kiki huana volaka mana CHUKUCHUKU 2) fam. Gerreidae: Gerres oyena, Oceanic padana meka pidoko choda ngana. Meka inabuku pa kolo, nginongo ta silver biddy. A small to medium-sized Pula gete ieni volaka. Ko pa votu makasi gete. fish whose appearance and habitat oro pa petupetuani. Fish, unidentified: a type of baitfish of are similar to Leiognathus equulus. Fishes, fam. Hemiramphidae: small the open sea, eaten by large skipjack garfishes and halfbeaks, including the tuna. estuarine garfish Zenarchopterus dispar, and smaller Hemiramphus spp. DAVIDAVI CHOCHO live mostly in estuaries and Omia mara davidavi. mangroves and rarely exceed 15 cm See MARA DAVIDAVI. in length. Larger garfishes are VOLAKA.

DOLA TOTO CHOCHOLE LANGARA Kilana katiga ihana kikidi pu ko Makasi kiki, pula gete, poghoso liloro pa idaka na binu. Gete kilana. vasinakiki matadi, ta lokoloko Fish, fam. Scombridae: small skipjack Aquarium photo tinidi. Kani ta ngo pa Marovo ihana tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, at the pia, puna kiki. growth stage before MAKASI POGHOSO. DAKU Fish, fam. Nemipteridae: Scolopsis Ihana pa petupetuani oro votu, spp., Monocle breams. Rather small kani gete, gura kamichu pata hona reef fishes with large eyes and hana nginongo pu hua chebechebe colourful patterns on their bodies. CHORI ko pa roko. Mana gura kamichu la They live among stones and corals, Ihana vari chopuru, orava via tinina pa tinoni tungana, huana daku and are not eaten by people due to na tiherena. Huana mataloba mana Varea, ia daku pu ko pa kavo Varea their small size. getena, huana rehe mana orava pa Gatokae tata pa Sobiro! via. Ko pa saghauru na pa idaka. Fish, fam. Toxotidae: archerfish, Kolokolo tania pa getepaleke, pa Toxotes jaculatrix. It lives in ka made rane kaduvu karua rane mangroves, estuaries and sometimes DONGO PUSI ukala soaini. in shallow coastal waters, and often Kilana ihana kiki huana dola toto Fishes, fam. Holocentridae: generic catches its food by expelling a series mana hele via tingitonga pa chikuna. term for bright red squirrelfishes, of water beads from its mouth to Kani ta ngo pa Marovo puna kiki. Sargocentron spp. They are bigger shoot insects down from overhead Fish, fam. Nemipteridae: Pentapodus than the related MATALOBA, and have vegetation. Sometimes DAKU “shoot” spp., Whiptail breams of various poisonous spines on the head, gills at people too! species, all having a filamentous

21 3 – Ria tingitonga pu ponu pa idere oro pa kavo: ria ihana oro katiga tingitonga pule

upper tail lobe. They are considered rane juapataomina ngana. Ko pa EHA MAMAELE to be related to DOLA TOTO. These puku ihana tadiria medomedo, Meka eha mani arilaena, kani soku small reef fishes are not eaten. ititongo na odingi. ngana. Ko pa Niugini oro Solomon Fish, fam. Siganiidae: Siganus Aelan ngana. Ta vae kokoanina pa punctatus, Goldspotted rabbitfish; tuari pa beibeiani. possibly also a name for Siganus Mollusc (cephalopod), fam. Nautilidae: vermiculatus, Vermiculate rabbitfish. Nautilus scrobiculatus; a rare nautilus DUDU form large aggregations only found in New Guinea and the on the seventh day of the lunar Solomon Islands only. In the old days, month. They belong to the same the shell was used as a drinking cup. group as ITITONGO, ODINGI and MEDOMEDO. All rabbitfishes have venomous spines on their fins, but the pain inflicted by MEDOMEDO is EO considered the worst. Meka ihana baini pa lupa, huana like. Chichinoko tinina mana DOVARO bubuma chalivina. Gura ko pa lupa Ihana gete pu ko pa tabikale, ukala pa lao, ngo gone pa rarusu idere. meka ghoghoto ngava linao pa DUMADUMANA Mucha pa poana. Ria eo, like, livo katiga kokoani tania. Orava tinina, Meka inabuku pa kolo, nginongo ta naji oro palakovoro di meka puku hele chikuna. Ta vae pa chaba makasi. ngana. Ia eo gura ko pa nana kurakura, nginongo leana puna Fish, unidentified: a type of baitfish of vinarihagonoi, ba ko varicheni lavata borabora. Pa katiga the open sea, pursued and eaten by tadiria puku ihana pira. Mana ko kolokolo, leana hinoluna pa tadiria skipjack tuna. meka oloko pu ta kilae eo tungana pa Fisheries pata va la nia pa aesi. pa jinama tadiria pa Vahole. Fishes, fam. Lutjanidae (subfamily Fish, fam. Scaridae: Scarus niger, Etelinae). Swarthy parrotfish (all stages). A 1) Generic name for several large EHA small to medium-sized parrotfish (ca. deep-water red snappers, Etelis spp. Tingitonga huana meka kusolo mana 25 cm) with a dark brown body but and Pristipomoides spp. ko pa nana kokoani huana chuko with some mixed colours including 2) The name also applies to the gete. Kani ta omi kolokolo tona mana some green on the head. Lives off smaller Aphareus furca, Small-toothed ia kokoani tania ieni pararava mae pa ocean-facing reefs, feeds along the Jobfish. All DOVARO are glossy pink to rarusu idere. Hara ko gone pa lao outer reef shore, and sleeps in the red and usually have rather long tail uka. Ta vae kokoanina ia tadiria tinoni basins inside the reef rim. EO is of the fins. Etelis radiosus, Scarlet snapper, is ngadongado pata kadakada. Katiga same type as (and often forms baini representative of this type of fish. They maroke jama ria pu ta omi gone eha groups with) LIKE, LIVO NAJI and live deep along the outer reef drop-off tona kolokolo valusa vura mae pa PALAKOVORO, but it may also form (sometimes at depths of more than korekore idere mani lulua ia inabuku groups on its own. The name refers 200 m), and must be caught on deep- mani changa via inene tania. to the similarity of its colours to those water handlines with detachable Mollusc (cephalopod), fam. of the megapode bird (IO, called EO stone sinkers. DOVARO are generally Nautilidae: Nautilus pompilius, in the Hoava language). very good food fishes with ‘big Chambered nautilus. The empty meat’, and are sometimes purchased shells are found washed up on outer at good prices by commercial barrier reef beaches, or sometimes fisheries enterprises to export frozen. floating around barrier reef passages, GAE and are much in demand among Meka tingitonga roche, ka vesu wood-carvers, as the main material mani hele via limadi. Napata limadi. for shell inlay. Some old men report Ko pa saghauru oro pa poana na DUDU that during traditional pole-and-line kopi pa lupa, pa nana govara. Ihana vari chopuru pu gura tuna fishing, live EHA sometimes Mollusc (cephalopod): Octopus sp. varivatasiti ta tinoni, mana kani surface near canoes, following the 1) Generic name for any octopus. chiena hua medomedo. Lea baitfish schools and moving with 2) Specific name for large octopi. kolokolo tania pata varihagonoi bursts of high speed. They live in holes and caves on reefs

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around lagoon islands and in the among coral stones on ocean-facing exceeding 1 m in length. Small GHOHI small lagoons and basins facing the reefs, in places with currents and (up to 50 cm) are PIPO, larger GHOHI ocean at the barrier reef. breaking waves. It is good to eat. up to 1-1.2 m are RAGA CHOMA. Barracudas live in the lagoon (sometimes in nearshore shallows), in barrier reef passages, and along GHALUSU ocean-facing reefs. GHOHI (of which Meka ihana huhua meka moturu there are several Marovo taxa, see kiki, mana kani mara. Pula kiki ieni below) are recognized as potentially medarae. Ko soku via pa toba pa dangerous to people, but are also katiga kolokolo, mani ta vae pa highly esteemed food fish with ‘big vagara. Hipuru ghalusu ria pa meka meat’ and are frequently caught, Aquarium photo rane. Nginongo leana. Buma ieni mainly by trolling. kilana ghalusu pa Malaita oro pa jinama pijin. Fish, fam. Carangidae: adult Selar GAE IHANA crumenophtalmus, Purse-eye scad GHOHI CHAPA Meka kilana gae pajara. (juveniles are MEDARAE). At certain Ghohi gete mani hele via, oha pa Mollusc (cephalopod): Octopus sp.; a predictable times they form large chikuna, getegetena padana meka secondary name for GAE PAJARA. schools at the barrier reef, and can be ngava katigae. Ko pa kolo mani taken in nets. People also used to chapa pa sangava pana ipu kolokolo catch GHALUSU with thin bamboo rods soaini oro pa ka hike ipu talavuni pa and small pearlshell hooks. Although juapakalana, lea pa paleke Diseba GAE PAJARA regarded as good food by many, this oro Januari. Bira pa meka rane susua Gae pu kani gete via, kadi hele fish is not as important as it was in pa soaini mani pa soaini. Ta vae pa karua hike limadi ia, puna ta ngo the old days. GHALUSU is called buma chaba karumae pana ipu pa sangava, vae ta pajara, hua katiga vivinei. in Malaita and in Solomon Islands mujiki gete ieni ta mujimujiki ni ia. Mollusc (cephalopod): Octopus sp. Pijin. Ria pu kadi gete via gura chapa pa This octopus is small and has two or sangava pa kolokolo rane. three arms that are shorter than the Fishes, fam. Sphyraenidae: large others since, so the story goes, they barracudas (up to almost 2 m in have been bitten off by PAJARA (‘coral length) with a slender body and cods’). longish tail and some yellow colour on fins. The name probably covers at least Sphyraena jello, Pickhandle barracuda and the smaller Sphyraena GAE ROU putnamiae, Sawtooth barracuda. The Gae gete via, hele via limadi. larger of these barracudas form Mollusc (cephalopod): Octopus sp. milling aggregations near the surface This is the largest octopus and has in and around some of the deep very long arms. barrier reef passages at night, mainly GHOHI from two days before the full moon Ihana gete, ko pa kogu na lupa na to two days after (but also the three sangava, gura raja na usu tinoni first nights of the last lunar quarter), GERESE katigae, mana gete borana, heni especially in November and Ihana huana teri mana kani gete, nginongo leana. Ta vae pa chaba December. They have ripe eggs on heva tinina mani chichinoko. Ko karumae na pa katiga chinaba pule. the day of the full moon and the day gone pa idaka pa rarusu lupa, pa Pula kaduvu meka kalelimana ieni before. When in aggregations, they totolo na ruava. Nginongo leana. ghohi, pula kikina ieni raga choma, are fished by trolling at night around Fish, fam. Acanthuridae: Acanthurus pula kikina uka ieni pipo. deep passages, with heavy lines and triostegus, Convict surgeonfish. A Fishes, fam. Sphyraenidae: big bait. The smaller ones form large small surgeonfish with white body 1) Generic term for all barracudas daytime aggregations in deep barrier and black vertical bands, usually seen 2) Specific name for adult barracudas reef passages.

23 3 – Ria tingitonga pu ponu pa idere oro pa kavo: ria ihana oro katiga tingitonga pule

GHOHI MATI kaduvu pa Diseba. Ta vae pa rivers on Vangunu; they are regarded Ghohi gete via, padana meka hinonahona, mana pa tuari, ta vae as a very good food fish and are very ngava katigae, kokochu vasinakiki pa kura habili tungana. Borabora fat when in their special season. chikuna. Ko pa kogu oro rarusu lavata, nginongo leana, oro deana toba na tutupeka. Katiga ko pa pa kolokolo tania. petupetuani. Pula kani gete ieni Fish, fam. Labridae: adult Cheilinus raga choma ngana. Ta vae pa undulatus, Giant humphead wrasse. Its chaba karumae, tope rane, oro spawning time is from the new moon katiga chinaba pule. Gete oro ngira until the full moon, from October to borana, nginingo leana. Gura raja December. It is often shot, but it used mani usu tinoni pu ene pa keoro to be caught in a large basketwork oro petupetuani. trap (kura) similar to the one used for Fish, fam. Sphyraenidae: Sphyraena triggerfish but much bigger. HABILI is barracuda, Great barracuda. This large good food, it has very big meat and is barracuda may reach 2 m in length, very fat when in season. has a stout body and a short tail, and is common around lagoon waters, HEHEUKU mainland shores and in shallows, and Huana marogo mana getena, ko pa along the barrier reef. A prime food HAPAHAPA BULE toba. Orava tinina. Varihagonoi pa fish with ‘big and strong meat’. This Meka ihana pu gete ibibelena mani ididakaini. Kolokolo tania pa ka barracuda may attack and bite people chichinoko tinina. Ngo gone made rane talavuni pa taomipaleke who wade in shallow sandy areas and tingitonga pa keoro. Huana mihu oro pa ka made rane talavuni pa in mangroves. ginete tania. vaba, meka rane susua pa soaini. Ta Fish, fam. Labridae: Hemigymnus vae gone pa chaba vekovekoi pana melapterus, Blackeye thicklip. It feeds ipu. Pula kiki ieni marogo. on small animals in the sand. Fish, fam. Lutjanidae: adult Lutjanus GHOHI OHA Approximately the same size as MIHU. adetii, Hussar, a small red snapper. Ghohi chapa pu oha via chikuna na The name means ‘happy [in] calm Forms large aggregations around katiga tiherena. weather’. stones on barrier reef flats, Fish, fam. Sphyraenidae: ‘Yellow particularly during the four days after barracuda’. Specific name for the Marovo new moon, and during Sphyraena jello, Pickhandle barracuda, the day preceeding and the three which is a type of GHOHI CHAPA with HAVIHAVI days following the full moon. Usually some yellow colour on the tail and fins. Ihana gete pa kavo, huana variusu fished in shallow water (from canoes na ringo, ginete tania tata huana anchored on the reef flat) with habili. Katiga chinoko pa tinina. Ta unweighted baited hooks, especially kilae na magiu tadiria tinoni pa at night. Small HEHEUKU are MAROGO. GHOMO goana pa Vahole na Vangunu. Sinu pu gete uka tinina, hara Nginongo leana, deana pula padana meka ngava choda katigae. kolokolo tania. Ta vae pa Pula kani gete ieni sinu ba tatalingi. hinonahona pa kavo. HIRAPA Fish, fam. Scombridae: very large Fishes, fam. Lutjanidae: the Ihana pu omi jonga via, oha oro Yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares. freshwater snapper Lutjanus buma tinina, hele tiherena. Huana Some may exceed 2 m in length. fuscescens, and the mangrove ihana orava ginete tania. Hirapa When smaller, they are SINU (medium snapper Lutjanus argentimaculatus. ieni lea ihana hope tadiria pa size) and TATALINGI (smallest ones). See LIVO CHOGI and VARI USU. HAVIHAVI Madou pa Vonavona. Varihagonoi are large river fishes similar to the di ko noso ngana mani sae hirapa RINGO and VARI USU of the sea. Some kilana, pa keoro pa sangava oro almost reach the size of HABILI. Most poana talavuni pa juapataomina HABILI have prominent black markings on paleke mani kaduvu pa soaini, hara Ihana gete via, ko pa toba. Kolokolo the body. This fish is called MAGIU in pa paleke Septeba kaduvu pa tania talavuni pa kikitaomina paleke the Hoava and Vangunu languages. Noveba oro Diseba. Deana via kaduvu pa soaini, pa paleke Oktoba HAVIHAVI are shot with spearguns in mani bira pa Noveba na Diseba.

24 3 – Fish and other swimming creatures of sea and river

Fish, fam. Lutjanidae: Symphorus IHANA BAINI spilurus, Sailfin snapper (Blue-lined Meka kilana gete tadiria ihana pu sea bream). A brilliantly coloured fish gura ene pa baini, huana tongania with horizontal blue and yellow ria ihana pa puku te malakihi, di stripes and long filaments on the baini gone tata pa soaini mani pa dorsal and anal fins. HIRAPA is a sacred kikikalana paleke. Kiladi ria ihana fish, particularly among the people of pira iedi birake, bubuma, chiku Madou in the Vonavona Lagoon west ngongoto, eo, like, livo naji, of Munda. It forms large stationary Aquarium photo malakihi, malakihi pepea, malakihi aggregations (sae hirapa) in sandy voko, matapou, palakovoro oro tia shallows at the barrier reef, often near HUTU IDAKA madara. Mucha pa ipu tongania passages, from the first lunar quarter Meka kiladi soku via hokihokiti ihana pira. Pa katiga kolokolo gura until the full moon, from September ihana kikidi via, buma oro orava baini ria mara na lipa tungana. Pa until November or December. They are katigae, soku di irongo pa uluna kolokolo noso ria pata ngongo, particularly fat and have well-developed idaka pa saghauru pa toba oro pa tupitupi ria puku te malakihi, mana eggs in November and December. binubinuani. umoro ria mara. Fishes, e.g. fam. Pomacantridae and Behavioural fish category that applies Pomacanthidae: ‘stone louse’; a large to all parrotfishes (fam. Scaridae) category of fishes based on habitat which sometimes move in non- HUJU POJE and behaviour. The name applies to a feeding schools that change Pehu ngana mana kani gete. Ko pa large variety of very small to small- swimming direction infrequently (but puku tadiria piripirikocho. Ta vae sized brightly coloured fishes of the sometimes reverse their course). The pa tope pula getena. shallow reef (mainly damselfishes and names for these parrotfishes are: Fish, fam. Haemulidae: medium-sized the smaller angelfishes, Centropyge BIRAKE, BUBUMA, CHIKU NGONGOTO, EO, Plectorhinchus gibbosus, Brown spp.) that hover in groups among LIKE, LIVO NAJI, MALAKIHI, MALAKIHI sweetlips, and probably also small coral stones and branch corals. PEPEA, MALAKIHI VOKO, MATAPOU, Plectorhinchus obscurum, Giant PALAKOVORO and TIA MADARA. They all sweetlips. They have dark colours sleep at night. At times, trevallies and and thick lips, grow to become PEHU, mullets also swim in aggregation and are of the PIRIPIRIKOCHO group. HUTU KEORO forms called baini. When baini The big ones are caught by Katiga ihana kikidi. Liunguani groups stop or otherwise change underwater spearfishermen. The tadiria pa govara pa keoro. their course to feed, they are referred name translates as ‘rotten mouth’, Fishes, e.g. fam. Pomacantridae: to by the terms tupitupi (for and is a Marovo adaptation of the ‘sand louse’; a generic term for many parrotfish) and umoro (for trevallies; Hoava poze (‘rotten’), referring to kinds of very small fishes of the see IHANA UMORO). the difficulty of keeping a hook shallow reef (including many attached to the mouth of this fish damselfish) that hide in holes in the once it has been hooked. sand and swim in and out of them. IHANA BINU Meka kilana gete tadiria ihana kikidi, soku via di ko liloro nga pa HUMIHUMI IHANA binu. Kadi ta kilae tapa meka. Hara Ihana pa chakepekana, ngo Kiladi ta tongania tingitonga pu chacha ihana gete katigae. tingitonga pa keoro. Huana humi ponu pa idere na pa kavo. ‘Branch coral fish’: a diverse fish pa hujuna, pa paparana. Ululo na A Marovo life-form category: all- category based on both habitat and pakao katiga kilana. encompassing term for all fishes behaviour, applies to a huge variety Fishes, fam. Mullidae: a generic term which, in its extended sense, also of very small, often colourful fish that for all goatfishes, Parupeneus spp. applies to nearly all swimming live among branching corals. Very and Mulloides spp. They are bottom- animals of sea and river as covered few have specific names. It is believed feeding fish with a pair of barbels on by this chapter. that many are juveniles of important the chin, hence the name derived food fish. from humi (‘beard’). Small ones may be called ULULO, big ones PAKAO.

25 3 – Ria tingitonga pu ponu pa idere oro pa kavo: ria ihana oro katiga tingitonga pule

IHANA CHAPA IHANA UDUMU Kilana gete tadiria ihana pu chapa Meka kilana tadiria tarasi, patu, pa korekore idere pa dia kolokolo, valiri oro katiga puku ihana huhua huana tangiri, ghohi, pipo, tilo oro pira, pu gura ene pa vinarihagonoi, chamuhu. udumu kilana, pa katiga kolokolo. Behavioural fish category; applies Fishes, fam. Acanthuridae: a mainly to larger fishes that at certain behavioural category for TARASI, PATU predictable times move in circles in and VALIRI and similar fishes; large schools at the surface, looking Aquarium photo surgeonfish that at certain times for food or preparing to spawn. swim in tightly packed schools, Includes Spanish mackerel (TANGIRI), IHANA KALALA moving along slowly and resembling barracudas (GHOHI), dogtooth tuna Ihana kiki, orava na heva tinina. Ko a single object. Udumu, as such (TILO) and needlefishes (CHAMUHU). pa binu na saghauru, pa kalala aggregations are called, stop kokoani tania. periodically and the fish disperse to Fishes, fam. Pomacentridae: feed on the bottom. Amphiprion spp., Anemone fishes IHANA GOLO (clownfishes); a group of small, Katiga ihana pu kadi gete, ko liloro brightly coloured (orange and white) pa toba na saghauru. Huana dongo shallow-reef fishes that live among IHANA UMORO pusi na dola toto katigae mana coral and hide in sea anemones. Meka kilana gete tadiria ihana pu getedi oro kadi hele chikudi. Ta vae gura ene pa umoro pata ngo pa chaba vekovekoi, pa vasina pu inabuku pa korekore idere, pa kogu koe marogo. ba pa kolo. Katiga mara na ihana Fishes, fam. Nemipteridae: Pentapodus IHANA ORAVA hokara, makasi, reka, lasilasi, oro spp., Butterfishes (the Marovo name Ihana pa puku te ringo, ko pa lao katiga ihana pule iedi ihana umoro. derives from the English word “gold”). pa kogu. Nginongo leana uka, Ria oloko pa idere huana belama, Rather small reef fish with bright, kolokolo tania pa soaini, pa rikaru chelekae, vagolo oro dekere di ko mainly golden and yellow colours. rane vinabetobeto oro pa rikaru tungana pa umoro. They are considered related to DONGO rane vinasusua pa tongania paleke. A behavioural category for large PUSI and DOLA TOTO but are sometimes Ta vae pa chaba vahorehore pana pelagic fishes (trevallies, tuna, bigger, and without the filamentous ipu pa tadiria tinoni pu atei valeana leatherskins) that habitually feed in tail lobes of the former. They are ria vasina tania ihana pia. Pula tope fast-moving schools (umoro) and sometimes caught with small baited hae peropero ngina omia kokoani drive baitfish up to the surface. All hooks on shallow to medium-depth tania pa lao, padana pa naguru types of umoro are followed by reefs, by people fishing for MAROGO. ngava. Soku via ihana orava gura seabirds. ko vasina, huana ghalusu. Fish, fam. Lutjanidae: Lutjanus sebae, Red Emperor. ‘Redfish’ in Solomon IHANA HOKARA Islands Pijin, which is also the ILILO SANGAVA Ria mara gete pu umorodi. meaning of its Marovo name. This Hara kukubokulu ngana mana Nginongo leana uka. Mana ta kilae fish, which lives in deep areas of the kikina, soku via ko gone pa nia tungana katiga ihana gete pu lagoon, is a first-grade food fish. It sangava, kani pa mati, lea kolokolo ta ngo, hua ria mara, ghohi, ringo, can be caught mainly during the five tania pa taomipaleke. Ta vae pa ihana orava, sina. days around the full moon and on chaba karumae. ‘Proper/real fish’: An important fish the last two and first two days of the Fish, fam. Carangidae: Selaroides category, generic and descriptive of lunar month with dropline fishing by leptolepsis, Smooth-tailed trevally, a several large and highly esteemed those who know the right places. small fish with a golden longitudinal food fishes, particularly big trevallies People who dive to 20 m or more for band. The name (ililo = ‘float’, (fam. Carangidae). Also applied as an black coral sometimes reach the sangava = barrier reef passage) refers extended term for a large variety of homes of these fish, where they are to its habit of hovering in large large, prime food fish, including usually densely packed like GHALUSU. groups in reef passages. It is caught MARA, GHOHI, RINGO, IHANA ORAVA and by trolling with small gear. SINA.

26 3 – Fish and other swimming creatures of sea and river

INABUKU Fish, fam. Acanthuridae, subfam. Thalassoma spp., Anampses spp. and Ria tingitonga kikidi huana chacha Nasinae: Naso annulatus, Naso brevirostris Haliochoeres spp. In shape and ihana oro kusokusolo, ko soku via and other medium to large-sized colour, they resemble leaves of the pa kolo tata pa korekore idere. Lea unicorn fishes with prominent horns. JIPOLO (Cordyline) shrub. kolokolo tadiria pa kikikalana oro ISU means ‘nose’. In Marovo, large kikitaomina paleke, mana kadi ko unicorn fish (70 cm or more) swim in pa kalapaleke. Nginongo tadiria groups in deep barrier reef passages and ihana, lea nginongo ta makasi. at the outer reef drop-off. Because they JUVI VIU ‘Baitfish’: generic term for small sleep among stones, they can be caught Meka kilana hope ta makasi pa pelagic surface fishes, as well as small at night with spearguns or short spears. tuari. Kani ta kila nia makasi pa squid, which are hunted by predators kolokolo valusa ria. such as tuna. It is believed that there An old sacred name for Skipjack tuna are particularly large masses of (Katsuwonus pelamis), used during INABUKU swimming around during the ITITONGO traditional pole-and-line fishing, three final days of the last lunar Meka ihana huana dudu mana ta when calling it by its common name quarter and the three first days of the lokoloko buma. Ihana varichopuru. (MAKASI) is prohibited. new moon. There is not much Fishes, fam. Siganiidae: Spiny INABUKU on the intervening night rabbitfishes similar to DUDU but with a when the moon is absent. dense pattern of blue-grey spots; probably Siganus corallinus, Coral KABURU BANGA rabbitfish, and Siganus punctatissimus, Meka ihana gete huhua mihu, Fine-spotted rabbitfish. kilakila pia ieni pa jinama Roviana. INO Pula kiki ieni mangara. Orava Katiga ihana pu hele mani ruka via chalivina na tiherena. Ko pa tinidi, huhua hae ino pata tavete saghauru, mani chuko ieni ikuchu. IVU nginongo tania. Gura keli pa Fishes, fam. Fistulariidae and Tingitonga lavata pu ponu pa kolo kolokolo keli ria pajara. Aulostomidae: Trumpetfishes, such as piru mani vura mae pa katiga Fish, fam. Lethrinidae: adult Lethrinus Fistularia spp., and Flutemouths, such kolokolo mani ta omi pula irongo miniatus, Sweetlip emperor; a large as the bright yellow Aulostoma pa korekore idere. Pa meka ivu ieni emperor with red-orange colour on chinensis. These small fishes with long gete via livona mani ta kilae kalo the head and fins. It lives on deep and very thin bodies are named after ngana, meka poata arilaena tadiria reefs and eats cowries and other the thin sticks used for making fires. pa tuari. Pula pararava mae meka gastropods. They sometimes ivu pu leguna, makasina ta vae aggregate in shallower water at the livona tadiria tinoni pa tuari. same time as PAJARA (groupers). Marine mammals, order Cetaceae: generic name for large whales, including both sperm whale (whose teeth, obtained from dead whales that KAKAPODOKO have floated ashore, were used as a Meka vonu pu gete chalivina, kani very important traditional currency in soku pa Marovo. Marovo) and baleen whales (such as the Reptile, fam. Cheloniidae: Caretta humpback whale). People sometimes caretta, Loggerhead turtle. It is very see these huge whales coming up to rarely seen in Marovo. Aquarium photo the surface out in the open ocean. ISU Ihana huana tarasi mana hele via KALE IHANA TA PODA isuna, katiga pu gete via gura JIPOJIPOLO Ihana pu labe mani ko pa meka varihagonoi pa sangava na pa Katiga ihana kiki pa idaka. Huana kalena nga karua matana. Eko gone tabikale. Ta vae pa hinonahona oro roko jipolo tinidi. pa chakepekana, pa keoro na pa dumi pula tope ipu, puna Fishes, fam. Labridae: a generic term chalaboro. Kani ta ngo pa Marovo, mucha ia pa idaka. for small green and red wrasses, puna ihana ta poda.

27 3 – Ria tingitonga pu ponu pa idere oro pa kavo: ria ihana oro katiga tingitonga pule

Fishes, e.g. fam. Bothidae: generic beaches on the Vangunu weather KELABARUKU term for flounders such as Bothus coast (especially near Zaira), and on Meka inabuku pa kolo, nginongo spp. They usually lie down quietly on the uninhabited large island of tania makasi gete. sand or gravel bottoms. The name Tetepare. They are rarely seen and Fish, unidentified: a type of baitfish of the translates as ‘spirit’s half fish’. are known to live far out at sea. This open sea, eaten by large skipjack tuna. Flounders are regarded as ‘of the turtle has very greasy meat, and has spirit world’ and as strange and on rare festive occasions been caught anomalous, and are not eaten in and eaten in certain villages on the Marovo. Vangunu weather coast, where it is important in local custom.

KALUKALU Omia mara kalukalu. KARUMEHE See MARA KALUKALU. Ihana kiki, ukala mani ko pa kavo na votu. Ko pa dia vinarihagonoi gete pa kavo kolokolo rane, mana Aquarium photo vura di la pa idere pana ipu madi KARAPATA mucha. Pula hore mati pana KEPE Meka ihana hua mihu mana kani mamarane mani kadi gura keli pule Meka kilana gete tadiria puku gete via. Ko pa nana govara pa la pa kavo ria karumehe, gura ko ihana pu ko pa binu. Labe na oha saghauru mati, koba nuguru na nga pa idere huana kevo, mana mani ta lokoloko pule tinidi, hele vura pa nana govara. Lea kolokolo kaduvu karua hike rane ngana. hujudi. Soku hokihokiti kepe mana tania pa soaini. Mujiki leana via, ta vae gone tadiria meka kino ngana. Kani ta ngo. Fishes, fam. Lethrinidae: possibly koburu, oro lea inabuku te Taiyo Fishes, fam. Chaetodontidae: a Lethrinus hypselopterus and Lethrinus pula ta vae pa kogu pana ipu. Ta generic term covering virtually all rubrioperculatus, several emperors kilae uje pa jinama Vangunu oro butterflyfishes (including Chaetodon similar to but smaller than MIHU. They uze pa jinama Hoava. spp.) and similar small reef fish. They move in and out of holes on shallow Fishes, fam. Engraulididae: several have flat bodies, striking and often reefs and swim in aggregations when species of anchovies (including mostly yellow patterns, and long there is a full moon. Stolephorus spp. and Thryssa snouts with small mouths. These fish baelama) that occur in large are not individually named in aggregations in estuaries and rivers. Marovo, since they are regarded as They remain in the rivers during unimportant and sharing the same KARIATOLU daytime, but at night they swim out habits and habitats. They are not Vonu mana gete via, oro kani to sea to sleep there. It is said that eaten. The related but often bigger patuara kakadona. Ko gone pa kolo sometimes, when the tide has gone angelfishes (fam. Pomacanthidae) are piru, mana keli pa kolokolo tania down during the night and they are usually called VUHE. pata kovukovuru pa katiga rarusu unable to re-enter shallow rivers, pa tutupeka pu koe keoro chinoko, KARUMEHE may remain in the sea like pa Vangunu oro pa Tetepare. KEVO, for up to two or three days. Deana via borana mani ta ngo pa KARUMEHE are very good bait and are KESOKO katiga butubutu pa Vangunu, mana often collected by children with tiny Meka pusui ngana mana hele via kani ta vae pa tongania kolokolo hooks or by rocking a canoe in the hujuna, heni huhua belama ria. Mana arilaena via ia kariatolu water so that anchovies jump into it. chalivina ia. pa kalena pa kasitomu tadiria. Night aggregations in the lagoon are Marine mammal, order Cetaceae, Reptile, fam. Dermochelyidae: also an important live bait supply for fam. Delphinidae: Stenella longirostris, Dermochelys coriacea, Leatherback the pole-and-line tuna boats of the Spinner dolphin. A dolphin whose turtle. While properly called KARIATOLU fishing companies. KARUMEHE are long nose is reminiscent of the frigate on the Vangunu weather coast, in the called uje in Vangunu language, and bird’s beak, like the spiritual figure lagoon it is sometimes wrongly called uze in Hoava language. named Kesoko. It is regarded as karutolu. These huge turtles nest belonging to the general PUSUI seasonally on a few black sand (‘dolphin’) group.

28 3 – Fish and other swimming creatures of sea and river

KEVO kiso ngana. Kani ta kilae ihana pa KISO CHARAPAE Huana karumehe mana ko gone pa Marovo, mana kiso ngana. Mana Kiso gete pu huana charapae idere pa vinarihagonoi gete. Mujiki kani ta kila nia kiso pa tadiria tinoni chalivina. Ko pa toba, sangava na leana, hipuru kevo ria pa tuari. Lea chaba pu omia kiso, puna pa kogu. Varihagonoi pa keoro pa inabuku te Taiyo ngana, mana ta tingitonga hope. Kani nginongo pa sangava ba kogu ria pu kikidi. Hara kilae katukatu pa jinama Pijin. Marovo, mana ta vae tiherena kiso kani gura ngo tinoni pa Marovo pia. Fishes, fam. Clupeidae: Herklotsichtys katiga tinoni (lea pa kolokolo Fishes, fam. Sphyrnidae: Sphyrna quadrimaculatus, Four-spot herring, karumae makasi) pata vata holu pa lewini and Sphyrna mokarran, and a general name for any kind of tadiria tinoni China. Hammerhead sharks. While smaller small lagoon-dwelling and schooling Fishes, order Lamniformes: Shark; a hammerhead sharks sometimes swim herring-type fishes that always live in general term covering all sharks in groups over sandy shallows in reef the sea, unlike the primarily river- including as a fringe category the passages and in the lagoon, larger dwelling but closely related shovelnose rays (fam. Rhinobatidae). ones are more often seen near the KARUMEHE. KEVO occur in huge In Marovo, many sharks are not outer reefs. Hammerhead sharks are stationary aggregations. They are named specifically, but referred to as not generally considered dangerous called katukatu in Solomon Islands KISO, except when one is seen while in Marovo. The name means Pijin, and are an important bait both fishing, at which time it is usually tabu ‘sunshade shark’. for local fishing and for the industrial to refer to it at all. In daily speech, pole-and-line tuna fisheries of sharks are often regarded as a separate Solomon Taiyo and other companies. class of marine animals, distinct from fish, as evidenced by a statement of observation such as: Kani ihana, mana kiso mena! (‘That is/was not a fish, but KIPA a shark!’). Sharks are not eaten in Ihana kiki huana hutu keoro, oha Marovo, but some people catch chikudi katigae. Ko gone pa dia sharks (particularly those that disturb govara pa keoro na idaka. and spoil tuna fishing) and collect Fishes, fam. Pomacentridae: their fins for sale to Chinese traders. Pomacentrus chrysurus, Whitetail Aquarium photo damselfish and other types of small damselfishes that hide in holes in KISO KETO sand or stones. KISO BOROBORO Kiso kiki, chinoko pa varikile kalena Kiso gete, gura ngo tinoni. Ko pa tighotighona. Ko gone pa mati oro kolo oro pa lupa, katiga ko tata pa pa rarusu idere, oro tata pa sera tabikale pa lao. Gete oro chinoko katigae. tinina, hevaheva pa varikile kalena Fish, fam. Carcharhinidae: tighotighona, kapikapina na Carcharhinus melanopterus, Blacktip chikuna. reef shark. A small shark that is Fish, fam. Carcharhinidae: common in coastal shallows, often Carcharhinus albimarginatus, Silvertip swimming close to village shores. shark. The body is black and rather stout (boroboro is traditionally a large cylindrical leaf parcel containing smoked Canarium nuts), and the fins KISO LANGONAE Va legua kiso pa kolokolo karumae makasi ie Harold Jimuru, mana ria tiherena kiso ngina ta vae (1987). have white margins and tips. It lives Meka kilana tadiria kiso, lea kiso Cutting the fins of a shark caught and killed while mainly in the open sea and along the ngongo ihana na kiso keto, pu gura trolling for tuna. outer reef drop-off, and is regarded as varihagonoi pata ta lilorae inabuku dangerous. Possibly also Carcharhinus ba avara makasi pata ngo inabuku. KISO longimanus, Oceanic whitetip shark; Meka kilana tungana ia kiso Kilana gete tadiria kiso, ihana gete in this sense a general term for larger chinoko pu gete ukala mani ko pa pu gura ngo tinoni katigae. Soku open-sea sharks which have dark kolo piru. Ia kiso lavata pia ieni hokihokiti kiso. Kani ta kila tapa bodies and white fin margins and are lulua mani ko pa titirona avara meka pa Marovo, mana ta kilae considered dangerous. makasi pata ngo inabuku kiki.

29 3 – Ria tingitonga pu ponu pa idere oro pa kavo: ria ihana oro katiga tingitonga pule

1) A term for any sharks (but KISO NGONGO IHANA KISO PIRU especially KISO NGONGO IHANA and KISO Kiso pu kani gete via, soku ko pa Ria kiso gete via pa kolo, gura ngo KETO) that sometimes gather in sangava. Mae gone pa tadiria mani valegu tinoni. Kiso viruviru groups to encircle and herd schools tinoni tope pu hona ihana. Gura meka. of fish, particularly small baitfish and usu tinoni ia kiso pia pula hiva vae Fishes, fam. Lamnidae and schools of tuna (the latter usually ria ihana pu ta hona mani varirajai Carcharhinidae: a generic term present to feed on the baitfish). ni ia tadiria tinoni tope. Kiso takala meaning ‘wild shark’ and applying to 2) A very large unidentified black meka kilana tungana. large fast-swimming ocean sharks. shark with rounded fins, sometimes Fish, fam. Carcharhinidae: They are considered very dangerous, seen in the deep ocean following and Carcharhinus amblyrhynchoides, Grey particularly to shipwrecked people. herding tuna schools by staying reef shark. A medium-sized shark with Except for KISO VIRUVIRU there are no underneath them to feed on the a black tail margin, abundant around specific names for these sharks. small baitfish chased by the tuna. barrier reef passages. The grey reef Probably the Whale shark (Rhincodon sharks have a habit of appearing, typus), which is infrequently seen far often several at a time, when divers out at sea while fishing for tuna. are spearfishing. See KISO TAKALA. KISO ROCHEROCHE They often rush towards divers when Meka kiso kani gete, ko pa lupa. a fish has been speared, and a Chinoko mani huana roche tinina, number of Marovo spearfishermen katiga heva pa tighotighona oro KISO MUCHAMUCHA have been bitten by these sharks chikuna. Ia kiso pia gura mucha pa Kiso gete, eko mucha gone pa when trying to keep them from kolokolo rane, eko nga pa keoro ba keoro pa ididakaini oro poana na taking a speared fish. However, these ko liungu pa nana govara. Kani ta okata pa toba pa kolokolo rane. sharks are usually too timid to attack. changa via ia, ngongo gone pa Nuguru gone chalivina pa govara The name means ‘fish-eating shark’ govara. Kani gura ngo tinoni. pa kolokolo mucha. Ene liloro ia and sometimes also applies to other Fish, fam. Hemigaleidae: Triaenodon mani vae nginongo pana ipu. Kani medium-sized reef sharks that steal obesus, Whitetip reef shark. A small to gura ngo tinoni, mana gae nga ieni speared fish from divers. medium-sized shark that lives at the hana nginongo. Gura regocho barrier reef. The dorsal fin and upper idaka ia kiso muchamucha pata vae tail lobe have white tips. This shark nginongo. lives among stones, in the outer Fish, fam. Ginglymostomatidae: KISO NGONGO lagoons and along the outer drop- Nebrius ferrugineus, Indo-Pacific nurse MAKASI off, and often sleeps during the shark. The name means ‘sleeping Kiso gete mani chinoko tinina oro daytime, lying on the sand or hiding shark’ and refers to its habit of resting hele tighotighona, ko pa kolo mani in caves. The name means ‘soft’ or during the daytime on sandy ngo makasi. Gura varirajai tadiria ‘pliable’ shark and refers to the bottoms among coral stones, in tinoni pu karumae makasi. appearance of its body when crevices and in the shallow outer Fishes, fam. Carcharhinidae: swimming. It swims rather slowly and lagoons, often with its head hidden Carcharhinus falciformis, Silky shark; feeds in holes among stones. This in a hole or cave. This shark swims and other medium to rather large- shark is not dangerous. around and feeds at night. The sized (up to 3 m) open-sea sharks octopus is one of its favourite foods, who pursue and feed on schools of and it sometimes breaks rocks apart skipjack tuna. The name means to get at its prey. The sleeping shark simply ‘shark that eats skipjack tuna’. KISO TAKALA is not regarded as dangerous to They are all quite large with black Meka kilana kiso ngongo ihana. people, but is often encountered upper body and fins, and have rather Pula avosoa paka, takala ia mani when underwater spearfishing at long pointed fins. These sharks are gura varihagonoi pa vasina pu ko night. aggressive and regarded as tinoni tope. potentially dangerous; they may Fish, fam. Carcharhinidae: disturb fishermen who troll for Carcharhinus amblyrhynchoides, Grey skipjack tuna, even to the point of reef shark. Secondary name for KISO attacking the outboard motor. The NGONGO IHANA, referring to its habit of name probably also includes the arriving (often in a pack) where a fish Black whaler, Carcharhinus obscurus. has just been speared by a diver. It is

30 3 – Fish and other swimming creatures of sea and river

believed to react to the sound of These large, fast and powerful ocean spearguns being fired. This behaviour sharks are seen occasionally by is similar to people, takala meaning people fishing for tuna; they have a ‘gather immediately [when hearing long and powerful body, a long the news] from near and far in a dorsal fin, and a light, greyish colour village where a death or other major which is much darker on the back. event has taken place’. The name probably refers to the Mako shark, Isurus oxyrinchus, and implies a perceived similarity to the Sailfish, Istiophorus platypterus Sakoto koasa KISO TANGIRI (VIRUVIRU). KISO VIRUVIRU probably also Kiso gete via, ngo mani valegu applies to the Great White Shark KOASA tinoni. Ko pa sangava na kogu, Carcharodon carcharias, which is very Ihana pa saghauru, vinarihagonoi gura la tata pa tutupeka. Pula omia rarely encountered in Marovo but has tania ieni sakoto koasa kilana. kiso pia ria tinoni tope, makasina la been convincingly recognized by old Sakoto ia pa kalekogu kolokolo rane, pa mola. fishermen from photographs. This pa ka hike rane talavuni pa Fish, fam. Carcharhinidae: Galeocerdo latter type of KISO VIRUVIRU is taomipaleke, pa ka made rane pa cuvier, Tiger shark. It is seen most considered to be the largest of all soaini, oro pa ka hike rane susua pa often in deep barrier reef passages sharks (apart from the even rarer kalapaleke. Ta vae pa vagara oro ara. and in the lagoon, sometimes close Whale shark, KISO LANGONAE) and Fishes, fam. Lutjanidae: Lutjanus to the shore. This very large shark is definitely the most dangerous. russelli, Moses perch; a small to considered the most dangerous shark medium-sized Lutjanid of light colour in Marovo, and has been responsible with a prominent black spot on the for several fatal attacks. When a diver side. The term probably also covers sees this shark, he returns quickly to KITAKITA other similar Lutjanids with a black his canoe. The name refers to the Topa kiki, padana karua pidoko spot (such as Lutjanus fulviflamma, striped body markings, similar to ngana mana kani te kaduvu topa Lutjanus monostigma). KOASA form those of the TANGIRI (Spanish mackerel, lede. Ko pa kogu mani mucha pa large stationary aggregations referred Scomberomorus commerson). idaka oro pa binu. Buma vasinakiki to as sakoto (the term for traditional tou tinina pa kolokolo rane, mana mortuary gatherings) in the lagoon- huana heva na chinoko tinina pa facing barrier reef shallows, often kolokolo mucha pana ipu. under overhanging trees. Sakoto KISO TAPE Fish, fam. Scaridae: Bolbometopon koasa occur in the daytime during Meka kiso huana tape tinina. Eko muricatus, Bumphead parrotfish, three days beginning with the Marovo gone pa keoro, kani soku pa Marovo. juveniles up to ca. 30 cm, smaller new moon, during four days around Fish, fam. Rhinobatidae: Rhinchobatus than TOPA LEDE. The name is an old the full moon, and during the final sp., Shovelnose ray or guitarfish. This expression used for thin people with three days of the last lunar quarter. is a shark whose body is flat like that unusually large heads. They live in KOASA groups are caught in nets, or of a stingray, thus the name (TAPE = the lagoon and sleep among stones surrounded with a small scareline ‘stingray’). Uncommon in Marovo, but and branch coral. They have a light made from the forest vine called ARA. sometimes seen lying on sandy bottom. blue-green colour in the daytime, but when sleeping at night they have a black and white pattern. See TOPA, TOPA LEDE, TOPA LEDENGE. KOASA HAVIHAVI KISO VIRUVIRU Ihana pa saghauru na sangava, Kiso gete via, ko pa kolo piru, huana koasa mana orava tinina, ko changa via mani gura ngo mani karua hike ngana, kani sakoto. valegu tinoni. Kani soku pa Fish, fam. Lutjanidae: large KOASA Marovo. Hara gura ta omi kiso pira (Lutjanus russelli). They hover a few at pula chaba makasi pa kolo. a time (not in large groups) in deep Fish, fam. Lamnidae: This is a type of reef passages, are somewhat larger KISO PIRU, ‘wild shark’, considered and have a more reddish colour than very dangerous, but seldom seen. other KOASA.

31 3 – Ria tingitonga pu ponu pa idere oro pa kavo: ria ihana oro katiga tingitonga pule

KOERE KORAKORANGA KUBUKU BARUBARU Huana valiri mana kiki, chinoko tou Ihana pa saghauru huana osanga, Meka kubuku pu hevaheva na tinina. Ukala via di ko liloro pa mana kiki oro katiga chichinoko pa buma tinina. tongania idaka pa toba na tabikale tinina. Fish, fam. Balistidae: Rhinecanthus pa lupa. Ta vae pa paka kiki pa Fish, fam. Lethrinidae: Lethrinus sp., a aculeatus, Whitebanded triggerfish. A kolokolo keli pule idere, kolokolo small emperor very similar in small triggerfish with green to grey tania pata vari hagonoi va soku pa appearance to OSANGA but smaller, colours and a striped pattern. ta okata pa rarusu idere. Ta ngo with a mottled pattern of dark bands. mana kiki. Leana pula vatovato. Possibly Lethrinus variegatus, Fishes, fam. Acanthuridae: a generic Variegated Emperor. The name refers term for several small black to dark to the clicking sound it makes when KUBUKU BUSABUSA brown surgeonfishes, including in the canoe. Meka kubuku pu ta busa ororava Ctenochaetus striatus, Lined tinina. Ta vae gone pata melongo bristletooth, and Acanthurus tadiria koburu. pyroferus, Mimic surgeonfish. They Fish, fam. Balistidae: Balistapus are extremely abundant in Marovo KOROKOROTI undulatus, Orange-lined triggerfish. and mill around in large numbers on Ihana pa saghauru huana osanga Children play with live KUBUKU ocean-facing reefs when the tide kiki, katiga chinoko pa tinina. BUSABUSA by attaching a piece of comes in. They can be shot with Fish, fam. Lutjanidae: a small silvery- coconut husk to the raised dorsal small spearguns, especially on the grey Lutjanid with vertical black spine and then putting the fish back rising tide when they swarm around bands, probably Lutjanus semicinctus, into the sea like a toy canoe. grooves and rocks, and are eaten Black-banded snapper. despite their small size. It is best to roast them over a fire. KUBUKU Ria ihana huana makoto mana KOKONINI kikidi. Soku hokihokiti kubuku di ko Meka tingitonga huana puku ta pa Marovo. Ta ngo, deana katigae. milamila ta vua mana ukala nia Kubuku ieni kikina, makoto ieni katigae. Ko pa binubinuani na getena, mana meka pukudi. Mana ididikaini oro katiga pa bobore kilana meka kubuku pu petupetuani. Kokonini ieni meka kikina. Aquarium photo kilana pa Kalivarana. Pa Marovo, Fishes, fam. Balistidae: generic term Vangunu oro Roviana ieni ta kilae for many smaller triggerfishes. Larger KUBUKU KOLIORO vuvua. triggerfishes are MAKOTO. Some Meka kubuku gete, chinoko tinina Fishes, fam. Syngnathidae: KUBUKU grow to become MAKOTO. mani ta lokoloko heva na oha. Omi Hippocampus spp., seahorses. They Larger KUBUKU are eaten, and some jonga via ia kubuku pia. Puna gete live on ocean-facing reefs, among are nice and fat. One of the smallest ta kilae makoto kolioro katigae. coral, and sometimes around KUBUKU is called BOREBORE. Fish, fam. Balistidae: Balistoides mangroves in estuarine areas. They conspicillum, Clown triggerfish. A are considered to belong to the same black triggerfish with a very striking general group as MILAMILA TA VUA pattern of large white spots, yellow (‘pipefishes’) but some seahorses are KUBUKU ASATITA markings on the back and a yellow bigger than pipefishes. KOKONINI is an Meka kubuku chichinoko ba bupara mouth. Reaches almost the size of old name from Kalivarana (the Viru tinina mani heva chikuna. MAKOTO, and is sometimes called area); in Marovo, Vangunu and Fish, fam. Balistidae: Melichtys vidua, MAKOTO KOLIORO. Roviana, seahorses are called VUVUA, a Pinktail triggerfish. A small triggerfish diminutive of VUA, crocodile. of dark brown colour with a whitish tail.

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KUBUKU KORORO KUKUBAKURU KUNOLO Huana kubuku barubaru mana Meka ihana huana lipa mana Ihana buma, oha chikuna, ene gone chinoko chubi chikuna. kikina, labe chalivina oro oha na pa vinarihagonoi gete pa tabikale. Fish, fam. Balistidae: Rhinecanthus orava tiherena. Ko gone pa sera Fishes, fam. Caesionidae: Caesio spp., rectangulus, Wedge-tailed triggerfish. tata pa vanua, talena oro karua Fusiliers. Small to medium-sized blue It is rather similar in appearance to hike ngana. fishes with yellow tails. They swim in KUBUKU BARUBARU but with a black tail Fish, fam. Mugilidae: a small mullet, large schools at a few metres depth base. similar to LIPA but smaller, with a along the outer barrier reef drop-offs. wide, flat head and red to yellow fins. Often feeds along village shores, alone or in small groups. KUBUKU LAO KURUKURUMU Ria kubuku pu chichinoko tinidi, ko Meka ihana kiki pa idaka huana gone pa lao pa sangava. tatara. Huana kurukuru lineo tania Fishes, fam. Balistidae: Xanthichtys KUKUBOKULU pula ko pa mola. auromarginatus, Gilded triggerfish, Meka ihana pa kogu, huana tatadu Fish, fam. Lutjanidae: Lutjanus and other small, darkly coloured tinina. Ko talena ba umoro pa carponotatus, a small orange-striped triggerfishes living in deep water in katiga kolokolo, ginete tania tata sea perch of the reef. When fished barrier reef passages (LAO = ‘deep hua reka. Lea kolokolo tania pa and landed in the canoe it makes a water’). kikitaomina paleke. croaking sound similar to that of Fish, fam. Carangidae: a fish (possibly some pigeons. young Seriola sp.) that almost reaches the size of the Island bonito (REKA); the body shape is similar to that of TATADU. At times solitary, at KURUKUTU other times forming schools which Ihana kiki pa binu, huana vuhe seabirds follow (especially in the mana chinoko via oro katiga heva moon’s first quarter). The name pa tinina. possibly also applies to the smaller Fish, fam. Pomacanthidae: Atule mate, Yellowtail scad. Centropyge tibicen, a deep black angelfish with a large white spot.

KUCHI Huana mudala mana kiki oro ta KURUKUTU BINU lokoloko tinina. Ko pa nana govara Ihana kiki pa binu, huana kurukutu pa idaka na mavara, kani pa lao. mana kiki via. Kadi meka tonu rikaru. Vura mae pa govara pa katiga Chinoko via, katiga heva pa tinina. kolokolo. Pula gete, gura usu tinoni Fish, fam. Pomacantridae: Dascyllus pu chero suvi na bikoho, oro trimaculatus, a deep black damselfish manemaneke na koburu pu with two prominent white spots. It is kerukeru pa govara. Kani ta ngo. classified with the larger KURUKUTU Fishes, fam. Muraenidae: generic because of the similarity in colour term for smaller moray eels with patterns, but the two are considered mottled colours. They live in holes different species. among stones and coral on rather shallow reefs, and they sometimes bite men who collect trochus or blacklip pearlshell, and women and KURUVETE children who gather shells and small Ihana pa idaka pa toba, orava via fish from holes. Moray eels are not tinina pa kapikapina, hara huhua eaten in Marovo. See MUDALA. roko kuruvete tinina. Fish, fam. Labridae: Red-breasted

33 3 – Ria tingitonga pu ponu pa idere oro pa kavo: ria ihana oro katiga tingitonga pule

wrasse, Cheilinus fasciatus; a medium- LAGHU BARAVA whales. On whales there are often sized wrasse of the barrier reef. The Omia mara laghu barava. many: eleven big LAITI the size of body has a pattern of vertical black See MARA LAGHU BARAVA. large coral trout were attached to a and white bands, and the pectoral dead whale that drifted ashore at the region is bright orange and red. It is island of Ngaringari many years ago. named after the leaf of the ritually important KURUVETE ginger. LAGHU BELAMA Omia mara laghu belama. See MARA LAGHU BELAMA. LASILASI Meka ihana getegete hua mara, ko KUSOKUSOLO gone pa sangava, oro pa kogu Kusolo kikidi, inabuku pa kolo. katigae. Kolokolo tania pa ka hike Nginongo ta makasi, mani pana rane talavuni pa taomipaleke. Ta ipu iedi gura ko varihagonoi pa vae pa chaba karumae, nginongo korekore idere. leana mana soku vasinakiki susurina. Molluscs (cephalopods): tiny squid of Fish, fam. Carangidae: Scomberoides the open sea, chased and eaten by commersonianus, Leatherskin or tuna. At night they often gather in Queenfish. This is a rather large fish huge numbers at the sea surface. The of the MARA type but somewhat name is a diminutive form of KUSOLO. different. It is common in barrier reef Aquarium photo passages, and sometimes in the lagoon, and is abundant during the LAITI first three days of the moon. It is KUSOLO Meka ihana kiki, ko liloro pa caught by trolling, and is good food Puku te gae, mana ponu via oro binubinuani na ididakaini mani ngo but has a lot of bones. changa via. Kokochu limadi. Ta vae gone ria tingitonga kikidi pu ko pa ria pu kikidi pata mujiki. asanga na hujuna tadiria ihana pu Molluscs (cephalopods): squid and getedi. Mana meka kilana laiti ta cuttlefish. kiso tungana, oro tadiria ihana kiki LEDE 1) Generic name for all squid larger pu ko liloro tadiria kiso gete. Omia topa lede. than KUSOKUSOLO. Fish, fam. Labridae: Labroides See TOPA LEDE. 2) Specific name for a type of small dimidiatus, Cleaner wrasse. It lives to medium-sized squid that is around reefs and feeds by cleaning seasonally abundant around lagoon the gills and mouths of larger fish. shores and is an important bait for This name is also applied to the LEDENGE drop-line fishing. remoras or suckerfish whose full usual Omia topa ledenge. name is LAITI TA KISO, as well as to See TOPA LEDENGE. free-swimming small fish that follow large sharks. KUSOLO VALAVALAGIRI LIKE Meka kusolo gete mani changa via, Meka ihana baini pa lupa, pa puku ko pa vasina pu keoro. Katiga tinoni LAITI TA KISO tadiria eo, livonaji oro palakovoro. gura hona vae ia pata ngo. Tingitonga Meka ihana pu gura napata pa Chichinoko tinina mani ta lokoloko. huana domosona ia ieni pararava tinina kiso, oro pa tape, vonu na Gura ko pa lao mana ko gone pa gone pa rarusu keoro pula legu. ivu. Naguru meka laiti di ko pa bolusu mani ngongo pa rarusu Mollusc (cephalopod), fam. Sepiidae: a tinina meka ivu pu legu pararava idere. Mucha pa poana. Gura ko large cuttlefish, probably Sepia apama. pa Ngaringari, mani huana pajara hese pa nana vinarihagonoi, ba It has a hard internal ‘bone’ along its tulae ginete tadiria laiti pira. gura ko varicheni tungana pa ria backside that is often found washed Fish, fam. Echeneidae: Slender puku ihana pira. ashore on barrier reef beaches. This suckerfish, Echeneis naucrates. They Fish, fam. Scaridae: a small to large cuttlefish is sometimes speared are usually attached to sharks, but medium-sized parrotfish (ca. 25 cm by divers since it is good to eat. also to large rays, to turtles and to in Marovo), of brown colour with

34 3 – Fish and other swimming creatures of sea and river

dark longitudinal bands. Probably and the sea with bow and arrow. dirty’), probably Scarus altipinnis, Scarus chameleon, Chamelon There are also some small mullet-like Minifin parrotfish, initial phase. It parrotfish (both phases). They live off fishes in Marovo; they are called lives on ocean-facing reefs and forms ocean-facing reefs and are often seen KUKUBAKURU and NOKANOKALA. baini groups with EO, LIKE and in breakers, feeding at the reef edge. PALAKOVORO, feeds at the reef edge, They sleep in the small basins on the and sleeps in the outer reef basins. ocean side of the barrier reef. Of the same type as (and often seen in LIPA SOTO groups together with) EO, LIVO NAJI Lipa gete via pu gura mucha soto and PALAKOVORO. pa petu pa kolokolo singi. Pa MAGIU kolokolo soaini pa katiga paleke, Pa Marovo ieni kilana meka ihana gura nuguru pa kavo gete pana ipu kiki huana osanga, mana pa jinama pula keli singi. Hoava oro jinama Vangunu ieni LIPA Fish, fam. Mugilidae: Liza vaigensis, kilana meka ihana gete pa kavo pu Ihana pu ko pa kogu oro pa rarusu Diamond-scale mullet, a very large ta kilae havihavi pa Marovo. idere, nginongo leana uka mani mullet that often sleeps attached to 1) Fish, fam. Lethrinidae: in Marovo, deana via. Pula ngo lipa hoi, mangrove roots during high tide. In this is the name for a small sea bream makasina mucha hita. Soku via lipa certain months this mullet migrates of the OSANGA type (Lethrinus sp.). ene pa rovana pa kolokolo soaini deep into big rivers at night around 2) Fishes, fam. Lutjanidae: in the pa katiga paleke, pata la pa poana full moon, when the tide is rising. Hoava and Vangunu languages this pa lupa, pa katiga saghauru pa name (spelled maqiu) applies to kogu oro pa kavo katigae, pata large snappers that live in rivers; the kovukovuru. Pula kaduvu pa fishes are called HAVIHAVI in Marovo. kovukovuruani makasina ko bobili LIVO CHOGI ria. Tetei via nia ria tinoni pa Variusu ngana mana gete. Ko pa Kalikolo oro Gerasi ia lipa, ta vae petupetuani na kavo na pa rarusu ria pa vagara. Meka chinaba lipa tutupeka katigae. Pula kiki variusu ieni ta kilae hukahukata. Ta vae lipa kilana. Na noki tungana nginongo pa bokala na piu pa tadiria pa tuari tania ihana pia. oro pa tadiria tinoni pa goana Fish, fam. Lutjanidae: large Lutjanus tungana. Mana ko katiga ihana argentimaculatus, Mangrove jack. huana lipa mana kikidi, hua They live in mangroves, rivers and by kukubakuru oro nokanokala. mainland shores near estuaries. The Fishes, fam. Mugilidae: Crenimugil smaller ones are VARI USU. See also crenilabus, Warty-lipped mullet, and HAVIHAVI. These greedy fish even eat Makasi sigala pa mola generic term for all mullets. Large LIPA snakes. Large skipjack tuna in the canoe are prime food fish with much fat. If you eat LIPA, you are likely to dream a MAKASI lot afterwards. During the full moon Lea ihana hope pa Marovo na in some months, these mullets LIVO NAJI tongania pa Ulusaghe pia. Ene pa migrate in very large, narrow schools Meka ihana baini pa lupa huana avara pa kolo mani ta vae pa valusa (rovana) from the lagoon where they like, chichinoko tinina mani na karumae makasi. Pa meka rane, normally feed, to either mainland lumulumutui livona. Gura ko pa lao kani ta kila nia makasi pa kolokolo rivers or to outer barrier reef basins, mana ngongo gone pa rarusu valusa, mana juvi viu kilana hope where they spawn in milling idere. Mucha pa poana. Ria livo tania, hua katiga maroke. Meka aggregations called bobili. The naji, eo, like oro palakovoro di kilana hope ia ieni ihana people of northern New Georgia are meka puku ngana. Livo naji gura ko kubekubere. Lea kolokolo tania pa experts in netfishing for mullet, and hese pa nana vinarihagonoi, ba ko kikitaomina, oro pa katiga rane pa also have a special method involving varicheni pa tadiria puku ihana pira. kikikalana, pa paleke Diseba oro a canoe and a net stretched across a Fish, fam. Scaridae: a small to medium- Januari. Mana gura mae katigae pa river above the surface. People sized parrotfish (ca. 25 cm in Marovo) tongania paleke tungana. Ria (particularly those who lived in the of dark colour with teeth that appear hokihokiti ginete tadiria makasi bush) used to shot mullets in rivers dirty (livo = ‘teeth’; naji = ‘excessively iedi makasi kiki, chochole langara,

35 3 – Ria tingitonga pu ponu pa idere oro pa kavo: ria ihana oro katiga tingitonga pule

makasi poghoso, ririringi, resiresi, MAKASI KOLO Fishes, fam. Balistidae: generic term makasi sigala oro na makasi gete Makasi gete pa kolo piru, for large triggerfish species. They (omia ria kiladi pira). chinochinoko pa kakadona. spawn by making a ‘nest’ in the sand Fish, fam. Scombridae: Katsuwonus Fish, fam. Scombridae: Skipjack tuna, during the last quarter of the moon, pelamis, Skipjack tuna. In season, Katsuwonus pelamis. ‘Ocean MAKASI’; especially from September to January, they swim in schools, always in the of large size (usually MAKASI SIGALA) with and are known to have ripe eggs in open sea; frigate birds follow the particularly dark blue colours on the the two days before full moon and larger tuna and smaller seabirds back. They swim far out in the ocean the two last days of the lunar month. follow the smaller ones. The MAKASI is beyond the reach of most fishing. MAKOTO are traditionally caught in a very sacred fish in the traditions of kura (baited basketwork traps) but Ulusaghe (old Marovo). An old name also with underwater spearguns, used during fishing, when it is tabu short hand spears, and baited hooks. to mention its proper name, is JUVI MAKASI POGHOSO VIU. Another such name is ihana Makasi kiki, ukala nia chochole kubekubere (‘fish with written langara mana kani te kaduvu riringi. markings’). The season for the MAKASI Fish, fam. Scombridae: skipjack tuna, MAKOTO BUNAGHE to arrive in schools off the Marovo Katsuwonus pelamis, of small to Makoto gete, buma na oha tinina. barrier reef is December and January, medium size; larger than CHOCHOLE Fish, fam. Balistidae: a large especially during the first seven and LANGARA but smaller than RIRIRINGI. triggerfish with blue-grey and green last few days of the lunar month. to yellow colours on the body; However, smaller schools may appear probably Pseudobalistes fuscus, in any month. While MAKASI is the Yellow-spotted triggerfish. general name, there are many terms for the different growth stages (associated with specific behaviour and habitats). They are, from smallest MAKOTO KOLIORO to largest: MAKASI KIKI, CHOCHOLE Meka kilana kubuku kolioro pula LANGARA, MAKASI POGHOSO, RIRIRINGI, gete. RESIRESI, MAKASI SIGALA, MAKASI GETE Fish, fam. Balistidae: Balistoides (see separate entries). conspicillum, Clown triggerfish, large adults. Usually called KUBUKU KOLIORO. Makasi sigala ta vae pa tadi karu Harold Jimuru oro Risley Amos (1987) Landing a catch of makasi sigala MAKASI GETE Kilana tadiria makasi pu gete MAKASI SIGALA MAKOTO LILIO huana resiresi na sigala mani ukala Kilana makasi gete, ukala nia resiresi. Makoto gete, orava hujuna. Tavetei nia sigala. Fish, fam. Scombridae: adult skipjack nana vori pa keoro pa kikikalana Fish, fam. Scombridae: Skipjack tuna, tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, the largest paleke, talavuni pa Septeba kaduvu Katsuwonus pelamis. ‘Big MAKASI’; a normal size, larger than RESIRESI. pa Januari. Chakei valeana ni ia ia general term for adult stages from nana vori. Nginongo leana, deana RESIRESI onwards. via. Ta vae pa kura makoto, ta hona katigae. MAKOTO Fish, fam. Balistidae: Pseudobalistes Meka puku ihana pu ko pa saghauru. flavimarginatus, Yellowmargin MAKASI KIKI Kolokolo tania pata kovukovuru na triggerfish. A large triggerfish with Kiladi makasi kiki uka, oro ria tavetei nana vori pa keoro ieni pa orange colours around the mouth makasi huana chochole langara oro kikikalana paleke, lea pa Septeba and head. It builds nests in the sand poghoso. kaduvu pa Januari. Bira ia pa kolokolo during the last quarter of the lunar Fish, fam. Scombridae: Skipjack tuna, vaba rikaru rane susua pa soaini, oro month from September to January, Katsuwonus pelamis. ‘Small MAKASI’; a pa rikaru rane susua pa kalapaleke. and guards the nest closely. Caught general term for small growth stages, Ta vae pa kura ia lea chinabana in kura traps or shot with spearguns. including the very smallest ones as well makoto. Ta vae tungana pa kolokolo as CHOCHOLE LANGARA and POGHOSO. honahona, dumi, na mujimujiki.

36 3 – Fish and other swimming creatures of sea and river

MAKOTO NONOA Scarus psittacus, Common parrotfish. Makoto gete via, chichinoko It lives in lagoon and sometimes tiherena, ta lokoloko buma na oha swims in baini aggregations. This fish tinina. Tavetei nana vori pa keoro has watery flesh and is not good to pa kikikalana paleke talavuni pa eat; that it is not a desired fish is also Septeba kaduvu pa Januari. Chakei expressed by its name (pepea = valeana ni ia ia nana vori. excrement) which refers to its Nginongo leana, deana via. Ta vae unattractive colour. pa kura makoto ba ta hona. Baini malakihi pa korapa arara Fish, fam. Balistidae: Balistoides School of malakihi caught in the kuarao fish drive viridescens, Titan triggerfish. The largest triggerfish, it has dark green and yellow MALAKIHI MALAKIHI VOKO patterns on the body and black margins Lea ihana baini, hevaheva tinina, Meka malakihi gete, tata te kaduvu on the fins. It builds nests in the sand mani pula gete ieni kaduvu karua birake. Oha chikuna. Ko gone pa during the last quarter of the lunar pidoko. Ko pa toba, pa kalekogu na baini, pa toba kalekogu na lupa. month from September to January lupa. Mucha ia pa binubinuani, Fish, fam. Scaridae: a rather large and guards the nest closely. Caught mana kani ko pa meluku. Baini parrotfish of the MALAKIHI group, in kura traps or shot with spearguns. gone pa ka hike rane susua mani identified by Marovo fishermen as kani kaduvu soaini, mani pa ka hike Hipposcarus longiceps, Pacific rane kaduvu pa kalapaleke no. longnosed parrotfish. It has light Fishes, fam. Scaridae: Scarus spp., colours and a yellow tail, is almost as MALAGHORI medium-sized parrotfishes (25-30 large as BIRAKE, lives at the barrier reef Ihana gete huana hirapa, pula kiki ieni cm) with pale colours. They live and often swims in baini oha na buma tinina, pula gete ieni around the barrier reef (on the aggregations. orava tinina. Kani soku pa Marovo. lagoon side and along outer reefs) Fish, fam. Lutjanidae: Symphorus and sleep among branch coral at nematophorus, Chinamanfish. Young night, but without a ‘spiderweb’ fish are brown to yellow with blue cocoon. MALAKIHI form baini MALIGHARO longitudinal stripes, while adults are aggregations in sheltered areas Tingitonga roche huana betabeta mainly reddish. Not common in especially during the three days mana vari va sulu. Buma tinina, Marovo. preceding the full moon and during irongo ta pala pa idere mani icho the three final days of the last quarter hore tania katiga tingitonga huana of the lunar month. Marovo experts iku pu varisulu. Soku via pula have identifie initial phases of Scarus kaduvu kolokolo tania. Omia paro MALAJIRI dimidiatus, Yellowbarred parrotfish, tungana. Meka ihana huana malakihi mana and Scarus oviceps, Egghead Invertebrate, class Scyphozoa: a free- gete oro buma na orava tou tinina, parrotfish, as MALAKIHI, and the name swimming, stinging jellyfish with a ta busa chalivina. Kani soku pa possibly covers other palely coloured blue-green body. It floats on the sea Marovo, kani gura varihagonoi pa small to medium-sized schooling surface with its long stinging tongania kolokolo. parrotfishes too. tentacles hanging down. MALIGHARO Fish, fam. Scaridae: A large parrotfish can be abundant at some times of with intense blue-green and reddish the year. See also PARO. colours on the body and a striped pattern on the head. Identified by MALAKIHI PEPEA Marovo fishermen as terminal phase Meka malakihi kiki mani kani heva of Cetoscarus bicolor. See PALAKOVORO. via ba huana nije tinina, ko pa Not very common in Marovo, and rarusu kogu. Baini pa katiga not usually seen in groups. The name kolokolo. Kani nginongo leana is derived from Hoava (or the extinct puna ididere borana. Vahole language) and refers to its Fish, fam. Scaridae: a small parrotfish resemblance to the Cordyline plant of the MALAKIHI type but with an (JIPOLO), which in Hoava/Vahole is unattractive grey colour. It has been called ziri. identified as the initial phase of

37 3 – Ria tingitonga pu ponu pa idere oro pa kavo: ria ihana oro katiga tingitonga pule

MAMANGA BATUTUDU, BOTE BELAMA, CHIKU MELAKA, Meka ihana huhua meka mara kiki DAVIDAVI, KALUKALU, LAGHU BARAVA, pu mamanga ia hujuna pata ngo LAGHU BELAMA, MOTURU, NAOMO and tingitonga pu ko pa korekore idere. NGONGO GHALUSU. See separate entries Kolokolo tania pa kikitaomina for BOTE BELAMA, MOTURU and NGONGO paleke, oro pa soaini. Bira pa GHALUSU, since they are called by kalapaleke. those names only. Fish, fam. Carangidae: Oxeye scad, Trachurus boops. A small to medium- Meka mara leana sized fish resembling a small MARA. A fine, typical mara These fish form schools at the surface particularly in the first quarter of the MARA lunar month and around the full Kilana gete tadiria mara huana moon, and swim with their mouths batubatu, balibalighutu, naomo, wide open, feeding at the surface, moturu mani soku pule. Hara bane hence the name (mamanga = ‘to choda kilakila mara pa Marovo. Lea gape, to open wide’). They tend to kolokolo tadiria mara pa be full of eggs just before the new kikitaomina oro kikikalana paleke, moon. mani bira ria pa kalapeleke. Mana kani takilae bira mana ta kilae ivi pula ko pa mara, puna huana ure MARA ivi. Umoro katigae. Nginongo leadi BALIBALIGHUTU MANANUHU uka ria pu ta kilae ihana hokara. Ta Meka mara pa kogu na lupa, buma Meka tarasi gete via. Chichinoko vae pa chaba karumae, ta hona kalena tinina oro ria tihere tania. tinina, oha katiga pa chalivina. katigae. Omia ria mara pu ta kilae Pula gete via, ngongo ghalusu Fish, fam. Acanthuridae: a very large pa kauruna pia. Mana omia tungana kilana ia. Ko meka karua ngana, surgeonfish, Acanthurus sp., with ria pu ta kilae bote belama, moturu mana varihagonoi pa kikitaomina dark colour and some yellow on the oro ngongo ghalusu. oro kikikalana paleke. Kilana dope head. This may be Acanthurus Fishes, fam. Carangidae: generic term ia ieni mara balibalighutu. xanthopterus, Yellowfin surgeonfish, for all trevallies. More than twenty Fish, fam. Carangidae: Caranx which is the largest member of its MARA have specific names in Marovo. melampygus, Blue-finned trevally. This genus. MARA are abundant and take bait fish has bright blue-green colours on eagerly during the first and last the fins, back and sides, and quarters of the lunar month, and otherwise a golden tinge with tiny many have ripe eggs just before the black spots. Usually they swim alone MANGARA new moon. The eggs of MARA are not or in groups of two or three, but they Kaburu banga ngana mana kiki. called bira (as it is for most other form larger groups around the first Orava chalivina na tiherena. fishes) but ivi, since their appearance and last quarters of the lunar month. Fish, fam. Lethrinidae: smaller is reminiscent of the fruit of the IVI Very big ones are called NGONGO Lethrinus miniatus, Sweetlip emperor, tree. One specific group of MARA are GHALUSU, ‘eat[er of] GHALUSU’. a large emperor with red-orange categorized as IHANA UMORO and markings on the head and fins. swim in fast-moving predatory Adults are KABURU BANGA. schools in the lagoon, followed by frigate birds. Most MARA are very MARA BATUBATU good food, and many belong to the Ia mara pu gete uka, heva tinina category of fine large fishes called mana chinoko vasinakiki kakadona IHANA HOKARA, ‘real/ proper fish’. MARA katigae. Mara batubatu kilana are caught mainly by trolling, but dope ia. Ia chalivina oro matana ia some are shot, usually with riedi gete via, tatadu ngachudi ko underwater spearguns. The biggest pa chikuna. Ia batubatu ni ko pa and most important MARA are usually kogu, pa lupa, oro pa rarusu idere referred to simply by their specific pa toba. Kolokolo tania pa names: BALIBALIGHUTU, BATUBATU, kikitaomina na kikikalana paleke.

38 3 – Fish and other swimming creatures of sea and river

Kani ko pa umoro. Gura lulua kiso sharp. BATUTUDU run in fast-moving smaller and not as silvery and shiny, pata ngongo laiti katiga batubatu. schools in the lagoon (often near the with yellow margins on the lower tail Gete via borana, nginongo leana barrier reef), followed by frigate lobe and some other fins. Taken by via. Ta vae gone pa chaba karumae, birds. This trevally is caught by trolling, regarded as a prime food fish. ta hona katigae. Gura raja tinoni trolling and is considered a prime chaba ria batubatu puna ngira oro food fish with ‘big meat’. gete via ria; huhua ria juapa batubatu, tinoni varane pa Marovo MARA DAVIDAVI pa tuari. Meka mara pu labe tinina oro hele Fish, fam. Carangidae: Caranx MARA CHEKA tiherena. Ko talena oro karua hike ignobilis, Giant trevally. Usually called Meka mara kiki, hevaheva ba oha ngana. Kani soku pa Marovo. just BATUBATU. The largest of the vasinakiki tinina, kikidi tiherena. Ko Fish, fam. Carangidae: Trachinotus trevallies, it has a large head, big eyes talena ba varihagonoi, gura ta omi blochi, snub-nosed dart. It has has a and sharp scutes on the tail, and the pana mamarane oro veluvelu. wide, flat body and long fins. MARA body is silvery-white, sometimes with Meka mara cheka ngana gura ko DAVIDAVI swim alone or in groups a darker tinge over the back. It lives gone pa korapa vinarihagonoi never larger than two or three. They in the lagoon and along outer reef tadiria hokiti mara. Hara chacha are not often seen or caught in shores and is especially common and mara gete ngana. Marovo. willing to bite around the first and Fishes, fam. Carangidae: Small last quarters of the lunar month. trevallies which have a white to BATUBATU do not swim in schools. yellow translucent tinge and small Sometimes, they can be seen fins. They swim alone or in groups, MARA HEHEA following sharks in order to eat the and are usually seen in the morning Meka mara kiki, heva tou tinina. Ko remora fish attached to the sharks. and evening. Often, one MARA CHEKA pa lupa na sangava. The BATUBATU has ‘big meat’ and is is seen within a group of other MARA. Fish, fam. Carangidae: A small to considered a very fine food fish. It is They are believed to be juveniles of medium-sized silvery trevally that usually caught by trolling, but some certain large MARA. The name derives stays in reef passages and along are shot underwater by from the word (cheka) for young outer reefs. It has vertical stripes spearfishermen or taken with hand female captives brought home from composed of many small dark spots. spears along the reef shores. This is overseas raids in the old days (and considered the strongest fish in the ultimately destined for sacrifice), and sea (sharks excepted): it fights the may refer to the habit of these fishes fisherman, and mighty warriors to appear alone in a group of larger MARA HEVA sometimes referred to themselves as MARA – or to their lithe, delicate Meka kilana ria mara pu heva tou batubatu. appearance. tinidi, huana mara cheka, mara hehea oro mara memea. Pula ta vae meka ieni ta kila nia ia kilana dope. Fishes, fam. Carangidae: ‘White MARA BATUTUDU MARA CHIKU MELAKA MARA’; a generic term for several Meka mara gete pa kogu na rarusu Meka mara gete pa umoro, huana small and rather white trevallies such toba pa kalekogu, ihana pa umoro. naomo. Mana kani kaduvu nia as MARA CHEKA, MARA HEHEA and MARA Heva tinina, chinoko vasinakiki pa naomo oro katiga oha pa chikuna MEMEA. Their specific names are used kakadona. Chalivina ieni gete mani na pa katiga tiherena. Kadi ko when they are caught. tudu, kani ko tatadu ngachudi pa varicheni rikaru chiku melaka oro chikuna. Huhua batubatu mana naomo. Ta vae pa chaba karumae. hokitina chalivina. Ta vae pa chaba Ihana hokara, nginongo leana via. karumae. Ihana hokara, gete Fish, fam. Carangidae: a large trevally MARA KALUKALU borana mani nginongo leana via. that runs in fast-moving schools Meka mara pu ko huana iku hele Fish, fam. Carangidae: a large silvery- followed by frigate birds; probably pa tiherena. Ko pa lao pa kogu, white trevally with some dark colours Caranx papuensis, Brassy trevally. The gura ta vae pa vahorehore oro on the back; probably Caranx tille, body is white with a silvery or brassy mujimujiki kusolo, oro ta hona pa Tille trevally. It has a steeply sloping tinge and a few tiny dark spots on paka pula ko pa mati. Kolokolo forehead, and the tail scutes are not the sides. It is similar to NAOMO, but tania pa paleke Machi, pa soaini.

39 3 – Ria tingitonga pu ponu pa idere oro pa kavo: ria ihana oro katiga tingitonga pule

Fish, fam. Carangidae: Pennantfish, sharp scutes at the tail base. It is MARA MEMEA Alectis ciliaris. This small to medium- bigger than BATUTUDU and some are Mara heva pu kiki via, ko karua hike sized MARA has long ‘hair’ (kalu) on almost the size of BATUBATU. A prime pa kavo. Hara chacha mara gete. its fins. It lives mainly in deep areas of food fish, taken by trolling. The name Fish, fam. Carangidae: the smallest of the lagoon and can be caught with is old, combining the word for all MARA, silvery white and found in squid bait (or shot in shallow areas), intestine (laghu) and the name for a twos and threes in rivers. It is especially during the full moon in type of very highly ranked traditional believed that they may be juveniles March. artefact (barava) carved from of certain large MARA. fossilized clamshell.

MARA MARA NAOMO KORAKORANGA MARA LAGHU Meka mara gete via pu ko pa Meka mara pu kani kiki, heva mani ta BELAMA umoro. Heva huana chiku melaka lokoloko oha pa kale tinina. Ko pa Meka mara gete pa umoro. Ko pa mana getena, oro kani oha pa kogu pa keoro, ta vae pa chaba puku tadiria laghu belama, chikuna. Kadi ko varicheni rikaru karumae. Koranga ia pula ko pa mola. batutudu oro chiku melaka. Umoro naomo oro chiku melaka. Umoro Fish, fam. Carangidae: a medium- pa kogu mana ko karua hike pa pa kikitaomina oro kikikalana sized white trevally with golden toba tungana. Heva mani helehele paleke ia naomo. Ihana hokara, yellow spots arranged in vertical bars tinina. gete borana, heni nginongo leana on the sides; probably Carangoides Fish, fam. Carangidae: a large, mainly via. Ta vae pa chaba karumae. fulvoguttatus, Gold-spotted trevally. It silvery-white trevally that forms Fish, fam. Carangidae: a large trevally lives in the lagoon over white sand umoro schools in the lagoon and is that swims in fast-moving predatory and is sometimes caught by trolling. found a few at the time by the barrier schools with frigate birds. It has a It makes a clicking sound when reef, possibly Carangoides silvery body with some dark spots. It is landed in the canoe; the name refers gymnostethoides, Bludger trevally. It is similar to CHIKU MELAKA, but larger and to this habit. of the same group and size as without a yellow stripe on the tail, and BATUTUDU and MARA CHIKU MELAKA, but the two do not mix. It forms schools the body is somewhat longer. The around the first and last quarters of name is old and roughly translates as the lunar month. A prime food fish ‘intestine of frigate bird’. with ‘big meat’, caught by trolling.

MARA MATATATA MARA POPOANA Meka mara kiki mani hevaheva, Meka mara pu kani gete mani oha gete hua ghalusu na moturu binu, tinina, meka karua ko gone pa keoro, ko gone pa votu. Kikidi matana. kino tania huana pakao na ululo. Ria Gura ta vae pa chaba karumae pula tingitonga kikidi pu ko pa keoro valu tata pa katiga kavo pa huana koba na nokinoki iedi MARA LAGHU BARAVA kolokolo mugata. nginongo tania. Gura mae ukala pa Meka mara gete via pa umoro. Fish, fam. Carangidae: a small trevally tinoni tope pula eputu tinoni ia keoro. Ginete tania ukala nia batutudu of silvery-green colour and with small Fish, fam. Carangidae: young Golden mani tata hua batubatu katigae. eyes (mata tata = ‘eyes closely set’). trevally, Gnathanodon speciosus. This Heva tinina, ngachu tatadu pa Always found near rivermouths, and small to medium-sized trevally has a chikuna. Umoro pa kogu mani ta approximately the size of GHALUSU. It bright yellow colour. Like goatfishes vae pa chaba karumae. Ihana can be caught by trolling from a (HUMIHUMI), it lives above white sand hokara, nginongo leana via. paddled canoe in certain estuarine and eats worms and crabs. This fish will Fish, fam. Carangidae: a large silvery- locations, particularly when it is swim straight towards a diver if he white trevally that runs in fast- raining. disturbs the sand with his hand. Adult moving schools with frigate birds, in fish are classified as BOTE BELAMA, but it the lagoon; possibly Caranx is not inferred in Marovo that these are sexfasciatus, Bigeye trevally. It has two growth stages of the same fish.

40 3 – Fish and other swimming creatures of sea and river

MARA TATADU MAROGO VORI Fish, fam. Lethrinidae: Monotaxus Meka mara gete, oha vasinakiki Marogo kiki, soku via pa katiga grandoculus, Large-eye bream. A tinina, ngachu via tatadu pa kolokolo, ko pa dia vori pa silver-coloured fish with a black back. chikuna. Ko pa lupa na sangava. saghauru. Its habits are similar to MIHU. The Fish, fam. Carangidae: a medium to Fish, fam. Lutjanidae: Lutjanus adetii, name is a shortened form of mata large-sized trevally with a golden very small MAROGO that can lavata (‘huge eyes’). tinge and very sharp tail scutes, lives sometimes be caught in huge in reef passages. numbers from their vori (‘nests’) on medium-depth reefs. MATALOBA Meka ihana kiki pu gete matana MARA TUTULI mani orava hua chori tinina. Huana Meka mara getegetena pu ko tania chori mana kadi meka kino ria vinahilahila buma pa kale tinina. tadikaru puku ihana pira. Ko Fish, fam. Carangidae: a medium to varichopuruna pa tiheredi na large-sized trevally with a small chalividi katigae. Hara chori kiki number of conspicuous blue spots on katogae. Kolokolo tania pana ipu the sides. rugacha pa soa ini, pa ka lima rane kaduvu pana ipu pu ieni ta kilae vamucha koburu. Ta vae pa chaba Aquarium photo lobaloba pa kolokolo rugacha. MAROGO Fishes, fam. Holocentridae: Heheuku kiki, kokoani tania lea pa MATAKELA Soldierfishes, Myripristis spp. These kogu mani varihagonoi pa kolokolo Ihana pu ko liloro pa idaka na binu, small, bright red and big-eyed fishes tania heheuku, pa ka hike rane gete via tiherena mani soku via kalu resemble the larger CHORI, but their talavuni pa taomipaleke mani pa ka na varichopuruna. Ta siti uka pula behaviour is different. Some lima rane talavuni pa karua rane ta suni nia tinoni, tata hua nou. MATALOBA have poisonous spines on susua pa soaini. Ta vae pa chaba Fishes, fam. Scorpaenidae: the head and fins, and these are most vekovekoi oro vahorehore. Lionfish/Firefish, Pterois volitans and likely juvenile CHORI. MATALOBA are Fishes, fam. Lutjanidae: small Hussars, similar species. They swim slowly abundant around the full moon and Lutjanus adetii, and other similar among stones and coral, and have can sometimes be caught in large small red Lutjanids that form highly venomous spines which cause numbers on moonlit nights by a aggregations. It is believed that all tremendous pain, which is almost as special trolling technique (lobaloba) MAROGO will grow to become bad as pain caused by stonefish (NOU). using thin lines and small baited HEHEUKU. While HEHEUKU form hooks from a paddled canoe. aggregations in shallow water at the barrier reef, MAROGO form bottom aggregations in the lagoon. Both form aggregations around the new MATAPOU and full moons. Meka ihana baini, huana birake mana gete. Orava oro buma tinina. Kani kokuchu chikuna, hevaheva tiherena. Hara birake pu getena. MAROGO KEORO Mucha pa binubinuani mana kani Marogo pu hevaheva tinina. Kino ko meluku tania. tania huana marogo mana ko gone Fish, fam. Scaridae: A large orange pa keoro. and blue-green parrotfish with a Fish, fam. Lutjanidae: Lutjanus adetii, MATALAVA longish tail, and with blue edges and small MAROGO that live in sandy areas Meka ihana huana osanga mana light colours on the fins. It is quite and therefore have a very pale pink gete via matana. Heva tinina mani similar to BIRAKE but bigger, and to white colour. Their habits are like chichinoko pa kakadona. Huana sometimes forms baini groups. those of all other MAROGO. mihu kino tania. Identified by Marovo fishermen as the adult phase of the Stareye

41 3 – Ria tingitonga pu ponu pa idere oro pa kavo: ria ihana oro katiga tingitonga pule

parrotfish, Calotomus carolinus, but but it is not often eaten in Marovo, must be roasted whole over a fire may also refer to particularly large although sometimes unintentionally before eating, in which case they are Scarus ghobban (also called BIRAKE). taken in nets. broken up so that the fine white This parrotfish sleeps in branch coral meat, similar in taste and texture to thickets, but without a ‘spiderweb’ crayfish tails, can be removed. The cocoon. name mean ‘sea pig’. MIHU Ihana pa saghauru pu hele hujuna, huana osanga na karapata mana gete. Pula kiki ieni soghasoghara. MODOE Nginongo leana via, ta vae pa Ihana pa kavo. Soku pa kopi pa chaba vekokovekoi. Kolokolo tania kavo pa Kale Vangunu. Nginongo pa kikitaomina oro kikikalana mana leana pula gete, mana kani ta ngo kani pa kalapaleke. Bira pa pula kikina puna sokata kilana. kikikalana paleke. Freshwater fishes, fam. Fishes, fam. Lethrinidae: adult Melanotaeniidae: Rainbowfishes. They Lethrinus olivaceus, Long-nosed are most common in slow-flowing emperor (small ones are rivers and associated turbid pools on SOGHASOGHARA) and Lethrinus the Vangunu coast. Some big ones MEDARAE nebulosus, Spangled emperor (all are good food, but the small ones, Ghalusu kiki, soku via ko pa sera pa sizes). They are classified in the same called SOKATA, are not eaten. tutupeka na pa buturu pa katiga general group as the smaller OSANGA kolokolo. Ta vae gone ria koburu and KARAPATA. MIHU are rather large pata va la mujiki tadiria tinoni chaba. reef fish that are considered very Fish, fam. Carangidae: juveniles of good food, and are caught with MOTURU Selar crumenophtalmus, Purse-eyed unweighted baited hooks on shallow Meka mara pu heva mani chichinoko scad. They appear in calm schools reefs, most easily on moonlit nights. pa kakadona oro chinoko tataduna, near mainland shores and village They bite easily and are abundant at ko pa lupa na kogu. Ko meka karua wharves, and are often caught by the new moon and when the moon ngana. Gura ta vae pula chaba children for use as bait by fishermen. is waning, but not in the interval karumae pa jorovoani na ipu, lea pa Adult fish, usually found at the barrier when there is no moon. MIHU have kolokolo soaini. reef, are GHALUSU. ripe eggs during the moon’s last Fish, fam. Carangidae: A medium- quarter. sized trevally, grey with black on the upper body and black tail scutes. MOTURU live both in lagoon and off MEDOMEDO ocean-facing reefs, and do not go in Meka ihana pa puku tadiria dudu, MILAMILA TA VUA groups. Caught by trolling at sunset ititongo na odingi mana chichinoko Ihana kiki mana ruka oro hele uka and at night, particularly around the tinina. Ihana varichopuru pu gura tinina, huhua kokonini. full moon. varivatasiti ta tinoni. Ko gone pa Fish, fam. Syngnathidae: a generic vinarihagonoi pa kulikuliani, gura ta term for small Pipefishes. The name vae pa vagara. Ria pa Malaita di vae means ‘crocodile’s lime spatula’. gonea pa vagara, nginongo leana MOTURU BINU via tadiria. Mu ieni kilana pa jinama Moturu kiki pa lupa, gura keli pa Malaita. binubinuani pa gorugoru na katiga Fish, fam. Siganiidae: Siganus spinus, MOA IDERE vasina. Kolokolo tania pa soaini. Spiny rabbitfish. Like its relatives Katiga ihana huana bokese na Heva tinina mana chichinoko pa DUDU, ITITONGO and ODINGI, this fish ngira uka tinidi. Ngira via korena kakadona, pa tiherena na pa has venomous spines, and those from mana gura ta ngo pula vato chikuna. Pula gete ieni moturu kove. MEDOMEDO cause the worst pain. It valeana mani ta pekacha tinina. Fish, fam. Carangidae: a small trevally often forms aggregations in seagrass Huana chiku chehana borana. of the MOTURU type. It has a silvery- areas. This is a very important food Fish, fam. Ostraciidae: Ostracion spp., white body with black on the back fish in Malaita where it is called MU, Boxfishes. They have stiff bodies and and on the fins. It lives at ocean-

42 3 – Fish and other swimming creatures of sea and river

facing reefs and surfaces to Fishes, fam. Muraenidae: NOKANOKALA aggregate in branch coral thickets on Gymnothorax spp., generic term for Meka kilana tongania ria lipa kikidi. the barrier reef flats, particularly at large and dangerous moray eels. Fishes, fam. Mugilidae: generic term the full moon. When it grows big it They have a uniform brown colour for small mullets. becomes MOTURU KOVE. and live in holes on medium-depth reefs from which their heads always emerge, but from which they only rarely come out. They sometimes bite NOKI NUGUNUGURU MOTURU KOVE people. There are many MUDALA all PERE Moturu gete, heva tou tinina mana around the ocean-facing reefs of Noki pa idere, ta bokuboku tinina chichinoko pa tiherena. Ta vae pa Marovo, since they are not eaten by pa chinoko oro hevaheva. Ponu sangava pana ipu pa chaba people in New Georgia. Smaller gone pa binubinuani oro pa karumae. Kolokolo tania pa soaini. moray eels with mottled colours are saghauru mana ngina keli oro ene Moturu binu ngana mana gete. called KUCHI. pa idaka pa rarusu pa katiga Fish, fam. Carangidae: Caranx kolokolo. Noki pia gura legu tinoni, lugubris, Black trevally, adults. This hua ria tinoni vaka, mana kani ta fish is regarded as a large usu gonei ta tinoni pa Marovo pia. representative of the MOTURU group, NAOMO Reptile, fam. Hydrophiidae: Laticauda with a silvery-grey body and black Omia mara naomo. colubrina, Banded sea snake. It lives fins. It is caught by trolling in barrier See MARA NAOMO. on reefs and swims among coral, and reef passages at night, particularly at is sometimes encountered on dry the full moon. land along beaches. Europeans say that this snake is very venomous and NAVI EDEVE may kill people, but it rarely bites Meka ihana heva mani hele via, people in Marovo. MU ngachu via livona. Tata hua meka Kilana medomedo pa jinama tadiria roko edeve ihana pia. Koba ta kuri pa Langalanga pa Malaita. Ria taeli pula ngoi ia mujiki. Ta ngo tinoni Malaita di ngo soku via mu, mana soku via susurina. Ko pa NOKI NUVILI mana pa Marovo kadi ta hivae, vasina pu koe karumehe pa votu. Kilana meka noki pu ko pa votu na boruhueni ta kila nia pa jinama Fish, fam. Chirocentridae: petupetuani, mana hara kilana Langalanga ta katiga tinoni Marovo. Chirocentrus dorab, Wolf herring; a meka ihana huhua tulangini Fish, fam. Siganiidae: Siganus spinus, long, thin silvery fish with many large tungana, pu gura heli nana govara Spiny rabbitfish. This is the Malaita sharp teeth. This fish always cuts the pa keoro. Omia ututongo pa (Langalanga) name for the fish also fishing line if caught on a baited kauruna pia, oro noki nuvili pa called MEDOMEDO in Marovo. hook. It is edible but bony. It usually Pinajaka 8. However, the Malaita name is stays in estuarine areas where there Reptile and/or fish: most often used commonly used in Marovo, too, are schools of KARUMEHE (anchovies). as the name for a venomous because this is a very important food estuarine snake (NOKI NUVILI), but fish in Malaita, unlike in Marovo. probably also a name for sand- burrowing snake-eels (fam. NGONGO GHALUSU Ophichtidae). See also UTUTONGO. Balibalighutu pu gete via, ghalusu MUDALA lea nginongo tania. Ihana gete via huana meka noki Fish, fam. Carangidae: Caranx gete ba tulangini pa idere, ko gone melampygus, Blue-finned trevally; NOKI TOTOPO pa govara pa saghauru pu kani large adults that often prey on Noki pa kavo, soku pa petupetuani mati uka, mani koba vura chalivina schools of GHALUSU. See MARA oro pa votu. Noki pia ieni nuguru ngana. Gura usu tinoni. Kani ta BALIBALIGHUTU. chalivina pa jemi pata totopo vae ngo. Soku via mudala ko liloro pa hana nginingo. Kani usu ta tinoni, lupa puna kani ta ngo pa Ulusaghe. mana kani ta hivae tadiria tinoni pu Ria mudala kiki pu ta lokoloko ene pa jemijemiani pana ipu. tinina iedi takilae kuchi.

43 3 – Ria tingitonga pu ponu pa idere oro pa kavo: ria ihana oro katiga tingitonga pule

Reptile, fam. Acrochordidae: File chiena hua nou pa idaka na jemi, Fishes, fam. Lethrinidae: a generic Snake, Acrochordus granulatus. A mana ta siti uka pula ta suni. name for several small to medium- water snake common in mangrove This name applies to two very sized reef-dwelling sea breams with areas and estuaries. The name different types of venomous fishes: mottled patterns on their bodies. (totopo = ‘to suck’) refers to its habit 1) fam. Scorpaenidae: Synanceia Identifications by Marovo fishermen of burrowing its head in mud and verrucosa, Reef stonefish. This ugly fish include Lethrinus obsoletus, Orange- sucking out things to eat. Although looks just like a coral stone and usually striped emperor, and Lethrinus not aggressive or poisonous, this lies hidden on shallow reefs among laticaudis, Blue-spotted emperor. snake is disliked by people, who coral or rubble. The name also refers OSANGA live in the lagoon and at the watch out for it when they walk in to a fish with lighter, greyish colours barrier reef and form aggregations mangroves or estuaries at night. which lives in muddy areas in especially for three days starting on mangroves and estuaries. This is the Marovo new moon, and for four probably the Estuarine stonefish, days before until two days after the Synanceia horrida. These fish have full moon. In the lagoon, some lots of sharp and highly venomous OSANGA follow feeding schools of spines which cause extreme pain. It large goatfish (PAKAO), in order to eat seems that children who are stung small animals stirred up from the repeatedly attain considerable sand by the goatfish. immunity to the venom. There are special leaf medicines for use when people have been stung by stonefish. 2) fam. Plotosidae: Plotosus lineatus, OSANGA KOLO Striped catfish eel. This black and Meka osanga pu ko pa sangava oro Nou pa vinarihagonoi pa binubinuani One type of nou: Striped catfish eel white striped fish swims in schools on pa tabikale, hevaheva tinina. coral reefs. It has venomous spines Fish, fam. Lethrinidae: a small to NOU on the dorsal and pectoral fins which medium-sized sea bream of the Kiladi karua ihana varichopuru pu cause intense pain (although not as OSANGA type with a light shiny colour, gura varivatasiti ta tinoni. Meka ieni bad as the stonefish). forms schools in reef passages and off nou pa idaka na jemi. Hara karua outer reefs. Probably adult Lethrinus hokihokiti nou pira ia pa idaka na lentjan, Pink-eared emperor. binu oro ia pa jemi na petupetuani. Huana meka idaka ngana ihana pia, ODINGI chiena uka puna soku via Ihana varichopuru huana dudu varichopuru tania mani vari va tasiti mana katiga oha pa tinina. PAGU ukala, tata legu pula ta suni nia Fishes, fam. Siganiidae: Siganus Huana isu mana kani ko isuna, iku tinoni. Katiga tinoni jama pu nou doliatus, Barred rabbitfish and Siganus hele pa chikuna mani orava na pa kavo ieni varisiti via manila nou lineatus, Goldlines rabbitfish; two buma pa chalivina katigae. Kani pa binu pula ta suni nia tinoni. Hara rabbitfishes with sharp spines and gete via. kare ka tinoni pa Ulusaghe ieni te patterns of golden to yellow stripes Fishes, fam. Acanthuridae, subfam. legu nia tinasuni nou. Mana ko (vertical and horizontal, respectively). Nasinae: Naso lituratus, Orange-spine katiga meresena pata va betona unicornfish; and similar medium- tinasiti nou. Meka checheu pa sized unicornfishes without horns, rarusu ieni ta sulu gone mani va la some with brightly coloured heads nia pa rovu ia vasina pu ta suni ta OSANGA and long filaments on the tail lobes. nou. Makasina beto tinasiti. Mana Ihana huana mihu mana kiki, oro gura ngo roko tige tungana mani kani hele hujuna. Kolokolo tadiria kamichu la pa vasina pu ta suni. osanga pa kikitaomina pa ka hike Meka hokiti nou ieni huhua laiti kiki rane talavuni pa taomipaleke, oro PAJARA mana ko humi pa hujuna. Ihana pia pa ka made rane kaduvu karua Meka puku tadiria ihana huana gura varihagonoi gone pa saghauru rane ukala soaini. Gura ko pa keoro pajara tinoni, pajara veata, pajara na binu. Varichopuru ko pa tungana mani lulua ta pakao mani taisa navei, ko pa idaka na pa tiherena na kapikapina, gura vari va ngo tingitonga pu vura mae pa govara katigae. Hara bane choda tasiti ta tinoni. Ihana pia ieni kani keoro puna heli pakao. pajara ta kilae pa Marovo. Soku

44 3 – Fish and other swimming creatures of sea and river

pajara ko pa lupa na sangava, PAJARA BUCHO PAJARA CHINOKO mana katiga ko pa petupetuani. Katiga ihana kikidi, huhua pajara Huana pajara taisa, kolokolo ko pa Nginongo leana ria pajara gete, mana kadi pajara hokara puna idaka chinoko tinina, mana pa mana kadi hiva ngo pajara katiga huana bucho ngana. katiga kolokolo orava uka ia pula butubutu pa Marovo puna roche Fishes, fam. Plesiopidae: Plesiops spp., vura mae pa idaka. Orava pa borana, ba hara ihana hope te Longfins; very small fish with some kolokolo legu. katigae. resemblance both to Serranids (PAJARA) Fish, fam. Serranidae: a dark red Fishes, fam. Serranidae: general term and to Cardinalfishes (BUCHO). rockcod, probably Cephalopholis sp., for all medium to large-sized considered a type of PAJARA TAISA. Serranids (groupers, coral trouts). When it lives among stones it is More than twenty PAJARA are named almost black in colour; when away in Marovo. Most live on the ocean- PAJARA BUMA from stones it becomes red. When facing reefs and barrier reef passages, Meka pajara pu buma tou tinina, dead it remains red. but some live in mangroves and ko pa mavara. Pula hiva hona ia ria estuaries. The larger PAJARA are tinoni tope iedi mana hona considered very good food fish, kachiena, puna mana melongo ia although some groups in Marovo do ihana pia. not like to eat them, either because Fish, fam. Serranidae: a grouper with they consider the meat to be too rather dark green colours. It lives on soft, or because the fish is tabu to smooth stone reefs and is known as a them. playful fish that stares at a diving spearfisherman and then runs away quickly. You will miss if you do not shoot immediately. PAJARA BINU Aquarium photo Meka pajara pa binubinuani pu kani gete, hele oro ngirisi huana PAJARA JULELE ngaloso tinina, mani chichinoko. PAJARA BUREBUREKI Meka pajara pu hele hujuna mani Gura dola la pa tinoni tope ia, Kilana pajara bureki pu kikina. gete tiherena, nginongo leana. mana kani leana via nginona. Fish, fam. Serranidae: PAJARA BUREKI, Mae susua pa sangava pa kolokolo Fish, fam. Serranidae: a medium- but the name is a diminutive specific kani kaduvu keli pajara. Ta hona sized, darkly coloured grouper with a for small ones. ngana, kani hiva ngo pa mujiki ia. narrow and elongate body. It lives Fish, fam. Serranidae: Cromileptes among branching staghorn corals altivelis, Barramundi cod. A rather (BINUBINU), and tends to stare right at large PAJARA (up to 60 cm) with an a diving spearfisherman. It is not very PAJARA BUREKI oddly shaped head, a long mouth (to good to eat. Meka pajara pu gura ko soku via pa which the term julele refers) and vasidi pu keli ria pajara tinoni oro large fins. It is sometimes found in pajara veata. Huana bureki tinina. reef passages just before other PAJARA Pula gete via, veata kilana. arrive and form spawning PAJARA BOKUBOKU Fish, fam. Serranidae: Epinephelus aggregations. It is very good to eat, Pajara tulae ngana mana ta microdon, Marbled grouper, medium and must be shot since it does not lokoloko huana ta kubokubolo pa size. They grow to become PAJARA like to bite baited hooks. tinina. Pula legu ia, ta lokoloko VEATA. They form spawning tungana. aggregations in the same places as Fish, fam. Serranidae: Tiger trout, a PAJARA TINONI and PAJARA VEATA. banded form of the large coral trout PAJARA KIDEKIDELE Plectropomus laevis. In Marovo it is Meka kilana gete tadiria pajara pu considered a colour variety of PAJARA ko soku via vinahilahila heva pa TULAE, and unlike PAJARA TULAE its tinidi. colours and banded pattern do not Fishes, fam. Serranidae: a generic change when it is dead. term for groupers with many white spots.

45 3 – Ria tingitonga pu ponu pa idere oro pa kavo: ria ihana oro katiga tingitonga pule

PAJARA KUBOKUBOLO Fish, fam. Serranidae: an estuarine Meka kilana gete tadiria pajara pu grouper, Epinephelus sp. (ribe = ‘of ta lokoloko huana ta kubokubolo fresh water’). It has a very smooth pa tinina. Pajara bokuboku meka, body, unlike any other PAJARA. It lives mana katiga pajara tinoni tungana in estuaries and mangroves and eats pa kolokolo keli ria pata mud crabs, and must be taken with kovukovuru. small spearguns, since it does not Fishes, fam. Serranidae: generic term take baited hooks. for groupers with patterns of dark and light broad vertical bands. PAJARA BOKUBOKU is one of these, but PAJARA Fish, fam. Serranidae: Plectropomus TINONI may also display such patterns, PAJARA areolatus, Squaretail coral trout. It but only during spawning SASARAGOVARA grows to ca. 70 cm, and is dark with aggregations. Meka pajara pu gura heli nana blue spots which fade away when the govara pa keoro. Ko pa mati pa fish dies. It forms regular and kogu, talena gone. Chichinoko predictable large spawning huana nije tinina. aggregations (keli pajara) in certain PAJARA NOU Fish, fam. Serranidae: Epinephelus sp., barrier reef passages from February Katiga ihana huana pajara mana a dirty-looking brown grouper that digs to May, during the moon’s last varichopuru mani varivatasiti ta holes in the sand. Lives in shallow areas quarter. tinoni. Huhua na nou pa idaka. of the lagoon, and is always solitary. Fishes, fam. Scorpaenidae: Scorpaenodes spp., Scorpionfishes with some resemblance to Serranids. PAJARA TULAE These small fishes have venomous PAJARA TAISA Meka pajara gete via pa pukuna ta spines on the fins, and in this sense Meka kilana gete tadiria pajara pu pajara tinoni, ko pa lupa pa are rather similar to the stonefish kadi gete via mani kiki chikudi oro tabikale vasina pu kani mati. (NOU). gete tiadi. Orava tinidi, katiga Ngongoto chikuna, ko ria vinahilahila bumadi. Ko pa govara vinahilahila bumadi pu chura pula pa tongania idaka madi ngo ihana legu ia. Rikaru pajara tulae na kikidi hua hutu idaka. Ta vae pa pajara tinoni gura keli varicheni pa PAJARA ORAVA chaba vekovekoi oro paka. sangava pata kovukovuru, pa Meka pajara gete pu ko pa lao pa Fishes, fam. Serranidae: a generic kikikalana paleke. Ta hona pa paka lupa, pa tabikale. Hele chikuna, term for several medium-sized red gicho. kani gete tiana. Pula legu ieni groupers with blue spots, small tails Fishes, fam. Serranidae: large coral orava tungana. Ta vae pa chinaba and big bellies (such as Cephalopholis trouts similar to but bigger than kurakura hara pa meka karua miniata, which grows to ca. 40 cm). PAJARA TINONI. It is probable that the ghoghoto ngava. They live among stones on shallow name applies to both Plectropomus Fish, fam. Serranidae: Variola louti, reefs where they move from hole to leopardus, Leopard coral trout (which Coronation trout. It grows to ca. 75 hole to eat small fish like HUTU IDAKA. reaches 75 cm), and Plectropomus cm, and has a long tail and a slim laevis, Giant coral trout (which belly. It lives in deep waters at the reaches at least 1 m). Their tails outer reef drop-off and must be appear to be ‘cut straight’. These caught on deep-water handlining. It PAJARA TINONI PAJARA tend to live in fairly deep water does not change its colour when dead. Meka pajara chichinoko mani ko ria at outer reef drop-offs. They are dark vinahilahila bumadi tania pu chura with blue spots, and the colour pa kolokolo tahona ba legu. changes to reddish when it is dead. Kulokuloburu chikuna. Ko pa lupa PAJARA TULAE mix with PAJARA TINONI in PAJARA RIBE na sangava pa toba, mani gura keli spawning aggregations in reef Meka pajara pu lumocho via tinina, soku via pa katiga sangava ia passages. ko pa votu oro pa petupetuani. pajara pia pata kovokovuru, Hara ngo gone kakarita. Ta hona talavuni pa paleke Feburuari puna kani hiva ngo pa mujiki. kaduvu pa Mei, pa kikikalana paleke.

46 3 – Fish and other swimming creatures of sea and river

PAJARA TUTULI areas near coral reefs. On these PALAKOVORO Meka pajara pa pukuna ta pajara occasions, they are full of eggs. While Meka ihana baini pa lupa, huana taisa, ko soku via vinahilahila small goatfishes are called ULULO, all like. Chichinoko tinina. Gura ko pa bumadi pa tinina. goatfishes, large and small, are lao mana ngongo gone pa rarusu Fish, fam. Serranidae: Cephalopholis covered by the wider generic term idere. Mucha pa poana. Ria cyanostigma, a small (up to 35 cm) HUMIHUMI. palakovoro, eo, like oro livo naji di blue-spotted rock-cod which belongs meka puku ngana. Ia palakovoro to the category of PAJARA TAISA. Tutuli gura ko pa nana vinarihagonoi ba means ‘blue-spotted’. ko varicheni tadiria puku ihana PAKOPAKO pira. Katiga ihana pa idaka na binu na Fishes, fam. Scaridae: small to kulikuliani katigae, pako livodi. medium-sized parrotfishes (ca. 25 cm PAJARA VEATA Getegete hua malakihi ngana. in Marovo), whose scales are brown Meka pajara pu gete via hujuna, Fish, fam. Labridae: Choerodon spp., with whitish margins. Of the same pajara bureki ngana mana gete via. Tuskfishes. These reef fishes may also type as and often in groups together Ko pa idaka pa toba mani keli pata be seen in seagrass areas. They are with EO, LIKE and LIVO NAJI. Lives on kovukovuru pa vasidi pu keli ria about the size of MALAKIHI-type ocean-facing reefs, feeds at the reef pajara bureki oro pajara tinoni. Ko parrotfish. PAKOPAKO refers to these edge and sleeps in the outer lagoons. pa dia vinarihagonoi rikahike fish appearing to have gaps in their Identified by Marovo fishermen as pajara pira, kadi gura varicheni pa mouth from loss of teeth. initial phases of both Scarus frenatus, meka kolokolo. Bridled parrotfish, and Cetoscarus Fish, fam. Serranidae: Epinephelus bicolor, Bicolour parrotfish, the latter microdon, Marbled grouper, large being called MALAJIRI when an adult. adults (up to at least 90 cm). Younger ones are PAJARA BUREKI. This grouper has a huge mouth and lives among stones. VEATA rise and gather PALATA to form distinct spawning Meka ihana gete pa kolo, kani soku aggregations in the same locations as mana ta vae meka karua pa tadiria PAJARA TINONI and the same time and tinoni pu karumae makasi. Gete locations as PAJARA BUREKI, but the chalivina, nginongo leana mana three do not at any time appear to Aquarium photo makasina roche borana. form mixed groups. Fish, fam. Coryphaenidae: PALAKINAPICHI Coryphaena hippurus, Dolphinfish. A Karua ihana pa binu na idaka pu large fish of the open sea, with a big hele mani oha tiheredi. Labe oro head. A few have been caught by PAKAO heva mani bokuboku chinoko fishermen who were trolling for tuna. Ihana pa keoro, humihumi ngana tinidi. It is regarded as good to eat, but the mana gete. Ngo gone ia tingitonga This name covers two types of rather meat turns soft rather quickly. pu ko pa keoro. Huana humi pa similarly looking but unrelated reef hujuna, pa paparana. Pa kalapaleke fishes, which have flat silvery-white pa kolokolo ta kilae omia mago bodies with broad vertical black gura ko hara tolongavulu pakao pa bands and long fins with some PALUKU mati pa keoro tata pa saghauru, yellow colour: Ihana pu charava pa korekore madi bira. Omia ululo. 1) fam. Zanclidae: Zanclus cornutus, idere. Kani ta chabai pa Marovo, Fishes, fam. Mullidae: Parupeneus Moorish idol. mana ta ngo pula chupaka mae pa spp. and possibly Mulloides spp., a 2) fam. Chaetodontidae: Heniochus mola katigae. generic term for large goatfishes. spp., Pennant bannerfishes. Fishes, fam. Exocoetidae: a generic These bottom-feeding fishes have a term for Flying fishes. They are not pair of barbels on the chin. At omia intentionally fished and rarely eaten mago (the day before the Marovo in Marovo, although they sometimes new moon), groups of 20-30 PAKAO jump into canoes at sea and are sometimes form in shallow sandy eaten when big.

47 3 – Ria tingitonga pu ponu pa idere oro pa kavo: ria ihana oro katiga tingitonga pule

PARO PIDUMI Huana maligharo mana gete, Meka ihana huana pipo mana kiki, irongo pa korekore idere pa kolo, padana meka pidoko choda. Ene pa huana tepe tania ieni vura. Iku vinarihagonoi huhua pipo na ghohi. varivasulu ko va soku, mani chiena Fish, fam. Sphyraenidae: a small via pula ta sulu nia tinoni. Kani barracuda-like fish (ca. 20 cm or soku, meka karua ngana ta omi somewhat bigger) with dark gone. longitudinal stripes, swims in schools Invertebrate, class Scyphozoa: a large like larger barracudas. Possibly Pehu, mangara, pajara stinging jellyfish that floats on the Sphyraena flavicauda, the small surface of the open sea with a sail Yellowtail barracuda. above the water. It has lots of PEHU stinging threads, and inflicts very Ihana huana piripirikocho mana painful stings. Only one or two are gete via. Chichinoko tinina, gete seen at a time, usually out on the ibibelena. Pula kani gete ieni huju PIKA open ocean. Possibly Portuguese poje ngana. Kolokolo tania pa ka Katiga ihana kiki via huana bucho man-of-war, Physalia sp. made rane talavuni pa soaini, bira mana labe oro ta lokoloko tinidi, pa soaini. Ta vae gone pa tope rane. na gete tiheredi. Fishes, fam. Haemulidae: Adults of Fishes, fam. Apogonidae: a term for Plectorhinchus gibbosus, Brown several small Cardinalfishes, including PATU sweetlips, and the even larger the brightly coloured Sphaeramia Huana tarasi mana ko tata gone pa Plectorhinchus obscurum, Giant orbicularis. They have flat bodies with idaka. sweetlips. They have dark colours very characteristic patterns, and Fishes, fam. Acanthuridae: Acanthurus and very thick lips, and are HUJU POJE rather long fins. The larger spp., a generic term for several when small. PEHU are abundant for cardinalfshes are called BUCHO. species of large surgeonfishes of the four days starting at the full moon, TARASI type that stay near stones and have ripe eggs at this time. They (patu = ‘stone, rock’). are shot during daytime diving. PIKA BINU Huana hutu idaka ngana mana chinoko na hevaheva tinidi. Ko PATU EMEMA PEPEA MOLA gone pa binubinuani. Meka patu getena, bulaeri tinina. Jipojipolo gete, buma tou tinidi. Fishes, fam. Pomacentridae: Dascyllus Fish, fam. Acanthuridae: Acanthurus Fishes, fam. Labridae: generic term spp. and Chromis spp.; a generic sp., a large surgeonfish of purple for certain larger types of JIPOJIPOLO, term for small, predominantly black colour. small green wrasses with mainly and white damselfishes. They dart in green colours (Thalassoma spp.). and out of branch coral thickets.

PATU IDIDERE Meka patu gete pu ididere borana, PICHA NGIRA PIPILAKA chichinoko mani katiga hevaheva Meka ihana pa binu na saghauru Meka ihana pa kolo, ko tata pa pa chalivina. huana chikochiko mujiki mana kiki, tabikale, huana tilo mana kani Fish, fam. Acanthuridae: Acanthurus buma na chichinoko tinina. Gura gete. Ko hese ba meka karua sp., a large surgeonfish of dark colour vavura lae ria asasena pata vahele ngana. Ta vae pa karumae rarusu, with a white band on the head. It has hujuna. na pa kurakura pula ko pa lao. watery flesh (ididere = ‘watery’). Fish, fam. Labridae: Epibulus Fish, fam. Scombridae: Possibly Acanthurus bariene, insidiator, Slingjaw wrasse; a small to Grammatorcynus bicarinatus, Shark Roundspot surgeonfish. medium-sized coral reef wrasse of mackerel. It resembles TILO (Dogtooth dark greenish-brown colours. It is tuna) but is smaller. It is found at the able to extend its jaws and mouth outer reef drop-offs, often in deep into a long tube-like shape. water, and is caught occasionally by trolling or deep-water handlining.

48 3 – Fish and other swimming creatures of sea and river

PIPIPO Fish, fam. Haemulidae: adult One rather commonly seen in Meka ihana huana pipo mana kani Diagramma pictum, Painted sweetlips. Marovo is the Star pufferfish, chacha ghohi. Ene gone pa nana This very large sweetlips with a Arothron stellatus, a large fish (up to vinarihagonoi. uniform silvery-grey colour is usually 90 cm) with small black spots Fishes, fam. Sphyraenidae: smaller found in deep water in the lagoon. It observed quite often among boulders barracudas, Sphyraena spp., adults is seen by divers together with IHANA and sand on the barrier reef flats. often reaching 40-50 cm or more. ORAVA (Red emperor) on deep inner Several smaller ones live among coral Probable species are Sphyraena lagoon reefs where divers take on the outer reef ledge. Pufferfishes fosteri, Bigeye barracuda, and brownlip pearlshells and black coral. are not eaten in Marovo. Sphyraena helleri, Heller’s barracuda. They form schools. Unlike PIPO, PIPIPO are not regarded as juvenile GHOHI, Great barracudas. PIRIPIRIKOCHO POTO MARIU PAPAILO Poto mani varichopuru tou tinina. Meka kilana piripirikocho vute Kani soku pa Marovo, kani ta ngo. tadiria pa tuari pa Gatokae. Mana ta ngo ia pa tadiria pa PIPO Fishes, fam. Haemulidae: an old Gilbeti. Ghohi kiki ngana, getegetena kani name in the Gatokae dialect for Fish, fam. Diodontidae: Diodon spp., te kaduvu ragachoma mana ukala sweetlips that are usually referred to porcupinefishes. They are similar to nia pipipo. Makasina gete, raga by the name they have in the dialect pufferfishes in their ability to inflate choma na ghohi ngana. of central Marovo Lagoon; themselves, but they have sharp Fishes, fam. Sphyraenidae: juveniles PIRIPIRIKOCHO VUTE. spines all over the head and body. of Great barracudas (Sphyraena They are not eaten in Marovo, but it barracuda and Sphyraena jello), up to is known that they are eaten, for ca. 50-60 cm. They are bigger than example, by the Gilbertese of the PIPIPO, and will grow to become RAGA PIRIPIRIKOCHO VUTE Western Solomons. CHOMA and eventually GHOHI. Ria piripirikocho pu vute tinidi, kadi gete via. Ko pa toba, pa tabikale. Fishes, fam. Haemulidae: POVU PIRIPIRIKOCHO Plectorhinchus spp., sweetlips with Ihana gete, tata meka kalelimana Meka puku ihana pu ko pa toba na prominent patterns of black and ba ngava katigae. Ko tala tania kogu, gete hua ria ihana orava white stripes (such as Plectorhinchus vulu pa kopi pa petupetuani, mani mana gete via ibibelena. Kolokolo goldmanni, but also juveniles and ngongo jemi. Kani soku pa tadiria piripirikocho ieni pa soaini. subadults of other species including Marovo, mana nginongo leana te Ta vae pa tadiria tinoni tope. Omia Diagramma pictum). They live at the katigae. ria pehu oro huju poje tungana. barrier reef, often near the drop-off. Fish, fam. Chandidae: Chanos chanos, Fishes, fam. Haemulidae: Plectorhinchus Milkfish. They live in mangrove pools spp. and Diagramma pictum; generic by the barrier islands and around term for sweetlips, a group of large reef estuaries, and eat silt and mud. Some fish with thick lips. They are abundant POGHOSO are large, up to 1.5 m or larger. They at the full moon, and are caught Omia makasi poghoso. are uncommon in Marovo, but are mainly by underwater spearfishing. See MAKASI POGHOSO. considered very good food by some See also PEHU and HUJU POJE. people.

POTO PIRIPIRIKOCHO LAO Kilana tadiria ihana poto via, gete Piripirikocho gete, hevaheva tinina, katigae pa toba. Kani ta ngo. ko pa lao, lea pa kogu. Ko tala pa Fish, fam. Tetraodontidae: a generic vasina te ihana orava, vasina pu term for all small and large koe peropero, gura omia ria tinoni pufferfishes, named for their ability to pu tope hae peropero. inflate their bellies (poto = ‘obese’).

49 3 – Ria tingitonga pu ponu pa idere oro pa kavo: ria ihana oro katiga tingitonga pule

RAGA CHOMA REHE Ghohi pu kani gete uka, kaduvu Huana chori mana kani orava via. meka kalelimana. Koe varichopuruna. Fishes, fam. Sphyraenidae: Fishes, fam. Holocentridae: barracudas, medium-sized GHOHI up Sargocentron spp., Squirrelfishes with to ca. 120 cm. The name means red longitudinal stripes (such as ‘branch of CHOMA tree’. Sargocentron rubrum, Redcoat). They have venomous spines. REHE are classified as closely related to, but distinct from, the all-red CHORI. PUSUI RAVA Huhua meka ivu kiki mana ponu Meka ihana huhua pajara veata liloro pa kogu oro pa kolo. Changa mana gete uka, ukala meka ngava via mani chupaka vura gone ia. katigae, huana bangara pa idaka REKA Hele via ia hujuna ia. Kani ta ngo na govara ngana. Ko pa lupa mani Huana sinu na makasi mana pa pa Ulusaghe, mana nginongo ngo chehana, katiga ko pa kavo na nana puku hese ngana. Lea tadiria pa Malaita. Pa Ulusaghe ieni petupetuani madi ngo kakarita. kolokolo tania pata umoro pa kogu meka tingitonga hope. Mana Fish, fam. Serranidae: Ephinephelus ieni pa kikitaomina paleke, pa ka livona ia ieni rade kilana, meka lanceolatus, Giant grouper. This very hike rane talavuni pa taomipaleke. poata tadiria pa Ulusaghe pa tuari. large fish (some are more than 2 m) Lulua umoro reka ria chelekae. Marine mammal, order Cetaceae, is found in rivers and estuaries as well Fish, fam. Scombridae: adult fam. Delphinidae: Tursiops gilli, Pacific as among stones at the barrier reef Euthynnus affinis, Mackerel tuna (or bottlenose dolphin. This is also a (including the outer drop-off). It is Island bonito). REKA is categorized in generic term for any dolphin with a said in Marovo to be the ‘chief of the its own distinct group, different from long, pointed nose. PUSUI swim very stony reefs’. When living on outer but related to SINU (Yellowfin tuna) fast, often jump out of the water, and reefs it eats crayfish, and when living and MAKASI (Skipjack tuna). It forms are commonly seen both in the in mangroves and estuaries it eats schools mainly in the lagoon, lagoon and open sea. They like to mud crabs. particularly on the day of the Marovo follow motorized canoes. Dolphins new moon and in the days following. are not eaten in Marovo and are Such schools, called umoro reka, are considered sacred in custom. They followed by white CHELEKAE terns. are eaten by some people in Malaita. RAVA HOKARA However, dolphin teeth (rade) are a Rava gete, kare ka lokoloko tinina. traditional valuable in Marovo. Fish, fam. Serranidae: Ephinephelus lanceolatus, Giant grouper, adult fish REKAREKA with uniform grey colour. Reka kiki, umoro pa katiga kolokolo. PUSUI TALAKAE Fish, fam. Scombridae: small Huhua pusui ngana mana kani hele Euthynnus affinis, Mackerel tuna (or hujuna. RAVA SINA Island bonito). They form schools in Marine mammals, order Cetaceae, Rava gete, ta lokoloko huhua sina the lagoon at certain times. fam. Phocoenidae: Porpoises. They tinina. are regarded as a type of PUSUI but Fish, fam. Serranidae: Ephinephelus have a blunt nose, different from the lanceolatus, Giant grouper; name bottlenose dolphins. used for certain fish that have a REKATA mottled colour pattern similar to that Meka ihana kiki, heva tinina mani of the SINA. ta busa, ko liloro pa mati mani ngo tongania tingitonga. Fish, fam. Teraponidae: Terapon jarbua, Crescent-banded grunter. This small silvery fish with thin dark stripes lives everywhere in shallow areas and appears to eat everything.

50 3 – Fish and other swimming creatures of sea and river

RESIRESI RUMU Fish, fam. Lutjanidae: Lutjanus Makasi gete, ukala nia ririringi Rumu ieni tingitonga gete via pu rivulatus, Maori sea perch. This large mana kani te kaduvu sigala. ponu pa idere mani mae gone pa fish that lives near the sea bottom in Fish, fam. Scombridae: Katsuwonus kulikuliani pa kogu pata ngongo. reef passages and on reef slopes is pelamis, Skipjack tuna (MAKASI), of Nginongo leana puna deana considered related to IHANA ORAVA and medium to large size. This is the borana, ta vae pa bao rumu. Kani RINGO. It has mottled colours stage before MAKASI SIGALA. ta ngo pa tadiria tinoni juapa rane. particularly on the head. It bites hooks Marine mammal, order Sirenia, fam. most frequently around the full moon Dugongidae: Dugong, Dugong in certain locations, and is caught at dugon. The meat is fat and night on baited hooks with heavy considered very good food (although tackle (lead and wire because it has not eaten by Seventh-day sharp teeth), often in at 4-5 m depth. Adventists). Dugongs often seek out seagrass areas to feed in, and are hunted occasionally with special heavy spears.

RUTIASU RINGO Katiga ihana pu ko pa Meka ihana pu gete ukala nia ihana chakepekana, eko pa chalaboro na orava. Orava tungana mani ko pa idaka. Labe mani natara chalivina. saghauru pa lupa oro kogu, “Tepa mera” meka kilana pa tadiria kolokolo tania pa paleke Julae, pa pa Kalikolo! Vari kati, hua katigae, ka made rane kaduvu soaini. mana ta ngo tungana katigae. Kani SINU Nginongo leana, heni ta kilae ihana soku pu ta omi. Tatalingi mana gete, makasina hokara. Ta vae pa chaba Fishes, fam. Platycephalidae: ghomo. vahorehore tadiria tinoni pu atei Flatheads of various species. Bottom- Fish, fam. Scombridae: Thunnus valeana nia vasina tania. Katiga ta dwelling fishes which usually hide albacares, Yellowfin tuna, of medium hona pa lupa. among stones on reefs. They are size. See GHOMO and TATALINGI. Fish, fam. Lutjanidae: Lutjanus bohar, rarely eaten, and some say they Red bass, a large reef fish (up to 75 contain poison. These fishes are not cm) found mainly in deep areas of common in Marovo. the lagoon. Regarded as a very good food fish, and classed with large trevallies in the category of IHANA HOKARA. RINGO are usually caught on SIGALA dropline in the lagoon, during the Omia makasi sigala. four days up to and including the full See MAKASI SIGALA. moon, by people who know where it Sinu, borabora lavata can be found. Sometimes they can Sinu has ‘big meat’ be shot by divers at the barrier reef. SINA Meka ihana gete, hara pa puku ta ihana orava na ringo. Ko pa SOGHASOGHARA RIRIRINGI sangava na pa tegotego pa lupa. Mihu ngana mana kani gete. Makasi kani kiki via mana gete ukala Kolokolo tania ieni pa soaini pa Fish, fam. Lethrinidae: small Lethrinus nia poghoso, makasina resiresi. paleke Noveba oro Diseba, ta vae olivaceus, Long-nosed emperor. Fish, fam. Scombridae: Katsuwonus pana ipu pa katiga sangava pa Larger ones are MIHU. pelamis, Skipjack tuna; of medium chaba vekovekoi, mani vinetungu size, larger than POGHOSO but before gete oro voea ieni leana puna they reach RESIRESI size. ngachu livona.

51 3 – Ria tingitonga pu ponu pa idere oro pa kavo: ria ihana oro katiga tingitonga pule

SOKATA hence the name (susuri = ‘bones’). It coloured body. It sometimes forms Katiga ihana kiki pa kavo na is poor eating if boiled in salt water small schools called melamela and piongo, pula gete modoe kiladi. only, but if it is cooked with coconut feeds on plant scum and other things Soku pa kopi pa kavo pa Kale cream in a stone oven, the meat floating at the surface. The heads of Vangunu. Kani ta ngo puna kiki. becomes soft and nice to eat. the fish break the surface as they feed Freshwater fishes, fam. in this way. This fish is possibly Melanotaeniidae: Rainbowfishes, Acanthurus mata, Elongate specifically small ones. When they surgeonfish, a large dark brown grow bigger they are called MODOE. TA BERABERA surgeonfish (up to 50 cm) that forms They are most common in turbid Huana teri mana oha na buma via schools and feeds on zooplankton. pools in the slow-flowing rivers on tinina, ko gone pa rarusu idere pa the Vangunu coast. They are too ruruavani. small to be eaten. Fish, fam. Acanthuridae: Acanthurus lineatus, Striped surgeonfish. This colourful fish has bright yellow and blue longitudinal stripes. It lives on SOSOE ocean-facing reefs, often in places Meka ihana pu kani gete, ko pa with wave action and even surf. petupetuani na pa rarusu tutupeka. Labe oro heva tinina, ko pa vinarihagonoi. Kani ta ngo pa Ulusaghe. TA GOLAGOLA Fish, fam. Monodactylidae: Huana volaka na chocho mana Monodactylus argenteus, ginete tania padana karua hike TANGIRI Diamondfish. This is a rather small pidoko. Ko katiga vinahilahila Ihana gete oro changa via, ko pa fish of estuaries, mangroves and chinokodi pa kalena tinina. Ko pa kogu na pa rarusu pa lupa. Chapa mainland shores, and has a flat silvery kulikuliani mani ngo patu kuli. Kani pa kikitaomina oro kikikalana, kani body. It often swims in schools. It is sana pata ta gola korena, boru pa kalapeleke. Ta vae pa chaba not eaten in Marovo. ngina pocho tiana pata vavura karumae. Nginongo leana mana tingitonga pa kuruna mani ta kina kani ihana hokara huana mara pa raro. Nginongo leana. gete. Mani kadi hiva ngo ia ria Fish, fam. Hemiramphidae: tinoni juapa rane puna kani kapu SULIRI Hemiramphus far, Barred garfish. A tinina. Meka ihana huana chichiru mana medium-sized garfish (up to 35 cm) Fish, fam. Scombridae: kikina. with dark markings on the sides. It Scomberomorus commerson, Spanish Fish, possibly fam. Kyphosidae: a lives in seagrass areas and likes to eat mackerel. A large fast-swimming rather small fish similar to the larger the seeds of KULI grass. This fish is surface fish of the lagoon and ocean- CHICHIRU (Kyphosus sp.), drummers or very easy to skin and can be cooked facing reefs. It forms milling surface rudderfish. without being gutted: you just have aggregations in the first and last to skin it and squeeze out the lunar quarters, but not in the interval stomach contents before boiling it. between them. Caught by trolling, it The name refers to this process (ta is regarded as good food, but it is not SUSURI gola = ‘skinned’). classified as one of the truly Ihana pa rarusu na petupetuani, esteemed IHANA HOKARA like the big kani gete. Soku via susuri pa tinina trevallies. Many Seventh-day ihana pia. Pula raro popa, ngina Adventists do not eat this fish since it kani leana puna soku via susurina, TAGOTAGO does not seem to have scales on the mana pula kina pa poholo motu, Meka tarasi gete via mani chinoko body. Two varieties are classified ngina roche na leana via borana. tinina. Pa katiga kolokolo ni according to habitat (see TANGIRI LAO Fish, fam. Dorosomidae: Nematolosa varihagonoi melamela pa korekore and TANGIRI MATI). come, Bony bream. This small to idere pata ngongo. medium-sized fish of estuaries and Fish, fam. Acanthuridae: Acanthurus mainland coasts has many bones, sp., a large surgeonfish with a darkly

52 3 – Fish and other swimming creatures of sea and river

TANGIRI LAO TAPE HIDIMI TAPE VARI Tangiri gete pa kolo, chichinoko Meka tape gete pu hele via Meka tape chinoko mani gete tinina. chikuna, ta lokoloko chacharavana. chikuna, gura ta vae korena pata Fish, fam. Scombridae: Fish, fam. Dasyatidae: a large long- valumocho valu, tiva malivi, oro Scomberomorus commerson, Spanish tailed stingray with mottled pattern, katiga pule. mackerel. A large, rather uncommon probably Himantura uarnak, Fish, fam. Dasyatidae: Pastinachus open-sea variety with dark colour and Honeycomb stingray. sephen, Cowtail stingray; a darkly broad vertical bands. This name coloured stingray with a thick tail and possibly applies equally to the pelagic very coarse skin. The skin is used as Wahoo, Acanthocybium solandri, sandpaper to polish paddles, axe which is very uncommon in Marovo TAPE KURUKURU handles and other things made of but which has been recognized from Meka tape gete via pu ponu huhua wood. pictures. meka kurukuru pu charava. Ko pa lupa pa tabikale, katiga pa poana. Hele via chikuna, oro soku via vinahilahila hevadi ko tania. TARASI TANGIRI MATI Fish, fam. Myliobatidae: Aetobatus Ihana udumu, huana valiri oro teri Tangiri pa kogu na rarusu lupa. narinari, Sportted eagle ray, a large mana getena. Ria tarasi oro patu Soku pa Marovo. ray with white spots and a very long, iedi meka tonu ngana, mana ko Fish, fam. Scombridae: thin tail. Lives along the outer reef tata gone pa idaka ria patu. Tarasi Scomberomorus commerson, Spanish drop-off and sometimes in the tungana ria mananuhu oro tago mackerel. The most common TANGIRI shallow outer lagoons. When it tago. Kolokolo udumu tadiria pa ka type (of lagoons and outer reefs) swims, it is said to look similar to a made rane pa soaini, oro talavuni with light silvery colour and narrow pigeon (KURUKURU) flying. pa karua rane ukala juapakalana vertical bands. paleke mana kani kaduvu pa kalapaleke. Pa kolokolo pira, ngina keli mani mae tata pa tinoni tope ria tarasi. TAPE Fishes, fam. Acanthuridae: Acanthurus Kilana gete tadiria tape. Tape spp., generic term for several species tungana ria varipopolo oro of large surgeonfish that form tightly baturua. Varichopuru pa chikudi packed slow-moving schools that katigae, mani gura vari va tasiti ta resemble a single object. These tinoni. Kadi ta ngo pa Marovo. schools are called udumu. TARASI Fishes, order Rajiformes: generic term form udumu especially in the four for all stingrays and other rays, days around the full moon, and in including the large manta rays. Most the last five days of the lunar month. have venomous tail barbs. None are TAPE TUTULI It is also during these times that they eaten in Marovo. Meka tape kani gete, soku via move up from deeper reefs and often vinahilahila buma ko tania. Eko pa approach divers with spearguns. See keoro pa toba. Pula kiki ieni leana also MANANUHU, TAGOTAGO, TERI and pa mujiki kiso. Mana kilana meka PATU. TAPE BILANGA tape gete pu meka tonu tungana. Meka tape getegete, hina huana Fish, fam. Dasyatidae: Dasyatis kuhlii, bilanga. Oha ba bupara tinina. Blue-spotted stingray. It lives in sandy Fish, fam. Dasyatidae: a rather large areas around the barrier reef, and TARASI EMEMA stingray of yellow to brown colour. It small ones are good bait for sharks. Meka tarasi getegetena, buma has a urine-like smell even when This name also applies to the similarly tinina mani heva chubi chikuna. alive. blue-spotted but much larger Fish, fam. Acanthuridae: Acanthurus stingray Taeniura lymna. blochii, Roingtail surgeonfish, a medium to large-sized blue-green surgeonfish with a white ring at the tail base.

53 3 – Ria tingitonga pu ponu pa idere oro pa kavo: ria ihana oro katiga tingitonga pule

TATADU TEKOTEKOPO TIA MADARA Meka ihana huhua meka mara Inabuku pa kolo huhua chacha Meka ihana baini, huhua bubuma mana soku tatadu pa kale tinina. makoto, nginongo tania makasi ginete oro kino tania. Buma na Ko soku hara pa ka lima rane pa gete. orava tinina mani oha na orava kikitaomina paleke. Ta vae pa Fishes, unidentified: small pelagic kalena chalivina. chaba karumae ngana. baitfishes eaten by large skipjack Fishes, fam. Scaridae: a medium-sized Fish, fam. Carangidae: Megalaspis tuna. They look like tiny triggerfish. parrotfish, similar to BUBUMA in habits cordyla, Finny scad. Much of its sides and size (ca. 25 cm), but with red are covered with large scutes. It is and green colours on the body and a abundant for around five days yellow and red pattern on the head beginning the day of the new moon, and throat. Identified by Marovo and is taken only by trolling. experts as terminal phases of Scarus bleekeri, Bleeker’s parrotfish, and Scarus rivulatus, Surf parrotfish. The name refers to the colour (tia = TATALINGI ‘belly’; ‘madara = ‘bright, shiny’). Sinu mana kikina. Fish, fam. Scombridae: small Thunnus albacares, Yellowfin tuna. They grow Aquarium photo to become SINU. TERI Katiga ihana huana tarasi mana kadi gete via, ko gone pa lupa, pa TATARA ruava. Buma via tinadi katigae. Ihana pa idaka, kani gete via. Oha Fishes, fam. Acanthuridae: generic na buma tinina mani oha chikuna term for several species of medium- oro tiherena. Soku via iedi ko pa sized, often brightly coloured dia idaka iedi ta kilae nia idaka surgeonfish that stay in currents and tatara. Kolokolo tania pa ka juapa surf on ocean-facing reefs. Among rane talavuni pa juapakalana those classified as TERI by Marovo TILO paleke. fishermen are Acanthurus guttatus, Meka ihana gete, vasi huhua sinu Fishes, fam. Lutjanidae: Lutjanus White-spotted surgeonfish, and the mana kani sinu, ko pa sangava oro kasmira, Bluestripe seaperch, and striking blue Paracanthurus hepatus, tata pa tabikale, pa lao. Ko talena Lutjanus quinquelineatus, Five-lined Palette surgeonfish. ba meka karua ngana. Ta vae pa seaperch. Small Lutjanids with bright chaba kurakura. Kolokolo tania pa yellow and blue stripes and yellow ka made rane talavuni pa fins. Large aggregations of TATARA are taomipaleke. found around certain coral boulders, TETEGHO Fish, fam. Scombridae: Dogtooth particularly during the seven days of Meka ihana pu gura varihagonoi tuna, Gymnosarda unicolor. It stays the moon’s last quarter. pa sangava pa toba, pa ka hike around barrier reef passages (and rane pa kolokolo juapataomina pa also on the lagoon side) and off the katiga paleke. Mana takliae pa outer reefs, usually in rather deep jinama Hoava. water, never in groups. Usually TATARA LAO Fish, fam. Siganidae: Siganus sp., a caught on deep-water handlining Meka tatara pa lao, orava mani fish that forms aggregations near the with detachable stone sinkers. TILO huhua heheuku kiki. sides of barrier reef passages for three are easiest to catch during the first Fish, fam. Lutjanidae: a small, days around the first lunar quarter in four days of the new moon. orange-coloured Lutjanid of deep certain months. The name is from the waters, rather similar in appearance Hoava language. to the small Lutjanus adetii (HEHEUKU); probably Lutjanus vitta, Brownstripe seaperch.

54 3 – Fish and other swimming creatures of sea and river

TINGINI Ko pa lupa, ene pa vinarihagonoi TOPA LEDE Inabuku kikidi via, labe mani heva hebala. Kolokolo hebala topa ieni Topa mana kani gete uka, padana tinidi, nginongo tania makasi kiki. pa ka hike rane talavuni pa hike pidoko kukuruna ginete tania. Hara chacha tulangini, mana pa taomipaleke, pa ka hike rane Buma hua topa tinina. Gura ko pa kolokolo tania gura nuguru la pa talavuni pa juapataomina, oro pa ka vinarihagonoi hebala pa lupa. kavo, hua ria pa Vangunu. Mana hike rane talavuni pa juapakalana. Fish, fam. Scaridae: Bolbometopon gura ko pa kalelupa madi nuguru Ta vae pa hinonahona. Nginongo muricatus, Bumphead parrotfish, pa sangava pata hore pa kavo pa leana puna deana via. medium-sized subadults up to ca. 50 tutupeka, hua katiga maroke pa Fish, fam. Scaridae: Bolbometopon cm. At this size they live near ocean- kogu. muricatus, the bumphead parrotfish. facing reefs and have started to move Fish, unidentified: a type of tiny The name covers all growth stages in hebala groups. See KITAKITA. pelagic baitfish preyed upon by small but applies specifically to adult fish Skipjack tuna. They have a flat, (at least 60-70 cm). TOPA live at elongate shape and glassy colour. It is ocean-facing reefs and around barrier thought by some that they are reef passages, and move in groups TOPA LEDENGE actually very small eels. In South called hebala topa (hebala = ‘war Topa mana kani gete, padana Vangunu, it is said that TINGINI enter party of headhunters’), particularly made pidoko ginete taniae, ukala the rivers in large numbers at certain during the three days beginning with nia lede. Ko pa lupa mani ko gone times. Some old people of the lagoon the new moon, the first three days of pa vinarihagonoi hebala. also say that TINGINI sometimes arrive the first lunar quarter, and the first Fish, fam. Scaridae: Bolbometopon at the outer edge of the barrier reef three days of the last lunar quarter. muricatus, Bumphead parrotfish, and wait there to grow before This big fish is very good food; it is medium-sized subadults somewhat moving into the lagoon and fat with ‘big meat’. Different growth bigger than TOPA LEDE, up to ca. 60 mainland rivers. stages have different names, from cm. At this size they are on their way smallest to largest: KITAKITA, TOPA LEDE, to becoming ‘real’ TOPA. They live TOPA LEDENGE, TOPA, TOPA KAKARA . near ocean-facing reefs and move in hebala groups. See KITAKITA. TODO LILIU Ihana kiki mani hele tinina, ko pa binu mani ko liliu pa vinarihagonoi. Fish, fam. Centriscidae: Aeoliscus strigatus, Razorfish. A small fish that swims in small groups among coral, always with the head pointing down.

TOPA KAKARA Topa pu gete via, kaduvu meka TOSI kalelimana ginete te katigae. Buma Katiga ihana kikidi pa binubinuani tinina, ororava chalivina. Topa na idaka pa rarusu, soku via di ko kakara ieni ko karua hike ngana, gone pa vinarihagonoi pa rarusu varicheni pa korapa hebala topa. na pa ruava. Fish, fam. Scaridae: Bolbometopon Fishes, fam. Pomacentridae: Hebala topa pa tabikale Topa in hebala group at drop-off muricatus, Bumphead parrotfish, very Abudefduf spp., banded large adult fish (some more than 1 m sergeantfishes. These small fish live in TOPA in length). They are blue-grey with groups all around coral reefs and Ihana gete via, huhua vele mana some red colour on the head. They seashores, often in places with surf. gete tinina oro gete via chalivina. may occur a few at a time in the Pula kiki ieni kitakita ba lede ba midst of normal hebala topa groups. ledenge ngana. Buma tou tinina.

55 3 – Ria tingitonga pu ponu pa idere oro pa kavo: ria ihana oro katiga tingitonga pule

TOSI BARABARATA ria kilakila pu ko kauruna pia, pu UBUBO Meka tosi pu varihagonoi liloro kilakilae Mapeli Jino pa Zaira Meka ihana pa kavo pa Vangunu, mana kani noso. (tulanini ieni tulangini pa jinama huhua bobore. Kani gete via mana Fish, fam. Pomacentridae: Abudefduf Vangunu). nginongo leana, ta vae pa chaba sp., a sergeantfish with prominent Fishes, fam. Anguillidae: Eels, Anguilla honahona pa kavo. black and white bands. It is often spp. The most common species, Freshwater fish, not identified: seen in frantically milling groups Anguilla marmorata, may reach a Vangunu name for a fish that is which never rest (barabarata = length of 2 m, and is commonly seen similar to BOBORE. Although rather ‘adulterous’). in the rivers of Gatokae, Vangunu small, it is good food, and it is caught and New Georgia. Like some other with small spearguns in the rivers of freshwater fishes, TULANGINI are fat, Vangunu. but the fat of these eels is very TOTOPILO special. Eels are not eaten by Meka kilana tadiria hokihokiti ihana Seventh-day Adventists, but the kikidi pa idaka. Soku ko pa dia govara. United Church people of Vangunu ULULO Mana meka totopilo ieni gura ene and New Georgia and the Christian Ihana pa keoro, humihumi ngana mani rerese pa mati, pa rarusu na Fellowship Church people of mana kiki. Nginongo tania ria jemi pa petupetuani. Totopilo pia ieni northern New Georgia often fish for tingitonga pu ko pa keoro. Huana ko pa nana govara hese. Kolokolo eels in rivers and freshwater swamps. humi pa hujuna, pa paparana. Pa hore mati, ieni chupachupaka liloro They use several techniques involving katiga kolokolo gura ko soku via pa jemi na pa keoro. baited hooks, torches, and large ululo pa dia vinarihagonoi, ko noso Fishes, fam. Gobiidae and fam. hooks on sticks with which eels are na icho ngana pa idere, huana Blenniidae: a generic term for any pulled out of their holes along the tinoni pu varihagonoi pata ululo. type of Goby or Blenny, small and riverbanks. There are many named Fishes, fam. Mullidae: Parupeneus spp. sometimes colourful bottom-dwelling varieties and growth stages of and Mulloides spp., a term for small fishes. Many live in holes among TULANGINI. The following three-level goatfish (HUMIHUMI), bottom-feeding coral rubble. The name also applies classification is that of the Vanunu fish with a pair of barbels on the chin. to Mudskippers, Periophthalmus spp., language spoken on the Vangunu ULULO sometimes occur in large gobies that spend much of their time weather coast where they are very stationary aggregations, hanging in out of the water, live in holes on mud interested in eels, and was given by the water without moving, flats, and are abundant on mangrove elder Mapeli Jino of Zaira village reminiscent of people who come mud flats and along sandy shores (Marovo tulangini = Vanunu tulanini): together to weep at someone’s death; where they jump around at low tide, 1) According to size, smallest to the name for this custom is ululo. sometimes even climbing mangrove largest: tulanini kekeojo, tulanini roots. jinuke, tulanini poso kale, tulanini bora tinoni, tulanini va. 2) Colour varieties: tulanini orava, UTUTONGO tulanini ame, tulanini mata ibu, Huana noki mana hara ihana TULANGINI tulanini mara nusa, tulanini ngana, hele via. Nuguru gone pa Ria tulangini iedi ko pa kavo oro pa vovova. keoro pa kogu na toba. Mana ko kopi pa jemijemiani. Gete katigae, 3) According to size and shape of the tungana pa kolo, hua katiga tinoni, hinele tadiria padana meka ngava head: tulanini batu lotu, tulanini gura usu gachoa ia korena makasi, choda. Deana uka borana, kuti atana, tulanini mata ili. oro hua tunga ta tinoni irongo pu nginongo leana via. Kani ta ngo chura pa kolo puna tavea mola. tulangini tadiria tinoni juapa rane, Hua vivinei ta katiga tinoni. mana ta vae gone tadiria pa Fish, probably fam. Moringuidae; Metodisi oro CFC. Ta vae pa katiga TUNGASA Moringua sp., Slender worm-eel. These hokihokiti chinaba tulangini pa Kilana tulangini pa jinama tadiria long, thin eels usually live buried in vinetungu oro pa juke pana ipu tinoni pa goana pa Bareke, ia the sand in shallow coastal waters. mani ta seke vae, oro ta rita vae pa sinana Bareke. However, it is said by some people nana govara pa kalekavo oro pa Fishes, fam. Anguillidae: freshwater that they can also swim in the open idaka. Soku via hokihokiti kilana eel, Anguilla spp., an old name in the ocean where they bite holes in the tadiria tulangini pa Vangunu. Omia Bareke bush language. skin of tuna and shipwrecked people.

56 3 – Fish and other swimming creatures of sea and river

VALA VARIPOPOLO Meka ihana gete huana dovaro pa Meka tape lavata, gete chalivina. lao, mana gura ko pa mati Hara meka kilana baturua ngana. tungana, pa sangava na pa lupa. Ta Gura varipopolo mola pa kolo, hua vae pa hinonahona pula ko pa katiga vivinei pa tuari. mati, nginongo leana. Fish, fam. Myliobatodae: Manta Fish, fam. Lutjanidae: Aprion virescens, birostris, an alternate name for the Green Jobfish. It is regarded as similar Giant manta. See also BATURUA. The to the deep-water DOVARO but is name means ‘to encompass by Aquarium photo often found on shallow reefs at the embracing’ and refers to the barrier, where it can be shot. It is traditional belief that these enormous VARISULU good food. rays may turn belly up and fold their Huana valiri mana gete tiherena, wings over small canoes at sea, chichinoko pula gete, oha via pula thereby capturing sea travellers. kiki. Mani ta sulu nia hujuna tinoni pula ngo ia. Fishes, fam. Acanthuridae: Zebrasoma veliferum, Sailfin tang, Zebrasoma VARI USU scopas, Brushtail tang, and the small, Meka ihana gete huhua ringo bright yellow Zebrasoma flavescens, mana ko gone pa petupetuani oro Yellow tang. These small kavo na pa rarusu tutupeka. Pula surgeonfishes are said to make your gete ieni livo chogi kilana, mani mouth burn and itch if you eat them, pula gete uka hara havihavi meka hence the name (varisulu = ‘to cause kilana. Na noki meka nginongo to be burnt’). tania, boru kani ta ngo, hua katiga VALIRI tinoni. Huana tarasi mana kikina, chinoko Fish, fam. Lutjanidae: small to tinina, hevaheva pa chubi chikuna medium-sized Lutjanus VEATA katigae. Soku via pa toba, argentimaculatus, Mangrove jack. Omoa pajara veata. varihagonoi mani ene pa udumu They live in mangroves, in rivers and See PAJARA VEATA. pa katiga kolokolo. at mainland shores near estuaries. Fishes, fam. Acanthuridae: Acanthurus When the grow bigger, they are LIVO spp., a generic term for several small CHOGI, and very large ones are called to medium-sized, darkly coloured HAVIHAVI in Marovo. Some people say VECHE surgeonfishes, including Acanthurus that this fish eats snakes and that this Ihana pa petupetuani, kani gete nigroris, Bluelined surgeonfish, and makes it unfit for food. mani labe tinina, varichopuru Acanthurus thompsoni, Thompson’s tiherena. Ko gone pa rarusu pa surgeonfish. They are all smaller than palavanua, nginongo tania ieni TARASI. Some have one or more white tongania tingitonga huana ia avave vertical bands at the tail base. They ta tinoni, boru kani ta ngo. are abundant at the barrier reef and Fish, fam. Scatophagidae: sometimes move in udumu groups Scatophagus argus, Spotted scat (see IHANA UDUMU). (sometimes called “harbour masta” in Pijin). Small to medium-sized fish with flat silvery body, black spots and dark spiny fins. They live in mangrove VALIRI LUPA estuaries and at village shores and Valiri pa lupa, ko pa ruava. Chinoko even in ports, and eat rubbish and tinina oro heva hujuna. human waste, so they are not Fish, fam. Acanthuridae: Acanthurus regarded as fit for food. sp., a surgeonfish of VALIRI type that lives off ocean-facing outer reefs. It has a black body and a white mouth.

57 3 – Ria tingitonga pu ponu pa idere oro pa kavo: ria ihana oro katiga tingitonga pule

Kilana ieni pa jinama Kusaghe na VOLAKA Hoava. Nginongo. Katiga ihana huana ta golagola Fish, unidentified: a specific type of mana kikidi, oro kare ka very small fish fry that aggregates in vinahilahila chinoko pa tinidi. Pula huge numbers at certain times, in kiki iedi chocho. estuaries or at protected ocean Fishes, fam. Hemiramphidae: shores, especially in the Kusaghe Hemiramphus spp., small to medium- area. The name is in the Kusaghe and sized Garfishes. They are similar to TA Hoava language. In Kusaghe, they GOLAGOLA but somewhat smaller and Ta bao vele pa toba Matiu ie Kera pa Sobiro (1987) Spearing vele at the outer reef drop-off collect and eat this small fry. without black markings on the sides. Small ones are CHOCHO. VELE Meka ihana gete tata hua topa, buma via tinina mani gete chalivina VIROGI huhua topa. Ko pa lupa mani la Huhua pusui mana gete via oro VONU ngo gone pa chagiri. Nginongo kani hele hujuna. Gete via oro Kilakila gete ta tongania vonu pu tania ieni lumulumutui pa idaka chinoko tinina, heva pa chalivina. ponu pa idere. Omia ria pu takilae voa. Ko tungana pa tusu pa kogu Mana ria livona iedi gete via. Kani vonu ihana, vonu pede, vonu vonu, katigae. Kani ko pa vinarihagonoi, ta omi va soku, mana vura pa kolo kakapodoko oro kariatolu. mana ta omi karua hike ngana. katigae. Reptiles, fam. Cheloniidae and fam. Mucha pa idaka pa ta okata na Marine mammal, order Cetacea, fam. Dermochelyidae: generic term for all poana oro katiga kolokolo pa Delphinidae: like a dolphin but very turtles, including the leatherback binubinuani, mani meluku chabo big, and not actually a PUSUI. It has a turtle (KARIATOLU) and the rare tou tinina. Hureme gone ia pa blunt nose, the body is big and black, loggerhead turtle (KAKAPODOKO). In kolokolo mucha, boru gura avoso and the head has patterns of grey or Marovo, turtles are classed with other ia ria tinoni pu tope ipu. white. The teeth are very big. In swimming animals of the sea, Fish, fam. Scaridae: Chlororus Marovo it is seen only rarely, far out including all fish (IHANA) as well as the microrhinos, Steep-headed parrotfish, in the ocean. This name probably dugong (RUMU) and sometimes the a large parrotfish of the outer reefs. applies to the False killer whale, crocodile (VUA). However, some may be found Pseudorca crassidens, and/or to the around some lagoon islands and in Killer whale, Orcinus orca. reef passages. VELE have big head similar to that of TOPA, with a steeply VONU IHANA sloping forehead. The body is bright Vonu vonu ngana mana kani gete, green with colourful patterns and VIRUVIRU ko gone pa kogu pa kulikuliani. Ta stripes. They live mostly on ocean- Meka ihana gete pa kolo, hele via vae pa vagara oro babao, oro pa facing reefs where they feed on hujuna huana chameholo mana morumoru tadiria pa tuari. algae. They never occur in groups gete via tiherena huha meka tepe. Reptile, fam. Cheloniidae: Chelonia larger than a few fish. At night they Ginete tania padana meka ngava mydas, Green turtle, small to sleep in their own ‘spiderweb’ choda. Buma pa kakadona mani pa medium-sized (subadult) animals. cocoon among stones in outer reef tiherena. Ria tinoni pu chaba They are often encountered in the trenches and in the small outer makasi pa kolo gura ta omia ia lagoon on seagrass beds, and are lagoons (sometimes also in branch viruviru. Pula ta chabai, makasina captured with nets and spears. In the coral), and they make a snoring legu mani kuguru, hua ria. old days, a special turtle-netting sound which divers sometimes hear. Fish, fam. Istiophoridae: Istiophorus technique called morumoru was platypterus, Indo-Pacific sailfish. A fish used. Adult animals are VONU VONU. of the open sea, with a long bill and a huge blue sail-like dorsal fin. They VIGHUSU are occasionally seen in the open sea Chacha ihana, kiki via, pu ko pa by people fishing for tuna. If they are nana vinarihagonoi gete pa caught, fishermen say they die kolokolo tania, pa votu oro pa quickly and sink. rarusu idere, lea pa Kusaghe.

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VONU VONU soloso, hua pa lobi kavo pa uluna Vonu ihana ngana mana gete. Kare Piongo Lavata, pa goana piru. ka pede pa kakadona. Ko gone pa Omia kapakale pa Pinajaka 8. kolo oro pa lupa oro pa kogu Reptile, fam. Crocodylidae: katigae, mani pa kolokolo tania ieni Crocodylus porosus, Estuarine (or keli pa rarusu keoro pa lupa oro pa saltwater) crocodile. They kill and eat katiga tusu pata kovukovuru. Lea people, and live in rivers, mangroves pa tusuani pa Hele kovukovuruani and lagoon areas. Today there are tania. Ta ngo pa tadiria tinoni pu not many of these huge and very Vonu pede pa bara vonu pa palavanua Hawksbill turtle in stone enclosure at village shore gura mucha vonu pa Hele, mana ta dangerous animals left in Marovo hona pa babao katigae. since so many have been hunted for VONU PEDE Reptile, fam. Cheloniidae: Chelonia their skins. In some parts of the Vonu pu koe pede pa kakadona, mydas, Green turtle, mature adults. Marovo area, there are still some in patuara via ia pedena ia mani These turtles come ashore at certain certain large rivers and extensive vataholu pa tadiria pa Honiara pula times of the year to lay their eggs on mangrove areas, and in saltwater kani te hado pa kalena pa gavuna the white sandy beaches of outer lakes on lagoon and barrier islands. hinoluna pede. Ia vonu pede ieni islands (especially at Hele, but also in Since 1989 the hunting of crocodiles ko oro ngongo gone pa saghauru. the barrier islands of Marovo Lagoon) has been banned in the Solomon Pa kolokolo tania ieni keli la pa and remote ocean coasts. Like the Islands, and crocodiles are now on rarusu keoro pa lupa oro pa katiga Hawksbill turtle, they are taken by the rise again in many rivers and in tusu, pata kovukovuru. Lea pa the people who know where and lagoon areas. Crocodiles are tusuani pa Hele kovukovuruani when to find them. Some are taken occasionally seen when they swim tania. Ta ngo pa tadiria tinoni pu with hand spears while swimming. across the lagoon and when they gura mucha vonu pa Hele, mana ta float at the surface towards evening. hona pa lupa katigae. The crocodile is tabu in custom, and Reptile, fam. Cheloniidae: hence must not be called “crocodile” Eretmochelys imbricata, Hawksbill VUA but “old man” (maroke). In addition turtle. The hard shell has been a Vua ieni tingitonga chiena oro gete to the estuarine or saltwater valuable “marine product” sold to via pa kavo, pa petupetuani oro pa crocodile, a different crocodile found marine product dealers in Honiara kogu pu gura ngo mani vari valegu only in fresh water is reported in (however, this trade has been tinoni. Kani soku pa Marovo pa hua inland locations on New Georgia; it is restricted by the government). This puna ta hona va soku pata called KAPAKALE or VUA VARANE. turtle lives and feeds on reefs, and vataholu korena pa soku via sometimes goes ashore to lay its eggs buruburu. Mana ko katigae pa on the white sand beaches of outer vasidi huhua pa kavo gete, hua pa islands (especially at Hele) and Choe, pa Koreke oro pa Piongo VUDERE remote ocean coasts. It is taken as Lavata, oro pa kopi pa tusu oro Huana heheuku mana kikina, oha na prized food by the people who know toba, huhua kopi pa tusu pa orava tinina, orava tiherena. Ko pa how to predict its arrival at nesting Moluana tata pa Seghe, oro pa nana idaka pu ta kilae idaka vudere. beaches and who wait for it to come Kopi Vua pa toba pa Gatokae. Kolokolo tania pa ka juapa rane ashore. Some are taken with hand Mana talavuni pa buruburu 1989 talavuni pa juapakalana paleke. spears or shot with spearguns when ieni hope pa kalena pa ginavuna Fish, fam. Lutjanidae: Lutjanus fulvus, feeding at reefs. pata hona nia, heni ko va soku pa Yellow-margined seaperch, a small to hua pia pa katiga kavo pa Marovo medium-sized red to yellow Lutjanid oro pa katiga vasidi pa kogu. Ta with red fins. Abundant around omi pa katiga kolokolo pula ponu certain known stones (idaka vudere), pa kogu oro irongo pa korekore especially in the moon’s last quarter. idere pa veluvelu. Vua ieni tingitonga hope pa kasitomu, heni kani ta kilae vua mana maroke ngana. Mana meka vua pa kavo ngana ieni vua kapakale, oro vua varane. Ko pa kavo pa korapa

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VULU Meka ihana huana povu mana kikina, ko gone pa kopi pa petupetuani pa toba, oro pa malakeoro pa kalekogu. Fishes, fam. Albulidae: Albula neoguinaica and Albula glossodonta, Bonefish. These are quite large, Aquarium photo silvery fast-swimming fishes regarded Vuhe mamaele as similar to the milkfish but smaller. They live in mangrove pools and on VUHE shallow sandy reef flats on the Ihana pa binubinuani, huana kepe lagoon-side of the barrier islands. mani gete katigae. Fishes, fam. Pomacanthidae: a generic term for all angelfishes, particularly the larger types, such as VUVUA Pomacanthus spp. They are Meka kilana kokonini pa jinama considered to appear often in pairs of Roviana na Marovo. Mana kilana a male and a female; a typical pair of dope ieni kokonini, meka kilana pa this sort is a ‘male’ Pomacanthus Kalivarana. sexstriatus (VUHE MACHUMACHU) and Fishes, fam. Syngnathidae: a ‘female’ Pomacanthus imperator Hippocampus spp., seahorses. This is (VUHE MAMAELE). a Roviana name derived from VUA (‘crocodile’) sometimes used in Marovo. However, KOKONINI (an old name from Kalivarana) is preferred in VUHE MACHUMACHU Marovo. Vuhe gete, ta lokoloko chichinoko tinina. Fishes, fam. Pomacanthidae: Pomacanthus spp., large angelfishes with dark vertical bands and dark fins (machumachu = ‘male’).

VUHE MAMAELE Huana vuhe machumachu mana kiki oro oha tinina, mana ria vuhe machumachu oro vuhe mamaele di vari ko talae. Fishes, fam. Pomacanthidae: Pomacanthus spp., a medium-sized angelfish similar to (and often seen in pairs with) VUHE MACHUMACHU, but smaller and with brighter colours and diagonal yellow stripes (mamaele = ‘female’).

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2 CHABA IHANA TINAVETE ARILAENA VIA PA MAROVO

FISHING A CENTRAL PART OF EVERYDAY LIFE IN MAROVO

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1 Vagara pa Toba Karikana ria pa Chea. 5 A net-fishing team at Karikana Island. 2 Chaba kuarao ria pa Chea: va legua ihana. Kuarao-fishing: the catch collected by net and landed in canoe. 3 Chaba kuarao: ihana pa korapa arara. Fishing with a kuarao scare-line: fish trapped in the circle. 4 Tope ihana pa tabikale ie Ilo pa Sasaghana. Diving with a speargun at the barrier reef drop-off. 5 Ihana ta hona pa saghauru. A catch from spearfishing on the reef. 6 Chupulu ihana ria koburu, ihana ta vae pa karumae rarusu. Children cleaning a catch caught by trolling at the barrier reef.

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PINAJAKA VINA MADE RIA TINGITONGA PU MEA, DOKU ORO NAPATA PA SAGHAURU, PA RARUSU ORO PA PETUPETUANI HUANA BUKI, CHUKO, OSE, SUVI, ORO NA PUHAKA

CHAPTER FOUR SHELLS, SEA CUCUMBERS AND SIMILAR THINGS 4 4 – Ria tingitonga pu mea, doku oro napata pa saghauru, pa rarusu oro pa petupetuani

ABABE BIKOHO over the reef by the opening and Tingitonga huana divedive mana Mea oro ene pa saghauru. Ta vae shutting of valves. Moderately kikina, labelabe korekorena. Ko pa korena pata vataholu la pa tadiria common on rocky reefs and sand. petupetuani mani varihagonoi pa pu holuna ia. Hara ngina kokuchu johoro petu. pa katiga vasidi, mana hara hado Mollusc (bivalve), fam. pa kalena katiga butubutu. Ta Isognomonidae: a small, flat oyster tavetei hokata pa tuari. BUKI common in the mangroves, grows in Mollusc (gastropod), fam. Trochidae: Soku via hokihokiti buki ni mea oro clusters on the stilt roots of trees. Trochus Shell, Trochus niloticus. Since ene pa saghauru, idaka na keoro. Similar to but smaller than DIVEDIVE. the 19th century, the most important Ta vae buki gete pata va ene commercial shell, collected on inavoso. shallow outer areas of barrier reef Molluscs (gastropods), fam. Cymatiidae: and sold to traders. Scarce in some 1) Generic term for all triton-like shells. ABABE PETU areas today, and subject to harvest 2) Short name for the Giant Trumpet Meka kilana ababe pa tadiria pa prohibitions imposed by some reef Triton, Charonia tritonis (BUKI Kalikolo. holding groups. Traditionally, large MACHUMACHU). Mollusc (bivalve), fam. BIKOHO were used as material for Isognomonidae: a name for ABABE armrings (hokata). used in northern Marovo. BUKI BEBELE Buki gete pu kani soku, buki BORE mamaele meka kilana. BANGA PODU Kilana kokoro pa jinama Hoava. Mollusc (gastropod), fam. Cassidae: Kilana ia “chuko tabu” pa jinama Mollusc (bivalve), fam. Cardiidae: a secondary name for the Giant Helmet Roviana. Omia tabu ngana. name used by Hoava speakers for the Shell, Cassis cornuta (BUKI MAMAELE); Mollusc (gastropod), fam. sand cockle usually called KOKORO. applied to the shells when used as Nassariidae: the Roviana name for ceremonial trumpets. the tiny TABU shell Nassarius camelus. It has no specific Marovo name. BOREBORE Ko pa saghauru, katigae huana BUKI MACHUMACHU nakolo to pa idaka. Buki gete, ene pa saghauru, va ene BEIBEIANI TE KISO Molluscs (bivalves), fam. Pectinidae nia inavoso ria pa tuari kolokolo Tingitonga napata mani ene pa and Spondylidae: generic term varirajai, valu, na chaba. Madi ie saghauru, puku tadiria raga lima applied to scallops and some tungana ta va ene nia inavoso ria oro taberaru mana kulokuloburu Spondylus oysters that are only pa hua. oro kani ragaraga. loosely attached to stones. Those Mollusc (gastropod), fam. Echinoderm (sea star), fam. Spondylus spp. that are firmly Cymatiidae: Giant Trumpet Triton, Oreasteridae: Culcita novaeguineae, a attached to stones are more Charonia tritonis (machumachu = round “cushion star”. The name specifically called NAKOLO BOREBORE. ‘male’). Found on coral reefs (but means ‘the shark’s drinking BOREBORE are found on shallow reefs, quite rare), and traditionally used as container’. while some Spondylus spp. live in trumpets (in warfare, while canoe deeper water. paddling and fishing, etc.). Still used in villages to summon people. BELA NGAVI Meka kilana patu eruku pa tadiria BOREBORE CHARAVA pa Marovo pa tuari. Borebore pu lumocho koredi, gura BUKI MAMAELE Mollusc (bivalve), fam. Carditidae: charava pa idere pula haeri na Omia buki bebele. Ene pa saghauru Beguina semiorbiculata. BELA NGAVI is hadoa ria korekorena. keoro. an old Marovo name for this Molluscs (bivalves), fam. Pectinidae: a Mollusc (gastropod), fam. Cassidae: commercial shell usually called PATU generic term for scallops with Giant Helmet Shell, Cassis cornuta ERUKU. smooth valves, capable of swimming (mamaele = ‘female’). Found on

66 4 – Shells, sea cucumbers and similar things

sandy reefs, not generally used as Mollusc (gastropod), fam. sized, flat and light-coloured shells trumpets (but see BUKI BEBELE). Rare, Littorinidae: a very small mangrove that burrow in sand or mud (possibly not eaten. snail, Littorina scabra. Most often seen including Solecurtus sulcatus and out of water on leaves of mangrove Tellinella virgata). trees. Some are bright red to orange. CHEKA NGURE is another name. BULAU Soku via hokihokiti bulau ni mea oro ene pa idaka na binubinuani mani pa rarusu keoro. Pa tuari, ta CHEKA NGURE vae korena pata tavete hinuili, oro Omia cheka. hokata katigae. See CHEKA. Molluscs (gastropods), fam. Conidae: generic term for most cone shells, Conus spp. They live among stones and corals and along sandy beaches. CHINENE The top parts of cone shells were Ko pa korapa keoro heva, used to manufacture hinuili, small nginongo leana. CHUKO personal ornaments, while large Mollusc (bivalve), fam. Veneridae: a Kilakila getena ta tongania shells (particularly Conus leopardus) small cockle, Gafrarium cf. tumidum. hokihokiti chuko, oro ta katiga were used to make hokata armrings. It lives buried in sand, and is an tingitonga pule. Mea oro ene pa important food shell. saghauru, pa idaka oro pa binu. Molluscs (gastropods), mainly fam. Cypraeidae: CHAGUMO 1) Generic term for all cowrie shells Ko pa kavo, chinoko korena huana CHOCHOROPO (fam. Cypraediae); they have many sise mani ngachu varichopuruna. Hara meka kilana choropo. specific names, see below. Mollusc (gastropod), unidentified: a Probably a secondary name of CHOROPO. 2) Generic term for most types of black freshwater shell similar to SISE small to medium-sized gastropods, but with sharp spikes. excluding Neritidae, Turbinidae, and certain other families. See CHUKO CHOROPO BARABUNI, CHUKO BUKI, CHUKO BULAU Ko pa jemi, chinoko korena. Soku and CHUKO POISINI. CHAVI via doku pa jemi pa votu. Huana hulumu mana getena mani Nginongo mana kani ta ngo via pa ko pa korapa binu tata pa lupa. hua. Lea meka nginongo arilaena Nginongo leana via. Pa tuari ieni ta tadiria pa goana pa tuari. CHUKO BARABUNI tavetei chavi ia korena. Mollusc (gastropod), fam. Chuko heva, ko pa korapa keoro, Mollusc (bivalve), fam. Tridacnidae: Potamididae: a small to medium- huhua ure buni ia korena ia. Tridacna maxima, Large Burrowing sized mud creeper, Cerithidea Molluscs (gastropods), fam. Clam. Lives partly embedded in coral anticipata. It has a thin, black and Naticidae: generic term for several on reefs facing the ocean. finely ribbed shell and is often sand-burrowing snails with white, Moderately common and very good abundant in the mud of estuaries. smooth shells (Moon Shells, Polinices to eat. The shells are dense and Rarely eaten today, but an important spp.) Named for their similarity in heavy and were used for adze blades food for bush people in the old days. shape and size to the fruits of the (hence the name, chavi = ‘adze’). coastal BUNI tree.

CHOTE CHEKA Ko pa korapa keoro, huana CHUKO BIBIHO Huana meka chuko buki, kani ko pa kenekene mana getena. Chuko kiki, soku via ko pa idere mana ene pa roko petu. Orava Molluscs (bivalves), unidentified: a ididakaini pa toba. Heva na oha soku via. Cheka ngure meka kilana. generic name for several medium- korena.

67 4 – Ria tingitonga pu mea, doku oro napata pa saghauru, pa rarusu oro pa petupetuani

Gastropod, fam. Cypraeidae: Ringed CHUKO KURUKURU large cowries with unusually Money Cowrie, Cypraea annulus. A Ria chuko kikidi pu huhua kalu lightweight shells. One of these is the small white cowrie with a golden kurukuru kaladi. Eyed Cowrie, Cypraea argus. ring, common in stony areas of Molluscs (gastropods), fam. barrier reef flats. The name means Cypraeidae: generic term for small ‘rainbow cowrie’. cowries (Cypraea spp.) with light colours in shades of grey and green, CHUKO MEAPU like the colours of the KURUKURU Chuko pu huhua meka magomago pigeon. soloso pa korena. CHUKO BUKI Mollusc (gastropod), fam. Chuko kiki via, huhua meka buki Cypraeidae: Map Cowrie, Cypraea kiki korena. Soku via hokihokiti mappa; meapu being the Marovo chuko pia ko pa saghauru na idaka. CHUKO LABETE rendering of the English word “map” Molluscs (gastropods), e.g. fam. Chuko kiki, kani soku mana ko pa and referring to this large cowrie’s Ranellidae: generic term for a great katiga saghauru pa Marovo pia. colour patterns and their similarity to variety of very small reef and mud Cox’ Cowrie pa jinama vaka. a map. snails. The meaning of the name Mollusc (gastropod), fam. translates as ‘small, cowrie-sized Cypraeidae: Cypraea coxeni, Coxen’s gastropod, shaped like a triton shell’. Cowrie. A small cowrie with a finely mottled brown pattern surrounded CHUKO MEAVA by a cream-coloured band. Rare (a Katiga chuko kiki pu oha koredi; collector’s item), but fairly common “meava” ieni “oha” mana pa CHUKO BULAU on a few inshore reefs in certain parts jinama Roviana oro jinama Hoava. Bulau mana kiki, pa kolokolo tadiria of Marovo. Molluscs (gastropods), fam. iedi soku via pa keoro pa toba. Cypraeidae: a generic term for small Molluscs (gastropods), fam. Conidae: yellow cowries (including the money generic term for smaller cone shells, cowrie, Cypraea moneta). The name Conus spp. At certain times they CHUKO MAGORU is mostly in use among Methodist occur in large numbers in sandy Chuko gete, heva via mani villagers since meava is Roviana (and areas in the barrier islands. lumocho korena. Ta vae pa tuari Hoava) for ‘yellow’ (oha in Marovo). pata vinasari pa magoru. Kani soku pu ta omi pa Marovo, mana soku pa Lauru oro pa Bughotu. Kolokolo CHUKO CHELA ene pa saghauru ieni chinoko via. CHUKO POISINI Chuko getegete, bupara na oha Mollusc (gastropod), fam. Ovulidae: Bulau mana kani gete, ta lokoloko orena. Kani soku. Ovula ovum, White Egg Cowrie. The korena. Koe poisini mani gura Molluscs (gastropods), fam. name means ‘war canoe cowrie’ and varivatasuni ta tinoni chuko pia. Cypraeidae: ‘Faded cowrie’, generic refers to its use for prow ornaments Molluscs (gastropods), fam. Conidae: term applied to several medium to lining the high bow and stern of war ‘Poison cowrie’, a generic term for large-sized uncommon cowries canoes. It is rare in Marovo, but known several large cone shells with pointed (Cypraea spp.) with mottled, light to be abundant in Choiseul and Santa ends and net-like patterns, the so-called brown to yellow colours. Isabel. Its different living appearance Textile cones. They were only recently on the reef, covered by a black recognized as potentially dangerous, mantle, is well known in Marovo. hence the English-derived name. CHUKO KAJA Chuko gete, ta vae pata tavete kaja vagara. CHUKO MAMAROKO CHULOKO Mollusc (gastropod), fam. Chuko gete, mamaroko via korena. Huana sise mana kani ko pa idere, Cypraeidae: a large cowrie, Cypraea Kani soku. soku via ene liloro pa goana. mauretania. Traditionally used as Molluscs (gastropods), fam. Mollusc (gastropod), unidentified: a fishing net weights, thus the meaning Cypraeidae: ‘Lightweight cowrie’, a small land snail, abundant in the bush. of the name (‘net-weight cowrie’). generic term for several uncommon

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CHURICHURI DEO DEO DAVALA Huana bikoho kiki mana soku via Ko va soku pa petupetuani, oro pa Kilana dope tania deo Choe. varichopuruna pu kadi ngachu. Ene kavo meka. Lea nginongo tadiria Mollusc (bivalve), fam. Corbiculidae: pa idaka. butubutu pu ko tata pa the traditional name, not specific to Mollusc (gastropod), fam. Vasidae: petupetuani, mani ta vae gonei pa any area, for the river shell Batissa Vasum turbinellus, a small to medium- tadiria manemaneke pu atei va fortis, more commonly referred to as sized snail with many blunt spikes, leana ia kokoani oro inene tadiria DEO CHOE. common on stony reefs. deo. Ta vae korekorena pata va la pa soku via tinavete pa vanua rejo oro katiga tinavete pule, huana ta kina pa ikuchu pata tavete binu DEO KAVO DAVI pata mila. Meka kilana deo Choe. Puku ta suvi mana gete via, to pa Molluscs (bivalves), fam. Mollusc (bivalve), fam. Corbiculidae: saghauru pa kogu, pa lao. Soku via Corbiculidae: generic term for the the river shell Batissa fortis; a very to pa katiga vasidi pa kogu pu mangrove shells Polymesoda spp. general name for DEO CHOE kaduvu mae kavo. Ta vae pa tadiria (also known as Geloina spp.) and the highlighting its freshwater tinoni tope mani ta holu tadiria pa river shell Batissa fortis, and other association. Honiara, keli via hinoluna. Mana pa closely related species. All are highly buruburu 1994, te hado pa kalena abundant in specific locations. pa gavuna hinoluna davi, suvi oro Polymesoda spp. are by far the most peropero tungana. Pa tuari, ta vae important food shells in Marovo for DEO MACHUMACHU korekorena pata tavete ghaili ria. groups living close to extensive Deo pa petupetuani, ko pa korapa Nginongo borana, mana kani ta mangrove areas, and are gathered in jemi. Kadi meka tonu rikaru deo ngo pa tadiria tinoni tope puna large numbers by women, who know machumachu oro mamaele. Ia deo tinoni juapa rane. Ta tavete the seasonal migratory patterns of mamaele ieni chichinoko oro gete vinasari korena puna omi jonga via. DEO stocks. Single DEO valves are used ukala nia machumachu, mani ko Mollusc (bivalve), fam. Pteriidae: as scrapers in food preparation, for pana ulu tata pa mati pa vasina pu Pinctada maxima, Goldlip pearlshell. sharpening fishing arrows or spear tips, koe soku via dadahana hae petu. Ia Important commercially, and the and as raw material (through burning) deo machumachu ieni ko tata pa most valuable of the pearl shells for lime to chew with betel nuts. idere, pa jemi pa kopi. gathered in Marovo for sale to Mollusc (bivalve), fam. Corbiculidae: Honiara dealers until its export was the mangrove shell Polymesoda prohibited by the Solomon Islands expansa (also known as Geloina Government in 1994. Much of the DEO CHOE coaxans). One of the two Marovo stocks are regarded as inaccessible to Deo pa kavo, ko va soku pa kavo types of the nutritionally important anyone but the most deep-going Choe mani nginongo tadiria pa mangrove DEO (the other being DEO divers, who have reported that fair Nono. Huhua deo mamaele mana MAMAELE). The entire shell is smaller numbers of large DAVI continue to be chinoko via korena. and the valves longer and flatter and found in deep lagoon areas, some Mollusc (bivalve), fam. Corbiculidae: lighter in colour than DEO MAMAELE, with considerable freshwater the river shell Batissa fortis. Similar to and in Marovo it is regarded as the influence. DAVI is the preferred raw the dark ‘female’ DEO MAMAELE but male (machumachu) shell. ‘Male’ material for ghaili, traditional tuna- deep black with violet colours on the and ‘female’ DEO are regarded as fishing lures with turtle-shell hooks. inside. It lives only in fresh water, is leading different lives, and they are DAVI is also regarded as a good food abundant particularly in the Choe found in different localities. Whereas shell, and may be eaten by its river, and is important food in nearby both are found in mud among collectors, although infrequently, villages. mangroves, DEO MACHUMACHU are since most shell-divers are Seventh- found closer to salt water, in more day Adventists and are not permitted open areas of mud pools, while the to eat molluscs. The shiny insides of larger DEO MAMAELE are found in areas the valves are used to manufacture further from the sea and among personal ornaments, now as in old dense mangrove roots not far from times. fresh water.

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DEO MAMAELE 1) Molluscs, fam. Patellidae: generic Mollusc (bivalve), fam. Tridacnidae: Deo pa petupetuani, ko pa korapa term for all small limpets, usually found Hippopus hippopus, Horsehoof giant jemi. Kadi meka tonu rikaru deo on wave-exposed rocks by the ocean. clam. They live unattached on the mamaele oro machumachu. Ia deo Not eaten in Marovo, but people on sandy lagoon bottom (and also mamaele ieni chichinoko oro gete Simbo are known to like them. inshore near estuaries), and among ukala nia machumachu, mani ko 2) Crustaceans, order Cirripedia: stones and coral on outer reef flats pana ulu tata pa mati pa vasina pu Sessile barnacles, usually seen attached (though rarely in the most exposed koe soku via dadahana hae petu. Ia to turtles’ carapaces but sometimes areas). They are abundant among the deo machumachu ieni ko tata pa also on wave-exposed rocks. sand cays of the Hele Islands. idere, pa jemi pa kopi. Regarded as a staple food by Mollusc (bivalve), fam. Corbiculidae: Methodist and Christian Fellowship the mangrove shell Polymesoda erosa Church villagers, and the most (also known as Polymesoda GINECHI frequently eaten species of the larger sumatrensis). One of the two Marovo Tingitonga heva na hele via, mani giant clams. Valves of HOHOBULU were types of the nutritionally important ko pa chubi hae legudi pa used infrequently for ghaili, the tuna- mangrove DEO (the other being DEO petupetuani. Gura ko tungana pa fishing lures more often made from MACHUMACHU). The valves are larger, mola mani regocho mola. pearlshell. more darkly coloured, and more Nginongo ta katiga tinoni, lea ta circular and bulging than those of DEO manemaneke botena, hua katigae. MACHUMACHU, and this is regarded as Mollusc (bivalve), fam. Teredidae: being the female (mamaele) shell. Teredo sp., Mangrove bore-worm. HUI This DEO is found further away from They are boring bivalves that Tingitonga chinoko pu mea oro the sea than the ‘male’ one. resemble long white worms, and are ene pa idaka na keoro. Soku oro most commonly found in dead hele via varichopuruna. mangrove trees. They also enter the Echinoderms (sea urchins), fam. wood of canoes and gradually Diadematidae: Diadema spp., long- DEREVEHI destroy them. Some people eat these spined black sea urchins. Ko pa mati pa kogu, oro pa jemi pa worms (they are said to be very good petupetuani katigae. for pregnant women); they collect Mollusc (bivalve), fam. Anomidae: them by splitting the branches and Placuna cf. ephippium, Saddle Oyster. trunks of old mangrove trees. HUI POKO They live predominantly on shallow Huana hui mana kokuchu oro kadi reefs in the lagoon, but very similar ngachu varichopuruna. shells also called DEREVEHI live in mud Echinoderm (sea urchin), fam. close to mangroves. HIRAMA Echinometridae: Heterocentrotus Livo ngirisi ngana mana bupara na mammillatus, Pencil Urchin, a brightly chinoko korena, ko pa korapa idaka coloured sea urchin with thick blunt pa saghauru mati. Nginongo. spines of moderate length. DIVEDIVE Mollusc (bivalve), fam. Mytilidae: Huhua ababe mana getegete, to va Lithophaga teres, a dark brown soku pa johoro petu. burrowing mussel. It lives buried in Mollusc (bivalve), fam. Isognomonidae: large coral stones and is considered a HULUMU A medium-sized, flat and thin oyster, type of LIVO NGIRISI. It is edible. Huana chavi mana kiki, ko pa Melina ephippium. It grows in clusters korapa idaka na ididakaini pa on stilt roots of mangrove trees. vasina pu bulena. Ko pa tongania saghauru mana soku via pa HOHOBULU saghauru mati pa tusu pa kogu. Puku te ose oro veruveru, mana pa Lea nginongo te katiga butubutu, ECHU kogu lea kokoani tania. Mani ko pa ta vae gone pa tadiria ria Katiga tingitonga huhua nakolo pu lupa katigae, soku via pa tutusuani manemaneke pa kolokolo hecha to pa vonu, oro napata pa idaka pa pa Hele. Nginongo leana. Pa katiga oro mati rane. Korekorena ieni lupa katigae. Kani ta ngo pa Marovo, kolokolo, ta vae korena pa ta gura ta tavetei tingitonga pata mana nginongo pa tadiria pa Sibo. tavete ghaili ria pa tuari. hatihati kiso.

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KAIKA KERORI Meka kino pu omi jonga via korena Ko pa kavo ngana, pa vasina pu oro papalekena ba matana, ene koe deo kavo tungana. Helehele oro mea pa idaka pa lupa. Popu korekorena mana chichinoko, kesoko ieni kilana pa jinama huhua deo kavo. Roviana oro jinama Hoava. Ta vae Mollusc (bivalve), fam. Unionidae: a papalekena oro korena madi ta freshwater mussel, Hyridela cf. holu tadiria pa Honiara. misoolensis. Found only in fresh water, Mollusc (gastropod), fam. in river locations where DEO KAVO also Turbinidae: Turbo petholatus, Cat’s live. The valves are black and slightly Mollusc (bivalve), fam. Tridacnidae: eye turban. Rare, found mainly elongate but otherwise a bit similar Burrowing Clam, Tridacna crocea; the among rocks on outer reefs. A type of to those of the freshwater DEO. smallest of the giant clams. It lives KINO, but with a particularly colourful embedded in large coral stones and operculum. The alternative Roviana rocky reefs in most sheltered locations, name POPU KESOKO (also used by and is considered particularly Hoava speakers) is sometimes used in KIKIKOLO abundant and accessible on shallow Marovo. The colourful operculum is Huana chuko kiki, kuledava oro oha reef flats of the inner lagoon and sold to Honiara dealers, who also na orava korena. Ko pa korapa jemi around lagoon islands. It is a staple sometimes pay (considerably better) pa vasina pu koe tabu. Kilakila pia food of villagers in the lagoon and is for the shell itself, which is then ieni pa jinama Hoava. gathered intensively, mainly by ground and polished and either Molluscs (gastropods), fam. Olividae: women, and especially during the exported as a “marine product” or Hoava name for small Olive shells, April-September seasons of daytime sold as a tourist item. found in sand and in mud (with the low tides and tradewinds. The valves TABU shell). These shells have shiny are sometime strung on a rope or colours, mostly white and orange. wire to make rattles for shark fishing. KENEKENE Kiki via, hevaheva korena, ko va soku mani ene pa korapa keoro pa KINO rarusu idere. Nginongo tadiria Mea oro ene pa idaka pa lupa, lea koburu. Soku ria hokihokiti nginongo pa tadiria pa Vangunu. kenekene, heni soku ria kiladi. Molluscs (gastropods), fam. Molluscs (bivalves) of several families: Turbinidae: generic term for several a generic name for a number of small large types of Turban shells, Turbo shells with light colours, found in spp. – excluding the greensnail, very large numbers in the sand along Turbo marmoratus (UKO). Among the outer sea-shores, always just above most important (for food) is Turbo the tidal mark. They are sometimes argyrostomus. KINO are found on eaten, but generally only by children rocky, exposed shores, at the barrier IKU TA CHOU who collect them during play and reef and in particular on weather Huana puhaka mana hele via, ene cook them in small fires. Among coasts, where they may be a staple pa keoro na pa kulikuliani. Gura those identified are Atactodea striata food at times. nuguru pa govara pa keoro. Kani (fam. Mesodesmatidae) – the most va ta holu. common, all-white type – as well as Echinoderm (holothurian), fam. Donax faba (fam. Donacidae) – a Synaptidae: Synapta maculata, a very shell with radiating brown stripes. KOKORO long, thin sea cucumber with brown Many different types of KENEKENE are Ko pa korapa keoro, heva korena spots. It is considered a type of PUHAKA, specifically named. mani orororava. Hara nginongo but is commercially unimportant. tadiria pa tuari puna ko va soku pa These snake-like sea cucumbers avaveani tadiria. emerge from holes in the sand and Molluscs (bivalves), fam. Cardiidae: retreat quickly back when disturbed. 1) The sand cockle Trachycardium The name means ‘reef heron’s rope’. gratiosum;

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2) A sand cockle with irregular shape, LIVO NGIRISI LAO NAKOLO Fragum fragum. The former is often Ko pa vasina pu kani mae kaduvu To pa idaka, patuara korena. abundant in shell middens at 19th hore mati, getegete mani Katigae pu oravadi oro todi pa century settlement sites. nginongo leana puna mamisi. idaka na pa kore roja gura ta vae Mollusc (bivalve), fam. Mytilidae: the mani ta holu tadiria tinoni pa burrowing mussel Lithophaga obesa, Langalanga puna poata tadiria. a variety found in coral stones below Molluscs (bivalves), fam. Chamidae KORORO the low-water mark. This is the and Spondylidae: oyster-like shells Ko pa korapa keoro na jemi pa favourite food of its type since it is with thick valves, including kogu. bigger than the shallow-water variety Spondylus shells without thorns (such Mollusc (bivalve), fam. Cardiidae: a (LIVO NGIRISI MATI) and has a very as Spondylus squamosus), and Chama heart-shaped cockle, Acrosterigma sweet taste. iostoma which grows in clusters on flava. Common in muddy sand in shallow reefs, firmly attached to shallow inshore areas. stones. Certain red types which grow on stones and on clusters of ROJA LIVO NGIRISI MATI oysters (Saccostrea spp.) are collected Ko pa vasina pu mae kaduvu hore and sold to the Langalanga people of LANGARA mati, ta vae pata ngongo pa Malaita who use them in shell money Kilana ta katiga tingitonga huhua kolokolo mati. Nginongngo, mana manufacture. ngaloso korena, ko pa korapa kani gete oro kani mamisi. keoro. Mani kilana meka tingitonga Mollusc (bivalve), fam. Mytilidae: the pu napata pa idaka, huana tatadu burrowing mussel Lithophaga obesa, mana kani koe kaluna. a shallow-water variety found NAKOLO BOREBORE 1) Molluscs (bivalves), fam. Solenidae embedded in coral stones in the tidal Nakolo pu koe varichopuruna. Kani and Cuttelidae: knife shells (razor zone. Because it is forced out of soku pa Marovo. clams) with curved or straight exposed stones at low tide, it tends Molluscs (bivalves), fam. shapes. These moderately common to squirt water at the collectors. Not Spondylidae: a generic term for shells live buried in sand. as good a food shell as the deeper- Spondylus shells with spikes. They are 2) Chiton, fam. Chitonidae: found water type since it is smaller and has uncommon in Marovo. among coral stones and similar to the a slightly sour taste. TATADU chiton, but without ‘hairs’ and more uncommon. NARILI MEA MOA Puku ta raga lima mana kokuchu Eko pa keoro mati, kani soku pa limadi oro patuara tinina. Ta vae LIVO NGIRISI Marovo. Ta vae katigae pata pata va lumocho ghaili. Heva ba chinoko korena, ko pa kadakada magoru pa katiga Echinoderm (sea star), unidentified: a korapa idaka pa saghauru mati pa kolokolo pa tuari. short-armed starfish with a tough rarusu, nginongo mani katiga Molluscs (bivalves), fam. Malleidae and compact body, used for kolokolo ta vae pa tadiria and Isognomonidae: Hammer oysters polishing pearlshell-and-turtleshell manemaneke. Meka pu chinoko such as Malleus irregularis and tuna lures. ieni takilae hirama. Isognomum cf. isognomum. Rare shells Molluscs (bivalves), fam. Mytilidae: which are found lying on sand in generic term for Lithophaga spp., shallow reef areas. The latter species burrowing mussels that live in large (the “real” hammer oyster) was ONGONGAVA coral stones. The black type is called sometimes used in Marovo for inlay Huhua meka chuko mana HIRAMA, whereas the white type with on war canoes. mamaroko via korena, ta omi ria two varieties is called LIVO NGIRISI. All pu legudi na pararava mae pa these shells are eaten and are rarusu. Hara ko pa lao ngana. Pula sometimes collected intensively by vala pa talingi ia korena ia, ngina knowledgeable women. The name ongava mae tingitonga huhua translates as ‘narrow tooth’. ruava pa lupa. Mani kokoani tadiria koba gete korena.

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Molluscs (gastropods), fam. Tonnidae: a generic term for Tonna spp., Tun shells; both small and large. This is an uncommon shell that is not found live, but only washed up dead on sandy barrier reef beaches. The name (ongava = ‘to hear from afar’) refers to the fact that if you take a shell and put it to your ear, no matter where you are, you hear the sound of the ocean surf on the reef. Empty shells are often inhabited by large hermit crabs.

Ose gete, pa keoro pa Nusa Tupe Adult ose on the sandy reef at Nusa Tupe, Gizo OSE Puku ta veruveru mana gete uka, tata padana meka ngava katigae. Doku pa binubinuani oro pa idaka pa saghauru pa lupa, pa tabikale, oro pa sangava. Ko va soku pa katiga vasina, mana hara kokuchu pa hua puna ta chiko vae pa tadiria tinoni Taiwan pu mae pa Marovo pa buruburu 1984. Ia ose ieni tingitonga arilaena via pa tadiria pa tuari pu ta vae korena pata tavete soku via tingitonga, oro meka tingitonga hope te katiga butubutu tungana. Pa tuari, ta tavete barava oro poata huana tinete oro erenge ria pa korena pu ko pa goana pu ta kilae idaka ose. Gete via borana, nginongo leana, lea nginongo pa tadiria kolokolo arilaedi. Pa ngina pia, ta pausu ose pa tadiria pa soku palavanua pa Marovo, mani kaduvu pa kolokolo Tension pa tadiria pa Aruligo (pa ICLARM) tungana, mani pa Nusa Ose gete, omi jonga via Tupe pa ngina pia. The colourful mantle of a very large ose (Tridacna gigas)

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Mollusc (bivalve), fam. Tridacnidae: PATU AUKI where these shells grow. An the giant clam Tridacna gigas. Some Meka kilana patu eruku. important commercial shell at one are more than a metre across. It has Mollusc (bivalve), fam. Carditidae: a time, but harvesting has been been moderately common on the trade name for PATU ERUKU referring to banned by the government since outer reefs of Marovo, but was the markets for this shell at Auki in 1994. The valves are used subject to poaching by Taiwanese the Langalanga Lagoon of Malaita. traditionally as coconut scrapers people in the 1980s and is now (pero = ‘to scrape’), and for that increasingly scarce. OSE is probably purpose the black rim is cut away, the single most important mollusc in leaving only the inner mother-of- Marovo in traditional terms. This PATU ERUKU pearl section. importance derives not only from the To pa idaka oro pa korapa govara use of its meat for a multitude of pa idaka, pa kogu na pa kopi pa daily and ceremonial food purposes, lupa. Ta vae pa tadiria tinoni tope but also from the great number of mani ta holu tadiria tinoni PIGOGO practical usages for its valves, in Langalanga pata tavete poata Chichinoko huana chochoropo addition to various religious tadiria. Keli via hinoluna pa katiga mana gete oro hele korena. Ene pa associations and the use of large kolokolo. Mana bela ngavi ieni jemi pa votu, mana pa kavo ngana, fossilized valves (found in coastal kilana pa Marovo pa tuari. kani pa idere. Nginongo tadiria pa forest) in the manufacture of large Mollusc (bivalve), fam. Carditidae: goana pa tuari. shell rings and other valuables. Beguina semiorbiculata, a medium- Mollusc (gastropod), fam. Thiaridae: Today, OSE are often taken from the sized black bivalve found among Faunus ater, a freshwater snail similar barrier reef and kept in “clam stones in shallow and medium-deep to but bigger than CHOROPO, with a gardens” off village shores. They areas of the lagoon and in barrier reef longer glossy black to brown shell. It were also cultivated in large numbers pools, sometimes embedded in is common in rivers and estuaries, at an aquaculture station on cracks in stones. Gathered by divers and was an important food of bush Guadalcanal, operated until 2000 by for sale to Malaitans (Langalanga people in the old days. the International Centre for Living people) who use the shell to Aquatic Resources Management manufacture shell money. Its old (ICLARM), now the World Fish Centre Marovo name is BELA NGAVI. which has moved its operations in POATA MALA Solomon Islands to Nusa Tupe near Patu eruku ngana, ta tavetei poata Gizo in the Western Solomons. tadiria pa Langalanga. PEROPERO Mollusc (bivalve), fam. Carditidae: Puku ta suvi oro davi mana to pa ‘Malaita money’, a name for PATU hae peropero pa saghauru pa ERUKU. PANAPANA kogu, icho gone pa ragana hae pia. Hara ko pa puku te chinene mana Kani mati pa vasina pu koe lumocho korena, ko pa korapa peropero. Ta vae pa tadiria tinoni keoro. Ta vae korena tadiria pa tope mani ta holu tadiria pa POPU tuari pata ta vala nia huana “razor” Honiara, kani keli via hinoluna Hua kino mana kani gete oro ko va ta tinoni. mana leana pa katiga kolokolo. soku pa keoro pa tusu pa kogu. Mollusc (bivalve), fam. Veneridae: Mana pa buruburu 1994, te hado Heva na buma matana. Pitar striatus, a bivalve with smooth pa kalena pa gavuna hinoluna Molluscs (gastropods), fam. shells that lives buried in the sand. peropero. Ta vae korena pata pero Turbinidae: generic term for several The valves were used traditionally as ngochara. small to medium-sized types of a men’s “razor”, to pluck out facial Mollusc (bivalve), fam. Pteriidae: turban shells (Turbo spp.) with green hairs one by one. Pteria penguin, Brownlip pearlshell (or and white opercula. Common on winged oyster). They are found on sandy reefs around lagoon islands, deep lagoon reefs (generally at unlike the larger KINO. depths of 15 m or more), growing in clusters attached to the branches of black coral trees. Only experienced divers are able to reach the reefs

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POPU KESOKO PUHAKA RAMOSO Meka kilana kaika. Katiga puhaka pu koe huana Mollusc (gastropod), fam. varichopuru tinina mana roche. Turbinidae: alternative name for Cat’s Huhua ure ramoso tinina, leana eye turban, Turbo petholatus (KAIKA). hinoluna. Echinoderms (holothurians): generic term for several medium to large- sized sea cucumbers that are covered PUHAKA with thorn-like growths. The name Tingitonga roche pu ko gone pa refers to their resemblance to keoro oro pa idaka. Kilakila gete pa PUHAKA JUKA pineapples (RAMOSO). They usually tadiria hokihokiti puhaka. Ta vae Puhaka chinoko, soku via pa fetch good prices. pata vata holu, keli hinoluna saghauru pa keoro oro idaka. Huana katigae. juka otona. Kani keli hinoluna. Echinoderms (holothurians): Generic Echinoderm (holothurian), fam. terms for all sea cucumbers (bêche- Holothuriidae: “Lollyfish” or Black sea PUHAKA RAMOSO de-mer); many of them are cucumber, Holothuria atra. This dark GETE important “marine products” and are green sea cucumber appears black Meka puhaka gete via, orava tinina collected commercially in Marovo. when seen from the surface, is mana koe soku via varichopuru. Some have Marovo names and are abundant on shallow reefs, on sand Keli hinoluna. Mana ramoramoso listed below. and among stones, and is usually ieni meka kilana. partly covered with fine sand that Echinoderm (holothurian), fam. sticks to it. The name (juka = ‘blood’) Holothuriidae: “Prickly Redfish”, refers to the blood-like red fluid that Thelenota ananas. A large sea PUHAKA BISILI oozes from it when it is brought cucumber of reddish colour with Meka puhaka pu ta lokoloko tinina. ashore and cleaned. Low prices are many soft “thorns”. High prices are Kani soku mana ta holu pa Honiara paid for it. paid for this sea cucumber. Its mani keli via holuna. secondary name is RAMORAMOSO. Echinoderm (holothurian), fam. Holothuriiidae: “White Teatfish”, Holothuria fuscogilva. This rather PUHAKA OMO uncommon sea cucumber with Puhaka bupara, huana varichopuru PUHAKA RAMOSO mottled colours is commercially pa tinina mana roche ria, huhua ure KIKI “first grade” and the most valuable omo tinina. Kani keli via hinoluna. Puhaka ramoso mana kiki, chinoko of all sea cucumbers (bêche-de-mer) Echinoderm (holothurian): a brown tinina. Kani keli via hinoluna. purchased by the “marine product” sea cucumber, roundly shaped with Echinoderm (holothurian), fam. business. short, soft “thorns”. The name refers Stichopodidae: “Greenfish”, Stichopus to its resemblance to soursop fruits chloronotus. A very common, rather (OMO VAKA). Only moderate prices are small, black to green sea cucumber. paid for it. Low prices are paid for it. PUHAKA BUBUHELE Puhaka pu ko gone pa idaka, lumocho oro bupara tinina. Roche kachiena gone pula ta vae la pa PUHAKA PEA mati. Keli via tungana hinoluna pa Puhaka pu va vura gone ria iku Honiara. napanapata pula ta tingana na ta Echinoderm (holothurian): a sea toha. Pike leana hinoluna katigae. cucumber that lives among stones. It Echinoderms (holothurians): sea has a smooth body and mottled cucumbers that eject sticky white brown colour, and turns soft very threads when touched or stepped quickly after being brought ashore. on. They include “Chalkfish”, Very high prices are paid for it in Bohadschia marmorata, for which Honiara. moderate prices are paid.

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RAGO LIGOMO REKOCHO Rago gete, ta vae korena mani asa Ko pa korapa keoro ba chalaboro, nia pata tavete ligomo. Ligomo ieni pa saghauru mati. Nginongo leana, tingitonga hope tadiria bangara mamisi huhua deo. oro chiama pa tuari. Mollusc (bivalve), fam. Psammobiidae: Mollusc (gastropod), fam. Terebridae: Asaphis violascens, a sand shell found Terebra crenulata, a large type of on shallow reefs buried in sand or RAGO sand creeper that has an gravel. Common, frequently eaten important traditional usage. The and similar to DEO in taste. walls of the shell are ground down until only the spiralling centre section is left, to be used as the main component of the ligomo, a very RIGASA important ritual object owned by Mea oro ene pa saghauru na pa chiefs and used by them or their toba, ta ngo. Hele oro soku via priests during divination and varichopuruna. Ta vae katigae mani communication with ancestral spirits. ta holu tadiria tuarist. Molluscs (a group of gastropods), RAGA LIMA fam. Strombidae: a generic name for Tingitonga buma oro lima ragana, all Spider shells, Lambis spp., mea oro ene pa keoro na idaka. RAMORAMOSO particularly Lambis lambis. Edible and Echinoderm (sea star), fam. Omia puhaka ramoso gete. moderately common in some areas of Ophidiasteridae: Linckia laevigata, a See PUHAKA RAMOSO GETE. the barrier reef, sometimes gathered blue starfish common on sandy reefs. specifically for sale to tourists.

RAMUI RAGO Huana meka roja mana gete via RIJORIJO Ene pa korapa keoro, kilakila gete oro patuara via korena. To pa Huana roja mana kiki, to va soku pa tadiria hokihokiti rago, be kiki ba idaka. Nginongo leana via, hara johoro petu. gete. Katiga rago gura varivatasuni nginongo tadiria pa tuari puna ko Mollusc (bivalve), fam. Ostreidae: ta tinoni pu ene pa keoro, puna va soku pa katiga avaveani tadiria Saccostrea cf. commercialis, a mangrove ngachu via korena. tinoni pa sera. oyster that grows in clusters on the A group of gastropods, fam. Mollusc (bivalve), fam. Ostraeidae stilt roots of Rhizophora trees and the Mitridae, Terebridae, and Cerithidae: [Gryphaeidae]: Hyotisa hyotisa, Giant pneumathophores of Avicennia trees. generic name for a group of sand oyster or “lion’s paw oyster”. A very creepers that include mitre shells, large oyster with extraordinary thick Mitra spp. (such as the large, orange- and heavy valves, firmly attached to spotted Mitra mitra); auger shells, coral stones, from which an axe must RIKI Terebra spp.; and sand creepers, be used to remove them. Very good Kilakila gete tadiria hokihokiti riki Rhinoclavis spp. (such as the small food, but no longer commonly pu ko pa keoro oro pa jemi pa white Rhinoclavis vertagus). RAGO eaten. At old coastal settlement sites, petupetuani na votu, mana lea shells are regarded as a potential large numbers of RAMUI shells in kilana riki pa keoro pu ta kilae riki hazard for people who walk in sandy middens indicate that they were an pero ngochara. Mana meka kilana shallows, because a foot pierced by important food and probably more peropero tungana, pa kolokolo ta the sharp, pointed end of a RAGO abundant in the old days. vae pata pero ngochara. easily becomes infected. 1) Molluscs (bivalves), fam. Arcidae: generic term for ark shells, Anadara spp. 2) In central Marovo usually applied to the RIKI variety found in fine sand on shallow reefs around barrier reef and lagoon islands. See RIKI PIU, RIKI PERO NGOCHARA, RIKI KOSOVO.

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3) Specific name of PEROPERO, the RIKI MAGHARA RIKI PIU Brownlip pearlshell, applied to the Hara kilakila pa jinama Roviana, ko Meka kilana riki pero ngochara pu shaped shell used as a coconut pa korapa idaka pa toba pa vasina ta vae pa tadiria tinoni chaba pata scraper. pu koe patu eruku tungana. Kani va ngachu piu. huhua riki. Mollusc (bivalve), fam. Arcidae: an ark Mollusc (bivalve), fam. Arcidae: Arca shell, Anadara cf. erythraeonensis or cf. ventricosa, an ark shell very Anadara antiquata. Alternative name RIKI CHOE different from the other RIKI varieties. for RIKI PERO NGOCHARA, referring to Meka kilana riki kimokimo, soku via The name probably comes from the traditional usage of the valves to ko pa votu pa kavo Choe. Roviana but is often used in Marovo, sharpen fishing arrows (piu). Mollusc (bivalve), fam. Arcidae: and means ‘RIKI of smooth stone Anadara granosa, an ark shell. reefs’. This shell has irregularly Another name for RIKI KIMOKIMO, shaped valves, and is found partly referring to its abundance in the imbedded in cracks in coral stones at RIKIRIKI Choe river estuary. the barrier reefs, in the same Meka kilana peropero pu tona. locations as PATU ERUKU. Pula legu ieni riki kilana. Mollusc (bivalve), fam. Pteriidae: a secondary name for the PEROPERO RIKI KIMOKIMO pearlshell, applied to the live shell. Meka riki pu ko va soku via pa RIKI PENO peno oro pa korapa jemi pa Meka kilana riki kimokimo. petupetuani na votu, huhua Mollusc (bivalve), fam. Arcidae: kimokimo korena. Ta ngo, mani ta Anadara granosa, alternative name ROJA vae mani ta holu tadiria tinoni for the ark shell RIKI KIMOKIMO, Huana rijorijo mana gete, ko va Langalanga puna ta tavetei dia referring to its habitat on coastal soku pa petupetuani oro pa katiga poata ria. mud flats. rarusu pa tutupeka, to pa idaka ba Mollusc (bivalve), fam. Arcidae: johoro petu. Nginongo leana. Anadara granosa, an ark shell found Mollusc (bivalve), fam. Ostreidae: an buried just underneath the surface of oyster, Saccostrea cucullata (syn. the mud in and around mangroves, RIKI PERO NGOCHARA Saccostrea echinata). This is the outer estuaries and coastal mud flats. Meka riki pu ko pa korapa keoro largest of this group of oysters, and it The name applies to the ribbed heva pa kogu oro pa toba. Kani is somewhat similar to the much texture of the shell, similar to that of huhua kimokimo korena mana koe smaller RIJORIJO. Abundant and a traditional bark cloth mallet. Often kaluna. Nginongo leana. Ta vae attached fairly loosely to stones on eaten, and gathered for sale to korena ria pa tuari pata pero shallow inshore lagoon reefs, and people from Langalanga in Malaita ngochara. also found firmly attached to tree who use the valves for shell money Mollusc (bivalve), fam. Arcidae: ark roots in the mangroves. Considered manufacture. shell, Anadara cf. erythraeonensis or very good food. Anadara antiquata. Lives buried in sand on lagoon sand flats and at the barrier islands. The ribbed pattern is RIKI KOSOVO finer than that of RIKI KIMOKIMO, and ROPI Meka kilana riki pero ngochara. this shell has brown “hairs” on it. Not Ene oro eko va soku pa jemi pa Mollusc (bivalve), fam. Arcidae: ark usually bought by Malaitans. The petupetuani. Nginongo leana te shell, Anadara cf. erythraeonensis or name refers to the traditional usage katiga butubutu, mani lea nginingo Anadara antiquata; an alternative of this shell as a coconut scraper – tadiria tinoni pa goana pa tuari, name for RIKI PERO NGOCHARA. one sharpened valve was fastened on heni takilae dovili pa jinama a wooden handle. A staple food. Bareke. Mani kokoani tadiria koba ropi korena. Mollusc (gastropod), fam. Potamidae: a mud snail, Terebralia palustris (and possibly also the telescope snail, Telescopium telescopium). Very

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abundant in mangroves. ROPI is a Bivalve, fam. Corbiculidae: a SOROROKE staple food shell for some groups. It mangrove and freshwater shell, Huhua kororo, ko pa korapa keoro was also an important food shell of Cyclotellina discus (also known as mana kani soku. Heva korena mani bush people in the old days, and is Geloina papua). The name is used in koe vinahilahila oravadi. one of the few marine animals with central Marovo (Michi) for this Mollusc (bivalve), fam. Cardiidae: its own independent name (dovili) in bivalve that is like a DEO but has Fragum unedo, Strawberry cockle, a the Bareke bush language. Empty thinner valves with light colours. It is small uncommon sand cockle. It is ROPI shells are favoured by the type of found in the same locations as DEO heart-shaped and white with small hermit crab (KOBA ROPI) that is MAMAELE, mainly in inner mangrove red spots. important for fish bait. pools close to fresh water. It is called UNAVA in Vahole. SUVI RURI Puku ta davi, to pa saghauru, pa Huhua deo mana heva oro patuara SISE idaka na binubinuani pa toba na pa korekorena, ko pa korapa keoro pa Soku via hokihokiti sise mea oro katiga tusu. Ta vae mani ta holu rarusu, ta heli vae pa meka chacha ene pa saghauru, pa idaka pa tadiria pa Honiara, keli hinoluna. voea. Korena ko va soku pa rarusu, oro pa petupetuani. Ta ngo Mana pa buruburu 1994, te hado avaveani tadiria pa tuari. pula ta vae va sokua. pa kalena pa gavuna hinoluna suvi Molluscs (bivalves), fam Lucinidae: Molluscs (gastropods), fam. oro davi, oro peropero tungana. several large mussels with finely Neritidae: Nerita spp., Nerite shells Ko va soku pa Marovo, mana hara ribbed pattern on the valves – among (identified species from Marovo are ngina kokuchu, mani te hado suvi those identified are Codakia tigerrina Nerita plicata and Nerita undata). A tungana katiga butubutu pa (all-white, found in large numbers in generic term for smaller Nerites Marovo pa dia voloso pa katiga old coastal settlement sites) and abundant on reefs, on and among kolokolo. Codakia cf. paytenorum (white with stones on beaches, and in mangroves Mollusc (bivalve), fam. Pteriidae: some brown on one edge). Somewhat among tree roots. Sometimes Pinctada margaritifera, Blacklip similar to DEO in shape, but the valves gathered in large quantities for food. pearlshell. Very important are white and thicker. RURI live buried commercially, and the second most in the sand at beaches and are valuable (after Goldlip pearlshell, collected with a metal wire. DAVI) of the pearl shells gathered in SISE KAVO Marovo for sale to Honiara dealers, Sise pu ko pa kavo ngana. Ta ngo. until the government imposed a ban Molluscs (gastropods), fam. on harvesting pearlshell in 1994. RURI IHANA Neritidae: Nerita spp., Nerite shells; Good stocks of SUVI are believed to Huhua ruri mana mamaroko via generic term for Nerites that are remain in Marovo, although the shell korekorena, ko pa korapa keoro. found only in rivers. has grown increasingly scarce in Bivalve, possibly fam. Pholadidae: this many reef areas. Some reef-holding shell is different from RURI in that the tribes enforce specific customary valves are less regular in shape and restrictions on the gathering of thinner. It lives buried in sand. SISISE Blacklip pearlshells. Huhua sise mana kiki via, soku via hokihokiti sise ko pa korapa jemi pa vasina pu koe tabu. RUVI Molluscs (gastropods), e.g. fam. TA LANGARA Huana meka deo mana mamaroko Littorinidae: a generic term for very VANGAVANGA oro hevaheva na lumocho small gastropods with rounded shells Meka bikoho ngana mana kani gete korekorena. Ko pa petupetuani abundant in mud and often taken as oro lumocho korena. Kani ta holu. tata pa kavo, pa vasina pu koe deo bycatch with the TABU shell. Molluscs (gastropods), fam. mamaele. Kilakila pia ieni pa tadiria Trochidae: the trochus shell Trochus pa Michi, mana pa Vahole oro pa pyramis (and probably also Tectus katiga palavanua pule ieni ta kilae conus). These shells have light unava. colours, a smooth surface, are

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smaller than the commercial trochus estuaries and mangroves of North TAVUSU (BIKOHO) and are not bought as a New Georgia and the Viru area. The Huhua divedive mana kiki via oro marine product. This name means snails are buried in the mud and are kani meka tonu. Chinoko korena, ‘to lie down on the back and stare up gathered by men and women with to va soku pa idaka pa vasina at heaven’. the use of small scoop nets. This is bulena na pa kulikuliani, hua pa the famous “tambu”, a main sangava pa Babatana pa Savele. traditional currency shell of the Tolai Mollusc (bivalve), unidentified: a of New Britain, Papua New Guinea. small mussel-like shell of dark colour. TABERARU From the late 1970s through the Grows in clusters on stones, in Hara puku te raga lima mana gete 1980s, a profitable trade in TABU was sheltered shallow areas with much via. Soku pa toba pa katiga carried out in the Vahole and Gerasi sand and KULI seagrass, such as in the kolokolo. Kulokuloburu tinina, areas of North New Georgia, with Babatana inshore passage at Savele kokuchu limana, varichopuru large quantities of TABU shells being that connects the Nono lagoon with nachudi tou tinina. Pula ene pa exported to New Britain by the ocean. Considered to be of a saghauru kare toha ia. Binubinu middlemen from Marovo or by Tolai type somewhat similar to the DIVEDIVE todi ngana nginongo tania. themselves. Significant cash amounts oyster (but much smaller). Echinoderm (sea star), fam. were generated and directly obtained Acanthasteridae: Acanthaster planci, by the villagers diving for the shells. Crown-of-thorns starfish. At times In 1989, during the Bougainville crisis, (during certain years) they are the market connections between TEVI abundant in some areas of the barrier Bougainville and Rabaul collapsed, Eko pa saghauru pa keoro na jemi, reef. People watch out so that they and a much smaller and less reliable natara oro gete mani chinoko do not step on them when going into trade began to be conducted through korena, ta vae pa katiga kolokolo the water from a canoe, especially Honiara, sometimes by Tolai flying mani ta holu tadiria pa Malaita pu during nighttime underwater from Papua New Guinea and going ta tavete poata Mala korena. spearfishing. It is known in Marovo to Marovo to buy shells. The TABU is Mollusc (bivalve), fam. Pinnidae: Pinna that the TABERARU eat live coral. called bana podu (‘humpback sp., a large flat shell that is moderately cowrie’) in the Roviana language. common on sandy reefs and in mud. The shell is black, and grows very large although it does not contain TABU much meat. It is used for Malaitan Chuko kiki via pa korapa jemi, TATADU shell money, and is sometimes sold ukala via ko pa katiga vasidi pa Tingitonga pu napata pa idaka pa to Malaitans in Honiara. votu pa kavo gete na pa lupa, koe kaluna pa kale korena. Ko petupetuani, lea pa kalena tadiria katiga hokihokiti tatadu, langara pa Kalikolo oro pa Viru tu. Ta vae ieni meka. Nginongo mana kani ta pa vagara kiki pa tadiria tinoni na ngo va soku pa Marovo. TOLE manemaneke, mani ta holu tadiria Molluscs, fam. Chitonidae: a generic Puku ta ununusu, soku via ko pa Tolai pa Niugini, huana export gete term for all chitons (LANGARA is a mati keoro na jemi, gura te katiga butubutu pa Marovo pia. specific term for one type). They live varihagonoi pa kolokolo tania, hua Tabu ieni lea poata tadiria Tolai. Pa on rocky exposed reefs, where they ununusu. Mamisi oro nginongo kolokolo varirajai pa Bougainville attach firmly to the stones. Most leana te katiga butubutu. ieni kani leana oro sana via have some “hairs” along their sides. Mollusc (gastropod), fam. hinoluna tabu, heni gura mae pa Edible but not often eaten in Marovo. Strombidae: Strombus carnarium, a Honiara ria tinoni Tolai pata holu stromb shell abundant in sand and tabu, mana mae ukala pa Marovo sandy mud. At certain known times it katigae. Kilakila pia ieni pa jinama occurs in dense concentrations like Tolai, mana banga podu ieni kilana the related UNUNUSU. An important pa jinama Roviana. food shell, considered a staple by Mollusc (gastropod), fam. some groups. Nassariidae: Nassarius camelus, Tambu shell. This tiny snail is highly abundant in certain large rivers,

79 4 – Ria tingitonga pu mea, doku oro napata pa saghauru, pa rarusu oro pa petupetuani

TUGITUGI pa kolokolo hadoa gavuna ia shell, and many adults also like its Puku ta kino oro popu mana gete hinoluna suvi na davi, ieni keli via sweet and delicate taste. Empty oro ko pa kogu ngana. Mea oro ia hinoluna uko. Pula ta omi meka UNUNUSU shells are used in village ene pa saghauru keoro pa tusu. Ta uko tinoni tope, kachiena tingana primary schools for teaching children holu la tadiria pa Honiara pa katiga vae ia puna moko napata va leana how to count. kolokolo. ia. Nginongo leana tungana. Mollusc (gastropod), fam. Mollusc (gastropod), fam. Turbinidae: Turbinidae: a medium-sized turban Turbo marmoratus, greensnail. A shell, Turbo sp., larger than POPU and valuable commercial shell for which VERUVERU moderately common on reefs and high prices are offered in Honiara, Puku ta ose mana kani gete uka, sand at lagoon islands. One species especially since 1994 when the mana ukala nia chavi oro identified from Marovo is Turbo government imposed restrictions on hohobulu. Doku pa binubinuani na argyrostomus. Honiara dealers the pearlshell trade. This shell is rare idaka pa lupa, pa mati ba lao. Omi sometimes give good prices for this in the main lagoon and barrier reefs jonga via, bubuma borana katigae shell, which has a high-gloss of Marovo, but is believed to be quite pa kolokolo doku pa saghauru. Ta nacreous surface underneath the common on deep reefs in some outer vae pata ngo. outer layer. locations, especially around the sand Mollusc (bivalve), fam. Tridacnidae: cays of Hele and around the island of Tridacna squamosa, Fluted giant Tetepare. When a greensnail is sighted, clam. Moderately common in coral the diver must immediately rip it off on ocean-facing barrier reefs, in the TUNGUTUNGU PODA the stone, otherwise the shell tidal zone as well as in deeper water. Napata pa idaka, ta gacho korena, attaches itself so firmly that it cannot The second-largest giant clam, gete borana mani nginongo leana possibly be removed. The greensnail bigger than HOHOBULU. It usually has pa tadiria pa Sibo tu. Kani soku pa is also regarded as good food. a brightly coloured mantle of Marovo. Pa tuari, ta vae korena mani predominantly blue and green, and is va nuguru iku amasa pata va nama easily spotted on the reef. Frequently nia pata amamasa nia mola ria. eaten, though not of primary Molluscs (gastropods), fam. UNAVA importance as a food shell. Haliotidae: Haliotis spp., abalones or Hara meka kilana ruvi, ba meka ear shells. Found on outer reefs kilana ruri ihana. attached to stones. Uncommon in 1) Mollusc (bivalve), fam. Marovo, but known to be abundant Corbiculidae: another name for RUVI, VILI and frequently eaten in Simbo. The a mussel found in swamps with much Ko va soku pa korapa jemi pa votu name means ‘knee (or knee-cap) of fresh water. oro pa petupetuani, huhua pa Lobi, an ancestral spirit/dead person’. In 2) Possibly also another name for RURI vasina tata pa Michi. Pula hiva traditional canoe building, different IHANA, of which UNAVA may be a tingana vae ia meka tinoni, lengths of vines from the AMASA fern variety. kachiena nuguru la pa jemi ia. Ta were made an equal size by drawing ngo mana kani va soku. them through the holes of large Mollusc (bivalve), unidentified: this TUNGUTUNGU PODA shells; they were shell lives in large numbers in mud in then used as rope to tie together UNUNUSU estuarine and mangrove areas, such canoe planks. Puku ta tole, ko va sokua pa mati as in the Lobilobi area south of Michi keoro na jemi, gura varihagonoi pa in central Marovo. Part of the shell kolokolo tania. Mamisi oro sticks out of the mud, but when nginongo leana, lea nginongo people try to catch it, the shell UKO tadiria koburu. Ta vae korena pa quickly burrows into the mud and Puku ta kino mana gete via, kani ko tingitonga pa sikulu. disappears. Eaten, although not pa kogu mana pa lupa pa kalena Mollusc (gastropod), fam. Strombidae: collected regularly. tadiria pa Vangunu oro pa tusuani a stromb shell, Strombus luhuanus. pa Hele oro pa Tetepare. Mea oro Common on shallow reefs at the ene pa idaka, pa lao. Ta vae pa tadi barrier islands, sometimes forming ria tinoni tope mani ta holu pa very large aggregations in the sand. Honiara, keli via hinoluna. Pa 1994 Children especially love to eat this

80 4 – Shells, sea cucumbers and similar things

81

PINAJAKA VINA LIMA RIA TINGITONGA PU KO MAHELEDI MADI ENE ORO RERESE PA SAGHAURU, RARUSU, PA PETUPETUANI ORO PA MATI KATIGAE HUANA CHEHANA, KAKARITA, KAHU ORO TUPE

CHAPTER FIVE CRUSTACEANS OF REEF, BEACH, MANGROVES AND FOREST 5 5 – Ria tingitonga pu ko maheledi madi ene oro rerese pa sagharuru, rarusu, pa petupetuani oro pa mati katigae

BULUKU HAHAKA Hua chehana kiki, mana ko pa jemi Huana buluku, mana ko pa korapa pa rarusu, pa nana govara. govara pa keoro na idaka. Gura Crustacean, fam Thalassinidae: varichopuru oro variusu katigae ta Thalassina anomala, Mud lobster. tinoni pu ene pa rarusu. These small lobsters live in holes on Crustaceans, fam. Squillidae: Squilla mud flats in mangroves and on spp., Mantis shrimps. They hide in muddy beaches. holes in the sand or among stones on shallow reefs. Some project their sharp spines from their burrows, and CHEHANA LUPA people who walk in the shallows may BULULU Chehana pu kani gete huhua hurt their feet on these spines. They Hara buluku ngana, ko pa govara chehana kogu, orava tinina. Ko pa are also said to sometimes bite the pa rarusu. kogu oro lupa tungana, mana lea feet of people walking over their Crustacean, unidentified: described kokoani tania pa ta okata pa lupa, burrows. as crayfish-like and burrowing, lives vasidi pa chagiri na tabikale pu in holes on beaches. Probably the taba hore mana kani lao. same as BULUKU. Crustaceans, fam. Paniluridae: Rock lobsters, Panulirus longipes and HAUKU Panulirus penicillatus. They have red Kabichi manavasa ngana, ta kilae and brown colours and are smaller hauku manovisi pa ia jinama Hoava CHEHANA than CHEHANA KOGU. Although found tadiria pa Vahole. Orava oro Ko pa saghauru, idaka na pa both in the lagoon and on outer reefs, lumocho korena, kani koe kaluna. govara pa lupa na kogu. Karua these lobsters prefer to live in the Ko pa govara pa goana lea tata pa hokihokiti chehana ko pa Marovo. steep trenches of ocean-facing reefs. vasina pu koe kavo, nginongo tania Nginongo leana via. Ta vae pa ieni korena ure ngoete pu ko pa hinonahona oro juke ipu. puava. Kolokolo hore hauku ieni pa Crustaceans, fam. Paniluridae: Rock soaini pa paleke Noveba, Diseba lobsters (crayfish), Panulirus spp. CHEHANA PEPETE oro Januari, pa kolokolo pira ngina There are two generally recognised Puku te chehana mana labelabe varihagonoi ria hauku pata hore la types in Marovo, both of which are tinina, kani hele limadi, gura rerese pa rarusu pata kovukovuru. regarded as very good food. Divers pa mati keoro pana ipu. Nginongo leana. shoot them with small spearguns Crustacean, fam. Scyllaridae: Shovel- Crustacean, fam. Gecarcinidae: where they hide in reef holes and nosed lobster; a flat lobster (called Cardisoma sp., a land crab with a trenches and under overhangs, and “bug” in Australia) without visible reddish, smooth body and hairless they are collected on shallow reefs at claws, sometimes seen running legs which lives in holes in the forest, night using torches. across sandy shallows at night. often near streams, and eats the soft flesh of recently fallen NGOETE nuts. HAUKU are most abundant at full moons between November and CHEHANA KOGU GHARUMU January, when they emerge from the Chehana gete, buma na hevaheva Tingitonga huana kabichi mana ko bush in large numbers and go to the tinina, ko pa kogu oro lupa mana pa idere. Mani kilana kabichi pa sea to spawn. This crab is very good lea pa idaka pa kalekogu ria jinama Roviana. food. HAUKU is an alternative name of kokoani tania. Crustacean, unidentified: a saltwater KABICHI MANAVASA. The crab is called Crustaceans, fam. Paniluridae: Rock crab of approximately the same size hauku manovisi in Hoava. lobsters, Panulirus versicolor and and shape as KABICHI. This is also the Panulirus ornatus. Both are large with Roviana name for the KABICHI land bright colour patterns usually including crab. green and white stripes. They live both in the lagoon and on outer reefs, but are mostly found among stones on the lagoon side of the barrier reef.

84 5 – Crustaceans of reef, beach, mangroves and forest

KABICHI KAHU MAMAELE Kilakila tadiria hokihokiti kabichi. Kadi gete limadi. Meka pu ko pa goana ieni hauku Crustacean, fam. Gecarcinidae: ngana; meka pu ko pa toba ieni ‘female’ KAHU crabs (Cardisoma kabichi piru. Oro hara ko meka hirtipes) with small claws. hokiti kabichi pu kiki via huana potu mani heva limadi, ko pa chigochigoani mani gura regocho chigo, hua katiga tinoni. KAKABACHA Crustaceans, fam. Gecarcinidae: Huana kakarita mana kiki via. Pula Cardisoma spp.; a name that covers KAHU ta ngo gura legu nia tinoni. Ko several land crabs. As KABICHI Huana kabichi mana ko pa govara gone pa kuru pajara. MANAVASA, its most common usage, pa rarusu oro pa petupetuani, pa Crustacean, probably fam. the name applies to the lowland vasina pu kani mae kaduvu singi. Xanthidae: a small, hairy saltwater forest crab otherwise known as HAUKU, Mani ko va soku pa sera tadiria crab, probably Zosimus aeneus. It is but as KABICHI PIRU the name applies tinoni juapa rane, puna kani ta ngo very poisonous and may be deadly to to a darkly coloured hairy land crab pa tadiria. Orava korena, oha eat. This little crab is commonly of the barrier islands. Some people in katiga limadi. Nginongo leana. found in the belly of PAJARA Marovo also report the existence of a Kolokolo tania pa soaini pa paleke (‘groupers’) and may thus be eaten much smaller third type of KABICHI Noveba oro Diseba, ngina vura accidentally by humans. which lives in gardens. It is said to be mae ria pa govara madi la pa about the size of a fiddler crab rarusu pata kovukovuru. (POTU), has white claws, and can spoil Crustacean, fam. Gecarcinidae: gardens by burrowing holes. Cardisoma hirtipes, a coastal land crab of red and brown colour often with orange claws. Lives in holes on dry land near the sea, often also on KABICHI MANAVASA village beaches (especially in the Hauku ngana. villages of Seventh-day Adventists, Crustacean, fam. Gecarcinidae: who do not eat them). Said to be ‘domesticated KABICHI’, secondary good food. On full moons in name of the land crab known as November and December, large HAUKU. numbers of KAHU come out of their holes and go to the sea to spawn.

Meka kakarita tania Vincent Vaguni, pa toba pa KABICHI PIRU Tataresi Kabichi pa toba, chichinoko korena Vincent Vaguni and a kakarita caught in the barrier KAHU HOKARA island mangroves mani koe kalu pa mahelena. Kilakila gete tadiria kahu. Crustacean, fam. Gecarcinidae: ‘wild Crustacean, fam. Gecarcinidae: ‘real KABICHI’; a land crab with black to KAHU’; the land crab Cardisoma KAKARITA bluish shell and hairy legs that lives in hirtipes. A general term for all adult Tingitonga gete ko pa petupetuani. the barrier islands, probably KAHU. Nginongo leana via. Gete via Cardisoma carnifex. limana, gura usu tinoni. Crustacean, fam. Portunidae: Scylla serrata, Mud crab. A large crab which KAHU MACHUMACHU is common in mangroves and Gete limadi. estuaries, and which is very good and Crustacean, fam. Gecarcinidae: popular food. They have very large ‘male’ KAHU crabs (Cardisoma hirtipes) claws which may be dangerous to with large claws. people.

85 5 – Ria tingitonga pu ko maheledi madi ene oro rerese pa sagharuru, rarusu, pa petupetuani oro pa mati katigae

KALIPETE shells. There are several types of Crustaceans, fam. Ocypodidae: Puku ta kakabacha, ko pa rarusu KOBA, some living mainly in mud Fiddler crabs, Uca spp. Small oro idere, kani ta ngo. Ko katiga areas and mangroves, others on sand burrowing crabs which live in very hokihokiti kalipete, mana meka pu beaches and in coastal forest, and large numbers on mud flats. The gete via ieni takilae kalipete others in the sea. Most are good bait, male crabs have one very large, hubana pa tadiria pa Vahole. but different KOBA are good for brightly coloured claw that they Crustacean, fam. Portunidae: different types of fish. wave about in the air during low Portunus pelagicus, Swimmer crab. tide. POTU are called sipu gevasa in There are also several types of Roviana. KALIPETE in Marovo, including one that is big with very long claws and KOBA MATI in Hoava is called kalipete hubana. Koba getegetena, ko gone pa mati, None of these crabs are eaten. pa korekore sise gete, ropi, oro kino. Hara chacha tupe, hua katiga tinoni. Crustacean, fam. Coenobitidae: a KAMEJE medium to large-sized hermit crab, Huana buluku mana kiki, ko pa always found on land and inhabiting kavo. Nginongo leana. the shells of larger SISE as well as ROPI Crustaceans, unidentified: Freshwater and KINO. Some people believe they prawns, common in most streams. may be juvenile coconut crabs, They are regarded as good food, judging from their colour and the although most are rather small. shape of their claws.

KIKIO KOBA ROPI Puku ta kakabacha mana kiki. Heva Meka kobi pu kone gone pa kore tinina. Ko pa rarusu, gura rerese pa ropi ngana, soku via pa keoro pana ipu. petupetuani, ene oro eko ngana pa Crustacean, fam. Ocypodidae: jemi. Leana via pa mujiki, ta vae pa Ocypode ceratophtalmus, Ghost crab; tadiria tinoni chaba pa kolokolo la a small, white, transparent coastal pa chabaini. crab that runs across white sand Crustacean, fam. Coenobitidae: a TUPE beaches at night. very common hermit crab that lives Puku ta koba mana gete via, buma in mangroves and inhabits the shells tinina. Ko gone pa korapa puava of ROPI (Terebralia palustris, and pa goana tata pa idere, pa toba, possibly also Telescopium tusu oro tutupeka. Pa kolokolo KOBA telescopium). Highly abundant on tania, ieni ene liloro pa goana. Lea Kilakila gete tadiria hokihokiti mud among mangrove roots, and ure ngochara oro katiga ure hae koba, be kiki ba gete, ko pa often gathered as bait by people on pule pu ko pa puava nginongo korekore ropi, kino, sise na their way to fishing grounds in the tania. Nginongo leana, deana via ongongava. Mana ko pa korekore lagoon or barrier reef. pa kolokolo tania. buki tu katiga pu getegetedi. Ene Crustacean, fam. Coenobitidae: liloro pa rarusu na pa petupetuani Birgus latro, Coconut crab (or robber oro pa idere katigae. Leana via pa crab). It looks a little like a hermit mujiki. POTU crab (to which it is closely related) Crustaceans, fam. Coenobitidae: Puku ta kalipete mana kiki via, ko but is very big and does not live in a generic term for hermit crabs. KOBA pa govara pa jemi. Ia potu shell. Its colour is primarily bluish and prefer to live in the shells of ROPI, machumachu ieni ko meka limana it has huge claws. Coconut crabs live KINO, SISE and ONGONGAVA, depending gete via mani epepei nia ia gone in their burrows in coastal forest, on on the size and habitat of the crab. pa kolokolo hore mati. Ieni takilae the mainland, on lagoon islands, and Very large ones even inhabit BUKI sipu ghevasa pa Roviana. in the barrier islands. At times, they

86 5 – Crustaceans of reef, beach, mangroves and forest

walk around in the forest and along the seashore. They eat fallen coconuts and fruits of certain other trees. These large crabs are a favourite food of many people in Marovo, and at certain times of the year they are very fat.

87

PINAJAKA VINA ONOMO RIA TINGITONGA KOVURUDI PA MATI ORO VURADI MAE PA MATI HUANA BOTU, LOLOMO, PIONGO ORO RIA HOKIHOKITI PUAVA

RIA KILAKILA PIRA RIA KANI PATAVELA PATA VAHELE VIVINEIDI, PUNA TE ATEI NIA NGANA HAMU PU GURA ENE LILORO PA GOANA

CHAPTER SIX THE LAND: TOPOGRAPHY AND SOIL TYPES

ALTHOUGH SOME OF THE TERMS ARE NOT EXPLAINED THOROUGHLY, THEIR MEANINGS SHOULD BE WELL KNOW BY THOSE WHO SPEND TIME IN THE FOREST 6 6 – Ria tingitonga kovurudi pa mati oro vuradi mae pa mati

BATU HAHAENA Planted grove of Canarium nut trees. GOANA Vasina pana ulu pa goana pu See NGOETE and MARIA 1) Kilakila tongania vasidi pa charava ria oloko madi ukala nia ria goana. hae huhua tangovo oro hoba. 2) Goana gete, kani pa Forest canopy: the ‘heads of the chigochigoani. trees’. TANGOVO and HOBA trees grow 1) ‘Bush’, general term for all land beyond it. with vegetation including garden areas. 2) ‘Forest’: primary or old secondary forest, in contrast to cultivated land. BOTU Vasina pa goana pu taba vura mae, Buruburuani pa goana, pa Nono Ulu mana kani togere. An old nut grove planted and maintained in the deep forest Hill, smaller than mountain; hill top; lower than mountain. CHICHIOGO Kotukotuani porana, huhua goana. BUBUKURU Old, mature secondary forest, Vasina pa goana pu ta jujulu mani approaching the condition of koe soku via idaka, oro te vura kavo undisturbed forest but containing tungana pa katiga kolokolo. signs of previous cultivation. Scree: a steep place with many stones lying around owing to a landslide. There may be water running among the stones.

Goana piru pa Tita Deep forest at Tita River Chigo gete pa Tamaneke Large swidden near Tamaneke village GOANA PIRU CHIGO Goana pa soloso pu kani te hirama Vasina ta choku. mani to ngana tongania hae Planted garden: swidden under talavuni pa tuari. cultivation, in any location. ‘Wild forest’: the deepest forest far inland, little changed by human activity.

Chigo pa goana BURUBURUANI Small swidden in the forest Vasina pa goana pu ta choku madi Goana pa Togere, pa Vahole to ria hae ngoete na maria. Mountain forest

90 6 – The land: topography and soil types

HUANA NATARA PUAVA Tongania huana pa goana, ba pa Vasina pu natara via. 1) Kilakila gete tadiria hokiti idere tungana. Flat area: a plain or plateau; also puava. Path: a trail in the bush; a sea route. referred to as vasina natara. 2) Kilana tongania tingitonga pu varilikoho nia voloso tadiria hokiti butubutu, be mati ba idere. 1) Earth, soil: general term for all soil IDAKA NURA types, see below. Tongania idaka pa goana oro pa Lolomo kiki pu koe kavo. 2) Named territory of land with idere. Small valley, usually with a stream. specified boundaries, controlled by a Stone of any kind and size, on land tribe. or in the sea. PATUKAE Idaka gete via pu ko hese ngana. PUAVA BUPARA KAVO Boulder: large, solitary rock. Puava pu bupara ba orava mani Kavo na piongo ngana. puha via oro mohu. Kani leana via River, stream. pa chigo mana gura ta vae pa sopusopu, hua ria. PAVASA ‘Brown soil’: reddish-brown clay soil, Vasina pu natara via, ta tavetei nia heavy, humid and dense, and not KOPI ria tinoni pata melongo. very good for gardens. People say Vasina pa goana pu koe kavo mani Playing field made on a coastal plain that it can be used as soap. ko noso ngana. or a low hill. Lake or freshwater pool of any size. PUAVA CHINOKO Puava leana via, huhua pa tusu KOTUKOTUANI Marovo. Vasina pu koe chigo pa meka rane ‘Black soil’: fertile volcanic soil, such mani to pule ria hae. Makasina as on Marovo Island. goana. Rather recent secondary forest (bush fallow) with small trees, usually part of an individual rotational swidden PUAVA GEGHA system in operation. If not cleared Puava pa kotukotuani pu kani Piongo Gevala again, it will revert to proper forest. The great Gevala River leana. Infertile soil, exhausted by gardening PIONGO and abandoned. Kavo gete. LOBI Any large river. Vasina pa goana pu natara mani ko varilikoho nia ria botu ba togere. PUAVA HOKARA Crater, basin: large depression in Puava leana pa toba oro kalelupa mountain terrain surrounded by hills PIROPIROANI huhua pa Vangunu oro Viru, and mountain ridges. Vasina pa kotukotuani pu to va bupara mani koe idaka. Puava toba sokua hae piropiro. meka kilana ia. Recent fallow areas with lush cover of ‘Proper soil’: brown, stony and fertile ginger of PIROPIRO type. soil on barrier islands and mainland LOLOMO weather coasts. Vasina pu vari pajaka ni karua togere. A long valley separating two mountains.

91 6 – Ria tingitonga kovurudi pa mati oro vuradi mae pa mati

PUAVA KOLIPI PUAVA VOTU TA LUKUTU Puava leguna huhua pa Piongo Puava pa kalekavo pu koe jemi oro Vasina pu taba via mani vari pajaka Lavata. Bupara oro koe idaka, kani rokoroko legudi. ni karua botu. Kani koe kavo. leana pa umalau. Mana leana pa ‘Estuary soil’: Muddy soil mixed with Ravine: steep valley without stream sopusopu, hua ria. dead leaves, in river locations. or river, between two hills. Brown, ‘dead’ soil with many stones, not good for sweet potatoes. Characteristic of Bareke, Kalikolo and areas around Piongo Lavata. Said to RINOPA TABA be good for use as soap. Vasina pu te hirama hae oro te poki Vasina pa goana pu taba hore. rokoroko ria tinoni. Ngina rakoto Slope: any relatively steep terrain. mani ta sulu mani ta choku. New garden site where forest cover PUAVA NOTI has been felled; an old garden where Puava chinoko pa kalekavo huhua secondary growth has been TABA HOARA pa Piongo Obo. Mohu oro puha removed. Ready for clearing of Vasina pu taba via mani kani gura via, kani leana. Mana ta vae pata undergrowth, burning and ene karovo tinoni. tavete kala chinoko ria pa tuari. subsequent planting. Vertical cliff, precipice. A black, dense and infertile clay soil of riverbanks, such as at the Obo River. It was used to make black dye in the old days. ROGHA TABA KALE Vasina pu to soku via hae kiki oro Vasina pa goana pu taba via. adoso, lea pa kotukotuani pa kavo. Very steep slope. Tangled, dense forest with many PUAVA RUTA creepers, climbers and small trees. Puava pa soloso pu mohu, pa Usually secondary growth near rivers. vasina pu to ia ghohere piruna. Ko TABAKA tata pa piongo pa soloso mani Vasina pa goana pu ta jujulu mani leana via pa ta choku talo pa ruta. ta kuri soku via hae. ‘Irrigated taro terrace soil’: SOLOSO Location of a landslide, with many waterlogged soils found inland close 1) Tusu gete via, hua Soloso broken trees. to rivers. When not cultivated these Vangunu. soils support wild Cyrtosperma taro 2) Goana piru pu kani tata pa (ghohere piru). This is the preferred idere. soil for irrigated taro terraces (ruta). 3) Tongania vasidi oro tutusuani pu TEMARA koe tinoni. Vasina pu taba via pa goana oro pa 1) Large island, such as Vangunu. toba mani gura ko tinoni pa 2) The inner lands of mountainous korapana ba pa kauruna. Huhua PUAVA RUVAO islands. govara gete. Puava pu ngira via, koe soku via 3) The world. 1) Cave among large rocks in the idaka. Sana via pa ta chevara. bush. A hard, rocky soil whose surface looks 2) Overhanging cliff on the barrier like stone and is difficult to turn over. islands. TA JUJULU Vasina pu taba via mani uke hore puava oro idaka. PUAVA TOBA Steep place where a landslide has Puava hokara ngana, pa toba. occurred. ‘Barrier islands soil’: good, proper soil found in some barrier islands.

92 6 – The land: topography and soil types

TOA Vasina pa batu togere pu gura ko liungu tinoni vasina pa pa tuari. Mountain peaks towering above nearby hill areas. They were sometimes fortified and used as hideaways during warfare.

Tata pa ukulu pa Piongo Lavata Near headwaters of the great Piongo Lavata river TOGERE Vasina pu taba vura mae pa goana. UKULU Mountain. Vasina pa goana na pa togere pu talavuni vura mae piongo. Headwaters of streams and rivers. TOTOLOSO Kavo kiki via. A small stream. VIA Vasina pa goana pu ta rane langana puna kare ka hae. Forest clearings with few trees and TURO plenty of sunlight. Vasina pu uke hore kavo. Waterfall. VIOLO Kopi pa vasina pu hore mae turo. The pool at the bottom of a waterfall.

VUGHASA Kavo vughasa pu vura mae pa puava. Water emerging from the ground, with air bubbles. UGULU Goana pa batu togere, kani koe kavo. Soku via roko legudi ko pa puava, mana to katiga hae huana aru oro ramoso oro katiga tingitonga huana kalu malivi. The upper forest on mountain ridges. The ground is covered by dead leaves, and casuarina, pandanus and mosses grow there, but there is no water.

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HIRAMA DEKURU ORO CHOKU HAE: TINAVETE GETE PA HUA PIA PA GOANA PA MAROVO

LOGGING AND TREE PLANTATIONS: LARGE-SCALE DEVELOPMENT IN THE FORESTS OF MAROVO

3 1 Nama, vasina pa Vangunu pa kolokolo kadi te hirama hae ria kabani (1996). Undisturbed lowland forest in the Nama area of Vangunu (1996), since logged.

2 Tinavete tania kabani Silvania pa korapana Bareke (1996). Logging by the Silvania company in the interior of Bareke (1996).

3 Vasina pu ta hirama hae ia kabani 4 Silvania, pa Gevala (1994). Puava ta gavuna, heni ta kilae “Lot 16”. Logging roads and logged forest in the Gevala area (1994). This land, logged by Silvania Products Ltd. and since partly planted with oil palm, is called “Lot 16” from its status as government land.

4 Soku dekuru pa meka “log pond” pa sera, vera nia vaka dekuru. Logs collected at a seashore log pond, awaiting export by timber ship.

5 Vasina pu te hirama tongania hae ia kabani Golden Springs, pa Vahole (2003). Pa meka kolokolo “log pond” ngana, mana haguru te beto tinavete ta kabani. Omia ure mola pu to pa puava. Area clearfelled by the Golden Springs 5 company, with relict forest in background (2003). A former log pond recently abandoned at the end of logging. Ground orchid growing 6 among rejected logs.

6 Vahole (Bunabunasa) 2003: To pule ria hae olanga pa kale huana. Tiro la pa vasina pu ta choku hae ria pa Tamaneke. Spontaneous regrowth of olanga trees along logging road. In background, tree plantations by communities of the Christian Fellowship Church (CFC). Vahole, North New Georgia, 2003.

95 7 Choku hae: boloko melaena pa Vahole, tadiria tatamana pa Tamaneke (2003). Community reforestation blocks with Gmelina trees, operated by families of the CFC. Vahole (2003).

8 Vura mae olanga, kachiena via, pa vasina pu te hirama hae ria pa buruburu 1999. Vahole (2003). Spontaneous reforestation: rapidly growing olanga tree in area logged in 1999. Vahole (2003). 7

9 Olanga pu koena, olanga pu maena, pa vasina pu te hirama hae. Vahole (2003). Old-growth and new regrowing olanga trees at edge of logged area. Vahole (2003).

10 Vasina te hirama tania kabani, madila choku hae ria pa CFC, pa Vahole. Community tree plantations along logging road, by families of the CFC. Vahole (2003).

8 9

10 11 Ie Vincent Vaguni oro ia “teak nursery” tania pa Tamaneke (2003). Vincent Vaguni and his family’s teak nursery, in the CFC village of Tamaneke (2003).

12 Ria hae tiki hagurudi, ta choku pa 2002 pa tadiria pa CFC. Vahole (2003). Fast-growing, one-year old teak trees at CFC community tree plantation plot in Vahole (2003). 11 13 Tinavete tadiria pa CFC pa Gerasi (2003). Gete via ia tinavete tadiria pa ta choku hae. Omia petupetuani oro goana pa taba, pu kadi te regocho. The new face of North New Georgia: broad band of land logged by Golden Springs, with subsequent recent community reforestation by the CFC at Gerasi (2003). Note retention of coastal and uphill forest.

14 Gete via tinavete tadiria pa CFC pa Paradise pa kalena pa choku hae. Huge mixed tree plantations established by the CFC community at Paradise, Kusaghe.

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PINAJAKA VINA JUAPA RIA HAE, RIKIROKO, ADOSO ORO CHECHEU

CHAPTER SEVEN PLANTS OF FOREST AND GARDENS TREES, SHRUBS, CLIMBERS AND CREEPERS, LEAFY GRASSES

7 7 – Ria hae, rikiroko, adoso oro checheu

ADOSO Vine, unidentified (possibly fam. 1) Meka kilakila gete tadiria adoso Bignoniaceae): tough, creeping vines pu keba pa hae, ba haba pa puava that grow mostly in the barrier oro pa maghara. islands. They are used for bundling 2) Kilana ria adoso pu keba pa hae firewood, and in custom it is said that pa goana mani koe varichopuruna, giant ogres must be tied up with this huana adoso hokara, tikulu, vine when captured by people. ghologhao oro okoko. Soku via tinavete tadiria adoso pira, lea arilaedi via pa tinavete vanua oro katiga tingitonga pule. ADOSO VINAKIKI APUCHU 1) ‘Rope’: generic term for all Meka adoso hokara pu ngira via, Meka hae urure, ta chokui pa chigo creeping and climbing vines. keba pa hae mani koe oro pa palavanua. Ngira haena. 2) Palms, fam. Arecaceae: Calamus varichopuruna. Hara kani soku pa Soku via burongona. Ko katiga spp., rattan or loya cane; climbing Marovo. hokihokiti apuchu (omia apuchu palms of the forest with woody stems Palm, fam. Arecaceae: Calamus sp.; a niugini), mamisi via ia pu orava and sharp, curved thorns. Four main very tough type of rattan or loya urena mana kakaduru urena katigae. types are named in Marovo: ADOSO cane, quite rare in Marovo. Tree, fam. Myrtaceae: Syzygium HOKARA, ADOSO VINAKIKI, TIKULU (also malaccense, Malay apple; a local fruit tree called GHOLOGHAO) and OKOKO. Three which is planted in gardens and in village species have been listed for the areas. A large tree with hard wood, pink to Solomon Islands: Calamus hollrungii AKAKU purple flowers and sweet fruits of different (large leaves and thick stems, grows Meka adoso pu keba pa hae. sizes, shapes and tastes according to solitary in upper forest [probably Vine, unidentified: a climbing vine. tree variety. See APUCHU NIUGINI. TIKULU or GHOLOGHAO]), Calamus stipitatus (very tough with smaller leaves, grows in lower forest [probably OKOKO]), and Calamus AMASA vestitus (slender, tangled stems and Meka adoso ngira, to pa toba oro fine leaves). Calamus vines have a pa rarusu tutupeka, haba pa great many uses in Marovo, and are maghara. Amamasa nia mola, particularly important for magoru, lave oro katiga tingitonga construction purposes. pule pa tuari huana ligomo. Pa hua, tavete nia huneke ngira via ria. Ferns, fam. Schizaeaceae: Lygodium spp., creeping ferns that grow in ADOSO HOKARA barrier islands and on mainland Lea adoso pu keba pa hae, arilaena coast, especially in rocky areas. AMASA APUCHU NIUGINI via pa tinavete vanua. vine is very tough and was once used Meka hae urure, ta chokui pa chigo Palms, fam. Arecaceae: Name applied to assemble planked canoes and to oro palavanua, mana ta heru mae to ‘proper’ types of climbing Calamus make wickerwork shields, and as a pa Niugini ria misinari juapa rane pa palms suitable for many construction component in many important Marovo. Pa Chea ieni ko susua, mana purposes. ceremonial objects. The vine is used ko tu pa Ulusaghe na katiga hokiti today as cordage for many different tusu. Kiki mana mamisi via urena. purposes, and in some parts of the Tree, fam. Myrtaceae: Syzygium Solomons they use it to weave malaccense, Malay apple; a special ADOSO IDAKA exceptionally strong baskets and variety of APUCHU with clusters of Adoso ngira via, to pa toba mani other useful objects going under the small, bright red and very sweet haba pa puava. Ta vae pata heru trade name of “Buka-ware”. fruits, introduced to Marovo Island mae viana, mana pa kasitomu ieni from New Guinea in the 1950s by a ta vae pata ta piri nia ria malivi ba Marovo man who worked there as a ruruhu ria, hua ria. Seventh-day Adventist missionary. Since the 1960s, cuttings have been

100 7 – Plants of forest and gardens

distributed widely and the tree is ARA PAO areas of the barrier islands that have now cultivated throughout the Adoso pa toba oro tutupeka, gete been logged. Its bark scrapings have Western Solomons and beyond. via adosona. Gura tavete nia arara medicinal uses. pata ara ihana ria, mana kani leana via. Pa kolokolo koe burongo tania, deana via ria ihana pa kavo lea tulangini gete, hua ria pa Vahole. Vine, fam. Flagellariaceae: Flagellaria gigantea, a climbing vine with long lanceolate leaves and thick woody stems. Unlike the smaller ARARA, it grows both in the barrier islands and on mainland coasts. It is sometimes Aru pa rarusu toba used to make arara lines for fish Aru on a barrier island beach drives, but the stems are often too thick. In Vahole, they say that when ARA ARA PAO has flowers, it is the time for Adoso pa toba, keba pa hae, ko va freshwater fishes, particularly eels ARU PA SOLOSO soku pa katiga vasina pa toba. (TULANGINI), to be fat. Hae gete oro ragaraga, huhua aru Tavete nia arara pata ara nia ihana pa toba mana to pa chakeulu ria. Ta vae pa katiga tinavete vanua. togere, pa ugulu pu to ria hae Vine, fam. Flagellariaceae: Flagellaria ramoso tungana. indica, a climbing vine with long Tree, fam. Casuarinaceae: Casuarina lanceolate leaves and woody but papuana, inland Casuarina tree. This pliable stems. It grows profusely in tree is most common in the high- the forests of some barrier islands. altitude forest of dry ridgetops above Lengths of ARA are joined together to river headwaters, where it often make long scare-lines laid out in the grows near several species of the sea for encircling fish on reef flats pandanus (CHABO) tree. and in the lagoon, through the fishing methods known as kuarao and ara. Thus prepared for fishing, the vine is called arara. The vine can also be BABAHEVA used for some construction purposes. Meka hae gete, noro chubina. Hae labilabiti, to pa petupetuani, pa rarusu oro pa kalekavo. Ngira via haena pula popa, tavete nia labete, tiva babao oro dokuani ijini ria pa chore gete. Tree, fam. Sterculiaceae: Heritiera Tona aru, pa keoro pa Toba Japuchajomo Casuarina sapling on windblown beach on the barrier reef. littoralis, a tree with a thick, straight trunk and many buttresses, found ARU growing in mangroves, along Hae gete via oro ragaraga, to pa beaches and along riverbanks. The rarusu toba. Gura to kachiena pa wood is very strong when dry, and is vasina pu te hirama hae pata vae used for planks, spear shafts and the dekuru. Katiga binorue korena, reinforced stern pieces that hold the hua ria. outboard motors of large dugout Tree, fam. Casuarinaceae: Casuarina canoes. equisetifolia, coastal Casuarina tree. A common tree of the barrier island coasts. It is a fast-growing pioneer tree on beaches and, these days, in Chaba kuarao. Omia arara Surrounding the fish with a long scareline made from ara

101 7 – Ria hae, rikiroko, adoso oro checheu

BAKOVARA BAREKOTO the same as CHOKU. Its trunks never Hae huhua pijaka urena, maena pa Meka hae pa goana oro pa chichiogo, rot, it is used to build pig enclosures, hokiti vasina, ta chokui pa katiga ta tavete kinimokimo korena ria pa and in the old days it was used to palavanua. Kani soku pa Marovo, tuari, hua lakori oro kalala. build taro terraces. mana soku via ta choku pa Tree, unidentified: a tree of lowland Australia, hua katigae. and secondary forest whose bark was Palm, fam. Arecaceae: probably used for traditional barkcloth, in ways Actinorhytis calapparia, a large palm similar to bark of KALALA and LAKORI. tree with Areca-like nuts. Also found elsewhere in the Solomon Islands, it is believed to have been introduced to Marovo and is only seen planted BATIA in a few villages. People who have Hae ta choku pa chigo, ta choku pa been to Australia have seen many tongania kolokolo mani pora urena BAKOVARA palms cultivated there. mani ta vae pa ukala meka buruburu. Ta ngo urena, ta bia nginongo pa motu rokona. Pa meka rane, tavete nia sasaburu karumehe pipirukuna. BICHEBICHERE BALASEA Soku via hokihokiti hae pia pu ta kilae. Meka hae kiki pa kotukotuani, kani Burongo, katiga to pa raga hae. Va Herbs, fam. Musaceae: Musa spp., to pa goana. Binorue kochu oro siti soku via ria hokihokiti balasea, omi bananas and plantains. Many tia rokona. Binorue kola tungana. jonga via burongodi. Ta vae pa different cultivars, often with specific Tree, unidentified: a small tree that goana oro pa toba pata vinasari pa names, are planted year round and grows only in secondary forest. The vanua, oro ta vae patu kikidi pa harvested about a year later. The ripe leaves are used medicinally. urena mani ta cheni la pa binu pata fruits are eaten, some (like plantains) va la pa kalu, huana savi kilana are cooked as staple food, others (like tadiria pa tuari. Hara katiga sweet bananas) are eaten as snacks. binorue tungana. The leaves are used to parcel food in BIKEBIKE Herbs, fam. Orchidaceae: a generic the stone oven. In the old days, they Meka talo kiki, to pa goana piru. term for many different orchids; used banana leaf stems as fishing rods Hina jonga ia, ta vae vinasari flowering plants that usually grow on to catch small estuarine anchovies vaguvaguru rokona pa tadiria the branches of trees. They are (KARUMEHE). tinoni pu ene pa goana piru, hua collected in the forest and at barrier ria pa Vahole. islands and brought to villages to be Herb, fam. Araceae: a small wild taro grown decoratively on and around of the deep forest, about half a metre houses. The small seeds contained BEBEU tall with green leaves and a white within the fruits of some orchids can Meka hae pa goana piru. Huana corm. The leaves, stalks and corms be mixed with coral lime to make “glue” urena mana ta ngo tungana have a pleasant fragrance, and the hair bleach, commonly used in the puna mamisi. leaves are used for personal decoration old days. Some orchids are also Tree, unidentified: a forest tree with by splitting the stalk and wearing the known to have medicinal uses. sweet edible fruits that contain a leaf around the neck. In Vahole, such sticky, glue-like substance. decoration is sometimes applied by those who walk in the deep forest. BAO Hae pa goana, tiva va ulu via, noro BERI via chubina. Ta okata vae chubina Meka hae kiki pa goana, huhua BINI pata pade vanua, ta ngo urena. choku oro hara meka tonu erikaru. Kilakila gete ta katiga adoso pu Palms, fam. Arecaceae: Gulubia Tavete nia bara ruta oro bara moa haguru maena, ta chokui pa chigo. macrospadix and other Gulubia spp. ria pa tania hae pia. Nginongo urena. BAO are the tallest palms in the forest. Tree, probably fam. Loganiaceae, Vines, fam. Fabaceae: English-derived Split lengths of the trunks are used for Fagraea racemosa. A small tree of the generic term for garden beans house floors, and the fruits are edible. lowland forest, similar to and possibly (winged bean, Psophocarpus

102 7 – Plants of forest and gardens

tetragonolobus, and snake bean. See BOCHAKA BOI MANAVASA BINI NOKI. Recently introduced to Meka hae huhua pijaka, to pa Boi pu vasi oha rokona, ta chokui Marovo, beans are planted in goana mana kani soku. pa palavanua. Binorue buti rokona. gardens, and are considered good Palm, fam. Arecaceae: a rare palm Herb, fam. Amaryllidaceae: Crinum supplementary food. tree of the forest, considered related asiaticum, a large flowering cultivated to PIJAKA. lily, planted in village areas. Some have yellowish leaves. The leaves are medicinal. BINI NOKI Meka bini pu hele via urena. BOE Haguru maena pa Marovo, ta Meka hae pa goana piru, popa chokui pa chigo. Ta ngo urena lea urena huhua omo, mani ta ngo. BOI PIRU pa tadiria tinoni pavu, mani ta vae Lea nginongo ta malivi urena, hua Boi pu to pa jemijemiani, pa via pa mani ta holu pa maketi. ria pa tuari. goana, or pa toba tata pa rarusu Vine, fam. Fabaceae: Vigna Tree, fam. Moraceae: Parartocarpus keoro. Binorue buti rokona. unguiculata, snake bean. Recently venenosa, a wild fruit tree of the deep Herb, fam. Amaryllidaceae: Crinum introduced and planted in gardens. forest. The large fruits are dry but pedunculatum, a large flowering lily Snake beans are regarded as very good to eat, somewhat like with green leaves. It grows in good food for sick people, and are breadfruit. BOE fruit is said to be the swampy places, in clearings in the sometimes sold at local markets. food of giant ogres. forest, and in sandy areas at and near beaches of barrier and lagoon islands. The leaves are medicinal. BIRA Meka tingitonga ta choku pa chigo, huana tovu mana checheu hele BOLAVA ngana. Nginongo tadiria pa Niugini. Meka hae gete pa goana, lea viana Grass, fam. Poaceae: Saccharum pata raro. Roche kolana. Nginongo edule, a tall cultivated grass closely ta binahere rokona, koko vilei related to sugarcane, planted in some binahere. gardens. It is a food in New Guinea. Tree, unidentified: a large forest tree whose thick trunk has a soft inner core. Considered to be the very best BOI fuel for cooking fires. The tree- BOBOSURU Rokoroko burongo: meka dwelling cuscus (opossum) (BINAHERE) 1) Meka tingitonga huhua balasea, manavasana, meka piruna. Binorue likes to eat the leaves of BOLAVA and is doku pa raga hae pa petupetuani, ta kuri oro buti rokona, ta kina pa often found in these trees. gete mani kuloboru dadahana ikuchu mani vala pa mahele ba mani kokoani ta dure pu lulutu bou limana pu ta kuri ba ta siti. Tavete kilana. bulu ghohi na tangiri chubi rokona. 2) Meka checheu pu keba pa hae Omia boi manavasa, boi piru. BOLIVI pa goana. Herbs, fam. Amaryllidaceae: Crinum Meka adoso huana uvi, ta ngo 1) Herb, fam. Rubiaceae: Myrmecodia spp., two species of large flowering urena. Ta choku, ba piru katigae. salomonensis, ant plant. It grows as lilies, one wild and one cultivated. Vine, fam. Dioscoreaceae: Dioscorea an epiphyte on the branches of The leaves of both species are used pentaphylla, a cultivated yam, grown mangrove trees. The leaves look to treat serious bruises, fractures and in gardens although not as frequently similar to those of orchids but, unlike other injuries obtained primarily from as UVI. This yam can also be found orchids, the roots produce large ball- falls. The white leaf bases are growing wild in the forest. like growths. Red biting ants (LULUTU fastened to large hooks to make BOU) live on (and some say inside) trolling lures for barracuda (GHOHI) these roots. and Spanish mackerel (TANGIRI). See 2) Unidentified: a small grass-like BOI MANAVASA and BOI PIRU. plant that grows on forest trees.

103 7 – Ria hae, rikiroko, adoso oro checheu

BOLOHO BOSI BUBURATA Meka hae tiva va ulu huana ivu, to Hae pa goana oro pa kotukotuani. Meka adoso pa toba, keba pa hae. pa chubina botu. To ngana pa Meka pu heva korena oro Ngira via adosona, hina jonga Ulusaghe pa tuari huhua tusa, kani burongona, meka pu chichinoko rokona oro burongona. Tavete nia maena pa hokiti tusu huana ivu, korena oro orava burongona. tingitonga hina jonga huhua mudu dekedeke na chakato. Tavete nia Haena ieni tavete nia labete, oro ria. tingitonga pata raro nginongo ria tavete nia chore kiki ria pa Vahole Vine, unidentified: a woody climber pa tuari, oro tavete ngaloso pata pa meka rane ia pu heva korena. with fragrant leaves and flowers that ngado moa. Tavete nia demili, Kubekuberia haena pu heva korena grows in the barrier islands. People heruheru nia kavo tadiria pa tuari, pata veko inavoso. Hae binorue, use the flowers to make perfumed puna manobu via ia bei pu ko pa meresena lipata korena. coconut oil. See also BURABURATA. demili boloho. Trees, fam. Rutaceae: Euodia spp., Bamboo, fam. Poaceae: Bambusa sp., trees of the lowland and secondary a tall bamboo of the forest that forest. Two distinct BOSI species are grows most often at the bottom of recognized in Marovo: one with BUE hills. Unlike many other bamboos, it white bark and white flowers (Euodia Meka hae gete pa goana. Tavete was not introduced to Marovo in the sp.) and one with brown bark and nia labete oro hae beati pa kirikiti old days, but has always been red flowers (Euodia elleryana). The ria. growing there. Traditionally used for wood is easy to split and good for Tree, unidentified: a large forest tree cooking containers, and to make planks; in Vahole, white-barked BOSI with a thick trunk. The wood is used sharp knives for butchering pigs. Also was once used for small dugout for planks, and for cricket bats. used for water containers, because it canoes. The trunk of the white- keeps water cool inside. For other barked BOSI can be used for writing bamboos of Marovo, see names messages out in the forest; what is listed under IVU. written on BOSI bark with charcoal or BUITI mud will not be washed off by rain. Meka hae roche huana piropiro, to BOSI trees also have traditional pa kotukotuani. Binorue masora ia medicinal and ritual uses. idere rokona, tavete nia BORUKUA kumakumana ria koburu korena. Checheu adoso, haba pa rarusu Hara meka kilana kokomu. keoro tata pa idere, soku via Ginger, fam. Zingiberaceae: a tree- burongona. Checheu borukua ieni BOU like shrub of the secondary forest, meka kilana. To va soku pa rarusu Meka hae pa jemijemiani, kani ko related to the PIROPIRO gingers but, idere pa toba, tusu oro tutupeka, pa tongania vasidi pa Marovo. unlike PIROPIRO, apparently with lea pa rokohikeani pa Kale Mana to pa Titita pa Vahole, oro pa branching growth. Possibly Vangunu. Chochole. Ghinerigheri haena, Tapeinochilus sp. or an alternate Vine, fam. Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea leana pa tiva vanua pa puava name for KOKOMU (Costus sp.). Juice pes-caprae, a beach creeper with bupara puna kani ngoi chote. squeezed from its leaves is used to many pink flowers. The distinct, Binorue buti rokona, ta kina pa wash fresh wounds, and pieces of the green and rather thick leaves are ikuchu mani vala mani pocho. bark are rolled into missiles for shaped like a goat’s foot. It grows in Tree, fam. Potaliaceae: Fagraea children’s toy guns. sand and among stones close to the gracilipes, a lowland forest tree that high-water mark on beaches of grows in swamps and muddy places. barrier islands, lagoon islands and In Marovo it is found only in a few mainland. It is particularly abundant locations. The wood never rots, is (together with the ROKO HIKE creeper) resistant to white ants, and therefore on exposed weather coast beaches. is the preferred tree for house posts in red soil. Leaves are medicinal; they are heated over fire and used to treat bruises.

104 7 – Plants of forest and gardens

BUNA NIUGINI nowadays forms tangled roadside Adoso varivalegu, huana riro mana shrub around abandoned logging gete adosona, legu nia ihana mani sites by the coast. Leaves and hara gura legu nia tinoni ia otona. especially stems of BUNA RIRO are Ta heru mae pa Niugini hua pa pounded and crushed to produce a buruburu 1950 tadiria tinoni fishing poison. Lengths of the tough Marovo pu misinari pa Niugini. stem are also used as rope to anchor Vine, fam. Fabaceae: Derris elliptica, a canoes, but people say that fish run forest climber with very thick woody away from these ropes. This plant is stems, which contain a very strong often called just RIRO, since BUNA RIRO BUNA poison used in fishing. It is often refers to the fishing poison Adoso keba pa hae ba haba pa categorized in Marovo as rather derived from the plant. This plant maghara pa rarusu oro pa similar to BUNA RIRO but was also has some medicinal uses. ngochangocharaini. Riro kilana ia introduced from New Guinea in the pu to pa maghara pu gete rokona. 1950s by Marovo Island people who Legu nia ihana rokona (oro worked there as Seventh-day adosona riro), mana pa katiga Adventist missionaries. The sap of the BUNA ROKOROKO kolokolo ieni kani ngira via ia stems is considered to be so Meka kilana buna pa hae ba poisoni pu ko pa rokona buna kiki. poisonous that people have to be maghara pu legu nia ihana. Vines, fam. Fabaceae: Derris spp. (at very careful when handling the plant Vines, fam. Fabaceae: Derris spp.; least the two species Derris elliptica for fishing. ‘leaf BUNA’, a name used specifically and Derris trifoliata); a group of for the use of BUNA leaves in fishing, closely related climbers and creepers to distinguish it from other types of that grow in seaside locations and BUNA fishing (‘fishing by stunning’) – coconut plantations, on the mainland such as the use of dynamite, called and on barrier islands. While the BUNA VAKA (‘European BUNA’). climber is usually referred to simply as BUNA, the creeper has somewhat thicker stems and bigger leaves and is called BUNA RIRO. BUNA leaves (and BUNI stems, too, of BUNA RIRO) contain a Kilana gete ta meka puku hae. poison used in fishing. See BUNA Katiga hokihokiti buni to pa goana ROKOROKO. The poison is extracted by oro pa toba. Ta vae katigae pa pounding and crushing the leaves (or tadiria kabani dekuru. stems, for BUNA RIRO). Leaves are BUNA RIRO Trees, fam. Clusiaceae: Calophyllum crushed with sand in order that the Meka adoso ngira oro kati pu haba spp., generic name for a group of mixture sinks easily. When the poison pa puava oro maghara pa toba oro large forest trees of the mainland and is released in the water near holes tutupeka, mani legu nia ihana ia barrier islands, some of which are where fish are hiding, stunned fish rokona oro adosona. Huhua buna important commercial timbers. soon float up to the surface. BUNA leaf rokoroko pu keba pa hae, mana poison is also used to stun large gete rokona. Binorue tungana, oro catches of fish contained within a net ta vae pa iku hitoso puna kadi ta or stone fence, such as in the fishing hivae tadiria ihana, hua ria. Riro BUNI HOKARA technique called kuarao. The poison ngana ieni meka kilana. Meka kilana buni rarusu. of the smaller-leaved climbing variety Vine, fam. Fabaceae: the creeping Tree, fam. Clusiaceae: ‘proper BUNI’; is sometimes too weak to kill fish. A variety of Derris trifoliata, BUNA vine, alternate name for BUNI RARUSU particularly strong poison is similar to the climbing BUNA but with (Calophyllum inophyllum). contained in the imported species larger leaves and somewhat thicker called BUNA NIUGINI. stems. It contains a stronger poison than the climbing variety. BUNA RIRO often covers stones and shrubs in seaside locations on the mainland and on the barrier islands, and

105 7 – Ria hae, rikiroko, adoso oro checheu

BUNI KOVO BUNI VIJOLO BURONGO TOBA Meka buni pu gete urena, kaku Meka hae tiva va ulu mani noro, to Meka hae kiki pa toba, hina jonga kilana. Ta vae urena pata melongo pa goana piru. Getegete oro via rokona, heva burongona. Ta varihidui. Ta vae pa tadiria kabani helehele urena. Ngira oro orava hina mae pa toba pana ipu. dekuru. haena, ta vae pa tadiria kabani Binorue rokona, ta vae pata motu Tree, fam. Clusiaceae: Calophyllum dekuru. tinoni pu uke pa hae ria. Ta chokui neo-ebudicum, a tree with big fruits Tree, fam. Clusiaceae: Calophyllum pa tongania hope pa toba oro which are called kaku in Marovo and peekelii, a very tall tree of the inner tutupeka. Ta choku gonei pa are used in the old game called mainland forest. It is characterized by kolokolo tavete oru ria pa tuari, varihidui. It is taken by logging its straight bole and by having large, hua katigae. companies. oval fruits. A fast-growing tree with Tree, fam. Rutaceae: Euodia hortensis, red, tough wood, and an important a small tree of the barrier islands, commercial timber in Solomon with small white flowers and leaves Islands together with the similar BUNI with a strong aromatic smell. The KOVO (Calophyllum neo-ebudicum). characteristic fragrance often drifts across the lagoon from the barrier islands at night. The leaves are used in steam treatment of bruises and BURABURATA other injuries from falls. The Meka kilana buburata. fragrance has spiritual associations, Vine, unidentified: another name for and this tree is traditionally planted the fragrant BUBURATA climber. at most shrines and other sacred sites in the barrier islands and on the mainland coast. It is said that a BURONGO was always first planted at BURONGO the site where an oru (‘primary 1) Kilana tongania burongo pa ancestral skull shrine’) was to be hae, adoso, rikiroko oro checheu. established. 2) Meka kilana chochoho. 3) Meka kilana burongo toba. BUNI RARUSU 1) ‘Flower’: generic term for all Meka hae gete via oro ragaraga, to flowers. BUROROHO pa rarusu toba oro tutupeka, ta 2) Tree, fam. Malvaceae: alternate Meka hae to pa goana oro pa kilae bunibuniani katiga vasina. name for the flowering red hibiscus, kalekavo, huana chebere. Gete via Hina jonga burongona, kiki mani Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (CHOCHOHO). rokona, oreava urena. Urena ieni kuloburu urena. Binorue mata ia 3) Tree, fam. Rutaceae: a shortened hope pa Vahole, pula ta vae oto rokona. Hae vuhala leana pula name often used for the small makasina vura mae pere tania legu mani popa. Haena ieni tavete fragrant tree BURONGO TOBA (Euodia tononi pu vaena ia, hua ria. Roko nia labete ria pa palavanua, oro ta hortensis). motu, ta bia nginongo rokona. Pa vae pa tadiria kabani dekuru. tuari, tavete nia vate pa goana Tree, fam. Clusiaceae: Calophyllum rokona. inophyllum, a large beach tree that Tree, unidentified: a tree of the forest grows on barrier islands and on the BURONGO SEDI and riverbanks, similar to CHEBERE, mainland. The tree branches out Meka kilana sedi. with very big, wide leaves and red while still low, and the trunk leans See SEDI. fruits. In Vahole, the fruits are tabu as towards the sea. It has fragrant it is believed they will cause the flowers and small round fruits. The intestine to emerge from the anus of sap of the leaves has medicinal uses. anyone who even holds them. The Dead wood of this tree is very good big leaves are used to parcel food in for slow-burning fire-sticks. The red the stone oven and to seal the oven. wood is often used locally for sawn In the old days, when people lived in planks, and logging companies also the bush, the leaves were used to take BUNI RARUSU logs. make temporary shelters.

106 7 – Plants of forest and gardens

BURUBURU CHAGAVU CHAKE CHIRI Meka kilakila tadiria hae ngoete Meka hae urure, noro oro tiva va Meka hae gete pa goana. oro maria pu to pa buruburuani. ulu, to pa soloso. Meka karua to pa Tree, unidentified: a large tree of the Trees, fam. Bursaceae: generic name kotukotuani ba ta choku pa chigo. forest; the name may be translated as for the two important species of Soku via ta choku pa Ranoga, ta ‘[where] the CHIRI parrot perches’. Canarium nut trees. See MARIA and kilae rugata vasina. Nginongo urena. NGOETE. BURUBURU is also the Marovo Ta tavete iku vagara korena ria pa term for ‘year’, referring to the interval tuari, oro ta tavetei iku pata keba between two ripenings of Canarium pa ngoete na maria oro pa edeve, CHAKECHAKE PEPELE crops and reflecting the high mana kani ta tavetia pa bahere. Meka checheu hina pu varichopuru importance in Marovo of these trees. Tree, unidentified: a tall fruit tree of urena. the remote inland forest. A few grow Leafy grass, unidentified: a fragrant in disturbed or secondary forest, or grass with thorny, sticky fruits. The are planted near gardens (especially name refers to butterflies often CHABO in Ranoga, where this tree is called landing on this grass. Meka hae tiva va ulu oro noro rugata). The soft outer skin and inner huana ramoso hokara, to pa kernel of the fruit are good to eat. tutupeka pa goana, pa jemijemiani The bark was used traditionally for oro pa kopi. Katiga to pa fibres to make cordage for fishing CHAKITA jemijemiani pa toba. Hele via mani nets and ropes for climbing nut trees Hae noro via oro mamaroko, to pa varichopuru kalei rokona. Tavete and sago palms (but not for use in nura pa goana. Varikina rokona oro nia chabo oro ekoani ria rokona. cuscus hunting). korena. Mani katiga kolokolo ta Tree, fam. Pandanaceae: Pandanus kina tinoni pula ko ngana pa kauru sp., a tall and straight-growing hae chakita pa goana. pandanus tree of the mainland forest Tree, fam. Anacardiaceae: Semecarpus and coastal swamps; it is also CHAILA sp., a tree of the lowland valleys, very sometimes found in swamps at the Meka hae pa toba, ngira via haena. straight-growing with lightweight barrier islands. It has long leaves with Tree, unidentified: a hardwood tree wood. The bark and leaves are many thorns along the sides. The of the barrier islands. poisonous; if touched they will leaves are used for making custom produce intense itching that umbrellas and sleeping mats. sometimes lasts for one or two weeks and that often develop into painful CHAILA GOANA blisters and sores. Sometimes people Meka kilana ngirasa goana. start to itch just from having been CHABO POPOLO Tree, unidentified: second name of underneath a CHAKITA tree. Meka hae huana ramoso hokara NGIRASA GOANA, a hardwood tree of mana gete rokona, to pa kopi pa the forest. korapa toba. Katiga ko pa tutupeka. Pa tuari, popolo nia poda CHAKOPE ria rokona. Meka hae pa rarusu toba, katiga to Tree, fam. Pandanaceae: Pandanus CHAKATO pa patu kalukalu pa vasina pu ko ia sp., a pandanus tree that grows in Meka hae noro hua boloho mana ngirasa, mana to pa rarusu swamps, mainly at the barrier islands kikina, tavete nia bara kokorako, tutupeka katigae. Ta tavetei ino pa (but sometimes at the mainland). hae uvi, sasaburu kiki, babao oro toba haena (pa goana ieni ta vae The leaves are very large and were chuki ria. Maena pa hokiti tusu pa hutukaka). Binorue tinasiti used in the old days to wrap and tuari, hua ria. nobolona oro rokona, huana jakulu cover dead people. Bamboo, fam. Poaceae: Schizostachyum pa goana pa tutupeka, ta vae mani sp., a small bamboo which is used for vala pa tinina tinoni pu ta siti. chicken fences, yam poles, small Tree, fam. Verbenaceae: Premna fishing rods, small spears and for the corymbosa, a beach tree that grows manufacture of traditional panpipes. mainly in the barrier islands. Often Old people say it was introduced found on small coral islets on the from elsewhere in the old days. ocean-facing reefs, typically together

107 7 – Ria hae, rikiroko, adoso oro checheu

with NGIRASA trees. The wood is used frames. In the old days, they made CHEBERE CHIGO for fire-making implements in the traditional surfboards from CHAME. Meka adoso pa goana, orava urena barrier islands (on the mainland, Surfing the breakers used to be a hua ure chebere oro buroroho. wood from HUTU KAKA is used for leisure activity of young men, and Hebere chigo ieni lea kilana adoso this). The leaves and shoots are used was called chame bolusu. pia, hua katiga tinoni. to treat pain by rubbing them on the Vine, fam. Rosaceae: probably Rubus afflicted body part (inland, parts of moluccanus, a climbing forest vine the JAKULU tree are used in this way). with red, raspberry-like, edible fruits CHAVI LOGE similar to those of CHEBERE and Adoso tete pa hae oro haba pa BUROROHO. Some say that hebere puava. Huana hirata rokona mana chigo is the proper Marovo name. kani ta mila puna varikati. Binorue rokona. Vine, fam. Piperaceae: Piper sp., a climbing vine (‘wild’ betel leaf). The CHECHEU leaves are bitter and are not chewed Kilakila gete ta tongania tingitonga with Areca nuts, unlike HIRATA, but are todi pa puava pu roche mani kani a custom medicine. tiva va ulu mani ko rokodi. ‘Grass’: A wide category for all small, low, leafy plants with soft stems that grow on the ground. See also RIKIROKO. CHALU Meka rokoroko pu to pa rarusu, oro pa chigo katigae. Oha burongona. Binorue siti tia rokona. CHECHEU IDERE Shrub, fam. Compositae: Wedelia Kilana tongania tingitonga todi pa biflora, a coastal shrub with small idere pu huhua checheu. Omia ero, yellow flowers, also growing in kuli, puha, revo oro tatalo pa gardens. The leaves have medicinal pinajaka vina karua. uses as ingredients in a cure for ‘Sea grass’: All grass-like sea plants bellyaches. including algae. See ERO, KULI, PUHA, CHEBERE REVO and TATALO. Meka hae pa goana, to pa kalekavo. Huana buroroho, orava CHALU PEHURU urena mana kiki oro ngirisi rokona. Meka hae pa petupetuani. Chebere ieni meka kilana CHECHEU KOLOVA Tree, unidentified: a mangrove tree. tingitonga pu ko pa rokoroko Meka checheu maena, tona pa huana dure tungana, mana hebere puava pa palavanua. Kolova ieni ia lea kilana hae pia, hua katiga hara meka tonu hua pa jinama tinoni. vaka. CHAME Tree, unidentified: a forest tree that Herb, fam. Fabaceae: Desmodium sp., Meka hae kiki, noro chubina. grows mainly along rivers. It is similar clover. Marovo rendering of the Huana meka buni kiki. To pa to BUROROHO and also has red English name for this introduced jemijemiani. Lea hae pa ta tavetei inedible fruits but its leaves are grass that grows in villages. tiva babao, oro hae ghinerigheri. smaller and narrower. In Marovo Ta tavetei chamechameani haena CHEBERE is also the name for an ant- pata chame pa bolusu. like insect, and some suggest that the Tree, fam. Clusiaceae: a straight tree proper, old Marovo name for this of the BUNI group with a narrow tree is HEBERE. trunk, probably Calophyllum cerasiferum. Grows in swampy areas. Its wood is preferred for spear shafts, and is also frequently used for house

108 7 – Plants of forest and gardens

CHECHEU MUCHA CHIHILI CHOBA Meka checheu maena, to pa via pa Meka adoso huana ara mana keba Meka hae pa kotukotuani, hara palavanua oro pa katiga vasidi. Ta pa puava oro pa chubi hae. To va meka kilana choma ngana. chopuru pa mahelena tinoni ia soku pa katiga vasina, heni rogha. Tree, unidentified: a tree of the checheu pia, mani gura mucha Chihili to pa botu oro togere oro secondary forest, perhaps an rokona. tata pa toa tungana. Pa uluna alternate name of CHOMA. Herb, fam. Mimosaceae: Mimosa kalekogu pa Gatokae ko katiga pudica, the needle grass or nila gras, vasina pu kadi ko hae mana to a small introduced grass-like plant chihiliu va soku via. that grows in open spaces in villages Vine, unidentified: A creeping vine CHOBO CHIRI and elsewhere. It has needles that somewhat similar to the climbing Meka hae pu kani gete, to pa sting people’s feet, and the leaves ARA; it grows in tangled masses which kotukotuani oro chichiogo. Hae fold up as if “sleeping” when are very difficult to pass through. binorue pa tinasiti. touched, thus the Marovo name, Although often found growing along Tree, fam. Rubiaceae: Timonius timon, which translates as ‘sleeping grass’. rivers, CHIHILI also grows in the hills a medium-sized tree of new and old and up on mountains, and near tall secondary forest. It has medicinal peaks where trees do not grow; on uses. the northern slopes of Gatokae there CHECHEU SISE can be seen some rather large areas Checheu maena huana kolova, to with no trees, covered by dense pa palavanua. Poara nia kokorako. growth mostly of CHIHILI. CHOBU Herb, fam. Oxalidaceae: Oxalis Hae pa toba huana tukituki mana corniculata, an introduced clover-like gete rokona. To pule va soku via pa grass that grows in villages. The vasina pu haguru te hirama hae ria leaves are collected and fed to CHILI kabani dekuru. Mamaroko haena, domestic fowl. Checheu maena, kani ta choku tavete nia kopala pata chaba ria. mana to ngana pa chigo. Kiki, Leana via pa viana pata vato mana orava oro pirikichi via urena. Kani kachiena via sinulu tania. Hae ta ngo va sokua pa Marovo. Kilakila ghinerigheri, mamaroko oro leana CHECHEU SISISE pia ieni meka tonu hua pa jinama via pa ororu, barabara oro katiga Checheu huana kolova mana ko pa vaka. tingitonga pule pa vanua. Leana Marovo pa tuari, poara nia Herb, fam. Solanaceae: Capsicum tungana pa bara oloko. kokorako. frutescens, chilli pepper, name Tree, fam. Euphorbiaceae: a tree of Herb, unidentified: a leafy grass derived from English. Introduced to the barrier islands, probably which is similar to clover, but of local Marovo, today several varieties with Macaranga tanarius. Has bigger origin. The leaves are collected and small red fruits grow untended in leaves than the otherwise similar fed to domestic fowl. many gardens. The intensely hot TUKITUKI of the secondary mainland fruits are recognized as a spice but forest. This tree regrows quickly and are rarely used in Marovo. densely in areas that have recently been logged. Good for roasting food, CHICHINOKO but a very fast-burning fuel. The Hae kiki pa kotukotuani oro wood is lightweight and makes good chichiogo, huhua choma. CHIPURU BELAMA building material, used for many Mamaroko haena, mana Meka hae pa toba, leana pa viana. different sticks and poles of house ghinerigheri leana. Tree, unidentified: a tree of the frames. Small sticks are good for Tree, possibly fam. Sterculiaceae: a barrier islands, good for firewood. making cages for pet birds. small tree of the secondary forest (possibly Commersonia bartramia), similar to CHOMA. Has light wood which is good for all kinds of house materials. The name means ‘dark’ or ‘blackish’.

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CHOCHORUKU CHOMA Hae gete pa toba, huhua goliti Meka hae pa kotukotuani oro mana kani ta tavete chore nia puna chichiogo, kokuchu mana gete hae roche. chubina huana chichinoko. Pa Tree, unidentified: a large tree of the tuari, ta poholo nginongo ria tinoni barrier islands with a thick trunk; pa goana korena pula kare ka rather similar to GOLITI, but the wood ngochara. Ta bia oto maria oro hime is soft and unsuitable for dugout korena pata tavete juke ria pa tuari. canoes. Ta tavete vate pa goana korena. Tree, unidentified: a tree of the CHOCHOHO secondary forest, short but with a Hae burongo, ta chokui pa thick trunk. Similar to CHICHINOKO. In palavanua. Orava burongona, CHODEKE the old days, bush people added the mana oha ba heva katigae. Hae Meka hae pa goana. Hara meka bark sap to taro while cooking when maena pa tuari, hua ria. Binorue kilana hae vasara pu ngira via. coconuts were not available. Large mogo burongona, ta vae mani vala Tree, unidentified: a tree of the true bark pieces were also also used to pa mogo. Mani gura ta raro pata forest. This may be an old name for wrap the resin of MARIA and HIME tavete bei mamisi burongona. the very tough wood of old VASARA trees for torches, and to make Tree, fam. Malvaceae: Hibiscus rosa- trees. temporary shelters in the bush. sinensis, red hibiscus, a flowering tree-like shrub planted in village areas. There are many varieties in Marovo with red, pink, white and CHOKU CHOPIKO yellow flowers, most of which are Meka hae pa goana, to tata pa Meka hae pa kotukotuani. Binorue said to have been introduced in the kavo. Varikina korena pula legu mata ia rovu pu vura mae pula ta old days. The flowers may be boiled chubina. Ta tavete bara ruta oro kina korena, huhua tongania hae to produce a tasty cordial, but the bara chigo haena, puna kani gura pu ta tavetei tiva malivi ria. most important use of the plant is legu, huhua tige piru. Soku via Tree, fam. Moraceae: Ficus septica, a tree that of the flower petals to treat boils. ijuani ko pa choku. Ta lokete nia of secondary forest. The bark is heated choku ria mago pa goana, hua ria to produce smoke for the treatment pa tuari. Beriberi meka kilana, oro of eye injuries. This treatment can be hara beri tungana. Hae pia ieni done with the bark of all trees whose CHOCHORE takilae ‘soku’ pa jinama Bareke, oro wood is used for axe handles. Meka adoso huana uvi mana ‘heuku’ pa jinama Hoava tadiria pa piruna, to pa goana mani ta ure pa Vahole. tongania kolokolo huana kane oro Tree, unidentified: a tree of the forest lehu. Ta ngo urena pa kolokolo that grows near rivers. If its dead CHOVACHA malanga. rotten bark touches your skin, you Meka hae hua piropiro, to pa Vine, fam. Dioscoreaceae: Dioscorea will itch. The wood is good for kotukotuani. Orava burongona, sp., a wild yam. Has edible tubers garden fences and fences of taro vura mae pa chubina hae pia. which can be found in the bush at terraces, because it will not die and Mamisi urena, nginongo tadiria any time of the year, like KANE and rot (like TIGE PIRU). Honey bees are koburu mana ngina pea ngira ria LEHU. It is said that these wild yams abundant in CHOKU trees. It is said pula ngongo va sokua. Roko take a year to mature. The tubers are that mago (evil beings of the forest), binorue pa tinasiti na kochu. rarely eaten and are considered a are afraid of this tree and will not go Ginger, fam. Zingiberaceae: traditional famine food. underneath it. A probable second Hornstedtia lycostoma, a tall herb of name in Marovo is beriberi or BERI the PIROPIRO ginger type. The non- (possibly Fagraea racemosa, fam. branching woody stems grow in Potaliaceae). In Bareke, it is called clusters in secondary forest and old soku and in Vahole, heuku. All three garden sites, with red flowers names mean ‘to plant, to cultivate’. growing from the base of the plant. The seeds are sweet and often popular among children, who

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sometimes eat so much that they get Tree, fam. Sapotaceae: Burckella trees. This tree contains much sap, constipation. CHOVACHA leaves are obovata, a large tree of the barrier which is used medicinally. It is also a used medicinally. islands and lowland forest (‘wild good wood for slow-burning fire-sticks. CHOVUKU’). Fruits are not eaten, although coconut crabs are known to like them. Wood from this CHOVUKU was CHOVUKU used for the heavy keel pieces of war CHUVUCHUVU Hae gete, to pa kotukotuani, pa canoes, and the trunk is still sometimes KACHERE goana oro pa toba. Ta choku meka, used for making dugout canoes. Meka checheu rokoroko pa goana to pa goana meka. Hae urure, huana meka hae kiki mana kani tiva nginongo leana urena chovuku va ulu. To pa kauru hae pa goana manavasa, mani meka nginongo ta piru. Vinasari rokona pa tadiria pa tupe tungana urena chovuku piru. tuari. Ta vae ragana tadiria pa Chubina ia ieni ta vae pa tadiria pa tadiria tuari pata melongo somil pa Batuna, mani chubina varipaga, hua ria pa Vahole. chovuku piru ieni ta vae tungana Herb, fam. Selaginellaceae: Selaginella pa tadiria pa tuari pata tavete sp., a small, tough, leafy shrub that bekebeke pa magoru. Mana haena grows underneath tall trees in the gura tavete nia chore tungana. deep forest. It looks like a small tree, Tree, fam. Sapotaceae: Burckella and it never grows tall. The leaves obovata, a large tree of the barrier were used for personal decoration in islands and lowland forest (possibly the old days. In Vahole, they say that also Burckella sorei, a similar tree with CHUBEU the branches were used for an old smaller leaves, or other Burckella sp.). Hae ragaraga oro ta polo, to pa game called varipaga in which two In Marovo, there are two recognized rarusu toba pa vasina pu koe teams hit each other with the branches types: wild and planted. Planted naginagi. Pa meka rane tavete nia on a signal from a conchshell trumpet. varieties have nice apple-like fruit. mata gelasi tope haena, hatihati The fruit of the barrier islands variety nia pepele otona puna huana is often eaten by coconut crabs. The “glue”. sawmill at Batuna used to buy CHOVUKU Tree, fam. Boraginaceae: Tournefortia DAKA logs, and in the old days the wild argentea, Beach heliotrope, a coastal Meka adoso pu gete urena, tavete CHOVUKU was used for the keel piece in tree with many branches and sticky nia hineruheru binu urena. war canoes. CHOVUKU is still sometimes sap that grows on beaches in the Vine, fam. Cucurbitaceae: gourd used to make dugout canoes. barrier islands in places where the vine. The fruits are used for NAGINAGI tree also grows. In the old traditional lime containers. days, the wood was used for frames for locally made diving glasses. CHOVUKU Children use the glue-like sap to MANAVASA catch butterflies; the sap of a broken Chovuku ta chokui pa kotukotuani, CHUBEU stick attracts butterflies, which nginongo leana urena. then get stuck in the glue. Tree, fam. Sapotaceae: Burckella sp., the planted variety of CHOVUKU. It has good edible fruits rather similar to apples. CHUCHU Hae kiki, to pa toba oro pa tutupeka, lea pa kauru ngochara Dako haguruna, ta choku pa palavanua CHOVUKU PIRU vasina pu to ia. Hae oto, binorue Young dako planted in village Chovuku pu to pa toba oro goana. bakua otona. Hae leana pa vuhala. Kani ta ngo urena mana nginongo Tree, fam. Moraceae: probably Ficus DAKO ta tupe. Ta tavete bekebeke pa sp., a rather small tree that grows on Hae ramoso huhua pate, ta chokui magoru haena, mani gura ta tavete the barrier islands and on the pa palavanua na pa katiga vasina. chore nia pa katiga kolokolo. mainland, often under old coconut Kani ngachu varikalei rokona, ta

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vae pata tavetei tege oro huneke inasa tita oro otona vinetungu ta hae edeve ria puna hope via, mana oro katiga tingitonga pule. malivi pu lalusu kilana, pata domu keba nia pa hae ivu ria ngana Tree, fam. Pandanaceae: Pandanus nia magoru. kolokolo baka edeve. Ngina sp., a pandanus tree with large Vine, unidentified: a hanging vine of kokuchu edeve pa katiga ta thornless leaves, often cultivated in the forest, similar to the long pajakana Ulusaghe pa ngina pia. and near villages. Similar to PATE. hanging aerial roots of the large Palm, fam. Arecaceae: Metroxylon DAKO leaves are the preferred material climber KEPUKEPU GAGAO. This vine salomonense, the sago palm. A large, for making pandanus mats, baskets may be the aerial roots of one or fast-growing solitary palm tree and other handicrafts. more large climbers of fam. Araceae. growing in coastal freshwater DOMU vines are burned in a fire, then swamps and other wet lowland areas, crushed in a HOHOBULU clam shell and and often planted in groves in wet mixed with grated TITA nuts and areas near villages. The tree is very DEKE lalusu (the bark sap of the climber important because the leaves are the Meka hae noro oro tiva va ulu, VINETUNGU TE MALIVI), and the mixture main material for the roofs and walls huhua dekedeke mana padana ivu is used for the final caulking and of most houses in Marovo, called leaf ginete tania. Maena pa meka rane, blackening of a war canoe (a process houses. A pudding is sometimes hua ria pa tuari. referred to as domu). made from the starch extracted from Bamboo, fam. Poaceae: a very large the trunks of felled EDEVE, but this is bamboo (possibly Bambusa aff. much more common in New Guinea blumeana). Similar to DEKEDEKE but than in Marovo, where it is regarded bigger, approximately the size of IVU. as a supplementary food in times of Old people say that it was introduced shortage. The tree is called hevi nat to Marovo long ago. in Pijin because its very hard nuts were collected and sold to European traders (as ‘“ivory nuts’”) before World War II. Midribs of EDEVE leaves DEKEDEKE are sharpened and shaped into arrows Hae noro mani tiva va ulu, ta to shoot birds and fruit bats. In the old chokui pa goana oro kotokotuani. days, it was tabu to cut down a Huhua ivu mana kikina. Maedi pa whole tree just to take the leaves; katiga hokiti tusu pa tuari ria instead, people climbed the palm and dekedeke, ivu oro chakato, hua ria. used long bamboo poles to get to the Hae ghinerigheri, oro tavete nia leaves. Sago palms are now becoming sasaburu kiki pa katiga chinaba scarce in some parts of Marovo. mana kani pa valusa. Bamboo, fam. Poaceae: Nastus obtusus, a very tall and slender bamboo, usually cultivated in garden areas and bush fallows. Old people say that DEKEDEKE, IVU and CHAKATO bamboos were introduced long ago. DEKEDEKE is used for building houses EDEVE and other construction purposes, and Hae noro oro gete pu to pa for light fishing rods (but not the jemijemiani, katiga ta chokui pa heavier tuna-fishing rods). ededeveani. Ta vae rokona pata tavete vanua edeve. Nginongo tadiria pa Niugini kolana mana nginongo tungana pa Ulusaghe pa DOMU kolokolo malanga pa tuari. Ta vae Adoso huhua mokomoko, ichicho urena mani ta holu tadiria tinoni horena pa hae pa korapa soloso. Ta vaka pa meka rane. Pipirukuna ieni kina pa ikuchu mani ruja pa meka ta tavetei piu pata hona oloko na Ededeveani ba rimerimeani, pa Tusu Marovo kore hohobulu, mani ta cheni pa vahu. Pa tuari, kadi gura hirama Sago palm grove with swamp taro, near village

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EHORO GEHOLO Herb, fam. Araceae: Cyrtosperma Kilakila tadiria hae huhua maria oro Hae ngira via, to pa goana tata pa chamissonis, Giant swamp taro, ngoete mana kani urure. Ta hirama rarusu. Hina jonga korena. Kani cultivated in coastal swamps where it mani ta vae viana. Mana hara maria soku pa Marovo, mana to va soku grows very tall (up to 4 m) with very oro ngoete machumachu ngana, pa Kokeqolo. Tavete gone nia hae large leaves. The corm is eaten, hua ria pa Agriculture, mani ngina beati pa kirikiti ria pa kolokolo particularly during the wet season. It kadi urure via pa katiga tusu ria hae melongo kirikiti pa Munda ria. is called KAKAKE in Pijin. pira puna te hirama soku via ehoro. Tree, unidentified: a hardwood tree Trees, fam. Burseraceae: Canarium of the coastal forest, with fragrant spp., a generic term for NGOETE and bark. This tree is not common in MARIA trees that never have fruit. Marovo, but is abundant at Kokeqolo GHOLOGHAO EHORO trees are felled and used for in Munda. GEHOLO wood was used to Meka adoso hokara, tikulu ieni firewood. People at the Dodo Creek make cricket bats back when they meka kilana. Heni omia tikulu. Agriculture Research Station have said used to play cricket at Munda. Palm, fam. Arecaceae: a large rattan that in many places throughout the or loya cane also called TIKULU. Solomons, Canarium trees now have less fruit because people have cut down all male trees (such as EHORO), GELI which are regarded as useless. Meka hae pa ugulu ba togere, leana pa viana pata raro. Tree, fam. Chrysobalanaceae: probably Parinari salomonensis, a tree ELOKALE of mountain and ridgetop forest that Meka hae pa toba, to pa maghara. provides very good fuelwood for Varikina ta tinoni rokona, mana cooking fires. poara gonei ta moa manavasa. Ta vae pa tadiria koburu urena, pa Chore hagurudi, ta tavete pa goliti. Keru (1987) paka kumakumana. New dugout canoes made from goliti wood. Keru (1987) Tree, fam. Moraceae: Ficus sp., a tree GHALU MAMUTU of the barrier islands that grows Meka checheu pu haba pa puava, GOLITI mainly on stony ground. The leaves to pa chigo oro pa kotukotuani, Meka hae gete oro noro pa goana, make people’s skin itch, but they are soku pa kalekavo. Hara meka kepu mana ta choku katigae madi fed to domestic pigs. Children use the ngana mana hele rokona. Binorue kachiena gete. Hae tuvutuvu. Roche small fruits as bullets for toy guns. rokona pa tinasiti tia: ta pocho vae kolana, hua bolava. Dekuruna ia idere rokona pa kavo manobu mani ieni ta tavete gonei chore. Lea hae ta bei. pa ta tavete chore pa Marovo, heni Vine, fam. Aracaeae: probably meka hae arilaena via. Mana ta vae ERO Epipremnum altissimum, a creeping tungana pa tadiria kabani dekuru, Checheu pa idere. Omia Pinajaka 2. and climbing leafy vine that grows in heni hara chakei va leana puta nia A ‘sea grass’. See Chapter 2. gardens and secondary forest, often hae pia ria pa Marovo pa ngina pia. near rivers. It is a type of KEPUKEPU but Mana melaina ieni hae ta choku has elongate leaves. The leaves are vasi huhua goliti mana maena pa used medicinally. tadiria pa Forestry. ERUKU Tree, fam. Verbenaceae: Gmelina Hae gete, ta heru mae pa Marovo mani moluccana, a large, tall and straight- ta chokui pa palavanua. Mamisi urena growing tree of the lowland forest. It mani ta ngo, lea pa paleke Diseba oro GHOHERE can be planted and it grows fairly Januari kolokolo urure tania hae pia. Talo gete via, ta chokui pa quickly. This tree grows back quickly Tree, fam. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera jemijemiani mana tiva va ulu via. after being cut down. A very indica, mango tree. Introduced and Nginongo gete, mana lea important tree in Marovo, since it is planted in many villages, this tree has nginongo pa kolokolo mohu te the only truly good tree for making very sweet fruits that ripen and fall katiga butubutu. Kakake kilana ia dugout canoes. Logging companies especially in December and January. pa jinama pijin. also consider GOLITI a commercial

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timber, and there is a strong need to HABICHI HAE KIRISIMASI protect the remaining GOLITI trees in Talo gete, manavasana ba piruna. Meka hae maena pu orava Marovo. See also MELAENA, the Vura pa puava urena, hua chubina ia burongona pa kolokolo kirisimasi. introduced Gmelina arborea tree used ngana. Nginongo urena, oro rokona Ta chokui pa katiga palavanua, to in reforestation projects in the habichi manavasana tungana, mani tata pa idere. Ta vae urena pa Western Solomons and superficially rokona ieni ta tavetei kulimi ria pa tadiria koburu pata melongo. similar to GOLITI. tuari, heruheru kavo tadiria. Tree, fam. Caesalpiniaceae: Delonix regia, Herb, fam. Araceae: Alocasia Christmas tree (also called Poinciana macrorhiza, Elephant ear taro. A large tree). An introduced tree originally taro with a wild and a cultivated from Madagascar, planted in some GOLITI PATU variety. It is somewhat special in that villages, often near beaches. Has many Meka hae gete pa goana, huhua the corm is part of the thick stalk and red flowers around Christmas time. goliti mana puha via. Ngina kuguru develops partly above the ground. Children use the large seedpods as toys. pa idere, heni kani tavete nia The corm and leaves of the cultivated chore. variety are eaten. Traditional water Tree, unidentified: a large forest tree, containers called kulimi are made similar to GOLITI but with very heavy from the big leaves. HAE MUCHAMUCHA wood which sinks and is not used for Meka hae maena pu gura mucha dugout canoes. rokona pana ipu oro pa chie rane. Hara meka karua ngana to pa Marovo. HABICHI MANAVASA Tree, fam. Mimosaceae: Samanea Talo gete, ta chokui pa katiga saman, Rain tree. An introduced tree, GURIDILA vasina, nginongo urena oro rokona. of which only a few are planted in Meka adoso maena, ta chokui pa Herb, fam. Araceae: Alocasia Marovo. The leaves fold at night and in chigo, huana pamekini urena. macrorhiza, Elephant ear taro, rain; the name means ‘sleeping tree’. Tree, unidentified: an introduced cultivated variety. The corm and garden vine with pumpkin-like fruits. leaves of this variety are eaten. HEBERE Omia chebere, oro chebere chigo HABICHI PIRU tungana. Talo gete, to pa katiga vasina pu See CHEBERE and CHEBERE CHIGO. natara mani kani seu pa sera, oro pa vasina pu koe kavo. Kani ta ngo urena ba rokona, varikina ta hujuna tinoni pu ngongo rokona. HEJI Herb, fam. Araceae: Alocasia sp., Meka hae pa goana, huhua pijaka Elephant ear taro, the wild type mana kani ta ngo urena. Tavete nia grows in some parts of Marovo on vori moa piru pa kauru heji, pa flat coastal areas. The leaves are not dadahana. edible, and they make your mouth Palm, fam. Arecaceae: a palm tree of itch. The corm is also not edible. the forest, similar to Areca but with round inedible nuts. Wild pigs often make their ‘nests’ among the roots of these trees. HAE Kilakila gete ta tongania ria hokihokiti hae, be kiki ba gete. 1) Tree: generic term for all HIHIRI branching trees, palms, bamboos Meka hae kiki pa goana. Ta vae and also many herbs with woody rokona pata valumocho nia stems, such as the gingers. nginadongado, mola, valu, raro, 2) HAE also means ‘wood’. oro katiga pule ria.

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Tree, fam. Moraceae: Ficus sp., a small tree of the forest. The leaves have a very rough, abrasive surface, and dry leaves can be used as sandpaper for polishing paddles, canoes and wood carvings and for cleaning cooking pots.

HILELE Meka adoso urure, ta chokui pa HINAGE HIVU chigo. Nginongo urena. Meka hae to pa kavo, soku via pa Hae kiki oro ragaraga, bupara ba Vine, fam. Solanaceae: Solanum katiga vasidi pa kalekavo tata pa orava rokona, omi jonga via. Hae verbascifolium, wild eggplant. A vine votu. Tavete gone nia hoba pa pia ieni to pa chigo oro pa that is cultivated in gardens. The ripe vanua edeve rokona. palavanua. Ta vae pata tavetei kala yellow fruits are eaten. Palm, fam. Arecaceae: Nypa fruticans, chinoko, mana nginongo nobolona Nipa palm. It grows in brackish water pu orava oro ria roko hagurudi pula and forms extensive stands along the ta vala pa raro, vasi huana ngache. lower parts of some rivers. The leaves Tree, fam. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha HILIBUBUKU are a main material for the interior (and wilkesiana, Copperleaf. A small Adoso pa toba, keba pa hae, hina sometimes exterior) walls of leaf houses. branching tree that grows in gardens jonga rokona. Koe varichopuruna and near villages. The leaves are hele via. Burongona ieni ta tavetei copper brown to red and shiny. This tingitonga hina jonga huhua tree is used to produce black dye, and mudu, mani adosona ieni ta tavetei HINAHINA its shoots and young leaves (like those tingitonga pata rita vae vahu. Meka checheu, ta chokui pa chigo of NGACHE) are boiled and eaten. Vine, unidentified: a climbing vine of puna hina jonga. the barrier islands, with long sharp Herb, not identified: a fragrant leafy thorns and fragrant flowers. The grass that is sometimes planted in flowers are used to set fragrance to gardens for its nice smell. HOBA coconut oil. The thorny vine is tied in a Hae gete via oro tiva va ulu via, loop at the end of a stick and used to huhua tangovo mana gete via catch fruit bats (VAHU) hanging in trees. chubina hua kapuchu. To pa jemijemiani pa goana, pa uluna petu. Ngira via haena, tavete nia labete mani ta vae pa katiga HIME kolokolo pa tadiria kabani dekuru. Meka hae pa goana huhua maria Tree, fam. Combretaceae: Terminalia mana kiki urena oro kani ta ngo. Pula brassii, a very tall lowland forest tree popa otona ngina ta sulu mani tavete that grows mainly in freshwater nia juke hime ria pa tuari. Mana pa swamps, inland of the mangroves. soku kolokolo, ta tavete juke hime The wood is hard, good for planks, pa otona maria ria pa Ulusaghe. and a commercial timber sometimes Tree, unidentified: a lowland forest HIRATA taken by logging companies. tree similar to MARIA, but with small Vine, fam. Piperaceae: Piper betle, fruits that are not eaten: probably betel leaf. A climbing vine with Haplolobus sp. (fam. Burseraceae). The several cultivated and wild types. sap becomes a dry, gum-like resin that HIRATA is planted in gardens and HUTU KAKA burns slowly and is good for making grows around coconut groves, in Hae pa goana oro pa kotukotuani, torches, which were important in the garden fallows and in the forest. The huhua kemacha. Pula popa ieni old days. In Ulusaghe, the resin leaves are chewed with Areca nuts leana via pa ino pa goana haena (pa torches were mostly made with resin (PIJAKA) and powdered lime, and are toba ieni ta vae chakope), oro leana from MARIA trees. a major trade item at local markets. pa viana pata raro oro kinakina.

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Tree, fam. Sterculiaceae: Kleinhovia Dioscorea bulbifera, wild variety. The Vine, unidentified: a thin but tough hospita, a tree of lowland and tubers are edible but not regarded as climbing vine that grows in the secondary forest, similar to KEMACHA. very good food. mainland and barrier islands forest Its dry wood is particularly good for and along rivers. ILORO has orange making traditional fire-making flowers on the bare stem at certain implements when in the mainland times of the year. The thin but tough forest (when in the barrier islands, IJOKO vine is easy to coil and was people use CHAKOPE), and is a very Meka hae pa puku ta piropiro traditionally used (with the bark good fuel both for cooking fires and mana tiva va ulu oro gete rokona, removed) as fishing line for many for roasting. to pa korapa soloso, pa togere, oro purposes, including trolling with pa kekeche kavo tungana. Ididere baited hooks for barracuda (GHOHI). haena. Gete oro orava burongona, vura mae pa batuna hae pia. Ta bia IBIBU nginongo pa motu rokona, binorue Meka hae ragaraga pa goana, ta kochu oro niumonia urena. Mana IUKALIPITI chokui pa chigo oro pa palavanua meka hae arilaena pa kasitomu Hae maena pa tadiria pa Forestry, katigae pula ta baungu pa kauruna, puna ia hae pu koe ria poda madi ta choku va soku pa Duke oro pa heni kani ta hirama hae pia pa la ko tu pa hae tangovo pa sera katiga vasina pa Kalikolo tadiria ropaini ria. madi la pa Ove, hua ria pa tuari pa CFC pu te hirama hae ria kabani. Tree, fam. Euphorbiaceae: Cleidion Vangunu. Tree, fam. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus spiciflorum, a forest tree with many Ginger, fam. Zingiberaceae: Alpinia deglypta, the plantation Eucalyptus, branches and dense foliage, often sp., a tall and large ginger with red widespread on Kolobangara. planted in gardens and villages to flowers, grows in the forest, Through government projects and provide shade, and left standing sometimes high up on ridges and the independent community forestry when the forest area around them is mountains, and along riverbanks. It initiatives of the Christian Fellowship cleared for new garden sites. belongs to the non-branching Church, it has been planted in some PIROPIRO group, but is very tall with logged areas of North New Georgia. big leaves and large red flower clusters growing from the top. The IGA stems are woody but watery. The Meka adoso urure huhua uvi, ta leaves are used to parcel food in the IVI chokui pa chigo katigae. Ta ngo stone oven, and the fruits are used Meka hae pa toba oro pa tusu urena. medicinally. IJOKO is also an important katigae, huana ure tige urena mani Vine, fam. Dioscoreaceae: Dioscorea plant in custom. In south Vangunu ta ngo. bulbifera, a yam that is sometimes they say that the spirits of recently Tree, fam. Fabaceae: Inocarpus fagifer, cultivated in gardens. The tubers are dead people spend some time Tahitian chestnut, a tall nut tree that edible. among IJOKO plants in the lower grows mainly in the barrier islands. mountains, after which they would The nuts are similar to those of TIGE move to a seaside TANGOVO tree to (‘cutnut’) and are good to eat. await transport to Ove (on Simbo), IGA MANAVASA the land of the dead. Iga ta chokui pa chigo. Nginongo leana urena. IVI TA MALIVI Vine, fam. Dioscoreaceae: the yam Meka hae pa petupetuani, oha ba Dioscorea bulbifera, cultivated variety ILORO hevaheva haena mani ta vae pa with good, edible tubers. Adoso kiki mani ngira via, to pa katiga tinoni ngadongado. tutupeka, pa toba oro pa kalekavo. Tree, unidentified: a mangrove tree, Koe burongona pa adosona pa possibly Quassia indica (fam. kolokolo tania. Vae adosona pata Simaroubaceae). The yellow wood is IGA PIRU tavete nia taeli chaba ria pa tuari, used by some wood-carvers. The Iga pa goana. Nginongo urena leana pa soku via chinaba, mani pa name means ‘the giant ogre’s IVI’. mana kani leana. karumae ghohi tungana puna ngira Vine, fam. Dioscoreaceae: the yam via.

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IVU JAJALA JAJALA TOBA Hae noro mani tiva va ulu, to pa Hae rokoroko, ta chokui pa chigo, Meka hae pa toba, huhua jajala. goana huana boloho mana gete oro pa palavanua oro pa goana. Orava, Shrub, unidentified: a tree-like shrub ngira via. Mae pa katiga hokiti tusu oha ba buma katigae, oro hara ko of the barrier islands, similar to Croton. pa tuari mani ta choku pa Marovo, katiga kilakila tadiria. Hae hua ria. Hae ghinerigheri, oro vinahilahila, ta chokui pa voloso tavete nia sasaburu valusa. Tavete oro pa vasina hope huhua pa nia demili, heruheru kavo tadiria ravuravuani. Ta chokui pa JAKULU pa tuari. Pa tuari, ta vae pata keba palavanua pata vinasari. Meka Hae binorue, to pa goana. Ta vae pa hae edeve haena. Pa hua, ieni ta jajala binorue ieni buma via rokona oro nobolona mani vala pa vae pa tadiria “bamboo band” pata rokona. tinina tinoni pata binorue tinasiti – tavete nia tingitonga tadiria. Shrub, fam. Euphorbiaceae: huhua chakope pa toba. Bamboo, fam. Poaceae: Bambusa Codiaeum variegatum, Croton. This Tree, unidentified: a special forest vulgaris, Feathery bamboo. The largest leafy tree-like shrub is cultivated. tree whose leaves and shoots are bamboo of the Solomon Islands, it is There are a great number of varieties used as a pain medicine. In the said to have been introduced to with leaves of different shapes and barrier islands, people use CHAKOPE in Marovo long ago for cultivation; it colour combinations of yellow, red the same way. now grows mainly in open or shady and green (some of which have their areas in the forest, like BOLOHO. IVU is own names). This is an important very strong and the only bamboo custom plant, which is planted as a used for the large traditional tuna- boundary marker and as a marker of JALARI fishing rods. IVU is also much used for graves and other tabu sites. It is also Meka hae pa korapa soloso, hina construction material, and was once important as an ornamental shrub in jonga rokona oro burongona. used for traditional water containers. villages. A special custom variety Tree, unidentified: a tree of the deep Whole stalks are used for climbing used in magic and healing has mostly mainland forest with fragrant leaves sago palm trees to cut leaves. In the green leaves. and flowers. Western Solomon Islands this is also the bamboo used for the instruments of the bamboo bands. Hae ivu is used as a generic term in Marovo for JAMARA all bamboos, small and large; for Meka kilana hae leru. specifically named bamboos, see Another name for the LERU tree. BOLOHO, CHAKATO, DEKE, DEKEDEKE, PIU and TUSA.

IVU PU Meka hae gete pa chichiogo. Hae vuhala, puna ta sulu kani vura rovu. JAJALA OHA Tree, undentified: a large tree of the Jajala pu oha via rokona. Ta chokui old secondary forest. Very good pa goana pata vahilahila pa tadiria firewood for slow-burning fire-sticks hope, oro ta chokui pa voloso pa because it burns without emitting palavanua oro pa chigochigoani. any smoke. Shrub, fam. Euphorbiaceae: Codiaeum variegatum, Croton; a JILATONGO special, yellow variety of JAJALA Hae kiki pa kotokotuani oro pa regarded as a very important custom goana. Karua hokihokiti jilatongo plant. It is often found in the forest ko pa Marovo, varikina rokona ia where it was planted long ago to pu kikina. Hara roko motu ia pu mark tabu sites, and it is often getena, hua ria. Pa Vangunu ieni planted in villages or garden areas to hae padapoda pa tuari, pa kalena mark territorial boundaries. haroharo kiso, hua katigae.

117 7 – Ria hae, rikiroko, adoso oro checheu

Shrubs, fam. Urticaceae: Laportea many varieties with different colours JIU interrupta and Laportea ruderalis, and leaf shapes. Some are named Meka hae noro mani tiva va ulu pa small tree-like herbs of secondary after the special places where they goana, huhua bao mana kikina. Ta forest, garden areas and deep forest. are said to have originated, others okata vae chubina pata pade The two types growing in Marovo after their special uses. JIPOLO is a very vanua. have small and large leaves, important custom plant as a Palm, fam. Arecaceae: Heterospathe respectively. The leaves of the former purveyor of mana (‘efficacy’) and an sp., a palm tree of the forest with a are poisonous and give burning pains object of mediation with the spirit thin straight trunk and fine, for several days to those who touch world. Every type of JIPOLO has its spreading leaves, similar to BAO but them. The leaves of the latter may be own special use, and some are smaller. Split planks of the trunk are used to parcel food for cooking in associated with certain types of used for house floors. stone ovens. In south Vangunu some magic and may be owned by certain say that JILATONGO leaves have a families or individuals. Today, JIPOLO special custom use in magic are often planted in the burial places associated with sharks. adjacent to village churches. JUAPA Different types of JIPOLO are used in Meka hae pa goana, kani soku pa custom to activate many different Marovo, mana to katigae pa kalena forms of magic, for example relating pa tadiria pa Vakabo. to attraction, fishing and hunting, Tree, unidentified: an uncommon clairvoyance and success in forest tree that grows only in certain important work, healing and the parts of Marovo (such as near chasing away of evil spirits. In these Vakabo). The name means ‘seven’. circumstances, JIPOLO is most often used by handling the leaf itself. Some say that many of the magical powers of plants that grow in old tabu sites JUKAJUKA have been forgotten but are Meka hae pa goana, to pa kavo oro nevertheless still powerful, so it is jemijemiani. Huhua juka otona. JIPOLO best to take care when approaching Nginongo ta oloko urena. Meka hae arilaena pa kasitomu, ta locations where old unknown JIPOLO Tree, fam. Myristicaceae: Myristica sp. chokui pa palavanua, pa chigo oro plants grow. or Horsfieldia sp., a forest tree with pa goana, lea pa hope oro pa blood-like red sap. Grows at the ravuravuani. Soku via hokihokiti headwaters of rivers and in swampy jipolo pa Marovo, hinoho tadiria areas. The fruits are often eaten by hokihokiti butubutu katigae. Ta vae birds. rokodi katigae pa tadiria tinoni padapoda pa tuari pata varavara mani manamana pa hope oro katiga tinavete pule. Mani ta vae KABO ROROTO katigae pata manamana pa Checheu to pa puava pa chigo, chinaba tungana. Hae binorue ngira via mani sana via pata Jipolo pa hope pa goana katigae, oro ta tavetei tingitonga Jipolo at an old shrine in the forest pokipoki. Kilakila pia ieni pa jinama pa kasitomu huana vina roro, mata Hoava, inadona ieni “ulo roroto” jonga, oro katiga tinavete pata (puna sana via ia tinavete pia). chitua poda chiena. Mani ko ngana Leafy grass, unidentified: a very ia tinamanaena katiga jipolo pa tough garden grass that is hard to ngina pia, hua katiga tinoni, heni weed. The name is in the Hoava ngina chakei valeana nia vasina pu language and means ‘the in-law is koe ia pula kamu atei nia hoi. weeping’, reflecting the obligation of Shrub, fam. Agavaceae: Cordyline in-laws to do hard work for their terminalis, a tree-like shrub that is spouse’s family. usually planted in villages and in the forest at tabu sites. There are a great

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KACHUELE KALALA ILORO Hae noro mani tiva va ulu huhua Kalala pa goana, ta vae korena katoa, mana kiki rokona. Chinoko pata mujala. oro ngira via haena, ta tavetei Tree, fam. Moraceae: Ficus sp., a bokala oro babao ria. forest tree of the banyan type. Bark Palm, fam. Arecaceae: Drymophloeus strips are used for plaited cords, thus sp., an Areca-like palm tree of the the name derived from the name of KATOA type, but with smaller leaves. the important ILORO vine. The black and very strong wood is used for bows and for spear tips. KALALA JOHORO Kalala gete via mani jojohoro. Ia KAKABOKULU vasina di koko vilei ria binahere pa Hae kiki pa kotukotuani, lupo meka korapa ragana oro johorona. kilana. Leana via rokona pata ta bia Tree, fam. Moraceae: Ficus sp., the nginongo pa motu oro pata biggest banyan of the forest, with a chabochaboi motu. Deana via great mass of stilt roots (johoro) borabora moa pula motui pa roko spreading out from above. Opossums kakabokulu. (cuscus) (BINAHERE) often live among Tree, fam. Moraceae: Ficus sp., a the branches and stilt roots of these small tree of secondary forest trees. (possibly Ficus longibracteata). Its second name is LUPO. The leaves are used for parcelling food in the stone oven and for covering the oven itself. KALALA KALALA KUVI They are especially good for parcelling Kilakila gete ta meka puku hae pu Tree, fam. Moraceae: Ficus sp., a pork, which becomes very greasy to pa taba pa goana. Soku via forest tree of the banyan type. It is a when cooked in KAKABOKULU leaves. hokihokiti kalala. Hae jojohoro strangler that sends its stilt roots and katigae, heni kokoani tania branches downwards from the binahere pa kalala. branches of other trees. The bark was Trees, fam. Moraceae: Ficus spp., once used for making barkcloth KAKAKE banyan trees (also called strangler particularly suitable for the traditional Kilana ghohere pa jinama pijin figs). At least eight distinct loincoth called kuvi. Herb, fam. Araceae: Cyrtosperma types/species are named in Marovo. chamissonis, Giant swamp taro. Pijin Most KALALA trees grow on slopes and name for GHOHERE. form a large and dense mass of stems, trunks and long stilt-like roots. KALALA LABE In the hollows formed by large Meka kalala pa goana pu labe KALALA, cuscus (BINAHERE) often live. rokona. Tree, fam. Moraceae: Ficus sp., a forest tree of the banyan type with broad (labe) leaves. KALALA BANGARA Kalala gete pa goana, gete rokona, kare ka johoro. Kokoani ta oloko. Tree, fam. Moraceae: Ficus sp., a KALALA NAPATA forest tree of the banyan type, with Meka kalala pa goana. Tona pa big leaves but no stilt roots. The puava mana keba keli pa tadiria name means ‘chief banyan’. Birds like hokiti hae. these trees. Tree, fam. Moraceae: Ficus sp., a forest tree of the banyan type. It is a strangler that climbs from the ground

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and sends its branches up into other KANE KAPUCHU trees, and the name (napata = ‘to Huana tinavolu mana piruna. Meka hae ragaraga pa goana piru, cling to in a sticky fashion’) refers to Adoso urure huhua uvi, to pa tiva va ulu oro gete via huhua this way of growing. goana huhua chochore oro lehu. hoba. Rocheroche oro orava haena, Nginongo urena mana kani leana mana ta vae katigae pa tadiria via, ta heli vae pa tongania kabani dekuru. kolokolo. Mana pa jinama Hoava, Tree, fam. Dilleniaceae: Dillenia KALALA NGIRISI kane ieni kilana uvi ngana. salomonensis, a tall, large tree of the Meka kalala pa goana pu ngirisi Vine, fam. Dioscoreaceae: Dioscorea deep forest with a very thick trunk rokona. sp., a wild yam similar to TINAVOLU. and many spreading branches. HOBA Tree, fam. Moraceae: Ficus sp., a Has edible but not very tasty tubers and KAPUCHU are the two biggest forest tree of the banyan type with that can be harvested in the bush at trees in the forest. These two trees narrow (ngirisi) leaves. any time of the year (like CHOCHORE are tall and have very wide trunks and LEHU) In Hoava, KANE is the (whereas TANGOVO is only very tall). generic term for yam, as well as The dark red KAPUCHU wood is being the specific term for the regarded in Marovo as soft, but it is KALALA RAGATA cultivated greater yam Dioscorea very dense and is taken as a Meka kalala pa goana. alata (UVI in Marovo). commercial timber by logging Tree, fam. Moraceae: Ficus sp., a companies. forest tree of the banyan type. KANGKONG Rokoroko pu haguru maena pa KAPUKAPU TOPA KALU KE Marovo, huhua ngache mana to pa Meka checheu hina, to pa kauru Meka checheu kiki to pa chigo. kavo oro kani gete. Ta chokui pa ngochara. Binorue rokona, ta vae Leafy grass, unidentified: a small palavanua ba chigo pa vasina pu mani vala pa masora oro tubu oro weed that grows in gardens. The koe kavo. Ta ngo pa katiga tingitonga pule. name means ‘feather of the KE hawk’. kolokolo. Leafy grass, unidentified: a small Vine, fam. Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea fragrant herb that grows under aquatica, Water spinach, a Pijin name coconut trees. The leaves are rubbed that is the same name used in on the skin to cure infections and KALU MALIVI Southeast Asia. This recently sores. Tingitonga huhua checheu pu introduced leafy green is sometimes ichicho horena pa raga hae pa planted in wet places in or near goana oro pa kalekavo. Ta vae pata villages and gardens, and is vinasari, hua katigae. occasionally used in cooking as a KARUVERA Moss, unidentified: ‘hair of the giant substitute for NGACHE. Meka talo maena pa Niugini oro ogre’; long, grass-like moss that Vanuatu, ta chokui pa chigo pa grows from branches of trees, vasina pu kani mohu. Nginongo, hanging down from above in the mana kani leana via hua talo. forest and along rivers. It is KAPA Herb, fam. Araceae: Xanthosoma sometimes used for personal Meka hae ramoso pu to pa rarusu, sagittifolium, Hong Kong taro. decoration. ta vae rokona pata tavete tege ria. Introduced to Marovo from New Tree, fam. Pandanaceae: Pandanus Guinea and Vanuatu (but originally sp., a coastal pandanus tree that from South America), and now grows near the sea along beaches. grown in well-drained locations in KALU MOA The leaves are used for weaving TEGE gardens and villages. It is resistant to Meka checheu to pa puava pa mats. taro diseases. The corms are eaten, palavanua. although not regarded as very good Leafy grass, unidentified: a grass that food compared to proper TALO. grows in village areas. The name means ‘pig’s hair’.

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KASIPORA KEJI (mokomoko) that hang down from Adoso pu keba pa hae oro haba pa Meka hae noro huhua pijaka, to pa tall trees in the forest. The leaves of puava, to pa chigo, pa kotukotuani togere oro pa nura, pa goana piru. some types are used for parcelling oro pa goana. Soku via burongona, Tavete nia vate pa goana. food in the stone oven (in which case oha urena mani nginongo mamisi Palm, fam. Arecaceae: Heterospathe they are just referred to as kepu), and via. sp., a palm tree of the deep forest. It the tough woody cores of the aerial Vine, fam. Passifloraceae: Passiflora grows especially on ridges and in roots of some types are used as ropes foetida, passionfruit; a creeping and valleys. Useful for constructing in house construction, and climbing vine that grows in some temporary shelters in the forest. traditionally as strings for cutting gardens, in many fallows and in the hokata clamshell rings. The shoots forest. It has many flowers and small, and leaves may be used medicinally. round, yellow fruits (with small seeds The large BUKULU lizard eats mainly and a sweet pulp), which are KEMACHA KEPUKEPU leaves and lives among sometimes eaten. Meka hae pa kotukotuani oro them up in the trees. chichiogo, huhua hutukaka. Ngira via korena, mujala nia pata tavete iku morumoru. KATOA Tree, unidentified: a tree of the KEPUKEPU GAGAO Kilakila ta meka puku hae huhua secondary forest, regarded as similar Hara kilana meka kepukepu pu pijaka mana tiva va ulu oro kani ta to HUTU KAKA. Bark strips are used gete rokona oro hele via ngo urena. To pa goana, oro pa traditionally as fibre strands for to mokomokona pu ichicho horena. kotukotuani katigae. Pula kiki make heavy plaited cords for turtle Mokomokona ieni leana via pa rokona ieni kachuele. Chinoko or nets. tinavete vanua. ngira via haena. Leana via pata Vine, fam. Araceae: a forest climber tavete katiga pa tupili malivi, with large arrow-shaped leaves bokala lipa na oloko oro hae (probably Scindapsus altissimus), with ghinerigheri mani ta okata vae pa KEPOKI very long aerial roots hanging down bekoto haena. Kilana loji hua pa jinama vaka. from high above. The tough woody Palms, fam. Arecaceae: a name for Tree, fam. Bombacaceae: Ceiba core of the aerial roots is particularly several types of Areca-like palm trees, pentandra, kapok tree, alternative useful as cordage in house of which Marovo bush specialists English-derived name for LOJI. construction. have identified the following from photographs of Solomon Islands palms: 1) Caryota rumphiana, a tall palm tree KEPUKEPU KERIKERI that grows in mainland old and Adoso rokoroko pu keba pa hae, Meka hae pa goana, ta choku secondary forest. Old trees have gete via rokona katigae, oro hele katigae. Ta vae patuna pata tavete strong black wood, which is used for via mokomoko, ria dadahana ia pu nia tingitonga pu leona mae. Legu fastening axe heads to handles. ichicho horena pa goana. Roko nia hutu kalu rokona pu ta kina pa 2) Ptychosperma sp., a palm tree that motu, kepu kilana. Mokomokona ikuchu. Pa tuari, binorue malaria grows in fairly open forest areas. The ieni ta tavetei vanua, mani pa tuari oro tinasiti kola rokona, hua ria pa strong black wood is used to make ieni ta vae pa tadiria pata tavete Vahole. bows for shooting fish and birds and hokata. Binorue mogo nobolona. Tree, fam. Flacourtiaceae: Pangium for building material; split lengths of Nginongo ta bukulu rokona, koko edule, a tree of the lowland forest, the trunk are used to make sago-leaf vilei ria bukulu pa korapa sometimes planted. The seeds are panels and to hold nipa palm leaf rokorokona pa ragana oro batuna traditionally used to make rattles. walls in place. Types of KATOA with hae. Leaves are heated in fire and used to smaller, narrower leaflets are Vine, fam. Araceae: Epipremnum kill head lice, and also have other old KACHUELE. pinnatum, Rhaphidophora spp., medicinal uses in Vahole. Scindapsus spp. and similar species. A large group of climbing aroid vines with medium-large to very large leaves. Most have long aerial roots

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KETO islands and mainland, among stones KOBIKOBI Meka hae kiki pu maena, ta chokui and in sand. The leaves are used in Meka hae kiki huhua tagala gete pa katiga chigo. Ta chokui pa canoes during fishing trips to shield mana gete via oro oha rokona. kolokolo soaini – ba kani hua, fish catches from the sun, and are Nginongo nobolona. Hara meka ngina kadi gete via urena. used to parcel food in and to seal hae maena, hua katigae. Leafy grass, fam. Poaceae: Zea mays, provisional stone ovens on the barrier Shrub, fam. Araliaceae: Polyscias sp., maize (also called corn). Introduced islands. Newly broken leaves and a tree-like shrub of the TAGALA type, and cultivated in some gardens. It branches of this tree are a reliable with particularly large and very should be planted at the full moon; if sign that a turtle has made a nest in yellow leaves. Young leaves and not, the cobs will not grow big. the area. Juice squeezed from the shoots are eaten. Some say that it leaves is said by some to be a good was introduced to Marovo. cough medicine. KICHURU Meka hae pu maena pa tuari, KODERE huana apolo urena. Lea nginongo KIKIKOPO Meka hae gete pa goana. Tavete tadiria malivi urena, hua ria pa Hara kilana meka hae urure pa nia kodere tadiria maroke na oreke tuari. goana. pata mila ria. Tree, unidentified: a tree with Tree, unidentified: a rare nut tree of Tree, unidentified: a big forest tree. characteristic edible apple-like fruits the forest. The wood is used especially for making with prickly skin. The fruits are said to the small mortars used by old toothless be a favourite food of the giant ogres. people for pounding betel nuts. It is believed that this tree was introduced to Marovo in the old days. KIVILI Meka hae gete via oro tiva va ulu, to pa rarusu toba. Ngira via haena KOE huhua ngirasa, ta vae gone mani ta Meka hae pa rarusu, to pa kalekogu tavetei tiva vanua pa rarusu, oro pa toba oro pa tusu, tata pa karaka, tiva malivi, belo, rausu, pa vasina pu koe vevereti oro kinimokimo, oro soku via ototo. Leana via pata kina binu. tingitonga pule. Ta vae pa tadiria Tavete nia chore ria pa Bughotu. kabani dekuru, mana hara kokochu Tree, fam. Meliaceae: Xylocarpus pa Marovo pa hua pia. granatum, a mangrove tree, Tree, fam. Caesalpiniaceae: Intsia particularly common along the bijuga, a tall coastal tree with a thick lagoon-side shores of barrier islands trunk that grows in the barrier and lagoon islands. Grows inland of islands, from the beach inwards. The the mangrove trees together with KIDOKIDOGHA wood is very hard and strong and is VEVERETI and OTOTO. It provides Hae kokuchu, to pa rarusu pa toba, used for a great number of things, special firewood for burning coral pa tusu oro pa tutupeka, pa keoro such as saltwater-resistant house lime. At Bughotu they make dugout oro maghara. Rokona ta vae pata posts, axe handles, slit gongs canoes from this tree. ta chabo ihana pa mola pa (wooden drums), plane frames and kolokolo chaba, mani pata ta bia bark cloth mallets. Large numbers of nginongo oro pata chabochaboi KIVILI have been taken by logging motu pa toba. Pula haguru ta kuri companies since they are so easily KOKOA ragana, hara meka vinahilahila accessible from the coast, and these Hae urure, ta heru mae pa tadiria vonu. Meresena kochukochu idere trees are now scarce in many parts of pa Agriculture. Ta chokui pa katiga rokona, hua katigae. Marovo. chigo pa goana mani ta holu urena Shrub, fam. Goodeniaceae: Scaevola pa tadiria pa Agriculture, mana taccada. These small leafy trees of the kani soku pa Marovo. beach have soft branches and grow Fam. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao, in dense clusters near the sea, at the cocoa tree. Introduced through beaches of barrier islands, lagoon government agriculture programmes,

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and planted in a number of small KOKOVASA heated bark scrapings and leaves is family-owned plantations, often in Meka hae kiki pa chichiogo na used to treat sore throat, cough, conjunction with bush gardens. A kotukotuani. Hae mamaroko, cold, flu and constipation. cash crop of varying but steadily tavete nia kopala pata chaba ria. decreasing value. Although a Marovo Tree, unidentified: a small tree of the Cocoa Farmers’ Association was secondary forest, whose soft formed in 1989, cocoa has not lightweight wood is used to make KORE EREBACHI become an important cash crop in floats for fishing lines. Meka hae pa rarusu, to pa toba oro Marovo. tutupeka, pa vasina pu koe chakope. Huhua rihe, mana gete rokona oro kani chinoko haena. KOLA Kani ta vae pata ngadongado, KOKOGA Meka tingitonga napanapata pa mana leana via pa viana pata raro. Meka hae pa soloso, ghinerigheri hae, huana pukete. To pa hae Ta ngo urena. leana. legudi pa ugulu pa togere. Tree, fam. Ebenaceae: Diospyros sp., a Tree, fam. Clusiaceae: Calophyllum A mushroom-like thing that grows on coastal tree of barrier islands and sp., a tree of the upper mainland dead trees in the dry, upper mainland beaches, often found near forest that provides very good sticks mountain forest. CHAKOPE. Very similar to RIHE for building houses. (‘ebony’), but has bigger leaves and lacks the black wood core. Useless for carving, but provides good slow- KOLA MEJARA burning fuelwood for cooking fires. KOKOMU Meka hae pa goana, ngira via The fruits are edible. Hara meka hae pa puku ta piropiro haena mani tavete nia tiva malivi. huhua buiti, to liloro pa kani sea Tree, unidentified: a forest tree with goana. Ko pa kotukotuani oro pa hard wood, which is used for axe tusu katigae. Binorue masora ia handles. idere rokona oro otona chubina. Ta pocho vae rokona mani vala iderena pa masora ta tinoni mani pa masora ta chie pu ta usu pa moa KOLE piruna. Ta tavete tingitomnga pata Hae ta choku, kiki mani kokuchu. melongo korena ria koburu. Pa Huana “glue” otona, huana meka kasitomu pa tuari, ta tavete buli paepa urena mani ta vae pata pata chitu nia bichere pa chigo ia melongo ria koburu. Kualeve pu koina haena ria. Tree, unidentified: a small, short, The indigenous kualeve Ginger, fam. Zingiberaceae: a shrub- cultivated tree. The sticky sap is used like tree that is found all around in as wood glue, and the fruit looks like KUALEVE the bush, probably Costus sp. It is a tobacco pipe and is used as a toy Meka adoso rokoroko pu keba pa related to the PIROPIRO ginger group. by children. hae oro haba pa idaka na puava. To See BUITI. The juice from its leaves pa goana, kotukotuani, chigo na and stems is used to wash new ngochangocharaini. Soku via wounds and cuts; the juice cools kualeve to pa vasina pu te hirama down and soothes the pain. This KONU hae ria kabani dekuru. Pula gete treatment is also used on dogs that Meka hae to pa maghara pa tusu adosona ieni lea binorue masora have been cut by pig’s tusks during oro toba. Binorue tadiria koburu juka. Pula ta masora juka tinoni pu hunting. Its bark is rolled into bullets korena oro rokona pula tasiti ko pa goana, ngina ta vae adoso for childrens’ toy guns. In the old chochoraka na kochukochu oro kualeve mani ta kuri mani vala pa days, the stems were used for katiga pinavu pule, ba pea ngira. masora otona, mani ta bia masora throwing sticks to chase away the Tree, unidentified: a tree that grows pa meka roko ba poko. Makasina BICHERE birds that spoil gardens. on stony ground on lagoon islands noso juka. Mana ko meka kualeve and barrier islands. A children’s pu heva burongona, meka pu oha medicine: juice squeezed from burongona. Hara meka adoso

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maena ia pu oha burongona, puna KUBUKU KULI ko liloro pa goana ia pu heva Rokoroko varisuni, to pa Checheu pa idere: omia Pinajaka 2. burongona. petupetuani. Varichopuru rokona, Seagrasses: see Chapter 2. Vines, fam. Convolvulaceae: Merremia bulaeri burongona. Mana ia vua spp., creeping and climbing vines that ieni gura ko liungu pa kauruna grow everywhere in the forest and rokoroko pia. Pa kubukubukuani also in gardens and cocoa ieni vasina pu ko gonei vua pata KUREU plantations. KUALEVE often covers the vera nia hana nginongo, hua ria pa Hae kiki, to pa jemijemiani pa ground (and any shrubs and low trees tuari. Mana meka roko padapoda goana. Hae ghinerigheri. remaining or appearing) in open areas pa kasitomu pa Roviana. Tree, unidentified: a small tree that that have been logged. The young Shrub, fam. Acanthaceae: Acanthus grows in forest swamps and provides vines are thin, but older ones are very ilicifolius, a mangrove shrub that good sticks for houses and fences. thick and contain a white flowing grows in the water in low but densely sap, which is very good for stopping tangled stands. It has purple flowers blood in emergency situations in the and shiny dark green leaves with bush. There are at least two species sharp, pointed edges. It is said that KURUVETE in Marovo: the indigenous Merremia crocodiles rest under KUBUKU shrubs, Meka hae piropiro mana kokuchu, peltata with white flowers, and the waiting for food to come by. In huhua nabo mana hele rokona hua introduced Merremia tuberosa with Roviana, it is a custom leaf. It is named roko ara. Roko padapoda pa tuari. yellow flowers. While the white- after the small triggerfish called KUBUKU. Ginger, fam. Zingiberaceae: a herb of flowered KUALEVE grows throughout the non-branching PIROPIRO ginger the forest, the yellow-flowered KUALEVE group. It is similar to turmeric but is common in logging areas and with longer, pointed leaves like those grows with the indigenous KUALEVE. of the ARA vine. This is a custom leaf associated with spirits.

LAENI Hae ta choku pa palavanua, lemana meka kilana. Hara maena pa Marovo. Kati urena mana ta ngo, mani vala pa idere reka rokona mani ta ikuru. KUBUTU Binorue chuchululu ia idere urena Kualeve pu maena The introducted kualeve Meka rokoroko to pa raga hae pa pula ta cheni pa karaka oro sugha goana oro pa petupetuani. Kokoani mani ta bei, oro ta vae varichopuruna ta mago, hua ria. pata ta gacho pa mogo. Fern, fam. Aspleniaceae: Asplenium Tree, fam. Rutaceae: Citrus aurantifolia, KUAVA nidus, Bird’s nest fern. A large fern lime tree. An introduced fruit tree, Hae kokuchu mani urure, maena pa that grows on the branches of forest commonly planted in villages. An hokiti vasina pa Amerika mani pa and mangrove trees. It is said to be alternate name is LEMANA, which is soku via buruburu ta chokui pa the dwelling place of forest spirit also used for lemon (Citrus limon). The Marovo pa palavanua oro pa chigo. beings called mago. leaves are used to make tea (particularly Mamisi urena, ta ngo. Binorue by Seventh-day Adventists). The small chuchululu rokona. green fruits are sometimes eaten, Tree, fam. Myrtaceae: Psidium although their sour to bitter taste guajava, Guava, a cultivated fruit tree KUHU makes them more frequently used in that is planted in villages and Meka hae piropiro, hele rokona medicine. Juice squeezed from the gardens. It is originally from tropical huhua roko ijoko. fruits is mixed with salt and sugar to America and was introduced to Ginger, fam. Zingiberaceae: a woody make medicine for belly ache and Marovo long ago. The sweet fruits ginger shrub of the PIROPIRO type, it is diarrhoea. The sharp thorns are also are eaten and the leaves are an tall with long leaves resembling those used medicinally, to remove objects ingredient in diarrhoea medicine. of IJOKO. from the skin and to open up boils.

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LAKORI KANE). The tuber does not taste very nia tiva malivi ba chavi haena. Meka hae pa goana oro pa good; it is bitter like Chloroquine. But Arilaedi via ria roko hagurudi oro chichiogo. Ta tavete kinimokimo in Vahole they say that eating these ria nobolo tania hae pia pa gete korena tadiria pa tuari. Heva tubers make old people’s bodies strong. binorue, puna ta cheni pa soku via otona mani ta poholo nginongo ria binorue pu ta tavete pa rokona oro tinoni pa goana pa tuari korena pa korena tadiria hokihokiti hae. pula kare ka ngochara pa tadiria. Tree, fam. Malvaceae: Hibiscus Tree, fam. Moraceae: Ficus variegata, LEKOLEKO tiliaceus, a small to medium-sized a tree of lowland and secondary Meka hae pa goana. coastal tree with yellow flowers, forest. Wide strips of the bark are Tree, unidentified: a forest tree. usually found growing along traditionally used for making barkcloth. beaches. This tree grows back quickly In the old days, bush people added after being cut; it has a twisted the white sap of LAKORI bark to taro in shape, and the branches are tough the cooking process when coconut LELU and do not break when bent (but cream was unavailable. Meka rokoroko pa goana, split easily when cut from one side). nginongo tadiria pa tuari huhua Often planted on the beach near reve, pinopoto oro pucha. houses. Strong fibres are extracted Leafy shrub, unidentified: a wild leafy from the bark to make plaited cords green of the forest that was much for fish and turtle nets, fishing lines, used as food in the old days (with string baskets and other things. The REVE, PINOPOTO and PUCHA). wood is used for axe and adze handles and similar things. Young leaves and shoots of LERU are important ingredients in many herbal medicines LEMANA based on combinations of bark and Meka hae urure pu maena pa leaf material from multiple plants. Marovo. Huhua laeni mana getegete urena oro tiva va ulu LANGOLANGONO haena. Meka karua ngana ta chokui Hae kiki ba rorokoro, to pa rarusu pa palavanua pa Marovo. Mana LERU HOKARA tata pa idere. Roche ragana. Hara meka kilana laeni tungana. Kilana leru pa rarusu. meka kilana kidokidogha. Tree, fam. Rutaceae: Citrus limon, Tree, fam. Malvaceae: Hibiscus Shrub, fam. Goodeniaceae: Scaevola lemon tree. Introduced to Marovo, it tiliaceus, the specific name of this sp. These small leafy trees of the is similar to the lime tree, but taller beach tree, used to distinguish it beach have soft branches and grow and with larger fruits. A few single from its riverine variety. in dense clusters by the sea. trees are cultivated in villages, but less Considered a variety of KIDOKIDOGHA. commonly than lime trees. LEMANA also appears to be an alternate name for the lime tree (LAENI). LERU ROGHA Meka kilana leru varu. LEHU Tree, fam. Malvaceae: Hibiscus tiliaceus, Meka adoso huana uvi mana an alternate name of LERU VARU that piruna. To pa goana, ta ure pa LERU refers to its tangled growth (rogha). tongania kolokolo. Nginongo Meka hae pa rarusu, ta chokui pa urena mana kani leana puna kati sera katigae, kani gete mana hae ta huhua Chloroquine. Mana kani polo oro ta piratana. Mana to pa patavela puna nginongo leana ta kalekavo tungana, mana takilae LERU VARU maroke na oreke madi ngira via leru varu. Leru ieni meka hae Meka hae huhua leru hokara mana tinidi ria, hua ria pa Vahole. tuvutuvu. Oha burongona. Ta hara meka tonu rikaru. Hara leru Vine, fam. Dioscoreaceae: Dioscorea tavete mujala korena ria pata hokara ngana mana to pa kalekavo. sp., a wild yam with edible tubers tavete nia iku vagara, iku Rogha via hae pia pa kotukotuani that can be found in the bush at any morumoru, taeli chaba, huneke, tata pa kavo oro tata pa sera, mana time of the year (like CHOCHORE and oro katiga tingitonga pule. Tavete kani to tata pa idere. Hae

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ghinerigheri leana. LITALITA Tree, fam. Malvaceae: Hibiscus Meka hae, leana pa viana pata tiliaceus, the riverine variety of LERU, raro. Nginongo ta oloko urena. which grows along mainland Leana pa hae uvi. riverbanks where it forms dense, Tree, unidentified: a tree that tangled secondary growth (rogha), provides good fuelwood for cooking particularly in abandoned riverside fires. Its brances are good for yam gardens. This tree provides very good sticks. Its fruits are eaten by birds. house construction materials.

LOJI LILI Hae maena, meka karua ta chokui Kilana katiga burongo maedi. pa katiga palavanua, ta tavete Kilakila pia ieni pa jinama vaka. Ta chakeukulu kaluna pa urena. chokui pa palavanua pata vinasari. Kepoki kilana pa jinama vaka. Herbs, fam. Liliaceae and similar Tree, fam. Bombacaceae: Ceiba flowering plants: English-derived pentandra, Kapok tree. Introduced, name (from “lily”) for various types and planted in some villages. The of flowering lilies and similar plants, cotton-like hairs of the fruit are used to all introduced, planted in villages for stuff pillows. Sometimes called KEPOKI. Tree, fam. Pandanaceae: Pandanus sp., ornamentation and personal a very tall, straight-growing pandanus decoration. tree with many stilt roots, grows in the barrier islands. The thick, fleshy and LOKO CHIKO waxy leaves are used to parcel food Meka adoso urure huhua uvi. (especially fish) in the stone oven, to Nginongo urena. make canoe bailers, and (when dried) Vine, fam. Dioscoreaceae: a yam to weave TEGE mats. Juice squeezed rather similar to Dioscorea alata, with from the heated bark of young stilt edible tubers. roots is used medicinally. Pandanus fruits are not eaten in Marovo.

LOKULOKU Meka rokoroko binorue. LOMALOMATA Shrub, unidentified: a shrub whose Hae pa goana, ngira via mani leana LIPALIPATA leaves are used medicinally. pa viana pata raro. Meka to pa Adoso binorue, tete pa hae oro soloso, meka to pa toba, kadi meka haba pa idaka. Ko va soku pa tonu rikaru. ngochangocharaini oro pa rarusu. Trees, unidentified: a group of forest Binorue pa soku via tinasiti, hua siti LOLOU trees, possibly Hernandia spp. (fam. livono. Pa katiga binorue, ta pocho Hae tiva va ulu oro noro, to pa toba. Hernadiaceae), with different types vae idere rokona mani ta bei, mana Soku johorona. Huana ramoso growing in the barrier islands and the pa binorue tina siti livono, ta kina hokara mana kadi ngachu varikalei upper mainland forest. pa ikuchu rokona mani ta usu. oro patuara vasinakiki rokona. Ta Fern, unidentified: a small fern that bia ihana pa motu rokona. Mani ia climbs vine-like in coconut trees, rokona ia ieni ta tavetei ipacha, oro creeps over stones, and generally tavete nia tege pula popa rokona. LOMALOMATA grows anywhere, but particularly in Ta tavete binorue chuchululu oro GHARIMA open areas of secondary forest and pea juka ria pa kore johorona Meka kilana lomalomata pa soloso near beaches. The name means hagurudi, pula ta kina mani ta pa jinama Hoava tadiria pa Vahole. ‘centipede-like’. It is an important pocho vae iderena mani ta bei. To pa togere oro pa goana piru, medicinal plant. Kani ta ngo urena pa Marovo pia. oro pa toa katigae.

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Trees, unidentified: a forest tree, possibly LUJU 2) meka kilana roko talo oro roko Hernandia spp. (fam. Hernadiaceae). Adoso urure ta choku pa chigo, rime pu ta ngo mani ta bia This is a Hoava name for the mainland nginongo gonei urena. Ta veko pa nginongo pa motu. type of LOMALOMATA; it grows on hilltops, vanua rejo katigae, mani kaduvu 1) Palm, fam. Arecaceae: a palm tree ridges and high on mountainsides. kolokolo pu reho maena iedi ta of the forest, similar to Areca and choku pule pa chigo. identified from photographs of Vine, fam. Dioscoreaceae: Dioscorea Solomon Islands palms as Physokentia esculenta, Lesser yam. The tubers are sp. The trunk is very straight, easy to LOMALOMATA regularly eaten. Some are left in the split, and is used to make bekoto HOKARA kitchen until they sprout and are then sticks for sago-leaf panels. Meka kilana lomalomata pa toba. planted again. It is called pana in Pijin. 2) Edible taro leaves (of TALO and RIME) Tree, unidentified: a forest tree, used as an ingredient in puddings, possibly Hernandia nymphaeifolia and to parcel food in the stone oven. (fam. Hernadiaceae); the barrier islands type of LOMALOMATA. LUMULUMUTUI Checheu binorue, katiga tingitonga pu napata pa idaka oro pa chubi MAHU hae. To va soku via pa katiga hae Umalau ngana, mana mahu ieni LUGA ngochara. Ta vala pa masora juka ia kilana ia pa tadiria pa Metodisi oro Meka adoso ngira via, keba pa hae kalena pu tona, mani makasina CFC. Mana omia umalau ngana. mana kani gura to va soku ria hae noso juka mani kani mogo. Mani Vine, fam. Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea pa vasina pu koe luga. Chichinoko kilakila pia ieni kilana tadiria batatas, Sweet potato. This name is adosona, tavete nia vinasarina tingitonga pu to pa hae oro pa used among Methodists and vanua edeve. mola tungana. Christian Fellowship Church people. Vine, unidentified: a tough, climbing 1) Moss, fam. Lycopodiaceae: See UMALAU for a full description. vine. Characteristically, few trees Lycopodium sp., a green club moss grow in places that have many LUGA that grows in dense clumps on vines. The vine has a dark colour and stones and tree trunks. Especially is used to weave decorative patterns abundant on old coconut trees. The MALA GHIGHIRI in leaf house walls made from nipa living green side of clumps of this Meka hae pa goana. palm (HINAGE) leaves. moss is applied to fresh cuts to stop Tree, unidentified: a tree of the forest. bleeding, and if they are left on the cut, they will prevent infection. 2) LUMULUMUTUI is also a generic term for any moss-like substance, MALA HIRE including algal growth on canoes. Meka hae pa soloso. Tree, unidentified: a tree of the deep inland forest. LUPO Meka kilana kakabokulu, hae kiki pa kotukotuani. MALA NGARI Tree, fam. Moraceae: Ficus sp., a Meka hae tiva va ulu pa toba, small tree of the secondary forest. hevaheva haena. Kani pa jinama This is a second name for KAKABOKULU. Marovo kilana pia, mana hara pa meka hokiti jinama. Mana inadona ia kilana pia ieni “huana ngoete”, heni hara huhua hae ngoete ia hae pia. MAHI Tree, unidentified: a tall tree of the 1) meka hae noro pa goana huana barrier islands, with white wood. The pijaka. Ta okata kachiena via mani name is not in the Marovo language, noro chubina, ta okata vae pa but refers to perceived similarity with bekoto. the NGOETE nut tree.

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MALEMALE MANONO general Areca type but with large fan- Meka hae pa goana. Meka hae huhua pijaka, ta mila like leaves somewhat similar to those Tree, unidentified: a tree of the forest. urena mana kani leana hua pijaka. of the CHABO pandanus tree. The Palm, fam. Arecaceae: a palm tree of leaves are indeed used for fans. Areca type, similar to the betel nut. The nuts can be chewed with betel leaf and lime but are not as good as proper PIJAKA. MARIA Meka hae urure, noro chubina oro hevaheva korena, to pa goana mana ta choku gone pa MARA NEBA buruburuani. Huhua ure ngoete Meka hae urure huhua maria mana urena, mana kikina. Pora urena labelabe urena. Nginongo urena, talavuni pa paleke Jiuni mani mae mana kani leana hua maria. Hara kaduvu pa Agusti. Lea hae pa jinama Hoava ia kilakila pia. nginongo tadiria pa tuari, mani MANIOKO Tree, fam. Burseraceae: Canarium sp., arilaena via pa ngina pia tungana. Meka hae urure, to ngana pa a tree which is similar to MARIA but Mani otona ia ieni ta tavetei juke tongania vasina pa palavanua oro which has flatter, wider nuts, edible maria ria pa tuari. pa chigo. Gete oro mamisi urena, although not as good as those of Tree, fam. Burseraceae: Canarium ta ngo pula kani kina, mani ta vala MARIA. This name is probably from salomonense, ngali nut tree similar to pa raro mani ta kina. Ta vae urena the Hoava language. NGOETE but with smaller nuts. A tall te katigae pata va ta roche tania and straight tree with white bark, bora ose. Binorue rokona, ta kina often planted in special groves near pa ikuchu roko hagurudi ria madi villages, in gardens and in secondary ta pocho vae iderena pata vala pa MARA POPOLI forest, but also found wild in the masora juka. Ko katiga hae mamaele Meka hae pa tusu oro toba, huana forest. MARIA nuts are harvested oro katiga hae machumachu, kadi popoli. Hara meka tonu. Ta vae pa before NGOETE nuts, between June meka tonu burongodi rikaru. toba pa tadiria kabani dekuru. and August. A very important food, Burongo mamaele ieni binorue Tree, fam. Combretaceae: a tree of as much now as in the old days. The malaria, hua katigae, ieni ta vala pa the lagoon islands and barrier islands, sap of this tree becomes a dry, gum- idere reka mani ta bei. Burongo similar to or identical to POPOLI trees. like resin that burns slowly and was machumachu ieni binorue ta “high Logging companies take these trees used traditionally in torches. blood pressure”, hua katigae. in the barrier islands. Tree, fam. Caricaceae: Carica papaya, pawpaw tree. Planted in villages and gardens, sometimes in large stands. MARIA DEVA The ripe fruit is eaten uncooked as a Kilana ia hae maria pu pora susua. snack, and cooked as an ingredient in Pa tuari, ta keba vae mani ta vala stews. The fruit flesh is also used to pa ruja mani vala pa hope mangini ripen the meat of large giant clams. urena pu pora susua, pata The juice squeezed from the young haroharo tadiria poda pata leaves is used for a number of manamana, oro pa katiga tinavete medical purposes, especially to stop padapoda pule. bleeding from wounds and cuts and Tree, fam. Burseraceae: Canarium to prevent subsequent infection. The salomonense, ngali nut tree, a specific flowers are also used in Marovo as name for certain trees that mature ingredient in medicines – as a malaria MARE early, before any other Canarium prophylactic (female flowers) and as Meka hae huhua pijaka, mana gete trees. DEVA trees were climbed and treatment for high blood pressure oro labe rokona hua roko chabo. nuts gathered for the presentation of (male flowers); in both cases, flowers Tavete nia epeputu rokona. sacred puddings to spirits in first fruit are boiled and the resulting infusion Palm, fam. Arecaceae: Licuala rituals (also called deva) and other must be drunk regularly. lauterbachii, a palm tree of the seasonal ceremonial activities.

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MARIA LIGITI moa ria. Binorue korena. MICHO Meka maria pu kiki urena mana ta Tree, fam. Euphorbiaceae: Securinega Meka hae piropiro mana gete via, ngo. flexuosa, a coastal tree found to pa togere pa soloso mani tiva va Tree, fam. Burseraceae: Canarium sp., especially on lagoon islands but also ulu oro gete via rokona. Roko a nut tree of ngali type with edible found on barrier islands and in motu, oro ta tavetei vate pa goana but very small fruits. mainland coastal forest. The wood is ria rokona. Omia meka micho pa used for house construction, togere pa meka magomagona pu especially for house posts in dry soil ko pa Pinajaka 6, pa kauruna with sand and stones. Also used for vivineina “goana”. MATA IHANA pig fences. Bark scrapings are an Ginger, fam. Zingiberaceae: Alpinia Meka hae pa jemijemiani, to pa ingredient in many medicines. sp., a non-branching large ginger of tutupeka oro pa toba. Hae the PIROPIRO group, very tall and with mamaroko, tavete nia tiva vanua very large leaves, probably the largest pa rarusu idere pula kare ka of the gingers in New Georgia. It naginagi pa ngina pia. Hae MEDA grows in the inland upper forest, ngadongado leana mani ko Meka hae gete pa goana oro often on ridges. The leaves are used valeana pa karaka, heni tavete nia chichiogo. Ngira haena, tavete nia to parcel food in the stone oven, and beku huhua toto isu ria pa tuari. tiva malivi labitina, mani leana via for making temporary shelters in the Oha haena, mani ta vae pa tadiria pa viana pata rararo oro kinakina. forest. See the photo of mountain tinoni ngadongado pata tavete Mani ta vae pa tadiria kabani forest including MICHO in Chapter 6, katiga pa jemi na roko ramoso, dekuru. under GOANA. makasina chinoko haena mani Tree, fam. Sapindaceae: Pometia tavete nia toto isu ria. pinnata, a large tree of old and Tree, unidentified: a tree that grows secondary forest. The wood is hard, in saltwater swamps on the mainland and axe handles are made from the MINILA and in the barrier islands. The yellow plank buttresses. It is a good fuel for Hae kiki huhua piropiro mana wood is oily and resistant to salt cooking and roasting fires. MEDA is kokuchu, ta choku gonei pa chigo water and is much used for house also taken by logging companies. oro pa katiga vasina. Lea posts in beach areas. The wood is tingitonga arilaena tadiria tinoni also good for carving, and is padapoda, ta vae pa tadiria pa increasingly used nowadays since the soku via tinavete huana binorue otherwise preferred NAGINAGI is in MELAENA oro ruasai oro soku tinavete pule short supply. This tree is thus a Meka hae maena pa tadiria pa pa tuari, be leana ba chiena. Meka substitute for NAGINAGI both for house Forestry, ta choku pa vasina pu te ieni minila pela, hua ria. Ria posts and for carving. Since it is hirama hae ria kabani dekuru. Vasi dadahana minila iedi pirikichi mana resistant to salt water, this wood was huhua goliti mana kani leana pata ta ngo pa tadiria tinoni padapoda, traditionally used for toto isu war tavete chore. Omia magomago pa mani ta vae rokona tungana pata canoe figureheads (which are now Pinajaka 6, ta vae pa vasina pa haroharo tadiria poda. Mani ta made of kerosene wood and ebony Vahole pu ta choku hae ria pa CFC. mila dadahana pa katiga tinoni for the tourist trade). The wood for a Tree, fam. Verbenaceae: Gmelina pata kamichu la mani ta chitu nia traditional toto isu was stained black arborea, an introduced tree often poda chiena. Soku via hokihokiti through a process involving storage used in reforestation projects but not minila to pa ria hokiti ta pajakana in mangrove mud, while wrapped in regarded as useful locally despite its pa Ulusaghe. Hua hinoho tadiria a special type of pandanus leaf. superficial similarity to the tinoni padapoda ria minila pira. Pa preeminent canoe tree GOLITI. On tuari, ta choku gonei pa karu sia page 96 there are photographs of chigo ria minila oro nabo pata Gmelina plantations operated on a chakei valeana nia ia chigo pa MAVUANA community basis by the Christian tadiria poda ruasai. Binorue kochu Meka hae pa goana pa tusu, Fellowship Church, in logged areas tungana ria dadahana pu hagurudi, tutupeka oro toba. Hae owned by them. ta ngo ba ta pejo vae iderena pa ghinerigheri, oro leana pa tiva meka roko tige mani ta bei. Mana vanua pa puava popa pu koe keoro ta vae katiga minila pata vala pa oro idaka, mani tavete nia bara nginongo tungana pa katiga

129 7 – Ria hae, rikiroko, adoso oro checheu

kolokolo pa ngina pia, mana kani these roots makes a very tough rope, ta vala pa soku nginongo puna which is used in house construction. tingitonga tadiria tinoni padapoda. In the old days MOKOMOKO ropes were 1) Gingers, fam. Zingiberaceae: small used as a tool in the manufacture of cultivated gingers with important hokata clamshell rings. medicinal and magical uses, including Zingiber officinale. Rather small non- branching herbs that are cultivated in gardens, among houses, and MOLI sometimes in special secret places. A Meka adoso pa rarusu, to pa keoro large variety of MINILA types are oro pa maghara tata pa idere. MUDU cultivated. Many are regarded as Nginongo urena. Meka hae pa goana oro pa having their origin in a special place Vine, unidentified: a coastal creeping kotukotuani. Hae tuvutuvu. Oha and as being the property of certain vine that grows close to the sea on burongona, hina jonga via. Ta vae custom people. Particular MINILA roots sand and stones and has edible fruits. mani ta vala gone pa mudu are chewed in association with healing, ngochara burongona. Binorue magic and sorcery, and particular korena, ta vae inasa korena mani ta leaves were important for calling cheni pa kavo mani ta bei pa tadiria ancestral spirits. Before, MINILA was MOLI MAMISI tinonu pu roche puna siti tia. planted (often with NABO = ‘turmeric’) Kilana tadiria pa tuari tania hae Tree, fam. Annonaceae: Cananga at each corner of gardens to protect urure pia pu ta kilae oriji, pu odorata, Perfume tree (called Ylang- against destructive magic. Some maena pa tuari, mani ta chokui pa Ylang in Southeast Asia), a tree of the ginger roots are used medicinally to palavanua. Ta ngo urena. Karua lowland and secondary forest. If cut cure lesser ailments such as cough – hokihokiti hae moli (ba hae oriji) down, it regrows quickly from the adults chew a fresh piece of the root ko pa Marovo. Meka ieni mamisi stump. It has yellow flowers with a and swallow it, and for children, root vasinakiki urena, mana meka ieni sweet fragrance, which are used to pieces are hammered and the juice kani mamisi urena. scent coconut oil. Cold-water squeezed through a TIGE leaf and Trees, fam. Rutaceae: Citrus sinensis infusions from bark scrapings are drunk. Because of its strong magical and similar Citrus spp., orange trees. drunk by people who suffer from and medical associations, MINILA roots An old name for these fruit trees weakness caused by a sore belly. are sparsely used in cooking, and (which are more often called by their then only to mildly flavour vegetable English-derived name ORIJI). They stews and similar dishes. were introduced to Marovo in the 2) MINILA is simultaneously a generic old days and are planted in many MUDUKU term for both medicine and magical villages. The fruits are often eaten. Hae gete pa goana. Gete urena practice (hence tinoni minila = The most common type (the “sour” huhua orenisi mani ta ngo. ‘doctor’, literally ‘ginger man’). or “half-orange”) has rough-skinned Tree, unidentified: a big forest tree rather acidic green fruits. Another with a wide trunk and large edible type (“sweet orange”) has smooth- fruits about the size of oranges. skinned somewhat sweet fruits with MOKOMOKO yellow-green to orange skin. Dadahana kepukepu pu ichicho horena pa hae. Ngira via adosona MUTAMUTA pula kani koe korena, mana ta vae Meka hae pa goana, varivamuta pa tinavete vanua oro chuba edeve MOU otona pula ta hina ta tinoni korena ria. Mana pa tuari ieni ta vae pa Meka hae pa soloso, to pa togere. ba haena. Hae rararo mana tadiria pata tavete hokata. Hae noro oro ragaraga. Tavete nia varivamuta, heni kani leana. Long aerial roots of large KEPUKEPU labete oro tiva babao. Tree, fam. Meliaceae: Amoora aroids (Epipremnum spp., Tree, unidentified: a straight-growing cucullata, a forest tree. The smell of Rhaphidophora spp., Scindapsus spp.; tree with many branches, grows in the sap from its bark and wood may fam. Araceae), hanging down from the upper inland and mountain make people vomit. This may happen trees that are often at high elevations. forest. The wood is used for planks even when it is used as firewood. The With the bark removed, the core of and for spear shafts. name means ‘vomiting’.

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NABO vasina pa Marovo pia, puna ta vae NELE Hae roche huana piropiro mana gonei pa tadiria tinoni Meka hae pa kotukotuani pu to kiki, ta chokui pa kotukotuani. ngadongado. Pa tuari, tavete nia tata pa kavo, rogha via dadahana Ororava dadahana, tavete nia kala tiva vanua pa rarusu idere puna ko oro ragana. oha. Hina jonga rokona, ta vae valeana pa idere haena. Mana Tree, unidentified: a tree that grows mani ta bia ihana pa motu ria. leana tungana pa viana oro pa ino. in secondary forest near rivers and Nabo ieni tingitonga arilaena pa Tree, fam. Boraginaceae: Cordia has tangled branches and roots. tadiria tinoni padapoda pa tuari, subcordata, Kerosene wood. A huana minila. Pa tuari, ta choku medium-sized coastal tree with a gonei pa karu sia chigo ria ria twisted shape. It grows along sand minila oro nabo pata chakei and coral beaches, always close to NGACHE valeana nia ria ia chigo pa tadiria the sea, on barrier islands and on Hae rokoroko, ta choku gonei pa poda ruasai. Hina jonga rokona, some lagoon islands. The dark brown tongania chigo pa Marovo. heni kani leana pa tadiria poda wood has decorative grain patterns Nginongo leana via nobolona oro ruasai. Ta mila dadahana pa katiga and is very hard. Today NAGINAGI is ria roko hagurudi madi ta vala pa tinoni pata kamichu la mani ta the most important carving wood in raro, chenicheni, masimasi, chitua poda chiena. the Western Solomons, and is scarce chichiliri oro soku via tingitonga Ginger, fam. Zingiberaceae: Curcuma in most parts of Marovo. Until a few pule. domestica, Turmeric. A non- decades ago NAGINAGI was much Shrub, fam. Malvaceae: Hibiscus branching, rather small ginger herb used for house posts in coastal manihot, Bush cabbage (also called of the PIROPIRO family, with orange- locations, because the dark hard slippery cabbage). A branching tree- coloured roots and rounded leaves. wood is so durable and resistant to like shrub cultivated in every garden. Cultivated in garden fallows. Yellow salt water, but today it is too valuable The shoots and young leaves are the dye is made from the roots. The to be used for anything but carving. most important leaf vegetable in aromatic leaves are used for NAGINAGI is also good firewood and Marovo, and are cooked in many parcelling fish in the stone oven. can also be used to make fires, by ways on its own or mixed with many NABO also has various custom uses. rubbing pieces of the wood together. different ingredients to produce Often, NABO was planted (with MINILA several important dishes. ginger) in gardens to protect against destructive magic, since the strong fragrance of the leaves keeps evil NATONGO spirits away. This is still done by quite Meka hae pa kotukotuani, pa NGIRASA a few people. The roots may also be goana oro pa ngochangocharaini. Hae kiki oro ta polo, to pa rarusu chewed and spat out the door or Ta pejo mani ta raro rokona pa toba tata pa idere. Hae ta polo. window to chase away evil spirits. meka checheu idere mani ta cheni Mani to pa patu kalukalu pa vasina pa roko ramoso, mani makasina pu koe chakope. Ngira via haena, chinoko roko ramoso. Nije natongo tavete nia kolukolu, buli, ieni pata cheni pa inasa tita oro michumichuani, oro soku via otona vinetungu ta malivi pu lalusu tingitonga pule. kilana, pata domu nia magoru. Tree, fam. Lythraceae: Pemphis Tree, fam. Anacardiaceae: Rhus acidula, a small beach tree with a taitensis, a lowland tree of secondary twisted shape, found in the barrier forest and old coconut plantations. islands. It grows near the sea, and Leaves of NATONGO (as well as of often on small coral rocks on the other trees like HILIBUBUKU and TALISE) outer barrier reef flats, together with are pounded and boiled with CHAKOPE. Has very hard, heavy and pandanus leaves and a particular tough wood, which is used for a seaweed to stain the pandanus leaves great number of special tools NAGINAGI black. NATONGO charcoal was an including mortar pestles, sharpened Meka hae pa rarusu toba, to pa important ingredient (as an sticks for husking coconuts and tusu katigae. Hae ta polo. Ngira via alternative to DOMU) in the black weapons. haena, lea hae ngadongado. Mana putty used for the final caulking and hara kokuchu naginagi pa soku glossy surface finish of war canoes.

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NGIRASA GOANA tingitonga pule; PIPIRUKUNA ieni bowls, walking sticks and spoons), Meka hae pa goana, ngira via hua ta tavetei avave oro chuchulava and is a good firewood when dry; the ngirasa. Tavete nia tiva malivi. ihana na deo, oro kumakumana, large central BRANCHES of the fronds Tree, unidentified: a hardwood tree mani ta vae pata va to ia ikuchu; are used as rollers to launch and land of the forest, used for axe handles. URENA ieni ta vae pa soku via canoes, as firewood, as children’s nginongo (ta ngo, ta bei, mani ta toys, for children’s small bows, as poholo nginongo ria hokiti urena, makeshift planks for temporary mani ta vae pata tavete ruja oro construction work, as makeshift NGOCHANGOCHARA tauma) oro soku via tinavete (ta paddles and as bases for flower Hae jojohoro, to pa kavo, pa tava mani ta holu, ta poara la pa decorations; the whole FRONDS are jemijemiani. Ta ngo urena, tadiria moa, chie, kusi na kokorako, used as fishing torches, as makeshift johorona ta tavetei kopala pata ta tavete mudu); REHONA ieni ta sails, as traditional house doors, as chaba ria. ngo; mana ia PUPUNUTUNA ieni ta fans to intensify fires, as material for Tree, unidentified: a forest swamp ngo mani ta tavetei soku via many kinds of woven baskets, tree with stilt roots and edible fruits. tingitonga huhua viana, tingitonga sunshades and hats, as material for a The lightweight wood of the stilt pata vala pedi, na kala chinoko, oro special type of long scare-line used in roots is used for fishing line floats. iku. Mana ia ngochara ieni hae fish drives, for the walls and roofs of BINORUE tungana. Ngina ta asa vae temporary shelters on the barrier korena mani ta vala pa idere reka islands and for covering canoes on mani ta ikuru tadiria tinoni pavu, ta the shore; the SINGLE LEAVES are NGOCHARA vala pata valumocho masora idere used to hold detachable stone sinkers Lea hae arilaena puta pa Pasifiki, rehona, binorue buti ia pupunutu for deep-sea fishing, as material for soku via tinavete ta tavete nia. To haguruna mani pula ta raro ieni many kinds of woven baskets, rough pa tata tongania rarusu pa binorue chuchululu pata ta bei, ta plaited ropes, woven armrings and Ulusaghe pia, pa toba, pa tusu oro vae kerokeroto pu ko pa chubina children’s toys; the LEAF MIDRIBS are pa tutupeka, mani ta choku pa chachao mani ta vala pa masora used to make brooms, as strings for ngochangocharaini tadiria tinoni. juka, oro makasina noso juka – transporting fish and shells, and as Gete via ngochangocharaini te mani leana pa katiga binorue pule. kindlings for lighting fires; the NUTS, katiga butubutu, huhua tadiria pa Palm, fam. Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera, at different growth stages, are used Vahole. Soku via hokihokiti coconut tree. This is the most for drinking, for many kinds of food ngochara maedi pa hokiti tusu. important tree in the Pacific Islands, (ranging from snacks to ceremonial Hua katiga tinavete ta ngochara pa and is used for an almost limitless puddings), to make coconut cream Ulusaghe pia: DADAHANA ieni ta number of purposes. In Marovo, for cooking, for commercial copra vae iku pu ngira via; KORENA ieni coconut trees are abundant on (smoked over slow-burning fires with leana pa ikuchu; CHUBINA ieni ta virtually every beach in the barrier coconut shells as the main fuel), for tavete labete helehele, tiva vanua, islands, on lagoon islands and on perfumed oil, and for fodder for rogharogha, bara, bokala oro mainland coasts, and are planted in domestic animals; the soft inner nginadongado, mani leana pa large and small plantations. Some kernel of the SPROUTING NUT is viana pula popa; PAPALATANA ieni communities of Marovo, such as the eaten; the HUSK of the various ta vae pa vovohana, pa viana, pa Vahole people of Tamaneke, own growth stages may be eaten, used for labelabete, pa vinasari pu koe very large coconut plantations. Many many kinds of implements such as burongo, pa tingitonga hua valu different types of coconut trees that paintbrushes, used as an ingredient oro pa tadiria koburu pata now grow in Marovo were in black dye, used to make plaited melongo; CHACHAONA ieni ta vae introduced from elsewhere. These are fibre rope, and used as fuel. The pa juke, pa tepe, pa niginigi pu hua some of the uses of the coconut tree coconut tree also has many tolaga tadiria pa tuari, pa chinaba in Marovo: the inner core of the MEDICINAL uses, including: hot balava, pata tavete vate pa toba, sprawling ROOTS yield fibres for a infusions from bark scrapings are pata chaboa mola pa sera, oro pata very strong rope; the BARK of the drunk by patients suffering from tavete alingi, huneke, gehu, trunk is good fuel for starting fires; cold, flu or fever; the water squeezed charapae oro tingitonga pule; ia the TRUNK is used to make long from the kernels of sprouting nuts is ROKONA CHACHAO ieni ta vae pa straight planks, and fences, house used to wash and disinfect wounds chinaba kurakura, oro pata tavete posts, ladders, bows for shooting and cuts; the green husk is heated huneke, pijo, iku, kumakumana oro birds and fish and carvings (such as and used to rub swellings and

132 7 – Plants of forest and gardens

bruises, as well as boiled to make a NGOETE NOBONOBOLO diarrhoea medicine; a powder-like Meka hae urure, noro chubina oro Meka adoso ngira, haba pa puava substance from the frond sheaths is hevaheva korena, huhua maria na pa rokoroko pa goana pa applied to cuts to stop the flow of mana gete urena. Kani to pa goana tutupeka. Orava ria roko hagurudi. blood. piru mana ta choku gone pa Vine, unidentified: a tough, creeping buruburuani, nginongo arilaena via vine of the mainland forest. Its young urena. Pora urena talavuni pa leaves are red. paleke Agusti mani mae kaduvu pa NGOCHARA KERERAO Okitoba. Lea hae nginongo tadiria Meka ngochara kani hele pu oha pa tuari, mana arilaena via pa chachaona, ta choku gonei pa ngina pia. Binorue korena, ta vae NONOGARA voloso pata va taomi nia ta tinoni. inasana mani ta raro mani ta bei. Meka checheu rokoroko. Palm, fam. Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera, Tree, fam. Burseraceae: Canarium Leafy grass, unidentified. a coconut tree variety with bright indicum, ngali nut tree similar to yellow leaves. These conspicuous MARIA but with larger nuts. A tall tree trees are invariably planted as with white bark, cultivated in groves boundary markers. near villages and in the forest. While NUGILI NGOETE trees are always planted, Meka adoso pu keba pa hae pa MARIA is often found growing in the rarusu, huana ure kasipora urena forest. The nuts are harvested from pu soku via mani ta ngo. Mana ia August to October, and are of high patuna ieni kani ta ngo. importance as food in Marovo, as Vine, unidentified: a climbing vine much now as in the old days. that grows in coastal trees along Infusions from bark scrapings are beaches, has abundant, edible fruits used for a number of medicinal somewhat similar to KASIPORA purposes. (passionfruit). The seeds of the fruit are not eaten.

NGOETE TIGOLO NGOCHARA Meka ngoete pu gete urena, ngina TIGHETIGHE ta pekacha kachiena kore urena Meka ngochara kokuchu, oha ba pula ta picha. orava chachaona oro urena, ta Tree, fam. Burseraceae: Canarium choku gonei pa voloso. Binorue indicum, a variety of NGOETE tree with chuchululu ria ure hagurudi, ta raro large fruits, which are very easy to mani ta gacho mani ta bei iderena. break (tigolo = ‘to knock once only’). Palm, fam. Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera, coconut tree. This special variety is one of many different types of coconut tree growing in Marovo. It is NINA NUTE a short tree with yellow to orange Meka hae piropiro huhua ijoko Meka hae pa rarusu, to pa toba oro leaves and fruits, and is sometimes mana hokitina. Korena ieni ta tutupeka, kani gete. Hae urure, planted, like the KERERAO variety, as a tavete iku pata tavete chabo. mana kani ta ngo urena pa tadiria boundary marker. The young nuts of Ginger, probably fam. Zingiberaceae: pa Marovo. Ta vae ia korena NGOCHARA TIGHETIGHE are used as a a ginger shrub regarded as dadahana mani ta raro pata tavetei diarrhoea medicine. The small nuts somewhat similar to the PIROPIRO and kala orava na oha ria pa tadiria are boiled, then pierced, and the IJOKO group of non-branching huneke chachao. Binorue pa boiled juice is drunk. gingers. Strings pulled from NINA bark masora, pa tubu na pa mogo ria are used to stitch together CHABO roko hagurudi pu ta kinae pa ikuchu. leaves for custom umbrellas. Tree, fam. Rubiaceae: Morinda citrifolia, a small to medium-sized beach tree that grows on the barrier

133 7 – Ria hae, rikiroko, adoso oro checheu

islands as well as on mainland coasts. strong (although not as strong as The bark of the roots is boiled to ADOSO HOKARA), and the leaves are make yellow and red dye for coconut- smaller than those of TIKULU. Split leaf baskets. Young leaves are softened lengths of OKOKO vine are used for over fire and applied to infected house construction and for sewing wounds and boils to draw out pus. up sago-leaf panels. Unsplit lengths make a strong rope useful for particularly heavy tasks such as pulling new dugout canoes down to the OCHA shore from building sites in the forest. Meka hae ramoso pu to pa toba, OMO HOKARA oro pa ugulu pa batu togere Hae urure oro ragaraga, ta chokui tungana. Tavete nia tege rokona, pa chigo oro palavanua, mana kani tavete nia michumichuani chubina. OLANGA soku pa Marovo. Nginongo urena, Tree, fam. Pandanaceae: Pandanus Meka hae tiva va ulu, to pa goana lea nginongo arilaena tadiria pa sp., a pandanus tree that grows both tata pa kavo. Haena ieni ta tavetei Temotu. on the barrier islands and in the dry labete oro katiga tingitonga pa Tree, fam. Moraceae: Artocarpus forest of upper mountain ridges. The chore. Pa tuari ieni changava susua altilis, breadfruit tree. An aboriginal leaves are used for TEGE mats, and the nia dekuruna pata tavete chore ria, introduction to the Solomon Islands, trunk makes good sticks for husking hua ria pa Vahole. Ta vae pa tadiria but rare in Marovo, where the fruit is coconuts. kabani dekuru, mani ta choku pa not used as food. It is recognized in tadiria pa Forestry. Mana ia hae pia Marovo that the breadfruit is very makasina gura to pule pa vasina pu important in the Eastern Solomon kani ko hae puna te hirama hae ria Islands. The name refers to this tree OGARA kabani dekuru. Omia magomagona as being the hokara (‘real’) type of Meka rokoroko huhua pucha, to pa pa Pinajaka 6, ta vae pa vasina pu omo, in contrast to the European- chigo, pa kotukotuani oro pa via pa te hirama hae ia kabani Golden introduced OMO VAKA. togere oro pa toa. Roko binorue pa Springs pa puava pa Vahole tadiria masora, pa tubu oro pa mogo. CFC. Mana leana pa tinasiti livono Tree, fam. Anacardiaceae: tungana. Campnosperma brevipetiolata, a tall OMO VAKA Shrub, unidentified: a fern-like shrub tree of the lowland forest, often Hae urure oro ragaraga, maena pa that grows in gardens, secondary growing near rivers. The wood is Amerika mani ta choku pa katiga forest and cleared areas on mountain good for house planks, and for palavanua. Nginongo urena, ridges such as old fortified peaks various accessories of dugout canoes binorue buti rokona huhua roko (toa). The leaves are used to treat (but not for traditional plank canoes). bou, ta kina pa ikuchu mani vala boils and infected cuts. They also Old people in Vahole say that OLANGA mani pocho. work against toothache. was used for the first dugout canoes Tree, fam. Annonaceae: Annona ever built, before people in New muricata, soursop tree. Introduced to Georgia knew that GOLITI was the Marovo before World War II right tree. OLANGA has commercial (originally from tropical America) and OKOKO value, is taken by logging planted in some villages. The fruit is Meka adoso pa goana, huana tikulu companies,and the Solomon Islands eaten as a snack, and the leaves are mana kiki rokona. Ngira via Forestry Division has plantations of heated in a fire and rubbed on fresh adosona mani kani ngira hua adoso this tree. This tree has been noted to bruises to reduce swelling (just like hokara. Ta vae adosona pata tavete grow up from seeds quickly in the leaves of the local BOU tree). The vanua oro pata chuba edeve, oro cleared forest, especially on land name refers to the fruit’s resemblance pa katiga tinavete pule huhua iku recently logged, and as such seems to breadfruit, the ‘real’ omo and to pata vinahore chore. to mark the possible return of proper this tree’s introduction to Marovo via Palm, fam. Arecaceae: a rattan or forest trees to logged lands. See the European ships (vaka). loya cane (climbing palm tree) of the photographs on pages 95-96 of lowland forest, probably Calamus OLANGA regrowing in logged areas of stipitatus. The vine is very tough and Vahole, North New Georgia.

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OPITI ORIJI PAGULU Meka hae urure, ta ngo urena pu Meka hae urure pu maena pa tuari Meka rokoroko hua pucha, kati makatana, kakaduru mana kani mani ta chokui pa palavanua, ta rokona huhua meka roko binorue, patavela. ngo urena. Moli mamisi kilana ia mana ta ngo pa tadiria tinoni pavu Tree, fam. Anacardiaceae: Spondias pa tadiria pa tuari. Karua hokihokiti nobolona. dulcis, a local fruit tree with egg- hae oriji ko pa Marovo. Meka ieni Fern, unidentified: a fern similar to shaped fruits. The fruits are eaten mamisi vasinakiki urena, mana PUCHA, but with a bitter, medicinal (usually peeled), and are best when meka ieni kani mamisi urena. taste. The shoots are eaten by sick they are unripe (and rather sour). Trees, fam. Rutaceae: Citrus sinensis people as both food and medicine. Such fruit is referred to as opiti and similar Citrus spp., orange trees. makamakata. These fruit trees were introduced to Marovo in the old days and are planted in many villages. The fruits PAKOPAKO are often eaten. The most common Meka hae kiki, leana pa viana pata OPITI VAKA type (the “sour” or “half-orange”) raro. Meka hae ururue pu maena pa has rough-skinned rather acid green Tree, unidentified: a small tree that hokiti vasina mani ta choku pa fruits. Another one (“sweet orange”) provides good fuelwood for cooking katiga palavanua pa Marovo. Kani has smooth-skinned somewhat sweet fires. mamisi via mana kakaduru urena fruits with yellow-green to orange mani ta ngo, oro leana via pula ta skin. MOLI MAMISI is the old name for vala pa kavo mani vala sugha mani oranges in Marovo. ta bei. PALAOTO Tree, fam. Averrhoaceae: Averrhoa Meka hae gete to pa tusu oro pa carambola, starfruit (also called Five- goana tata pa rarusu tutupeka, corner fruit). This introduced OTOTO kani soku pa Marovo. Pa tuari, pula Southeast Asian fruit tree is planted Hae pa karaka pu gete chubina, to kare ka hae tobo, gura tavete nia in some villages of Marovo. The tata pa rarusu idere oro pa labete pa magoru. Ta vae pa tadiria yellow fruits are juicy but rather petupetuani mani to raku gone pa kabani dekuru. tangy, and are eaten as a snack to katiga hae hua vevereti oro koe. Tree, unidentified: a large uncommon make a sweet cordial. Otona ieni varikina via pa matana, tree of lagoon islands and mainland mana ta siti matana pa rovuna hae coastal forest. Possibly Palaquium sp. ototo tungana. Hae leguna oro (fam. Sapotaceae). PALAOTO wood was popana ieni leana via pa vuhala oro sometimes used as a substitute for OREMARI viana pata raro. TOBO for war canoe planks, and today Hae kiki ta choku pa chigo, Tree, fam. Euphorbiaceae: Excoecaria it is a commercial timber sometimes nginongo urena. Hae pia ieni agallocha, a mangrove tree with a taken by logging companies. takilae uvikola pa tadiria pa juapa thick trunk that grows in salt water, rane. Omia uvikola. inland of the PETU trees and together Shrub, fam. Euphorbiaceae: Manihot with KOE and VEVERETI. The name esculentum, cassava (also called means ‘of much sap’, and the wood PAO tapioca). This name is used by indeed has an abundance of sap Meka kilana ara pao. Methodists and Christian Fellowship which is harmful to people’s eyes. Secondary short name of the vine ARA Church people. However it is called Even smoke from OTOTO wood may PAO. UVIKOLA among Seventh-day cause sore eyes. Dead wood without Adventists. See UVIKOLA for a full sap is very good for slow-burning description. fire-sticks that are carried around, and for fuel for cooking fires. PAPARUTA Meka hae mamaroko, tavete nia kopala vagara ria. Tree, possibly Endospermum medullosum (fam. Euphorbiaceae). It has lightweight wood which is used for fishing-net floats.

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PATE hokihokiti hae petu ko pa Marovo. PETU BAKUBAKUA Meka hae ramoso ta choku gonei Ria hae petu iedi arilaedi via, pa Meka hae petu pu huana pa palavanua, kani varichopuru ghinerigheri, pa viana pata raro, pa bakubakua korena. To liloro ria kalei rokona mani tavete nia tege. binorue, oro pa nginongo katigae. ragana, johorona oro dadahana ia Huana dako ngana. Mana nginongo ta vonu urena, oro madi icho la hua pa korekore idere, Tree, fam. Pandanaceae: Pandanus kovukovuruaini tadiria ihana pa madi ta baka kachiena gone ria. sp., a cultivated pandanus tree, dadahana petu, oro tavete vori pa Tree, fam. Avicenniaceae: Avicennia planted in and near villages. The hae petu ria oloko. sp., a mangrove tree whose bark smooth unserrated leaves are used 2) Kilana lea hae petu pu to pa appears to be peeling off, like for TEGE mats. This pandanus tree is karaka, kani pa mati mani to pa diseased human skin (bakua = similar to DAKO. lupa katigae. Hae jojohoro, mani ‘ringworm’). Its branches and roots ko va soku pa meka vasina. grow in all directions and hang down 1) Generic term for mangrove trees: over the water, and break easily. Bruguiera spp. (fam. PEBUTA Rhizophoraceae), Rhizophora spp. Meka checheu pu ta heru mae (fam. Rhizophoraceae), Avicennia tadiria tinoni vaka. Huana kolova, spp. (fam. Avicenniaceae), and other PETU BATU poara nia kokorako. trees – a group of trees that grow Meka hae petu pu noro oro tiva va Leafy grass, unidentified: a clover-like with their roots in salt water and ulu. Ta ngo urena. grass that was introduced by form dense stands along the shores Tree, unidentified: a mangrove tree Europeans. It is good for feeding of barrier islands, lagoon islands and with a tall and straight trunk and domestic fowl. mainland, in interior saltwater edible fruits. swamps of the barrier islands, and in the extensive estuarine forests around and between mainland rivers. The PELEPELE wider concept of PETUPETUANI (‘area of PETU HOBI Meka hae pa goana. PETU trees’) covers large plant Meka hae petu pu gete rokona. Tree, unidentified: a tree of the forest. communities stretching from the Tree, unidentified: a mangrove tree outer seawards edge towards dry with big leaves. land, including many PETU trees but also other important trees that grow PELO in salt water, like VORUSU, VEVERETI, Meka hae noro hua pijaka, to pa OTOTO, TOTOTU, KOE and others. PETU MANEMANEKE goana piru. Mana koe Mangrove trees are very important in Meka kilana hae petu pu tiva va ulu varichopuruna pa chubina ia, ieni Marovo. They provide strong mani labilabiti. tavete nia vate pa goana oro bara building material and good and Tree, unidentified: tall mangrove moa. abundant fuelwood for cooking fires, trees with plank buttresses, possibly a Palm, unidentified: a palm tree of the have a number of medicinal usages, generic term. (manemaneke = inner forest, Areca-like but with and many people like to eat the fruits ‘woman’). stinging needles on the trunk. It is of some types of trees. In addition, used for constructing shelters in the Marovo people consider these trees bush, and for pig fences. to be important since fish spawn among mangrove roots, and since PETU ROGHA many birds nest in the branches. Hae petu pu soku via dadahana, ko 2) A name often applied specifically va soku pa meka vasina, hara petu PETU to Rhizophora trees growing hokara. 1) Kilana meka puku hae pa exclusively in salt water on shallow Tree, fam. Rhizophoraceae: petupetuani pu to pa karaka pa reefs and forming dense stands with mangrove trees with thin, tangled toba, pa tusu oro pa tutupeka – pa tangled stilt roots. roots, growing in dense stands, rarusu, votu oro kavo ba kopi. Ria probably also a specific name for hae petu iedi to raku gone pa Rhizophora stylosa. katiga hae hua vorusu, vevereti, ototo, tototu oro koe. Soku

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PIDIKI Metodisi oro CFC. Soku via Meka hae gete oro tiva va ulu pa hokihokiti pijaka manavasa ko pa goana pu heva korena, to pa toba Ulusaghe, mana arilaedi tungana oro pa vasina popa pa ugulu pa pa tadiria tinoni padapoda pa tuari togere pa soloso. Leana pa viana katigae. Soku via hae pijaka iedi pata raro, hua soku via hae pa toba. hinoho tadiria tinoni pu ta chokui. Tree, unidentified: a tall forest tree Palm, fam. Arecaceae: Areca catechu, with a thick trunk and white bark, the cultivated betel nut. These trees grows on barrier islands and also in are planted individually or in stands the dry forest on mountain in villages, in gardens and in the not- ridgetops. It provides good fuelwood too-remote forest, and are also often for cooking fires (as do most barrier found in old settlement sites in the islands trees). bush and along rivers. A very important tree for Methodist and Christian Fellowship Church communities. The nuts are chewed PIJAKA (with HIRATA leaves and lime made Kilana gete tadiria hae pijaka, be from burnt coral) as a stimulant and manavasa ba piru. Mani meka are sold at markets. Many cultivated PETU TA NGO kilana ure pijaka. Ta mila urena ia varieties exist in Marovo, some also Hae petu pu tiva va ulu, nginongo pijaka manavasana, mana kani ta having traditional importance in urena, ta vae mani ta asa pata va mila urena ia pijaka piruna. Pijaka magic and healing. Betel nut trees nama nia urena ia pata vala pa manavasa ieni meka hae arilaena via. are generally owned by the people raro, pa lengalenga oro pa katiga Palms, fam. Arecaceae: Areca spp., who planted (or inherited) the trees. nginongo pule. Kani labilabiti ia palm trees of betel nut type, including hae pia, mana ko katiga tingitonga a wild (piru) and a cultivated tania huana dadahana ia pu to vura (manavasa) type; but the name mae pa jemi pa petupetuani. especially refers to Areca catechu, the PIJAKA PIRU Tree, fam. Rhizophoraceae: Bruguiera proper cultivated betel nut, and also Hae pa goana, pijaka ngana mana gymnorrhiza, a tall mangrove tree to the nuts themselves. The cultivated piruna, mani kani ta ngo urena with edible fruits. The fruits (actually betel nut is a most important tree. puna kati. Ta okata vae chubina pregerminated seeds) are collected, pata pade vanua, bekoto oro grated, washed (to remove tannin) katiga tingitonga pule. and prepared as food (stews, Palm, fam. Arecaceae: Areca puddings, and so forth, preferably macrocalyx, wild betel nut, a palm mixed with fish). This tree has tree of the forest. Several different inconspicuous buttresses, but many forms are recognized in Marovo. The knee-like aerial roots growing out of nuts are bitter and sometimes even the mud. poisonous and are not chewed, but the wood is useful in many ways. For example, split lengths of the trunk are used as floor planks, and thinner PETU TINONI strips of wood are used as sticks for Pijaka, hirata, binu: ria tingitonga arilaedi pata milamila Meka kilana hae petu pu tiva va ulu Essential ingredients: pijaka (Areca catechu nut), hirata sago-leaf panels. mani jojohoro. (betel leaf) and binu (coral lime) Tree, unidentified: a term for large, tall mangrove trees with stilt roots, PIJAKA MANAVASA possibly a generic term (tinoni = Hae noro mani urure, ta choku PIJULI ‘man’). gonei pa palavanua oro pa katiga Meka hae pu roche haena, korena vasina mani to pa palavanua tadiria ia ieni tavete nia iku gehu. pa tuari pa goana. Hae arilaena via, Tree, not identified: a tree with soft ta vae urena pata mila oro pata wood. The bark is used to make carrying vata holu pa maketi ria tinoni pa ropes for large coconut-leaf baskets.

137 7 – Ria hae, rikiroko, adoso oro checheu

PIKE piropiro huhua buiti, chovacha, Meka hae pa goana, to tata pa ijoko, kuhu, kuruvete, micho, nabo kavo. Ngira via haena, labitina ia oro nina. Ria chovacha, ijoko, ieni ta tavete tiva malivi. micho oro piropiro iedi hae kiki, Tree, not identified: a tree of the mana ria buiti, kuhu, nina, mainland forest, grows near rivers. kuruvete oro nabo iedi hae roche Has very strong, tough wood, and ba rokoroko ngana. Mana ia lea the wood of the plank buttresses is hae piropiro ieni meka rokoroko used for axe handles. arilaena pa tadiria tinoni padapoda oro pa tingitonga pule pa PIPILI kasitomu. Rokona ieni ta vae mani Meka hae pa karaka, to pa vala pata vata omi nia tingitonga PILASI petupetuani pa toba, pa tusu oro hope huhua pa buruburuani. Mani Meka hae pa tusu oro toba, soku pa tutupeka. Hae ghinerigheri, roko motu leana tungana, ta bia via burongona. Ta vae burongona leana pa tiva vanua pa rarusu idere ihana puna hina jonga rokona. mani ta vala pa kalu ria mani puna noro oro ko valeana pa idere Ginger, fam. Zingiberaceae: Alpinia huhua mata jonga tinoni pu tavete chubina. Haena ia ieni ta tavete sp. (possibly Alpinia oceanica, and mola oro katiga tinavete pule pu gonei babao, tiva tepe pa mola, maybe several species), a very sana via. labete, oro katiga tingitonga pule common, rather tall ginger shrub Tree, unidentified: a small flowering pa tinavete vanua. abundant in secondary forest and tree of lagoon islands and barrier Tree, fam. Combretaceae: Lumnitzera recently abandoned gardens, and islands. It is a custom plant in Vahole littorea, a mangrove tree that grows along bush paths. In areas of bush and elsewhere; the flowers are used in salt water in mangrove areas at fallow, it forms dense stands called for mata jonga (‘fine eye’), a custom barrier islands, lagoon islands and piropiroani. It has white flowers, that makes people knowledgeable mainland coasts. The trunks are which are not very large. PIROPIRO is and capable. In order to complete a straight-growing and the wood is the main representative of a large difficult task requiring skill and resistant to salt water, and so PIPILI is and important group (hae piropiro) precision, such as putting the therefore much used for house posts of non-branching gingers with finishing touch to a new canoe, you in the tidal zone. The wood is also woody but watery stems, which put PILASI flowers in your hair and let good for spear shafts, canoe masts, include BUITI, CHOVACHA, IJOKO, MICHO, your eyes guide you. sawn planks and other house KUHU, NINA, and the smaller herbs materials. KURUVETE and NABO. While CHOVACHA, IJOKO, MICHO and PIROPIRO are classified as ‘small trees’ because they PINOPOTO are rather tall and have woody stems, Hae pa kotokotuani oro the others are classified as ‘soft trees’ chigochigoani, nginongo rokona or ‘leafy shrub’ (ROKOROKO). The na nobolona, ta vae gonei mani PIROPIRO proper has many custom gura ta poholo ba cheni pa mine uses in association with magic and pata tavete masimasi. Meka the keeping of spirits. People mark a nginongo arilaena pa tuari pula tabu over an area or a crop (for kare ka ngache tadiria. example, Canarium nuts) by tying up Tree, fam. Moraceae: Ficus copiosa, a PIROPIRO leaves on a raised stick or on tree of secondary forest, fallows and a fruit tree or nut tree itself. PIROPIRO garden areas. Shoots and young leaves have a nice fragrance and are leaves are eaten, either cooked in PIROPIRO used to parcel food, fish in particular, coconut cream or mixed with Hae kiki, to va soku pa karu sia for baking in the stone oven. crushed, smoked Canarium nuts. An kotukotuani oro pa huana pa important leafy green in the old days, goana, piropiroani ieni takilae ia when NGACHE was not as readily vasina pu to ia. Heva burongona available as it is now. mana kani gete. Mana hae piropiro ieni meka kilakila tungana tadiria hokihokiti hae ididere pa puku ta

138 7 – Plants of forest and gardens

PIU POKE POPOLI Huhua meka ivu mana kiki via, ta Meka hae pa goana, ta chokui pa Meka hae to pa palavanua, kani vae pata tavete piu pata hona lipa. chigo katigae. Kiki urena mana ta gete. Ta ngo urena mani leana pa Bamboo, fam. Poaceae: a small ngo. labete chubina. bamboo with dense clusters of long Tree, fam. Gnetaceae: Gnetum Tree, fam. Combretaceae: Terminalia thin stalks, which are used for fishing gnemon, a tree of the lowland forest, solomonensis, a small to medium- arrows especially for shooting mullet often planted in garden areas. Has sized tree found growing in villages. (LIPA). small edible fruits. Has edible fruits, and the wood is good for planks.

POKEPOKE Meka adoso urure huhua uvi, POPOLI GOANA nginongo urena. Meka hae pa goana, huhua popoli Vine, fam. Dioscoreaceae: Dioscorea mana tiva va ulu mana kani gete sp., a type of yam similar to UVI chubina. Ta vae pa tadiria kabani (Dioscorea alata), with edible tubers. dekuru. Tree, fam. Combretaceae: Terminalia sp., ‘forest POPOLI’; a tall forest tree with a slender trunk, possibly Burongo pogala Pogala flowers POMOLO Terminalia calamansanai. It is taken Meka hae pa puku ta oriji mana by logging companies. POGALA urena ia ieni gete via oro mamisi. Hae gete pa rarusu, to pa tutupeka, Hara maena pa tuari mani ta pa tusu oro pa toba. Mana gura to chokui pa katiga palavanua. tungana pa idere pula kani hele via Tree, fam. Rutaceae: Citrus grandis, POPOLI HOKARA kolokolo. Gete oro omi jonga via Pomelo tree (English-derived name). Hara meka kilana popoli ba popoli burongona pu ta omi pana ipu oro It is said to have been introduced to goana. mamarane ngana, madi uke hore Marovo relatively long ago. Single Tree, fam. Combretaceae: Terminalia pa puava ria pana mamarane. Gete trees are planted in some villages and sp., ‘real POPOLI’; probably a second via oro huhua meka bokese ria have very large fruits, which are quite name for POPOLI or for POPOLI GOANA. urena ia, ta pogala pa idere ria sweet and are eaten seasonally. madi todi pula pararava mae pa rarusu. Meka poisini pu gura valegu chie ko pa patuna, mana POPOLI PIRU hara binorue tungana pa katiga PONORO Meka hae gete pa goana. Ta vae pa tingitonga huhua bakua, hua Meka hae pa goana, binorue tadiria kabani dekuru. katigae. rokona. Tree, fam. Combretaceae: Terminalia Tree, fam. Barringtoniaceae: Tree, unidentified: a tree of the forest. sp., ‘wild POPOLI’; a large forest tree, Barringtonia asiatica, a large beach The leaves are used medicinally. probably Terminalia complanata. It is tree of mainland, lagoon islands and taken by logging companies. barrier islands. It is able to grow with its roots in salt water for some time. This tree has large white and pink POPODALA flowers, which open at night and Meka hae pa toba, to pa vasina pu close in the morning, and large box- popa via, kani tata pa idere. Tavete shaped fruits that float in the sea and nia tiva malivi. sprout when they reach shore. The Tree, unidentified: a tree of the fleshy seed contains a poison which is barrier islands that grows in dry sometimes used to kill dogs, but places within the forest, well away which is also used as a medicine from the sea. The wood is used for against ringworm, scabies and other axe handles. skin diseases.

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Mushrooms, generic term for all forms although some old specific names may exist. See also KOLA. The best edible mushrooms grow on EDEVE and CHOBO CHIRI trees, in lowland swamps and secondary forest, respectively. In the old days, warriors used a special type of bioluminescent mushroom as a signal light during raids at night. PUCHA PUCHUPUCHU Rokoroko pa goana, huhua pagulu Rokoroko ta chokui pa palavanua, mana gete rokona oro nginongo leana tata huhua hae katigae. Mana ko via nobolona oro rokona. Pucha ieni pa Marovo pa tuari. Ta hina ria PUSI meka binaso arilaena pa tadiria pu rokona oro burongona. Binorue Meka adoso to pa hae pa goana oro malanga pa ihana, huhua ria pa Ranoga. rokona, pula meroto ba pavu tinoni pa kotukotuani. Ngira via korena, Fam. Athyriaceae: Diplazium ngina ta mila pa tadiria tinoni ba ta vae pa mujala pata tavete taeli esculentum, a large forest fern. The manemaneke ba ta pocho vae chaba pa tuari, pata tavete ghaili, leaves are good food and often idere rokona mani ta bei pa tadiria oro pata tavete huba ria. eaten. PUCHA is an important side dish koburu. Pula kare ka hirata, ngina Vine, unidentified: a tough climbing in places where there is little seafood ta vae rokona oro burongona vine that grows in trees in the forest available, such as in Ranongga. puchupuchu pata mila ria. and in old garden areas. Fibre strands Shrub, fam. Lamiaceae: Ocimum from the bark are used for plaiting sanctum and other Ocimum spp., thin but very strong rope for use as Basil. Leafy shrubs of different colours traditional fishing lines, for assembling that since the old days have been pearlshell-and-turtleshell tuna lures, planted in villages and sometimes and for making string bags. grow into small trees. The leaves and flowers are fragrant with a strong taste. The leaves are used as medicine against sore throat, loss of RAMARAMA voice, cough, headache, cold and flu. Meka adoso pu keba pa hae, When HIRATA leaves are not available, patuara oro ngira via adosona. flowers and shoots of PUCHUPUCHU Vine, unidentified: a climbing vine may be chewed with betel nuts and with thick and woody stems. PUCHU MAKASI lime as a substitute. Checheu ba rokoroko, ta hina rokona. Ta choku gonei pa palavanua. Binorue rokona, ta vala pa idere reka mani ta ikuru. PUHA A shrub-like grass, fam. Poaceae: Checheu pa idere, omia Pinajaka 2. Cymbopogon citratus, Lemon grass. A A ‘sea grass’ (algae); see Chapter 2. leafy grass with strongly aromatic leaves, often planted in villages close to houses. The leaves are used for tea and are considered to have medicinal power. PUKETE Tingitonga napanapata pu to pa Ramoso hokara chubi hae pa jemijemiani oro pa Pandanus sp. in the barrier islands kotukotuani, lea pa edeve oro PUCHU ROKA chobochiri. Ta ngo katigae. Pa tuari, RAMOSO Meka rokoroko pu ta hina via rokona. ieni ta vae meka pukete pu rane 1) Meka kilakila ta tongania hae Shrub, unidentified: a fragrant leafy pana ipu tadiria tinoni variseke, ramoso pu ngachu mani shrub. pata vataomi tinoni pana ipu. varichopuru kalei rokona, ta kilae

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ramoso hokara tungana. Mana ko RAMOSO HOKARA puna kani gura ta kuri. katiga hokihokiti hae ramoso pu to Hae ramoso, to pa rarusu toba. Vine, unidentified: a very thick and pa toba oro pa batu togere oro pa Ngachu mani varichopuru kalei woody coastal vine that creeps katiga vasina, ba ta choku katigae. rokona. Ta tavete tege, huneke oro among stones and climbs in tangled Omia chabo, chabo popolo, dako, tingitonga pule rokona. Pa vegetation and among BUNI trees on kapa, ocha, pate, ramoso hokara, kasitomu, roko ramoso ieni beaches. Pieces of the vine are used regocho, tege, oro vulu. tingitonga pa tadiria tinoni for ribs of small dugout canoes, since 2) Ia ramoso maena pu kani hae padapoda pata haroharo kiso oro the vine is strong and woody but can mani ta choku gonei pa chigo pa pa katiga tinavete pule. be bent into a desired shape. Pieces paleke Okitoba mani mae kaduvu Tree, fam. Pandanaceae: ‘real of the vine also make good sticks for pa Diseba, mani ta vae urena pa pandanus’, a coastal pandanus tree beating wooden gongs, since they ukala meka buruburu pa kolokolo (probably Pandanus tectorius) that do not break and will not break the Kirisimasi. Ta ngo urena puna grows on barrier islands. Dry leaves gong. The name means ‘rib cage of mamisi via, mani vata holu pa with their thorns and midribs chief’. maketi tungana. removed (and often split into long 1) Trees, fam. Pandanaceae: generic narrow bands) are used to weave term for pandanus tree types with mats, baskets and other handicrafts. serrated leaves, Pandanus spp., often Coastal pandanus trees also have a RARATI referred to as hae ramoso or RAMOSO number of special custom uses, such Meka hae to pa rarusu tutupeka HOKARA. Many different pandanus as for calling or dispelling sharks. oro pa kalekavo. Hae ghinerigheri trees grow on the barrier islands, in leana, mani leana via pa choku. the ridgetop forests and are also Tree, unidentified: a tree of mainland planted. See CHABO, CHABO POPOLO, shores and riverbanks. It provides DAKO, KAPA, OCHA, PATE, RAMOSO RAMOSO VAKA good strong sticks for building HOKARA, REGOCHO, TEGE and VULU. Ramoso urure pu ta chokui pa houses, and is especially good for the 2) Herb, fam. Bromeliaceae: Ananas chigo, gete via urena mani kani digging sticks used for gardening. comosus, pineapple. This introduced ngachu varikalei rokona. garden crop is planted from October Fam. Bromeliaceae: Ananas comosus, to December and harvested after a pineapple; a special variety with very year with a peak before and around large fruits and smooth leaves. REGOCHO Christmas. A seasonal snack food, and Meka hae ramoso. an important seasonal market Tree, fam. Pandanaceae: a pandanus commodity for some villages tree. particularly in North New Georgia. RAPA (It should be noted that pineapple Hae ragaraga pa goana oro toba. plants are similar to pandanus trees in Hae ibibu, leana pata ta baungu pa several ways; not only are the serrated chigo, oro leana via pa hae vuhala. REKITI leaves similar in shape, but the fruits Tree, unidentified: a forest tree of Meka checheu helehele oro ngira of both plants look rather similar.) mainland and barrier islands, with via, to va soku pa katiga via pa wide branches and dense foliage. A goana. Kani soku pa Marovo, mana very good tree for making shade in to ngana pa via pa Gatokae. Ukala the garden, and very good wood for to pa katiga vasina pu te hirama slow-burning fire-sticks. hae ria kabani dekuru, huhua pa Duke oro pa Kusaghe. Ngira via tino tania checheu pia, mani gura karovo la pa goana, mani pula ta RARASO BANGARA sulu ieni makasina gura to pule. Ria Meka adoso gete via oro patuara patuna iedi gura charava la pa pu to pa rarusu, haba pa maghara katiga hokiti vasina. Ramoso ta ngo Pineapple oro keba pa rogha na pa Leafy grass, fam. Poaceae: Imperata bunibuniani. Ta vae adosona pata cylindrica, a tall and densely growing tavete langara pa chore kiki, oro grass of open grasslands. Not leana via adosona pata belobelo common in Marovo, but grows in

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the uphill grassland patches of RIGI Tree, fam. Ebenaceae: Diospyros sp., northern Gatokae and are a problem Meka hae tiva va ulu mani to pa King ebony, with all-black wood in in some logged areas on jemijemiani, tata pa kavo oro idere. the inner parts of the trunk. People in Kolobangara and in North New Orava via haena, ta kilae areas with remaining supplies of this Georgia. This grass is very hardy, “rosewood” pa tadiria kabani tree sell good sticks to carvers at very spreads into the forest from cleared dekuru, mana kadi gura vaena ria high prices. This very valuable areas, and is able to grow back again kabani puna tinarae ta gavuna. Hae carving wood is now scarce in most after being burned. The seeds are tuvutuvu. Dekuruna ia ieni ta tavete parts of Marovo, and efforts should said to fly with the wind over long chore kiki pa katiga kolokolo, mani be made to replant trees. distances. leana pa labete oro leana via pa tadiria tinoni ngadongado. Tree, fam. Fabaceae: Pterocarpus indicus, a tall swamp tree with very RIHE KOKOJIOLO RERETA valuable red wood, grows near rivers Rihe pu chinoko oro bupara haena Meka hae pa kotukotuani, and sea, called rosewood or mana kani chinoko via, mana kani chichiogo oro goana, to tata pa amboyna by logging companies. This patavela puna leana pa katiga kavo. Gete via rokona, leana pa tree grows back quickly after being nginadongado. roko motu. Kilakila pia ieni pa cut. The trunks are sometimes used Tree, fam. Ebenaceae: Diospyros sp., jinama Hoava, “ragaraga” ieni for small dugout canoes, and RIGI Queen ebony, with black and brown inadona pa jinama Marovo. makes good timber for sawn planks mottled wood. A sought-after Tree, fam. Araliaceae: probably and is increasingly valuable as a carving wood, but not as valuable as Schefflera sp., a tree with large leaves carving wood. Government King ebony. which grows in old and recent regulations prohibit logging secondary forest and in undisturbed companies from cutting this tree. forest, always near rivers. The leaves are used for covering and sealing RIKIROKO stone ovens. RERETA is a Hoava name Kilakila gete tadiria rokoroko mana referring to an abundance of RIHE kilana ria checheu pu vasi keli oror branches. Hae kiki, to pa rarusu toba tata pa katiga hae kiki. idere. Chinoko via kolana. Kani Leafy shrub: Wide category covering soku pa Marovo, ngina kokuchu a large range of plants from leafy puna ta vae gonei pa tadiria tinoni herbs of some stature to small trees. REVE ngadongado oro keli via hinoluna Meka hae pa goana pu huhua pa ngina pia. pucha rokona. Nginongo nobolona Trees, fam. Ebenaceae: Diospyros oro rokona pu hagurudi, mana spp., ebony. This tree has very hard meka nginongo arilaena pa tuari wood, which often has a black core. pula kare ka ngache. It is a rare and rather small coastal Tree ferns, fam. Cyatheaceae: tree growing in the barrier islands Cyathea spp., large tree ferns of the not far from the sea. Good ebony forest. Young leaves and shoots are with much black wood is the most eaten, and this was a particularly valuable wood for contemporary important leafy green in the old days carving, and is traded to local carvers when NGACHE was not as common as at high prices. The trees are it is now. increasingly scarce in most of Marovo. RIME Meka talo pu ta chokui pa jemijemiani, huhua ghohere mana REVO RIHE CHINOKO kiki, oro katiga bupara. Ta ngo Checheu pa idere, omia Pinajaka 2. Lea rihe pu ta vae pa tadiria tinoni urena, oro ta vae rokona huhua A ‘seagrass’, see Chapter 2. ngadongado, keli via hinoluna. mahi pata vala pa nginongo oro Kokuchu via pa Marovo pa ngina pia, pata bia nginongo pa motu. Kani hara ngina ta choku pule katigae. legu pa kolokolo legu talo.

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Herb, fam. Araceae: a swamp taro, means ‘three-leaved’. Grows in sand RONARONA similar to but smaller than GHOHERE and among stones not far from the Meka hae pa goana, hara huhua (Cyrtosperma), with brown stalks. It is high-water mark, together with the rodona, ba hara meka tonu rikaru. planted in freshwater swamps. The pink-flowered BORUKUA creeper. Urena ia ieni ta vae pa tadiria corms are eaten, and the edible koburu pata melongo, mani ta vae leaves are used like MAHI (Colocasia tungana pata legu nia hutu kalu – leaves) in puddings and for parcelling vaena meka korekore suvi oro food in the stone oven. During the ROKOROKO meka ure ronarona, mani ta pocho “taro blight” which killed most 1) Kilana tongania rikiroko todi, be la pa kalu ia urena, makasina legu dryland TALO of New Georgia, RIME kiki ba gete. ria hutu oro lisa. was largely unaffected. 2) Mana meka kilana roko tabaika Tree, unidentified: possibly another pu popa mani ta piala. type of – or another name for – the 1) Leafy shrub, general term (but see cycad RODONA (Cycas rumphii). The RIKIROKO). fruits are used to make a toy, and are RIRO 2) Second name for TABAIKA, dry also used as a medicine to kill head Omia buna riro ngana. tobacco leaves. lice: take one SUVI (‘Blacklip See BUNA RIRO. pearlshell’) valve and one RONARONA fruit and use the shell to press the fruit into the hair – this will kill both ROKOROKO the lice and their eggs. RODONA BANGARA Meka hae pa goana, huhua pijaka Meka rokoroko pa goana, roche mana hokiti via. Huhua “glue” ia chubina. Huhua chuvuchuvu oto korena, ta vae ia otona pa kachere mana getena. ROSI tadiria tinoni ngadongado. Ta vae Leafy shrub, unidentified: a leafy Meka adoso pu huhua pucha patuna pula popadi pa tadiria forest shrub with soft stems. The rokona mana kikina. Keba pa hae koburu pata melongo. leaves are similar to, but bigger than, oro haba pa puava. Ta ngo Cycad, fam. Cycadaceae: Cycas rumphii, those of the smaller herb CHUVUCHUVU nobolona oro ria roko hagurudi. a palm-like tree of the lowland forest. KACHERE. Fern, fam. Blechnaceae: Stenochlaena The bark sap is used as wood glue, laurifolia, a climbing and creeping and the dried seeds are threaded on fern, whose shoots and young leaves a string and used as a bull-roarer toy. are eaten. ROMO Meka hae kiki, to pa goana tata pa kavo. Rokona ia ieni ta tavete kala ROGI oha pata tavete huneke chachao RUGA Meka hae pu to pa nura oro tata oro pijo. Meka hae pu ta ngo nobolona. pa piongo pa soloso, pa ukuluna Tree, not identified: a small forest Tree, unidentified: a tree whose kavo. Rogha via dadahana. tree that grows near rivers. The young shoots are eaten. Tree, unidentified: a forest tree that leaves are used to make yellow dye grows in valleys and in the upper for coconut-leaf baskets and woven forest at the headwaters of streams, arm rings. with many tangled roots. SEDI Hae maena, ta chokui pa palavanua. Soku via burongona ROMO LABE mani hina jonga via, ta vae pata ROKO HIKE Hae pa goana pu to tata pa kavo, vinasari. Meka adoso to pa rarusu keoro oro huhua romo mana labe rokona. Tree, fam. Apocynaceae: Plumeria sp., idaka tata pa idere, to raku gone Tree, not identified: a forest tree that Frangipani. An introduced tree with pa checheu borukua. grows near rivers, similar to ROMO but white (sometimes red or pink), very Vine, fam. Fabaceae: probably the with very broad leaves. fragrant flowers. The flowers are used beach creeper Vigna marina. The to weave garlands and for other leaves grow in threes, and the name decorative purposes.

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SINU Tree, unidentified: a forest tree Shrubs, fam. Araliaceae: Polyscias Meka rokoroko to pa jemi pa nura (pronunciation stresses the second spp., tree-like shrubs with green and oro pa goana tata pa kavo, hara pa syllable). Old people in Vahole say yellow leaves. Often planted along puku ta piropiro mana kani hae that SULIRI was used to make some of village paths and hamlet boundaries. piropiro. Buma oro bulaeri rokona the first dugout canoes ever built in The shoots and young leaves are oro hina jonga ia, heni meka roko New Georgia. First, they say that tasty and are used as an ingredient in arilaena via pata ta bia ruja oro people tried OLANGA and then they stews and other dishes. There are ihana pa motu. Mani ia rokona ieni tried SULIRI, before finding out that several types with different leaves: ta vae pata ta bia tingitonga huhua GOLITI was the best tree. TAGALA GETE, TAGALA KIKI and KOBIKOBI. hirata oro ure ngoete, maria na tige pu vata holu pa maketi, oro ta vae pa tingitonga pule. Ginger, fam. Zingiberaceae: Guillainia TABAIKA purpurata, a ginger-like shrub that Rokoroko maena, ta chokui pa grows in mud near rivers, in valleys, chigo, ta vae rokona popadi mani and in other shaded and moist forest ta piala ria. Katiga pu gete rokona, locations. It has elongate leaves, katiga pu kiki rokona. Rokoroko which are dark green on the upper ngana meka kilana roko popadi, side and purple underneath. SINU mana ia tabaika pu holu ria pa leaves are the preferred leaves for sitoa ieni takilae tabaika vaka. parcelling puddings in the stone Shrub, fam. Solanaceae: Nicotiana oven, and are also widely used for tabacum, tobacco. Introduced in parcelling fish since they are aromatic recent times and grown in gardens TAGALA GETE and give a nice taste to the baked by some people. There are several Hae kiki, ta choku gonei pa fish. SINU leaves are also used to varieties with leaves of different sizes palavanua. Gete rokona, ta ngo parcel nuts and HIRATA leaves for the and shapes. The leaves are dried and nobolona. Pula gete via rokona, market, and for many other then smoked in pipes or chopped kobikobi ieni meka kilana. purposes. and rolled into cigarettes. Sometimes Shrubs, fam. Araliaceae: Polyscias just called ROKOROKO, referring to dry spp., a variety of TAGALA with large, leaves, while the “twist tobacco” sold rounded, unserrated leaves. in village tradestores is called tabaika Sometimes called TAGALA LABE. SONGE vaka. KOBIKOBI is a variety with particularly Meka checheu hele via, ngachu large leaves. varikalei rokona, to pa chigo, pa palavanua oro pa via pa goana. Pula nuguru la pa vasina pu koe songe ria koburu iedi kadi ta omi. Binorue tubu oro mogo rokona. Grass, unidentified: a long grass with sharp leaves that grows in dense stands in gardens, village areas and cleared forest areas. If children go inside an area of SONGE, they are hidden from view. The leaves are used as medicine for sores and boils. TAGALA Katiga hae kiki, rokona iedi oha TAGALA KIKI katigae. Ta choku gonei pa Hae kiki, ta choku gonei pa SULIRI palavanua pa huana oro pa voloso, palavanua. Kiki rokona, ta ngo Meka hae pa goana. Pa tuari ieni mani ta ngo nobolona na rokona nobolona puna leana via pa changava susua ria dekurudi suliri hagurudi. Ko meka karua nginongo. Mana tagala ngirisi ieni oro olanga pata tavete chore ria, hokihokiti tagala, huhua tagala meka kilana. hua ria pa Vahole. gete, tagala kiki, oro kobikobi.

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Shrubs, fam. Araliaceae: Polyscias mainland. It grows on dry land, but fruiticosa, a variety of TAGALA with some roots may reach the sea, and in small, finely serrated feather-like calm coastal areas the large gnarled leaves. Young shoots of this TAGALA roots of old trees may form a sort of are very tasty and are the ones most sea wall. TALISE nuts are edible and often eaten of all the different TAGALA are often collected by children, but in Marovo. Sometimes called TAGALA are not used in cooking. The leaves NGIRISI. turn red and are shed seasonally (some say four times a year), and this is an important marker of certain events in the lagoon environment. TALO TAGALA LABE For example, towards the end of the Lea nginongo arilaena via tadiria Tagala gete ngana. calendar year when the TALISE of pa tuari. Soku via hokihokiti talo ta An alternate name for TAGALA GETE. barrier islands and lagoon islands are choku gonei pa ruta ria mani katiga at their reddest, it is the time of pule ta choku gonei pa chigo tadiria. triggerfish to be fat and to spawn, Ngina ta heli vae pa ukala lima ba and of crayfish to come up on onomo paleke katigae, mani choku TAGALA NGIRISI shallow reefs at night during low pule ia kupati talo ria. Mana legu talo Tagala kiki ngana. tide. In this way, the TALISE is a kind of pa Marovo pa buruburu 1950-1960, An alternate name for TAGALA KIKI. custom calendar. Juice squeezed from mana pa hua ieni ta choku pule pa the leaves is used as a medicine chigo pa goana te katiga tinoni against pains (including toothache), mana pam palavanua tungana. and bark scrapings wrapped in leaves Herb, fam. Araceae: Colocasia TALISE and heated over a fire are squeezed esculenta, taro. Many named cultivars, Hae gete pa rarusu pa toba, pa to produce a juice that is a children’s most of which can be harvested 5-6 tusu oro pa tutupeka, kani to pa medicine against sore throat, cough, months after planting, usually by karaka mana pa rarusu idere and diarrhoea. see photo of TALISE digging up the corm and cutting off ngana. Ta ngo urena, ta vae pa with red leaves under RARUSU in and replanting the stalk and leaves. tongania kolokolo pa tadiria Chapter 1. The most important root crop and koburu. Orava rokona mani uke staple food in the old days. Wetland hore pa puava pa katiga kolokolo, varieties (talo ruta) were cultivated hara ka made kolokolo pa meka intensively by bush people in irrigated buruburu, hua katigae. Pa kolokolo TALISE MUGE pond-field terraces in the forest. After orava ria roko talise, ieni kolokolo Meka talise pa toba pu orava via 1900, dryland varieties grew more tungana ta tingitonga pule pu rokona pa katiga kolokolo, kani ta important until TALO was mostly havoro pa idere oro pa goana ngo urena puna kiki via. wiped out in Marovo by diseases in huhua keli chehana oro keli Tree, fam. Combretaceae: Terminalia the 1950s and 1960s. In recent years makoto pa kolokolo mati ipu, heni catappa, a beach tree of the barrier people in many villages have started huhua meka “kaleda” tadiria pa islands. This variety has seasonally to plant dryland TALO again, mainly in tuari ia talise. Mana meka hae very red leaves, and small fruits that bush gardens but also in villages. binorue tungana. Gura ta pocho are not edible. vae idere rokona mani ta bei tadiria tinoni pu ta siti huhua siti livono, oro gura ta asa vae korena TAMATA mani vala pa meka roko pata ta Meka rokoroko urure pu haguru pocho vae idere mani meka maena pa Marovo, ta chokui pa chigo binorue kochu oro chuchululu pa vanua. Ta ngo urena mani vata tadiria koburu. Omia magomagona holu pa maketi oro tadiria tuarist. talise pu orava rokona pa Pinajaka Herb, fam. Solanaceae: Lycopersicon 1, pa ‘rarusu’. lycopersicum, tomato. Recently Tree, fam. Combretaceae: Terminalia introduced, and planted in some house catappa, Sea almond. A beach tree of gardens. The fruits are eaten, and barrier islands, lagoon islands and sometimes sold at markets and to tourists.

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prow). The wood was also a rarely buruburuani katigae. Ta ngo urena. used substitute for TOBO as wood for Rokona ieni ta vae mani ta bia war canoe planks. Dead people were ihana pa motu. Binorue rokona pa commonly buried by being placed in tadiria koburu ba tinoni pu ta suni a seated position among buttresses tadiria nou oro matakela, hua ria pa of TANGOVO, and so the tree was Vangunu – ta ngo rokona mani ta associated with the departure of the michu la iderena pa vasina pu ta suni. spirits of the dead. Some say that for Tree, fam. Barringtoniaceae: these reasons, according to old Barringtonia edulis, cutnut. A nut tree custom, TANGOVO trees must not be that is often planted in and around felled except on special occasions. The villages, and sometimes also in lightweight wood of this tree floats, and groves in the forest near Canarium is also used to make fishing-net floats, nut trees. It has long clusters of particularly the two main ones (shaped colourful flowers and nuts, and like war canoe prow ornaments, toto several cultivars are recognized in isu) at each end of the net. The sap is Marovo. The nuts are eaten, and the used as medicine for stomachache, as large thick leaves are used to parcel are bark scrapings boiled in water. food (especially fish) in the stone TANGOVO has strong (although oven. In south Vangunu, the leaves lightweight) wood and is considered are also used in the treatment of a potential commercial timber. people who have been stung by a Tangovo pa Piongo Lavata. Omia hae pijaka pa kauruna. Tangovo tree. Note its size relative to the tall pijaka lionfish (MATAKELA) or a stonefish (Areca) below it. (NOU). TANGOVO TATALO Meka hae tiva va ulu via oro noro Checheu pa idere, omia Pinajaka 1. via oro labilabiti chubina. To pa A ‘sea grass’, see Chapter 2. TIGE PIRU goana pa tutupeka, tata pa kavo Meka kilana tige ta malivi. katigae. Labilabitina ia iedi ta vae Tree, fam. Barringtoniaceae: pa tadiria pa tuari pa oro pa Barringtonia spp., wild cutnut, second magoru. Mana haena ia ieni ta TEGE name of TIGE TA MALIVI. tavete labete magoru ria pa katiga Meka hae ramoso pu gete oro kolokolo pula kare ka tobo. Tangovo ngachu varikalei rokona. To pa ieni meka hae tadiria poda tungana, rarusu, lea pa toba. Mana meka heni huhua ravuravuani tadiria pa kilakila gete tungana ta tongania TIGE TA MALIVI tuari pa labilabitina. Heni kani ta hae ramoso pu ta vae rokdi pa Hae pa goana, huhua tige mana hirama pa kasitomu, hua katigae. tadiria pu tavete tege, huneke oro kani ta ngo urena puna kati. Pula Mamaroko haena mani ta pala ia, tingitonga pule. te hirama, makasina to pule puna heni ta vae pa tadiria pa tuari pata 1) Tree, fam. Pandanaceae: Pandanus hae tuvutuvu. Huhua rigi haena, tavete kopala vagara pu huhua toso sp., a pandanus tree with large mani leana via pa bara moa, bara isu. Otona oro iderena pu ta pocho thorny leaves. It grows wild in coastal ruta, oro vate pa chigo ba goana. vae pa inasa korena iedi binorue areas, mainly on the barrier islands. Trees, fam. Barringtoniaceae: siti tia. Ngira via haena, ngina hara 2) TEGE is also a generic term for Barringtonia spp., wild cutnut trees. ta vae pa tadiria kabani dekuru. several pandanus types whose leaves They grow wild in the forest, often in Tree, fam. Apocynaceae: Alstonia are used for making pandanus mats, wet places. When this tree is cut scholaris, a very tall, straight-growing baskets and other handicrafts. down, it grows up again from the tree with many buttresses, growing base. The fruits are inedible and said only in lowland forest on the mainland, to be poisonous. The wood is very often near rivers. Traditionally, wood durable and does not rot when dead, from the buttresses was used for the TIGE and therefore is suitable for pig tall bow and stern prows of war canoes Meka hae urure pu gete rokona, ta fences, for building irrigated taro (two complementary pieces were chokui pa palavanua oro pa chigo terraces, and for constructing joined together side-by-side for each mana to pa goana oro pa temporary shelters in the bush.

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TIKI TINAVOLU TIVA NONO Hae gete pu maena, ta choku va Kane manavasa ngana. Adoso Meka hae to oro ko gone pa goana soku via pa hua pia pa kalena urure hua uvi, ta chokui pa chigo. oro pa togere, orava oro ngira via tadiria pa CFC. Orava oro ngira via Hele via urena, koe varichopuruna pula legu chubina. Ta tavete gone haena. Keli via hinoluna hae pia pa pa adosona. Nginongo urena mana tiva malivi, vedara oro chodu kalavaseu, heni ngina leadi via ria kani leana via puna kati. tadiria maroke oro oreke. tinavete gete pata choku tiki tadiria Vine, fam. Dioscoreaceae: Dioscorea Ngadongado nia chodu tungana pa CFC puna hinoho tadiria CFC ria nummularia, a cultivated yam with ria pa hua pata va ta holu la pa hae pira, heni leana via pa tadiria particularly long tubers and thorns tadiria tuarist. saena pu maena. Omia magomago on the vine. TINAVOLU is the cultivated Tree, unidentified: a forest hilltop tree pa Pinajaka 6, ta vae pa vasina pu variety of the wild yam called KANE in with hard red wood which is ta choku hae ria pa Tamaneke. Marovo. The tubers are eaten, but especially strong when dead and dry. Tree, fam. Verbenaceae: Tectona not very often, since they have a The wood is used traditionally for axe grandis, teak. A large introduced tree bitter taste. handles, war clubs, and walking with very valuable red hard wood, for sticks for old men and women. which high prices are paid overseas. Today, it is also used to carve Although small-scale experiments in decorated walking sticks for tourists. teak cultivation have been going on TIRO KOLO for many years in the Forestry Meka hae tiva va ulu via, to pa Division and on Kolobangara, recent goana. years have seen an explosion of Tree, unidentified: a very tall forest TIVA TUPI community-based teak plantations tree. It is taller than most trees and is Meka hae pa goana, ngira via established independently by the said to overlook the open ocean chubina mana ta baka kachiena Christian Fellowship Church (hence the name). gone ragana mani heva otona. Ta throughout North New Georgia and tavete gone valu. Roviana. These plantations, located in Tree, unidentified: a forest tree with former logging areas, will be very strong wood but easily breaking valuable for the coming generations. TITA branches. The sap is white. The wood See the photos in page 97 of recent Hae kiki, to pa goana oro pa is used for paddles. teak planting and of village nursery. kotukotu-ani. Meka hae arileana. Ta ure pa paleke Jiuni oro Julae. Ta vae patuna mani ta asa nia pa idaka asa tita ba pa korekore TOBO TIKULU hohobulu oro ta cheni pa vasi kavo Hae noro, ko pa tusu, pa goana oro Adoso gete pu keba pa hae, tavete pata titita nia mola oro pata kada pa kalekavo, oro pa togere katigae. nia nepichi, tiva tupi pata picha nia nginadongado. Hae mamaroko, ngina ta vea pula maria, oro chaleke pa tangasa pa Tree, fam. Chrysobalanaceae: Parinari popa. Ta vae pa tadiria pa tuari chinaba varerese tadiria pa glaberrima, a very useful small tree of pata tavete tata tongania labete Gatokae. Mani ta vae pata chuba lowland and secondary forest. The magoru (mana omia chovuku piru, edeve. Ghologhao meka kilana. large fruits have a hard shell, and are palaoto oro tangovo tungana). Palm, fam. Arecaceae: probably most abundant in June to July. The Tree, unidentified: a tree that grows Calamus aff. hollrungii, a rattan or loya tough kernel of the fruit is grated, on lagoon islands, in mainland forest cane. A woody, climbing palm of the with a little water, on an ASATITA coral and along rivers, and sometimes on forest, with sharp, curved thorns. Its or on a shell of the HOHOBULU clam, mountains. The wood is lightweight second name is GHOLOGHAO. Sections and the resulting sticky putty is used and dry and easily splits when dead. of the stem are used to make tongs to caulk traditional plank canoes, to A very important tree in the old days, for the stone oven. Lengths of TIKULU seal and repair cracks in dugout since TOBO is the preferred wood for are also used for the flexible shafts of canoes, and to fasten shell inlay to all main planks of the war canoe, the small hammers used for breaking wood carvings. except for the keelpiece. See also MARIA nuts, and in Gatokae for the CHOVUKU PIRU, PALAOTO and TANGOVO. top ring of the tangasa scoop net. Split stems are used as rope to sew together sago-leaf panels. See ADOSO.

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TOGO HIKE TOVU burning fuel for roasting food. The Meka adoso to pa toba na pa Huhua ivu kiki mana hokitina, ta wood is lightweight and makes good rarusu lupa, haba pa puava. Hara chokui pa chigo. Chubina ia ieni ta building material for many different meka kilana roko hike. Ta pocho vae kavona oro pata va ta holu pa sticks and poles of house frames. vae gone iderena mani ta cheni la maketi. Small TUKITUKI sticks are also good for pa binu pata va la pa kalu, mani Leafy grass, fam. Poaceae: Saccharum making cages for pet birds. heva via kalu. officinale, sugar cane. Cultivated in Vine, unidentified: a creeping vine of gardens. The sweet, watery stalks are the barrier islands, possibly another chewed as a snack and are sold at name for ROKO HIKE (Vigna marina, markets. TUSA fam. Fabaceae). Juice squeezed from Meka hae hua ivu mana ngira via. the leaves is mixed with coral lime to Tavete nia sasaburu pata chaba na produce hair bleach. valusa ria mani kadi chaba nia ria pa makasi getedi. 1) Bamboo, fam. Poaceae: a small but tough bamboo, used for TOTOTU lightweight fishing rods but not for Meka hae pa karaka. Hele oro noro the big tuna-fishing rods. via tino tania. Kani ko via pa 2) Bamboos, fam. Poaceae: a generic tongania vasina. Mamaroko ria name for most bamboos when they dadahana ia pu to vura mae pa are used for fishing rods. jemi madi ia tavete nia kopala taeli pata chaba ria. Tavete nia cheboto botolo tungana ria ia dadahana. TUI Chubina ia ieni ta tavete chore pa Meka hae to tata pa idere oro pa TUTUNU katiga kolokolo, mani urena ieni kavo. Hae tuvutuvu. Katiga Meka hae to gone pa peno oro pa melomelongo gone nia ria koburu. tingitongana chore iedi tavete vae jemijemiani pa kalekavo. Tavete nia Tree, fam. Avicenniaceae: Avicennia nia ria pa tania hae pia, oro tavete iukalele ria oro hae beati pa kirikiti. sp., an uncommon, tall and straight nia nginadongado tungana ria. Tree, unidentified: a tree of mangrove tree with dense stands of Fam. Bignoniaceae: Dolichandrone freshwater swamps. The wood has pneumatophores (aerial roots) rising spathacea, a coastal tree that usually been used to make local guitars and ‘upside down’ through the mud). grows near the sea but also grows in ukuleles, and cricket bats. These roots are very lightweight and the water along riverbanks. It grows often used to make fishing-line floats, back quickly after being cut. The and their emergent tops may be used wood is used for various canoe parts, as bottle corks. The trunks are and sometimes for carving. sometimes used to make dugout canoes. Children use the fruits of this tree as toys. TUKITUKI Meka hae pu kani gete, to gone pa kotukotuani. Tata hua chobu ia hae TOTUANA pia mana kiki vasinakiki rokona. Meka hae pa goana. Korena ieni Leana via pa viana pata vato mana tavete nia binorue kochu mani ia kachiena via sinulu tania. Hae chubi haena ia ieni ta tavetei ghinerigheri, mamaroko oro leana TUVA kimokimo pata kimo kuvi. via pa ororu, barabara oro katiga Hae ragaraga pa rarusu toba. Tree, unidentified: a tree of the forest. tingitonga pule pa vanua. Leana Varikati rokona oro korena ia mana Bark scrapings are used to make tungana pa bara oloko. rokona ia ieni tavete gone nia cough medicine, and the wood is Fam. Euphorbiaceae: Macaranga sp., binorue ria. very good material for mallets for a small tree of secondary forest. Tree, fam. Fabaceae: Pongamia hammering barkcloth. Closely related to CHOBU but with pinnata, a beach tree with many smaller leaves. Good but very fast- branches, grows near the sea mainly

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in the barrier islands. The leaves and UMARI UVI bark have a very bitter taste and are Meka kilana uvikola na oremari Meka nginongo ta choku gonei pa not eaten, but the leaves are used for ngana pa jinama Hoava, pa tadiria chigo. Meka nginongo arilaena pa preparing certain medicines. pa Vahole. Kilana pa jinama tuari. Ta choku gonei pa paleke Marovo ieni uvikola. Julae beto pa Septeba mani pora Shrub, fam. Euphorbiaceae: Manihot oro ta heli vae pa paleke Machi esculentum, cassava, an alternative mani beto pa Mei. UMALAU name in the Hoava language of Vine, fam. Dioscoreaceae: Dioscorea Adoso urure pu haba pa puava, ta Vahole people. alata, yam. Several cultivars. UVI is also choku gonei pa tongania chigo. the generic term for cultivated yams. Maena pa tuari mani hele tu ia A seasonally important food crop, kolokolo pu ko ia pa Ulusaghe pia much more important now than it (ta choku gonei ria pa buruburu used to be. Yams are generally planted 1840 tu). Mana lea nginongo pa between July and September and Marovo pa ngina pia puna legu harvested between March and May. talo. Soku via hokihokiti mahu iedi ta choku pa tapa meka palavanua pa Marovo oro pa ria hokihokiti tusu pa Solomon Aelan, madi UVIKOLA ngina ta heru mae pa Marovo Hae kiki ta choku pa chigo, katigae. Ta chokui ria pa botu nginongo urena. Maena pa Fiji hua mahu pa chigo, pa tongania pa buruburu 1930 mani nginongo kolokolo, mani ta heli vae urena URE MOLA arilaena talavuni pa kolokolo legu tadiria hokihokiti umalau pa ukala Meka burongo to tata pa idere. talo. Gura to va leana pa puava pu ka hike ba ka onomo paleke ria. Kani labe via rokona, hua roko kani leana via. Soku hokihokiti Ieni takilae mahu pa tadiria pa rehona ngochara. Huana orava ba uvikola iedi ta choku pa Marovo. Ta Metodisi oro CFC, mana umalau heva burongona. To gone pa choku pa tongania kolokolo mani ieni kilana ia pa tadiria pa SDA. vasina keorokeoro pa toba oro pa ta heli vae pa ukala ka hike ba ka Vine, fam. Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea tutusuani. Burongona ia ieni ta vae lima paleke. Rokona ieni kani ta batatas, sweet potato. This name is gone pata vinasari. ngo pa Marovo. Binorue masora used by Seventh-day Adventists, Herb, fam. Orchidaceae: Spathoglottis juka inasana ure makatana. Hae pia whereas the sweet potato is called plicata, a coastal ground orchid with ieni takilae oremari pa tadiria pa MAHU among Methodists and narrow leaves somewhat resembling Metodisi oro CFC. Christian Fellowship Church people. the leaves of sprouting coconuts, and Shrub, fam. Euphorbiaceae: Manihot The sweet potato was introduced a cluster of white or pink flowers on a esculentum, cassava (also called long ago and was cultivated in a long stem. Grows on the ground in tapioca). This name is used by Marovo by the 1840s, if not earlier. open sandy beach areas, mainly on Seventh-day Adventists (it is called However, it only became the most barrier islands and on lagoon islands. OREMARI among Methodists and important staple root crop after the The flowers are used for decoration. Christian Fellowship Church people). taro diseases of the 1950s and 1960s. The name means ‘canoe fruit’. It was introduced to the Solomon A large number of named cultivars Islands from Fiji before World War II, are in circulation among the women and after the taro disease of the of different villages and islands. Stalks 1950s and 1960s, it has become of of sweet potato vine are planted in UTUTONGO increasing importance as an all-year small raised soil mounds. This can be Meka hae pa goana, kani gete. secondary food crop. It grows well in done at any time of the year, and the Tree, unidentified: a small tree of the poor and exhausted soils. Many potatoes can be harvested after 3-6 forest. different cultivars are in Marovo. It is months depending on variety. planted all-year-round and harvested after 3-5 months depending on variety. Cassava leaves are not eaten in Marovo. Raw tubers peeled and grated on a stone can be applied to wounds to stop bleeding.

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UVOLO VAHO VAO Meka hae mana hokihokiti Meka rokoroko hele pa goana, Meka hae pu soku via ragana, vasinakiki ie ria pu to pa tutupeka huana roko batia rokona mani hokihokitidi ria tino tadiria. Pa oro ria pu to pa toba. chinoko buma. To pa goana pa tutupeka ieni bulaeri ia urena mani Tree, unidentified: a type of tree with kauru hae gete oro pa vasina pu pa toba ieni orava urena. Urena ia different mainland and barrier islands koi chigo pa ukala. Ta choku gonei ieni melomelongo gone nia ria varieties (see below). tungana pa chigochigoani oro tata koburu. Na binorue ia korena ia pa palavanua. Rokona ia ieni ta hae pia mani ta bia gonei pa roko chabochaboi oro pata roko motu. vao mani ta kina pa ikuchu, beto Herb, fam. Heliconiaceae: Heliconia mani vala pa livono pu siti. Ia UVOLO HOKARA solomonensis, a tall shrub with large kavona rokoroko pu ta kina no ni Hae gete to gone pa kotukotuani. dark green banana-like leaves. Grows ieni va leana ia livono pu ta siti. Ta choku gonei. Ta ngo urena oro in shady areas of the forest and in old Tree, unidentified: a tree with many leana via pa labete chubina. garden sites, and is sometimes branches; has a mainland variety with Tree, unidentified: ‘real UVOLO’; a planted in gardens or villages. The purple fruits and a barrier islands large tree of secondary forest, often leaves are very important for variety with red fruits. The fruits are planted there. It has round edible covering and sealing the stone oven. used as toys by children. It also has a fruits and is used for sawn planks. medicinal use: bark scrapings are parcelled in burnt VAO leaves, and the parcels are applied to aching teeth. VALO UVOLO TOBA Meka hae pa goana piru. Kani hae Hae uvolo pu pa toba ngana ieni ngira mana raga legudi oro popadi ko ia. Soku via urena mana kani ta iedi leana via pa ino. Mani ia pita VASARA ngo. Leana pa viana pata vato. gonei ria tinoni pu enechie babe Meka hae gete pa goana, arilaena Tree, unidentified: ‘barrier islands bahere. Rokona oro urena ia ieni via pa Marovo. Hae labilabiti oro UVOLO’; a tree of the UVOLO type that na nginongo tadiria binahere oro tuvutuvu, ngira via. Labitina ieni ta grows in the barrier islands. Fruits are vahu. Ria pu bahere iedi pita gonei tavetei valu. Haena ieni ta tavetei abundant but not edible. Good ria ria hae valo, puna ia vasina di tiva babao, labete, kogomo, firewood for roasting. ko vilei binahere oro vahu. tingitonga pa mola na katiga Tree, unidentified: a tree of the deep tingitonga pule, hua tiva vanua pa forest, the rather soft wood is good rarusu idere. Mani leana pa viana for traditional fire-making pata raro. Ta vae chubina pa tadiria VAHA implements. Dry, fallen branches are kabani dekuru. Meka hae pa korapa goana piru, particularly good for this, and people Tree, fam. Verbenaceae: Vitex gete via chubina. who hunt deep in the forest keep an cofassus, a large tree of the lowland Tree, unidentified: a tree of the deep eye out for VALO trees. Opossums forest, with strong wood and very forest, with a very thick trunk. (BINAHERE) and fruit bats (VAHU) like large buttresses. It grows back this tree and eat its leaves and fruits, quickly after being cut. A most which is another good reason to look important local timber tree, and a out for VALO trees when you are commercial timber taken by logging hunting in the forest. companies (despite trees often being poorly formed). VASARA wood is used for paddles (particularly wood of the large flat buttresses), canoe parts, speargun shafts, planks and other parts of houses, large wooden mortars for the ceremonial preparation of puddings), and a variety of other things (such as house posts in coastal areas, since it is durable in salt water). Also good fuel for cooking fires.

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VAVA VORUSU Meka hae to pa jemijemiani. Meka hae pa karaka oro Tree, unidentified: a tree of swamps petupetuani. Leana via pa and muddy areas. ghinerigheri, oro viana pata vato. Hae ngira mani leana via pa michumichuani. Gura ta ngo urena. Vasina tavete gone vori ria oloko VEVERETI oro nginongo tunga tadiria oloko Meka hae to tata pa rarusu idere, urena. Vulu haguruna pa sera pa petupetuani mani to raku gone Tree, fam. Rhizophoraceae: Ceriops Young vulu at village shore pa katiga hae hua koe, ototo oro tagal, a mangrove tree. VORUSU pogala. Leana via pa viana. Ta provides good sticks for house VULU tavetei kimokimo tungana pata materials, and good firewood. It is Meka rokoroko ba checheu kimo kuvi. particularly good for the hard varingado, hua tege. Ngira mani Tree, fam. Rubiaceae: Guettardia sharpened sticks that are used for helehele oro ngachu varikalei speciosa, a coastal hardwood tree husking coconuts. The fruits are rokona. To gone pa vasina koe that grows in salt water, in mangrove edible. Birds nest and sleep in, and peno oro pa petupetuani pa toba areas inland of PETU trees and eat the fruits of, VORUSU. oro pa tutupeka. To tungana pa together with KOE, OTOTO, and even vasina popa pa goana togere. POGALA. A very important firewood, Leana via pa mujiki ia vasina and barkcloth mallets are made of it. hevana ia pa rokona. VOSEVOSE Leafy shrub, unidentified: a low Meka hae pa korapa goana, to tata pandanus-like shrub with long, tough gone pa kalekavo. Haena ia ieni ta and very sharp-edged narrow leaves. VILURI tavetei valu oro langara pa mola. Grows in large, dense clumps in coastal Meka hae pu orava rokona, Ta vae Pa ngina pia, katiga tinoni tavete swamps and in dry areas of mangrove, patuna pata tavete nia tingitonga nia nginadongado ia hae pia. at barrier islands and mainland. It pu leona ma pa kolokolo pekapeka. Tree, fam. Naucleaceae: Nauclea also grows in the dry mountain forest Tree, unidentified: a tree with red orientalis, a tree of the deep forest, on ridgetops. The white lower part of leaves, the seedpods are used as grows near streams. Wood used for the leaves is attached to hooks to dance rattles. paddles (which are vose in Roviana) make fishing lures. and for canoe ribs. Today some people also use VOSEVOSE wood for carving. VINETUNGU TA MALIVI Meka adoso pu patuara pa goana. Koe kavo adosona mani gura ta VULOKO bei. Otona pa korena ia, lalusu, iedi Meka hae pa goana mani orava ure vae gonei ria madi cheni nia pa patuna ia. Ngira ta hua ure patuna katiga pa tinavete magoru (omia mani kani gura sio. Ta chulava Vulu gete pa korapa petupetuani domu). gone ure patuna pata vaguvaguru. Large vulu in the middle of the mangroves Vine, unidentified: ‘giant ogre’s fish Tree, unidentified: a forest tree with hook’, a thick, climbing vine of the red seeds. The seeds are hard and forest, possibly Entasda scandens tough and never rot, and are used in (fam. Mimosaceae). When you are in necklaces. the forest without any water, you can cut this vine and find much cool drinkable water inside. The bark sap is called lalusu and is an important ingredient in the mixture used for the final caulking of war canoes. See DOMU.

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PINAJAKA VINA ONOMO TONGANIA TINGITONGA TODI PU HABA ORO ENE PA PUAVA ORO KEBA PA HAE HUANA NOKI, EREBACHI, MOA, BINAHERE, ORO NA PARAGOA

CHAPTER EIGHT SNAKES AND ALL KINDS OF FOUR-LEGGED ANIMALS OF THE LAND 8 8 – Tongania tingitonga todi pu haba oro ene pa puava oro keba pa hae

BANGA SASA mainly leaves. They are an important Reptile, fam. Scincidae: Corucia Meka paragoa gete, chichinoko traditional food among the bush zebrata, Prehensile-tailed skink. A tinina, chupaka gone pa kale kavo people, and still remain popular food large (up to 80 cm) grey-green tree mana nuguru pa kavo. Ulo ia pa in, for example, Vangunu and Vahole. lizard with a long prehensile tail. It kalena veluvelu. Meka nginongo They are eaten by Methodists and lives only in Solomon Islands and in tadiria pa Malaita. CFC people, but not by Seventh-day Bougainville in Papua New Guinea. Amphibian, fam. Ranidae: A very big Adventists. They mostly sleep in KALALA BUKULU inhabit trees (often KALALA frog with dark, dull colours, usually (‘banyan’) trees, and sometimes in ‘banyans’), and their main food is the seen along riverbanks, jumping into VALO and other trees. People who leaves of KEPUKEPU climbers (especially the water. Its cry is heard towards hunt them climb these trees, grab Epipremnum pinnatum). They sleep in evening. It is eaten in Malaita. the tail of a sleeping cuscus and kill it hollows in trees and among branches by banging it against the tree. Some in the daytime, and climb around to are caught live, for example when eat at night. BUKULU live in the deep, large trees are felled. In that case the true forest and used to be a special animal is kept in captivity until it is food reserved for chiefs of the bush time for it to be killed and eaten. In people. south Vangunu, there is an old custom of seasonal prohibition on cuscus hunting, whereby the guardians of the land ban hunting for two to six months to allow the population to build up. To mark the end of the tabu period, all members Binahere (ta piri pa vanua) Close-up of a captive cuscus of the tribe will hunt cuscus for 2-3 days in preparation for a feast, after BINAHERE which hunting is again permitted. Mademahele pu ko gone pa hae pa goana, keba liloro pa hae mani Meka chie tadiria tinoni enechie pa Tamaneke ngongo ria roko hae ria. Binahere A typical, good hunting dog of the ‘local’ type ieni meka nginongo arilaena tadiria tinoni pa goana pa tuari, mana pa CHIE ngina pia tungana pa katiga Hara ko karua hokihokiti palavanua huhua pa Vangunu oro pa mademaheledi pu ta kilae chie pa Vahole. Mana kani ta ngo pa tadiria Ulusaghe. Meka pu ko ngana pa tinoni juapa rane. Ria binahere di tuari pu ororava, oro meka pu koko vilei madi mucha pa katiga maena pa tadiria tinoni vaka. Mana Binahere ta vae pa kolokolo hirama hae. hae hua kalala oro valo. Ria tinoni A cuscus captured during the felling of a large tree. pa meka rane, chomu la pa goana pu bahere ngina keba pa ria hae katiga chie, heni soku via ko pirudi pira pata vae binahere. Pula ta omi pa goana pa ngina pia. Hara katiga meka, ngina ta vae pa chikuna chie pu pirudi pa hua pu ko ngana mani seke va legu. Mana pula BUKULU pa Marovo pa tuari. Leana via hirama hae gete, ngina uke hore Ko gone pa hae pa soloso, lea pa katigae pa ene chie puna kadi gura meka karua binahere. Pa Vangunu, kalala kokoani tania. Hele via ta lokete pa moa ria, mana kadi te hado bahere pa katiga kolokolo chikuna, hara kaduvu meka leana katigae pu ta lokete gonei. ria. Ia hope pia ieni gura kaduvu kalelimana katiga bukulu. Ko pa Hara ria chacha chie pirudi iedi hara ka onomo paleke mani te hairi nana govara pa raga hae pa leana via pa enechie, pula ta vae pa pule bahere ria bangara tadiria. kolokolo rane, mani vura oro keba vori pa goana madi ta pausu tadiria Mammals (marsupial), fam. pa hae pana ipu mani ngongo tinoni. Phalangeridae: Cuscus (opossum), gone roko kepukepu. Ia bukulu ieni Mammals, fam. Canidae: Dogs. Phalanger orientalis and other ko pa Solomon Islands oro pa According to prevailing local Phalanger spp. present in the Western Bougainville ngana, kani pa katiga concepts there appear to be two Solomon Islands. These furry animals hokiti tutusuani. Nginongo te different types of dog in Marovo. live in trees in the forest and eat bangara pa tuari. One type, which occurs in many

154 8 – Snakes and all kinds of four-legged animals of the land

different varieties, is the domestic EREBACHI KAPAKALE dog (Canis lupus familiaris) that came Ko pa toba, pa tusu oro pa Vua pa kavo pa soloso ngana, kani with the Europeans. This type is not petupetuani, pa goana, pa huhua vua gete pa idere oro regarded as being of much use ngochangocharaini, oro tata pa petupetuani oro kavo gete. except maybe, for the best ones, as palavanua pa tutupeka. Mani ko Getegetena ia kani padana ia vua, watch-dogs. But the other type, tungana pa tusuani pa Hele. Gete mana gura ngo tinoni katigae, hua which is said to have been present in via, huhua meka ngava hinele ta ria pa Vahole. Ko gone pa vasidi pa Marovo since distant times, remains katigae. Ria kahu, kakarita, kutu, kavo pa goana piru huhua pa uluna important and common among oro kokojiolo iedi katiga nginongo pa Piongo Lavata pa Vahole, hua people who regularly hunt in the tania, oro vovoto tadiria vonu, io ria. Pa vasina eko kapa gone pa forest for pigs (see the photo of such oro kokorako tungana. Ene liloro idaka pa kalekavo ia. Kani soku pa a dog from Tamaneke above). These pa kolokolo rane, pula keba pa hae Ulusaghe ia vua pia. Mana ta lokete hunting dogs are often taken as ria pu kikidi pu takilae rerevute ba nia ria tinoni pa sera pa tuari pula puppies from the bush lairs of the kokoko, iedi changa via. Ia erebachi ene la ria pa goana pa soloso, heni feral dogs that are common in many ieni kani ta ngo pa tadiria pa ta kilae vua varane pa tadiria pa parts of Marovo, and are not usually Ulusaghe, mana hara tingitonga jinama Marovo. interbred with “European dogs”. hope te katiga butubutu. Reptile, fam. Crocodylidae: an They tend to be of a uniform Reptile, fam. Varanidae: Varanus indicus, uncommon freshwater crocodile. The appearance, with reddish to grey- Monitor Lizard. This is a very large lizard. existence of freshwater crocodiles in brown colour, a pointed nose and In Marovo, some attain a total length New Georgia has not been quite large ears. They are apparently of more than 2 m. They live especially recognized by the outside world, but similar to the general “Oceanic dog” in the barrier islands, on outer islands people of northern Marovo report and also appear to have much in like the low coral and sand cays at Hele, that these crocodiles live in slow- common with the Australian dingo. and in mangroves along the mainland flowing inland waters, such as the This “local” dog is referred to in coasts, and also in forest and coconut wide basins formed in inland valleys Waterhouse’s old Roviana Dictionary groves on lagoon islands and mainland, along the upper reaches of the as kakaula, a dog that is different and near villages. They walk around in Piongo Lavata river. In these inland from the European siki (Marovo the daytime and eat crabs, rats and locations, KAPAKALE are reported to CHIE), and is described as “the other lizards, and also dig up and eat live secluded lives, often hiding by indigenous dog, like a dingo. the eggs of turtles, megapodes (IO) resting alongside riverside stones (the Generally a reddish-brown colour. and domestic fowl. Young animals name can translate as ‘to lie Always howls – never barks.” move around restlessly and climb trees alongside’). Although not reaching According to Professor Roy Wagner, rapidly and are called REREVUTE or the size of saltwater crocodiles (VUA), observations of present-day dogs KOKOKO, the latter referring a sound KAPAKALE are known by the bush from New Ireland in Papua New they are supposed to make when people of northern Marovo to be Guinea indicate that “local” hunting young. These young animals are capable of attacking people. This is dogs may in fact be related to the black with many white to yellow also confirmed by people from other Southeast Asian dhole, Cuon alpinus, spots, unlike adults which are more parts of Marovo. Freshwater crocodiles and may be of ancient introduction uniformly dark grey. EREBACHI are not were indeed feared by the saltwater to the Melanesian islands. Dholes are eaten by people in Marovo, and are people of central Marovo in the old known to hunt in packs and to lack a tabu for some tribes. days when warriors ventured deep flight response when attacked by into the interior along rivers, as their prey. In Marovo, it is evidenced by saltwater people’s own commented that this special reaction Marovo language name for these is uncharacteristic of “European KABURU KUDE crocodiles: VUA VARANE (‘warrior dogs” (which run away when Huhua kokojiolo mana bupara ba crocodile’). Solomon Islands reptile charged by a large wild pig), but that chichinoko tinina. expert M. McCoy suggests that these it conforms completely with the Reptiles, fam. Scincidae: small lizards reports from Marovo refer to sub- expected and actual behaviour of of KOKOJIOLO type but with mottled adult saltwater crocodiles (VUA), good hunting dogs. brown colours forming distinct band- which up to a size of ca. 1,5 m tend to like patterns; probably Emoia live well upstream in rivers. At this life atrocostata and possibly also Lipina stage the crocodiles are slimmer and noctua and some Sphenomorphus spp. look rather different from adult ones.

155 8 – Tongania tingitonga todi pu haba oro ene pa puava oro keba pa hae

KEOJO KUCHU MAGO Huhua noki mana ko pa korapa Meka paragoa pa goana pu ko puava, heni kani ta omi va soku. gone pa rokoroko legudi pa Kani gete, ba hara nokinoki ngana, chakepekana pa buruburuani. hua katigae. Kare ka matana. Getegetena huhua meka bokese Reptile, fam. Typhlopidae: masisi ba pike getena. Hua Ramphotyphlops sp.; a small snake pelasitiki korena, bupara ba that burrows in the ground. It is chinoko. Sana via pata ta omi pula rarely seen, and is considered more huhua roko leguna. Kani ko pa of a large worm than a real snake. It goana hokara. has no eyes. KOKOJIOLO Amphibian, fam. Ranidae: Soku via hokihokiti kokojiolo di ene Ceratobatrachus guentheris, Solomon ba rerese liloro pa puava oro pa Islands eyelash frog. This ground- idaka, pa roko oro pa raga hae. dwelling forest frog lives most Bumadi ria chikudi ria. Meka puku frequently in Canarium nut groves. It ngana ria kokojiolo, kaburu kude, is about the size of a matchbox, or kokobutongo, lakuhu oro slightly bigger, has a thin, plastic-like vulouvulou. skin, is dark brown to reddish brown Reptiles, fam. Scincidae: and resembles the leaves on the 1) Emoia spp., small lizards with forest floor among which it lives. It bright blue to blue-green tails. They has an eyebrow-like projection above are abundant everywhere and found each eye. This frog is hard to see, and on the ground, particularly in open is not usually found in the inner places. The golden and black lizard forest. KOKOBUTONGO Lipinia noctua has also been identified Huhua meka kokojiolo mana vasi as KOKOJIOLO (but see KABURU KUDE). gete oro buma via tou tinina, keba 2) KOKOJIOLO is also a more generic pa hae, mani kokobutungo buma term for a big group of differently KULAKULA kilana dope tania. coloured lizards considered in Meka paragoa, pike huhua kuchu Reptile, fam. Scincidae: Lamprolepis Marovo to be related, including also mago. Pula chukapa ia ngina mimi smaragdina, a rather large, bright KABURU KUDE, KOKOBUTONGO, LAKUHU pa puava. Ulona ieni ‘KULA!’ green tree lizard of the KOKOJIOLO and VULOUVULOU. Amphibian, fam. Ranidae: a frog that type, also referred to as KOKOBUTONGO is in some ways similar to KUCHU BUMA. The latter name refers more MAGO. It appears to urinate on the specifically to specimens of unusually ground whenever it jumps, and it bright green colour. KOKOKO cries ‘KULA!’ Meka kilana erebachi kiki, huhua lineo tania, hua ria. Reptile, fam. Varanidae: Monitor KOKOBUTONGO Lizard, Varanus indicus, juveniles. This KUMALACHA BUMA secondary name of REREVUTE imitates Tumajeluku ngana mana kiki ruana Omia kokobutongo. a characteristic sound these juveniles oro gete chalivina. See KOKOBUTONGO. are claimed to make. Reptiles, fam. Gekkonidae: Geckoes with a narrow neck and a large head; including Gekko vittatus and Cyrtodactylus spp. Although recognized as TUMAJELUKU they are regarded as different based on their appearance.

156 8 – Snakes and all kinds of four-legged animals of the land

KUSI ‘suicidal’ – when these lizards see a NOKI BULI Mademahelena manavasana, ko pa fire, they will run into it and die, Meka noki kokuchu pu icho gone tata tongania vanua pa Marovo. unlike all other lizards, snakes and pa raga hae hua kalala. Gura ko pa Mana ko katiga kusi pirudi centipedes, which will always run goana oro pa kotukotuani tata pa tungana. Leana via pula ko pa away from fire. palavanua tungana. Mana meka vanua puna ngongo gone kutu, vivinei tania noki pia. Noki pia ieni noki, oro tingitonga pule pu kani kani huhua tongania noki, hua ria leana, hua kokorochi. Ria kusi iedi pa tuari. Puna gura chupaka karovo maedi ngana pa tadiria tinoni vaka pa karua hae ia, oro gura buli la ia pa tuari. Mana ko ria kusi piru pa huhua meka hae buli pa tadiria hua pia pu gura nuguru pa tinoni pu ene pa puava pa kauru palavanua pata chiko nginongo, hae, mani ngina icho tari ia noki lea ihana, pa vanua rejo. pia pa ruana tinoni, mani hara Mammal, fam. Felidae: Cat, Felis ngina legu tinoni. Hua vivinei te catus. Many families in Marovo keep katiga tinoni pu ta omi ia noki pia, cats, and they are considered good to pa Ulusaghe, pa Roviana oro pa have around the house because they Bilua. Mana kani soku pa ngina pia Sulua meka moa manavasa ria pa Tamaneke (1986) eat rats (KUTU), snakes (NOKI), and Singeing a recently killed domestic pig ia noki buli, hua ria. Hara pa puku other pests such as cockroaches tania noki oreke. (KOKOROCHI). Europeans introduced MOA Reptile, unidentified: a rather short cats long ago. Today, quite a few feral Piru katigae, manavasa katigae. tree snake that lives both in the forest cats live near villages and steal food, Binaso lavata mani kani ta ngo pa and in old gardens and fallows near especially fish, from the stone ovens. tadiria tinoni juapa rane. Ia moa villages. This snake has a very special piru ieni ta vae pa tadiria tinoni pu story. It will swing from branches ene chie pa goana. (especially of banyan trees) and Mammal, fam. Suidae: Pig, Sus throw itself from one tree to another, KUTU scrofa. This name covers both and may also hurl itself from above Mademahelena kiki, ene liloro pa domestic and feral pigs, though the upon people passing underneath. vanua oro pa palavanua mani ta feral pigs of the bush have a number They do this after gaining vachie pa nginongo. Kani soku pa of special names according to their momentum by swinging by the tail Marovo mana ukala ko pa katiga size and to the shape of tusks. Pork is from a branch. It is reported from the hokiti tusu. feast food in Methodist and Christian olden days that NOKI BULI could at Mammal, fam. Muridae: Rat. The Fellowship Church villages but is not times even hurl itself to latch onto ordinary Pacific Rat (probably Rattus eaten by Seventh-day Adventists. people’s necks, possibly even exulans) that frequents houses and Feral pigs are frequently hunted with strangling the victim before creeping villages, and spoils and eats people’s special dogs and a long spear. away. This snake is very rare today, food. Generally, rats are not a unlike in the old days. People from nuisance in most parts of Marovo, places as far apart as Marovo, but they are known to be very Roviana and Bilua tell of dangerous abundant on some other islands. NOKI encounters with this snake before the Kilakila gete ta tongania noki pa 1960s. Although the habit of Marovo. attacking humans would seem far- Reptiles, order Squamata, suborder fetched, the general description of LAKUHU Serpentes: Generic term for all the habitat and appearance of NOKI Kokojiolo chinoko, gura chupaka la snakes. BULI seems to apply moderately well pa ikuchu mani legu. Ia lakuhu pia to the Pacific Tree Boa, Candoia ieni kani hua tongania kokojiolo bibroni (fam. Boidae), a close relative (oro noki na lipata tungana) pu of the very common, mainly ground- ngina chomu kala pa ikuchu ria. dwelling boa NOKI OREKE (Candoia Reptiles, fam. Scincidae: paulsoni). However, the Pacific Tree Sphenomorphus spp. and other small Boa is larger than what is implied for lizards of KOKOJIOLO type but with NOKI BULI, which remains a mysterious dark colours. The name means (if not mythical) animal.

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NOKI CHARAVA 2) The name NOKI NUVILI also seems Reptile, fam. Colubridae: Boiga Noki hele, buma tinina. Ko gone pa to apply to a reef eel that lives in irregularis, Brown tree snake. A very hae mana gura ene pa puava holes in the sand (UTUTONGO). long and fast-moving snake, often tungana, chupaka gone oro changa seen in coconut groves and in via inene tania. Noki pia ieni gura banyan (KALALA) trees. This is the ponu pa kavo tungana. longest snake in Marovo (reaching 2 Reptile, fam. Colubridae: NOKI OREKE m or more), and sometimes behaves Dendrelaphis calligaster, a long green Meka noki getegete, mucha gone aggressively by chasing people and tree snake that can also be pa chigochigoani pa kolokolo rane, biting them, whether on the ground encountered on the ground. This mani kani kachiena pa ta rupacha or in trees (such as when people snake moves and jumps very rapidly, mani ene, huhua meka oreke, hua climb banyan (KALALA) trees to look and can even swim in freshwater. The ria. Mana noki kupu meka noki for cuscus (BINAHERE) or flying foxes name means ‘flying snake’. oreke ngana pu huhua bureki tinina. (VAHU)). It is not regarded as Reptile, fam. Boidae: Pacific boa, venomous. Candoia paulsoni. A very common, stout snake that is often encountered NOKI KOPU sleeping in garden areas. When Meka kilana noki oreke. disturbed, people say it is slow to NOKI SIAKALE See NOKI OREKE. wake up and move, just like an old Noki picha ngana mana ko soku via woman (oreke). NOKI KOPU is pa vinarihagoni pa meka vasina. considered to be a variety of this Pula vura ria noki pira, ia pu lilihu snake with distinctive mottled colours. ieni ta raga chikuna, hua ria. NOKI NUGUNUGURU Reptile, fam. Elapidae: a venomous PERE snake, the same as NOKI PICHA but Noki pa idere, omia Pinajaka 3. always found in a big group, with a Reptile, fam. Hydrophiidae: Laticauda NOKI PICHA great number of snakes clustered and colubrina, Banded sea snake, see Meka noki pu gura usu mani curled together in one place. They entry in Chapter 3. varivatasiti ta tinoni. Kani soku pa come out of their burrow one at a Marovo. Ko gone pa goana pa time, and the last one to emerge is kauruna chubi hae pu legudi. Pula said to always have a forked tail. buhoro ngina ta usu va ngira ta NOKI NUVILI tinoni. Noki chinoko oro ruka via, ko pa Reptile, fam. Elapidae: Salomonelaps vasina pu koe jemi na peno, pa par, a rare venomous snake. It lives in NOKI TOTOPO petupetuani oro pa votu pa kavo. the forest, often hiding under fallen Noki pa kavo oro votu, omia Ngachu livona, ta usu mani vari va tree trunks. The name (picha = ‘to hit Pinajaka 3. tasiti ta tinoni mana kani legu and break’) refers to its aggressive Reptile, fam. Acrochordidae: tinoni. Ieni takilae bubutongo pa biting when strongly provoked; its Acrochordus granulatus, File snake. A jinama Hoava. Mana noki nuvili jaws clamp down forcefully on the water snake, see entry in Chapter 3. ieni hara kilana meka ihana huhua victim. tulangini kiki tungana pu ko pa govara pa keoro, huhua ututongo (omia Pinajaka 3). PARAGOA 1) Reptile, unidentified: a thin, black NOKI ROU Soku hokihokiti paragoa ko pa snake of freshwater and mangroves, Noki hele via pa goana pa Ulusaghe mana kadi ta regarded as venomous. It lives in ngochangocharaini, mani changa kilae meka tapa. Mana omia banga muddy places and has sharp teeth. via inene tania. Meka ngava choda sasa, kuchu mago, kulakula oro Although it is aggressive and may hinele ta katigae. Noki pia ieni gura paragoa merika pa pinajaka pia. bite, the poison is not considered rerese la mani ta usu ta tinoni, Katiga paragoa gura ulo pa very dangerous. This snake is called mana kani gura vari va tasiti. Pula veluvelu tata pa ipu pa kolokolo bubutono in the Hoava language of keba pa kalala tinoni pu bahere ba pata beto tinavete pa chigo madi northern Marovo. pita vahu, moko rerese vura ia noki la chuve madi la pa vanua ria. pia pata ta usu ta tinoni.

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Amphibians: generic term for all REREVUTE VONU frogs and toads. In Marovo there are Erebachi kiki, keba gone pa chubi Omia kakapodoko, kariatolu, vonu, several types, not all of which are ngochara mani changa via inene vonu ihana, vonu pede oro vonu named, but see BANGA SASA, KUCHU tania. Chinoko tinina mana soku vonu pa Pinajaka 3. MAGO, KULAKULA and PARAGOA MERIKA via vinahilahila heva ba oha. Reptiles, fam. Cheloniidae and in this chapter. Some frogs are time Reptile, fam. Varanidae: juvenile Dermochelyidae: Sea turtles. See markers in people’s daily lives, in that Monitor Lizards, Varanus indicus. Chapter 3 under KAKAPODOKO, they start to croak in the evening They have black bodies with large, KARIATOLU, VONU, VONU IHANA, VONU when it is time to finish work in the bright white to yellow spots, and are PEDE and VONU VONU. garden, go and have a bath, and often seen climbing coconut trees at return home. high speed.

PARAGOA MERIKA TUMAJELUKU Paragoa gete pu ta heru mae pa Soku hokitihokiti tumajeluku ko tadiria tinoni pa Amerika pa liloro pa goana oro pa vanua kolokolo varirajae. Ta heru mae tungana. Deri ieni meka nginongo vovotona ia paragoa pia ria tinoni tadiria. Mana omia kumalacha varirajae, madi ta vuvusu vovoto pa tungana. kavo pula hara ngo chacha deri ria Reptiles, fam. Gekkonidae: gecko. A Aquarium photo chacha paragoa pu vura mae pa generic term covering most geckoes vovoto. Pa hua pia ta heru mae pa in Marovo: Gehyra oceanica, VUA katiga hokiti palavanua pa Marovo. Lepidodactylus lugubris, Lepidactolys Vua ieni tingitonga chiena oro gete Mojo nia paragoa pia ria tinoni pa guppyi, etc. They live all around the via pa kavo, pa petupetuani oro pa palavanua, pula ngo ia meka chie bush, as well as in houses (where kogu pu gura ngo mani vari valegu ngina legu chie pula vari kati mani they eat mosquitoes). See also tinoni. Kani soku pa Marovo pa hua varivatasiti paragoa pia. KUMALACHA. puna ta hona va soku pata Amphibian, fam. Bufonidae: Bufo vataholu korena pa soku via marinus, cane toad. The name means buruburu. Mana ko katigae pa ‘America frog’. This American toad is vasidi huhua pa kavo gete, hua pa said to have been introduced to the VIKA Choe, pa Koreke oro pa Piongo Solomon Islands by the American Meka kutu gete via pu ko pa Lavata, oro pa kopi pa tusu oro forces during World War II, hence the ngochangocharaini, ure ngochara toba, huhua kopi pa tusu pa name. It is reported by Marovo ngana nginongo tania. Mana ko Moluana tata pa Seghe, oro pa people who worked for the gone pa ria tusu Kopi Vua pa toba pa Gatokae. Americans that cane toad eggs would ngochangocharaini. Hara maena Mana talavuni pa buruburu 1989 be carried by the army and released pa meka rane, hua katigae. Ieni ta ieni hope pa kalena pa ginavuna in water around camps since it was kilae kutu vaka pa Vahole. pata hona nia, heni ko va soku pa thought that the tadpoles would eat Mammal, probably fam. Muridae: a hua pia pa katiga kavo pa Marovo mosquito larvae. In recent times, very big rat that eats coconuts. It is oro pa katiga vasidi pa kogu. Ta cane toads have been knowingly abundant on old plantation islands, omi pa katiga kolokolo pula ponu introduced to a number of villages such as Mahoro. Some say it was pa kogu oro irongo pa korekore around Marovo; they are detested by introduced to Marovo, hence it is idere pa veluvelu. Vua ieni villagers, and dogs that eat them called kutu vaka, ‘European rat’, in tingitonga hope pa kasitomu, heni may die as the toads are poisonous. Vahole. kani ta kilae vua mana maroke ngana. Mana meka vua pa kavo ngana ieni vua kapakale, oro vua varane. Ko pa kavo pa korapa soloso, hua pa lobi kavo pa uluna Piongo Lavata, pa goana piru. Reptile, fam. Crocodylidae: Crocodylus porosus, Estuarine (or

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saltwater) crocodile. They kill and eat VUA VARANE people, and live in rivers, mangroves Meka vua pa kavo pa goana piru. and lagoon areas. Today there are Kani soku pa Ulusaghe. Kilana pia not many of these huge and very ieni pa jinama Marovo. Mana dangerous animals left in Marovo, kilana dope ia ieni kapakale, pa since so many have been hunted for jinama tadiria tinoni goana pa their skins. But in some parts of the Kalikolo oro Vahole. Omia Marovo area they are still numerous kapakale. in some large rivers and extensive Reptile, fam. Crocodylidae: an mangrove areas, and in saltwater uncommon freshwater crocodile of lakes on lagoon and barrier islands. the inner lands; probably sub-adults Since 1989, the hunting of crocodiles of the saltwater crocodile Crocodylus has been banned in the Solomon porosus (VUA). See KAPAKALE. Islands, and crocodiles have since been on the rise again in many rivers and lagoon locations. Crocodiles are seen from time to time when they VULOVULOU swim across the lagoon, and when Meka kokojiolo pu chinoko tou they float at the surface towards tinina. evening. The crocodile is tabu in Reptile, fam. Scincidae: Emoia nigra, a custom, and hence must not be black lizard of KOKOJIOLO type. called ‘crocodile’ but ‘old man’ (maroke). In addition to the estuarine or saltwater crocodile, Marovo people report the existence of a different crocodile in strictly freshwater locations on New Georgia. It is called KAPAKALE or VUA VARANE.

Aquarium photo

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CHAPTER NINE INSECTS, SPIDERS, CENTIPEDES AND SIMILAR THINGS 9 9 – Ria tingitonga kikidi pu charava pana ulu oro haba pa puava oro pa hae oro pa rokoroko

CHEBECHEBE CHICHIRE DERI Kilakila gete tadiria hokihokiti Meka tingitonga huhua pukopuko Tingitonga charava pu kikidi via, chebechebe kikidi. kiki pu leona mae pa veluvelu pa usu gone ta tinoni pana ipu, oro va Insects, order Hymenoptera: generic kolokolo beto tinavete pa chigo. la malaria ta tinoni. Deri ieni kilana term for ants and other small insects. Insect, order Orthoptera: a small gete, mana ko katiga hokihokiti grasshopper or cicada that makes deri, huana deri malaria pu noise in gardens when evening hevaheva tinina. Katiga deri kiki ko approaches and tells you it is time to pa tusuani pa Hele, ngo via ta CHEBECHEBE finish work. tinoni mana kadi va la malaria. Deri CHINOKO pa petupetuani ieni huhua deri pa Chebechebe kiki, ko liloro pa vanua Hele. lea pa tege oro pa korapa sugha. Insects, order Diptera: mosquitoes. A Insect, order Hymenoptera: a tiny CHOTE generic term for mosquitoes, of black ant that lives in houses, often (1) Tingitonga heva pu ngongo pa which there are many recognized seen on pandanus mats and in sugar tiva vanua. Katiga hae iedi kani types in Marovo. People believe that containers. gura ngoi chote. malaria is caused by the night-flying (2) chote pu gura charava pana mosquitoes that have white markings ipu, soku via pa kolokolo tania. on their bodies. Another very small Insects, order Isoptera: mosquito lives in the Hele Islands and CHEBECHEBE (1) Termites or “white ants” that eat bites people all the time, but does VARIKINA house posts. They are unable to eat not cause malaria. The same is said of Meka chebechebe pu ororava certain trees, which are therefore mangrove mosquitoes. tinina, ko gone pa vanua, pa much used for house posts. rokoroko na hae. Varisiti pula usu (2) Flying termites or “ants” that at ta tinoni. Haguru ko ngana pa certain times, swarm in large Ulusaghe, pa Seghe ieni ko susua, numbers at night. DODOA mani ko tu pa Marovo. Tingitonga charava pu kikidi, Insect, order Hymenoptera: Fire ant; chinoko tinina. Doku gone pa a red ant that lives everywhere in nginongo oro pa tingitonga pu houses, on leaves and in trees. When CHULOKO hina chikate. it bites people, it stings like fire. This Sise pa goana. Omia Pinajaka 4. Insect, order Diptera: a small black fly ant has arrived in Ulusaghe rather Small land snails abundant in the which always settles on food and on recently. It came first to Seghe when forest. See Chapter 4. things that smell bad or rotten. there was a large plantation there, and has since spread to all of Marovo. DEANA MOA DURE Puku ta lipata mana soku via Meka chebechebe pu orava, ko pa mahelena, orava ba chinoko tinina. goana, kani usu mana pula mimi pa CHEBERE CHIGO Ta ngo puna deana via. Kani gura tubu ieni varivatasiti. Puku ta Puku ta chebechebe mana getena. usu ta tinoni. kachere, mana kikina. Insect, order Hymenoptera: a large Millipedes, class Diplopoda: large Insect, order Hymenoptera: a red ant ant. millipedes, usually red to brown or of the forest (like KACHERE but smaller) black. Unlike centipedes (LIPATA), they that does not bite, but when it do not bite. As they are very fat, ‘urinates’ in open sores it is quite some people eat them – the name painful. CHEKA means ‘pig fat’. Chuko pa roko petu, omia Pinajaka 4. A small mangrove snail. See Chapter 4.

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GARICHI KALO KUKAERE LOLU Puku tadiria pukopuko oro ri, ko Meka tingitonga charava pa puku Meka kukaere pu leana via pa gone pa tovu. ta pukopuko, buma via tinina mujiki va tatava melukuna, ta vae Insect, order Orthoptera: an huhua meka roko. gone pa tadiria tinoni chaba pa unidentified grasshopper-like insect Insect, order Orthoptera: a large, tuari. similar to RI, lives mainly among green flying insect of grasshopper A spider, order Araneida, whose sugarcane. type. It looks like a bright green leaf. strong webs are used as lures in a unique fishing method: It involves the use of a kite to control the movement of the line so as to make HOBI KOKOROCHI the lure skip across the surface, Dodoa mana gete. Karua puku Ko pa vanua, ta vachie pa thereby attracting needlefishes hobi, meka pu bupara oro chinoko nginongo. (CHAMUHU) whose teeth get stuck in tinina, meka ieni buma chalivina. Insects, order Dictyoptera: the spiderweb lure. Doku gone pa nginongo oro pa cockroaches. They live in houses and tingitonga pu hina chikate. spoil food. Insects, order Diptera: a name for two types of large flies, like DODOA, KUKU but bigger. One type has a brown Puku ta kukaere mana ene liloro pa and black body, and the other type vanua. Hele via mahelena. Leana has a blue head. They always search via pata ko pa vanua, hua katigae. out and settle on food and on things Spider, order Araneida: Heteropoda that smell bad or rotten. sp., Huntsman spider. A large long- legged spider which is common in houses. Some say it is good to have them in the house. IJUANI Puku ta pasi, ko pa goana pa katiga hae tania, huana choku. Ijuani tungana ria tingitonga mamisi pu KUKAERE KUNIKUNI vahavoro ia pu vae gone ria tinoni. Tingitonga ko pa rokoroko oro hae, Meka tingitonga kiki pa goana pu Mana pa ngina pia ieni ta pausu pa hele via mahelena. Tavete nana ulo gone pa kolokolo tata mae katiga tinoni tungana. meluku pa raga hae oro pa veluvelu, heni “kaduvu veluvelu”, Insects, order Diptera: honey bees. rokoroko pata vae hana nginongo hua ria. They live in the forest in special trees, pu hua chebechebe na dodoa. Insect, unidentified: It makes a such as CHOKU. IJUANI is also the name A spider, order Areneida, that weaves characteristic sound, usually towards for the honey itself, which is very large webs in trees and among evening and thus signals the day’s sweet and gathered from the forest. leaves. It uses the web to catch flies, end. Today, some people in Marovo also ants and other insects to eat. keep tame honey bees. LIPATA Tingitonga chiena pu soku KACHERE mahelena, mani varivatasiti via Puku ta dure mana getena, orava pula usu tinoni. Ko pa chigo, pa ba bupara tinina. Ko va soku pa goana oro nuguru la pa vanua hae, gura usu tinoni mani tungana. varivatasiti. Centipedes, order Scolopendrida, Insect, order Hymenoptera: a large Scolopendra spp. They are often quite red tree ant of the forest, similar to big, cause extremely painful bites, DURE, but bigger. Its bites are painful and are feared. They live in gardens and cause itching. and in the forest, and also enter houses.

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LULUTU BOU NGANGA LAVARA OLOLOKO Puku ta kachere mana gete ukala Puku ta dodoa mana getena, mani Kilakila gete tadiria hokihokiti nia ia. Ko pa hae, lea pa dadahana usu ta tinoni. Ko pa goana oro pa chebechebe kikidi pu charava. bobosuru pa petupetuani. Gura usu chigo. Insects: generic term for small flying ta tinoni mana varivatasiti. Insect, order Diptera: a large, black, insects (from OLOKO in the sense of Insect, order Hymenoptera: red ants, fly-like insect that causes painful ‘bird’). similar but bigger than KACHERE , that bites. Abundant in open forest and in live in the large round root growths gardens. of “ant plants” (BOBOSURU), special epiphytes that grow mainly in PASI mangrove trees. These ants cause Tingitonga charava pu kikidi, ko painful bites. NIKUNIKU gone pa hae pa nana vori. Soku Puku ta deri mana chachana uka. hokihokiti pasi. Varivatasiti pula ta Soku via pa rarusu pa katiga suni nia tinoni. kolokolo, usu vata ukala pana ipu Insects, order Hymenoptera: stinging MIMI MATA ta tinoni. wasps. There are many types and Meka tingitonga ko pa rokoroko, Insects, order Ephemeroptera: sizes of wasps in Marovo, many of hele mahelena, ruka via tinina, sandflies. These tiny mosquito-like which inflict painful stings. Some live hara meka pidoko hinele ta insects are abundant on beaches and in nests in trees. katigae. Gura mimi pa matana may bite furiously at night. tinoni pula ta tingana, hua ria. Insects, order Orthoptera: stick insects. They live on leaves and have PEKAPEKA GOLITI long legs and very thin bodies that NOKINOKI Tingitonga ene pa rokoroko, buma are up to 15 cm long. They are said Katiga tingitonga kikina pu ngo via tinina. to ‘urinate’ in the eyes of those who vachie gonei pa chinoku umalau Insect, order Orthoptera: praying grab them. oro katiga tingitonga pa chigo. mantis, Tenodera sp. A large green A small earthworm that spoils insect that walks around on leaves. gardens by eating sweet potatoes and other crops. NENESE Tingitonga kikidi via (padana pasi PEPELE ginete tadiria) huhua buluku mana Kilakila gete tadiria hokihokiti ko liungu pa rokoroko legudi pa NUKO pepele. Gete hua oloko charava goana na chigo, oro katiga Meka tingitonga huana deana moa katigae. kolokolo pa vanua. Gura ta suni mana kiki, nuguru gone pa nana Insects, order Lepidoptera: a generic mani varivatasiti via ta tinoni, mani govara pa puava manila vura tinina term for butterflies. There are many kani huhua lipata. mani epepe, heni “nuko getu”, hua different types (some named), Scorpions, order Scorpionida: ria. including the very large birdwing Marovo scorpions are very small, Millipede: similar to the much larger butterflies. about the size of wasps, and often DEANA MOA, this small millipede is hide under dead leaves in the forest. often seen wiggling its lower body Sometimes they enter houses. The from a hole in the ground. This is stings can be very painful, but are referred to as nuko getu. PEPELE IPU more rare and less painful than Pepele pu charava gone pana ipu. centipede (LIPATA) bites. Insects, order Lepidoptera: a generic term for night-flying moths.

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PINOPINO UDO Meka tingitonga kikina pu charava Meka tingitonga chinoko mani pana ipu, mana rane hua juke ngira via korekorena, ko pa hae pa tinina. Ta katiga tinoni ieni kani goana oro tata pa palavanua. Ngo leana pula nuguru pa vanua vachie gone pa ngochara hagurudi pinopino. Hina chikate via tinina oro luhuna batia. pula tingana tinoni. Ta kilae Insect, order Coleoptera: Oryctes pinopino tungana tingitonga rane rhinoceros, Rhinoceros beetle; a large pa idere pana ipu. black flying beetle with a hard shell. Insect, order Coleoptera, fam. It lives in trees in the forest and Lampyridae: firefly (actually a small around villages, and eats and spoils insect with a special organ that the young fruit of coconut trees and produces light). Some fly around at shoots of banana plants. night with their bodies glowing in the dark. Many people regard it as a bad thing if a firefly enters the house at night. Fireflies give off a very bad VUVUHU odour when touched. The name Puku ta pasi mana chinoko, kadi pinopino also applies to usu gone ta tinoni. Ko pa vanua bioluminescence in the sea at night. oro pa korapa puava. Insects, order Hymenoptera: small, black, wasp-like insects. They live in houses and in the ground, have the PUKOPUKO size and general behaviour of most Puku ta kalo, ko liloro mani pa wasps, but rarely sting people. katiga kolokolo ko va soku via mani gura ngo vachie rokoroko pa chigo. Insects, order Orthoptera: generic term for large grasshoppers or locusts. At times, they occur in large numbers and eat the leaves of garden crops.

RI Tingitonga chinoko pa puku ta kalo oro na pukopuko, chupaka na charava mae gone pa roko tovu. Insect, order Orthoptera: an unidentified black grasshopper, found especially in stands of sugarcane from which it jumps and flies.

TUMARITITI Tingitonga charava made chacharava, changa via ia. Insect, order Odonata: dragonfly; a large and very fast-flying insect with four wings.

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CHAPTER TEN BIRDS AND BATS

10 10 – Ria oloko charava

AO BELAMA HOKARA Meka oloko pa goana, keba gone Belama gete. pa hae mani charava hore pule. Pa Bird, fam. Fregatidae: Large Ulusaghe ieni oloko pela oro oloko predominantly black adults of Fregata ta mago, hua ria pa tuari. Ao ieni ariel, Lesser frigate bird, and of meka kilakila gete oro kilana oloko Fregata minor, Great frigate bird. machumachu, chehoho ieni oloko mamaele. Huhua ‘ao’ inulo tania. Ko pa Solomon Islands ngana ia oloko pia. BELAMA KILANGA Bird, fam. Cuculidae: Centropus milo, BELAMA Belama pu heva vasinakiki pa Buff-headed coucal. This forest bird Oloko gete pa idere, charava gone ruana. has a unique cry – like a whisper, but pa kolokolo rane mana mucha Bird, fam. Fregatidae: frigate bird very loud in volume – after which it is pana ipu pa batu hae pa katiga with white markings on the sides of named. The AO does not fly much, vasina pa tusu oro toba, hua pa the breast. Probably the adult male except to fly down from the trees it Karubelama Gete, Matibako, of the Lesser frigate bird, Fregata climbs. It is considered a ‘devil bird’ Japuchajomo, Kopinae oro ariel. with associations to evil bush spirits Charocheji. Belama ieni meka and sorcery. AO is the generic name kilakila gete ta tongania hokihokiti for this bird as well as the specific belama. Pa tuari, hara nginongo term for the male bird. CHEHOHO is tadiria tinoni na katiga bangara, BELAMA KUTUKUTU the specific term for the female. This mana pa hua pia, kani ta ngo, puna Belama gete via, chinoko via tou bird only lives in the Solomon meka tinoka gete tadiria tinoni tinina. Mae pa tusu pata mucha pa Islands. chaba. korapa ipu, ngina ko hese pa batu Birds, fam. Fregatidae: generic term hae, ngina rupacha mani kala pa for all phases and both Solomon vagavagasa, pa kolokolo mucha ria Islands species of frigate bird (Fregata hokiti belama. ARANGA ariel, Fregata minor). In Marovo, their Bird, fam. Fregatidae: the largest Oloko pa kavo, chichinoko kaluna. nesting places are not known, but frigate bird, all black in colour. Bird, fam. Anatidae: Anas superciliosa, they sleep every night in trees on a Probably the adult male of the Great Pacific black duck. These birds swim few specific islands in the lagoon and frigate bird, Fregata minor. These in rivers and swamps and have grey barrier reef. They fly continuously special birds arrive at their habitual to black colours. during the day. While they were islands at night after all other frigate sometimes eaten in the old days birds have landed, they sleep high up (some stories refer to them as a food in the tree tops, and they wake up of coastal chiefs), frigate birds are not and leave the islands very early, BAKUPA eaten today; like most seabirds they before all other frigate birds. Oloko pa toba, huhua meka are considered important helpers in kurukuru mana gete oro buma fishing. kaluna. Ta tavete nana vori pa hae ramoso pa toba oro pa tusuani pa BELAMA VAGURU kolo, pa Hele. DAVI Bird, fam. Columbidae: Caloenas Belama gete, heva katiga pa ruana nicobarica, Nicobar pigeon. It lives oro pa tinina. mainly on outer barrier reef islands, Bird, fam. Fregatidae: frigate bird as well as in the offshore Hele Islands, with white breast and throat, and nests in pandanus trees. probably adult females of the Great frigate bird, Fregata minor.

170 10 – Birds and bats

BICHERE CHEGOCHEGO MATI CHELEKAE GAVE Oloko pa goana, ko pa piongo oro Oloko pa rarusu huana suviu oro Oloko pa idere. Chelekae gete, jemijemiani, oro pa chigochigoani pivivi mana gete. Pita hana mana kani charava vachanga via. oro kotukotuani tungana. Ulo ia pa nginongo pa keoro. Bird, fam. Laridae: specific name of a korapa ipu. Chinoko oro buma Birds, fam. Scolopacidae: Limosa larger white tern (Sterna sp.) that flies kaluna, orava via pa chalivina. spp., Godwits. Shore birds (waders) with a slower wing beat than Oloko pia ieni gura regocho chigo, related to birds of the SUVIU group, CHELEKAE HOKARA. Probably refers to puna ngongo gone ria ure umalau but larger. They wade on sand flats Black-naped tern, Sterna sumatrana. na katiga tingitonga pule pu ta and pick their food out of the sand. choku pa chigo. Pa tuari ieni tinavete tadiria padapoda pula regocho chigo ia bichere, hua ria. CHICHIU Ta ngo, leana via borana, hua CHEHOHO Oloko chinoko pa goana, katigae. Meka oloko pa goana, ao ngana ngetongeto langana. Ia vori tania Bird, fam. Rallidae: Porphyrio mana oloko mamaele. Tingitonga ieni icho pa raga hae, mana soku porphyrio, Purple Swamphen. A black hope tadiria pa butubutu Ungana via vori pa meka hae. Ria ure hae and blue bird with a red bill and (Unana) pa Bareke na Vangunu, huhua manioko nginongo tania. forehead. It lives in wet, swampy hua katigae. Bird, fam. Sturnidae: Aplonis areas, along rivers and streams and in Bird, fam. Cuculidae: Centropus milo, metallica, Metallic starling. A black new and old gardens. It calls in the Buff-headed coucal. This forest bird is lowland forest bird that builds middle of the night. It eats sweet considered to be the female AO. It is hanging nests, often with many pairs potatoes and other cultivated also said to be the custom bird of the nesting in one tree. This noisy bird vegetables and spoils gardens. In the Ungana (Unana) clan of Bareke and mostly eats fruit such as pawpaw. old days BICHERE were usually sent by Vangunu. someone through magic to spoil gardens. This bird is said to be good to eat. CHICHIU CHELEKAE MATAKEKEVE Oloko pa idere, ko pa avara makasi Chichiu chinoko, orava matana. Ko mani gura irongo vera nia pa kolo. pa goana tata pa rarusu mani BILIKIKI Tavete nana vori pa kalelupa, pa tavete nana vori pa govara pa Meka oloko pa rarusu. Lea oloko patukae oro patu kalukalu. chubi hae. tadiria pa Western Province, mana Birds, fam. Laridae: generic term for Bird, fam. Sturnidae: Aplonis meka rinoke tania pa jinama small white terns, Sterna spp. cantoroides, Singing starling. A black Roviana. Probably also a specific name for bird with bright red eyes, lives in Bird, fam. Burhinidae: Burhinus Bridled tern, Sterna anaethetus. coastal forest and nests in holes in neglectus, Beach stone curlew. This CHELEKAE follow tuna schools and may trees. seashore bird is the official “bird of float on the sea waiting for tuna to Western Province” and has a well- appear. They nest on rocks and islets known special song in the Roviana on the ocean-facing coasts of the language dedicated to it. barrier islands. CHIGE Oloko kiki pa kavo oro piongo, pa puku tadiria kiokio oro pipi mana ko gone pa kalekavo pa goana. BUTI CHELEKAE HOKARA Buma oro bupara tinina. Meka kurukuru, pu ko gone pa Oloko pa idere, chelekae ngana oro Bird, fam. Alcedinidae: Alcedo atthis, puava, pa buruburuani. Vodanga charava vachanga via. Hara katiga Common kingfisher. A small blue and maria na ngoete nginongo tania. chinoko pa chalivina. brown kingfisher that lives along Bird, fam. Columbidae: a ground Bird, fam. Laridae: specific name of a streams and lowland rivers, unlike the dove that is most common in white tern (Sterna sp.) with some larger KIOKIO kingfishers (Halcyon Canarium nut groves, where it eats black on the head. It has a quick spp.) which live by the sea. the sprouts of fallen nuts. wing beat. Probably refers to Little tern, Sterna albifrons.

171 10 – Ria oloko charava

CHIKU BUSA CHIRI CHALIGERE CHORI MINATE Kilana gete ta meka puku oloko Oloko buma pu ororava ba Oloko pa rarusu, pa puku tadiria charava, kino tadiria huhua viu. chichinoko ruana oro hujuna, suviu oro pivivi. Ene gone pa rarusu Heva ba pike orava katiga kaludi ria huhua chiri mana getena. pata pita hana nginongo pu ko pa oloko pira. Bird, fam. Psittacidae: Trichoglossus korapa keoro, mana gura ulo pata Birds, fam. Zosteropidae: White-eyes. haematodus, Rainbow lorikeet. Much reresai tadiria tinoni varane pula A general name for this group of larger than the otherwise similar tata mae minate, hua ria pa tuari. small birds, whose habits are similar CHIRI. It is green with a black and red Bird, fam. Scolopacidae: Numenius to VIU. These birds have light, throat and an orange bill. phaeopus, Whimbrel. These shore sometimes reddish colours with some birds (waders) pick their food out of marks at the throat. the sand and are said to make a warning cry when enemy warriors CHOGACHOGA IHANA are approaching. Oloko gete pa puku tadiria ke oro CHIKU MIMILI kakaka. Doku gone pa batu hae pa Kilakila gete ta katiga oloko kiki pa rarusu pata chakei nia ria ihana, goana, pu roke gone pa hae. mani choga gone pa idere pata CHOU Birds, unidentified: generic term for a tingana vae ihana, nginongo tania. Oloko gete pa rarusu, ko gone pa variety of small, whistling forest birds. Oloko pia ieni tavete nana vori pa toba. Heva katigae, chinoko batu hae pu legudi, pa rarusu. Ko katigae, mana chou ieni kilakila pa tongania vasidi pa soloso, pa gete tadiria. Mana ia chou chigo palavanua manobu tungana, huhua ieni kani meka tonu. CHIKU RETA pa Norway. Pa katiga butubutu pa Bird, fam. Ardeidae: Egretta sacra, Oloko pu doku gone pa raga hae Ulusaghe ieni tingitonga hope pa Pacific reef heron. Some are white, mana charava vachanga via. kasitomu. some are black, and the CHOU name Ragaraga ia chikuna ia. Ngongo pa Bird, fam. Pandionidae: Pandion applies to them all. They live kolokolo charava, chote ngana haliaetus, Osprey or “fishing hawk”. primarily along the reef shores of the nginongo tania. Kilakila pia ieni It often perches in treetops barrier islands. CHOU CHIGO is a huhua pa jinama Hoava. Hara pa overlooking coastal waters, scouting different bird altogether. jinama Marovo ieni chiku raga. for fish. When it sees fish it dives into Bird, fam. Hemiprocnidae: the sea and grabs the fish with its Hemiprocne mystacea, Moustached claws. It nests high up in dead treeswift. A fast-flying bird with a coastal trees. This bird is found all CHOU CHIGO deeply forked tail (reta = ‘branch’ in over the world, even in cold places Oloko pa goana, huhua chou mana the Hoava language). It often perches like Norway. For some tribes of kadi meka tonu rikaru. Bupara tinina, on tree branches, but eats small Marovo it is a sacred custom bird. katiga orava pa chacharavana ia. insects like CHOTE in the air while Ko gone pa goana, pa kotukotuani flying. oro pa chigo, kani pa rarusu. Bird, fam. Ardeidae: Nycticorax CHOKODELE caledonicus, Rufous night-heron. This Oloko pa petupetuani, huhua chou bird has a mottled colour with CHIRI mana kadi meka tonu rikaru. reddish wings, and is different from Oloko buma, pa puku tadiria kara Kokochu ruana. all other CHOU both in appearance oro chiri chaligere, mana kiki via. Bird, fam. Ardeidae: Butorides striatus, and habits. It lives in forest, gardens Bird, fam. Psittacidae: Charmosyna Mangrove heron. It is considered to and fallows, and never by the sea. meeki, Meek’s Lorikeet. A very small be a relative of CHOU, but looks and green parrot related to the much behaves very differently and has a larger CHIRI CHALIGERE. short neck. CHOU CHINOKO Chou pa rarusu mana chinoko ngana. Bird, fam. Ardeidae: Egretta sacra, Pacific reef heron, black phase.

172 10 – Birds and bats

CHOU HAPUHAPU IO KAKA Chou pa rarusu pu gete via oro Oloko pa goana pu gete via Oloko heva via mana oha katiga pa chinoko. mahelena ia, mani ene liloro pa kaluna, hele via katiga kalu pa Bird, fam. Ardeidae: Egretta sacra, puava pa goana oro pa chalivina ia. Ko gone pa dia Pacific reef heron; a specific name kotukotuani. Oloko pia ieni gura vinarihagonoi pa batu hae, madi applied to birds that are very large heli nana govara pa puava oro pa ngetongeto langana madi ngongo and completely black. keoro pa tongania kolokolo, pata regocho gone pa ure hae ria kaka. vala nana vovoto pu gete via. Kani Heni ta hona mani ta ngo pa chakei ni ia ia nana vori, mana tadiria pa Ulusaghe. Oloko pia ieni makasina vura mae ria chacha io tingitonga hope pa tadiria pa CHOU HEVA madi ene. Nginongo leana via ria butubutu Busimati pa Bareke oro Chou pa rarusu mana heva ngana. vovoto io, ta vae pata vataholu pa Vangunu, hua katigae. Bird, fam. Ardeidae: Egretta sacra, maketi pa katiga kolokolo. Arilaena Bird, fam. Psittacidae: Cacatua Pacific reef heron, white phase. via ia oloko pia pa tadiria pa Savo ducorpsi, Solomons cockatoo. oro Sibo. Completely white with some yellow, Bird, fam. Megapodiidae: Megapodus and with a crest of long feathers on freycinet, Megapode or scrubfowl the head. KAKA groups are noisy and CHOU KAKA (Solomon Islands megapodes are also spoil fruit trees, and the birds are Meka kilana chou heva puna huhua referred to as Megapodus eremita). hunted and eaten. The KAKA is said to kaka ia kaluna ia. This bird does not fly much but be the custom bird of the Busimati Bird, fam. Ardeidae: Egretta sacra, usually walks around on the ground clan of Bareke and Vangunu. Pacific reef heron, white phase. This in the forest and in old garden areas. secondary name of CHOU HEVA refers It lays its large eggs in holes in the to its similarity to the white cockatoo ground in particular areas, all year (KAKA). round. It does not keep watch over KAKAKA its nest, so the eggs hatch and the Oloko lavata, huhua chogachoga small birds come out all by ihana mana gete via, charava gone themselves and just start walking pana ulu tata pa rarusu oro pa around. Megapode eggs are very goana pa soloso tungana. Oloko good food, are usually taken pia ieni tingitonga hope tadiria pa whenever megapode burrows are butubutu Ojanga (Ojana) pa encountered in the bush, and are Bareke oro Vangunu, hua katigae. sometimes collected for sale at Bird, fam. Accipitridae: Haliaetus markets. The megapode is a sanfordi, Brown sea eagle (also called particularly important bird for the Sanford’s eagle). This huge bird is islanders of Savo and Simbo, who often seen gliding above coastal depend a lot on their eggs. trees, but also flies high above the inland forest. It is said to be the DEKERE custom bird of the Ojanga (Ojana) Oloko kiki pa idere, soku via ko pa clan of Bareke and Vangunu. avara makasi. Huhua chelekae ISU BINGA mana chichinoko tinina. Kikiki ieni Meka kilana kurukuru isu binga hara meka tonu mana kikina. ngana. Bird, fam. Laridae: Anous stolidus, Bird, fam. Columbidae: a short name KARA Lesser noddy. Rather small dark terns, for KURUKURU ISU BINGA. Oloko pa hae, pa puku ta chiri classified in Marovo as being of the mana getena. Orava katigae, buma family of CHELEKAE (and VAGOLO). These katigae, mana kara ieni kilakila open-sea birds are characteristic gete tadiria. followers of tuna schools, as is the Bird, fam. Psittacidae: Eclectus roratus, smaller but similar KIKIKI. Eclectus parrot. This main name applies to both males and females.

173 10 – Ria oloko charava

KARA CHIRI plant material that appear as though KIRA Kara mamaele, orava via tinina, made of cement among stones near Oloko orava oro buma, pa puku chinoko hujuna. Tavete nana vori the sea and along rivers. tadiria chiri oro kara mana kani pa govara pa hae. Ta vae gone pa gete hua kara oro chiri chaligere. tadiria tinoni pa pinausu oloko. Bird, fam. Psittacidae: probably Bird, fam. Psittacidae: Eclectus roratus, Duchess lorikeet, Charmosyna Eclectus parrot, female. They are red KEKERAKOCHO margarethae. A medium-sized red with a black bill. They nest in holes in Meka oloko charava huhua pisale and green parrot, intermediate size trees, and are easy to find and tame, mana pike getena. between CHIRI and KARA, smaller than unlike the male. Bird, fam. Coraciidae: Eurystomus CHIRI CHALIGERE. orientalis, Dollarbird. In Marovo, this bird is considered to be rather similar to, but somewhat larger than, PISALE. KARA MAHI Kara machumachu, buma via tinina oro oha hujuna. Kani soku pu taomi ba ta vae pa pinausu oloko, KIKIKI puna sana via pata vamanavasia. Oloko pa idere ba kolo, huhua Bird, fam. Psittacidae: Eclectus roratus, dekere mana kiki via, hua ‘ki-ki-ki’ Eclectus parrot, male. They are green ulona ia. Ko gone pa avara mani with a yellow bill. They are hard to meka tingitonga hope pa kolokolo find and difficult to tame, unlike the valusa pa tuari. female. Bird, fam. Laridae: Anous minutus, White-capped noddy. A small and KOKORAKO very dark tern of the ocean, smaller Oloko manavasa, ta pausu pa than DEKERE. It cries a characteristic palavanua. Ko ngana pa Marovo pa KE ‘ki-ki-ki’, follows tuna schools and tuari. Oloko machumachu ieni ulo Oloko gete pa rarusu oro pa toba, was important in the old rituals pa vagavagasa pa tongania rane. huhua chogachoga ihana oro associated with valusa, pole-and-line Nginongo vovotona oro borana. kakaka mana ororava ba bupara ria fishing for skipjack tuna. Bird, fam. Phasianidae: Gallus gallus, chacharavana ia oro heva via tinina Domestic fowl. They have been in oro chalivina ia. Kani ko pa Marovo Marovo since the oldest times (and pa tuari, mana maena pa hokiti most still look like wild jungle fowl of tusu pa meka rane, hua katigae. KIOKIO Asia), and are kept and fed in most Bird, fam. Accipitridae: Haliastur Oloko kiki pa rarusu idere, heva via villages for eggs but also for the meat. indus, Brahminy Kite. A large red to chalivina oro tiana, buma ba The cocks crow at dawn, every day. brown bird with pure white head and chichino-ko chacharavana oro breast, related to ospreys and sea chikuna. Charava gone pa kalelupa eagles. It usually hovers above pa toba, hua ‘kio-kio’ ulona. seaside trees on the barrier islands. Talavuni ulo ia pa chukapaini. KOLIORO Some people say that it only came to Bird, fam. Alcedinidae: Halcyon Oloko kiki pa goana, chinoko tinina Marovo a few generations ago. saurophaga, Beach kingfisher. It has oro oha hujuna oro katiga pa dark blue wings and tail, and white ruana. Huhua chiri tino tania mana head and belly. These birds are roke langana ia pa goana. usually seen along the ocean-facing Bird, unidentified: a whistling song- KEJA cliff shores of the barrier islands, and bird of the forest. It is black with Oloko kiki pu gura ta vae jemi oro they start crying at sunrise. yellow stripes on the neck and a tingitonga pa hae na rikiroko pata yellow beak, and appears and tavete nana vori pa idaka tata pa behaves like a small parrot. idere oro pa kalekavo. Bird, fam. Hirundinidae: Hirundo tahitica, Pacific Swallow. A small bird that makes firm nests of mud and

174 10 – Birds and bats

KUKUVA KURUKURU CHEA KURUKURU SOLOSO Oloko pa rarusu, huhua puku ta Meka kurukuru pu orava mahelena, Meka kilana kurukuru isu binga kurukuru. Buma tinina oro orava getegetena oro noboko tinina. ngana. ruana. Tavete nana vori pa batu Bird, fam. Columbidae: a pigeon of Bird, fam. Columbidae: alternate hae pa rarusu idere, mani ta vae the KURUKURU type but particularly name of KURUKURU ISU BINGA, meaning gone ria chacha kukuva ria pa big and fat, and with reddish legs. ‘inland pigeon’. pinausu oloko. Bird, fam. Columbidae: Ptilinopus viridis, Red-breasted fruit dove. This coastal bird of the KURUKURU family KURUKURU ISU BINGA KUTUKUTU has a blue-green colour and a red Meka kurukuru pa goana pa soloso, Oloko charava pa goana, huhua throat. It nests up in seaside trees orava via hujuna. Ta kilae gone isu meka chichiu mana chinoko via. and the nestlings are particularly easy binga ngana. Bird, fam. Sturnidae: a small, darkly to tame and keep as pets. Bird, fam. Columbidae: Red-knobbed coloured to black forest bird of the Fruit Pigeon, Ducula rubricera. This is CHICHIU (starling) family. the full, proper name of the bird usually called ISU BINGA. It lives mainly in the inland forest. LAVISO Meka vahu gete. Mammal, order Chiroptera (bats), KURUKURU MALA fam. Pteropodidae: a large fruit bat, GALU Pteropus sp. Meka kurukuru huana kurukuru chea mana kani noboko. Ko pa buruburuani, charava gone pa vinarihagonoi gete. OLOKO KURUKURU Bird, fam. Columbidae: a pigeon (1) Kilakila gete ta tongania oloko Oloko pa rarusu oro pa goana. similar to KURUKURU CHEA but not as charava. Tavete nana vori pa hae pa toba pa fat. It is often seen in Canarium nut (2) Kilakila gete ta tongania oloko katiga kolokolo, lea pa paleke groves and usually flies in big groups. charava oro tongania tingitonga Diseba oro Januari. Ta hona todi pu ko maheledi, chacharavadi katigae, nginongo leana te katiga oro paluhudi pu ko pa mati oro pa tinoni. Kurukuru ieni tingitonga idere, huhua ‘maunu’ pa jinama hope tadiria pa butubutu Maromo KURUKURU PELA Vangunu oro ‘manu’ pa jinama pa Bareke oro Vangunu, hua ria. Meka oloko pa puku tadiria ke oro tadiria pa Polynesia. Birds, fam. Columbidae: Grey Fruit kakaka mana kiki, oro huhua meka (1) ‘Bird’: general concept for all Pigeon, Ducula pistrinaria (as well as kurukuru pa kolokolo charava. flying creatures (including large and similar pigeon species, of which there Oloko pia ieni gura charava mae small bats). are reckoned to be quite a few in tadiria hokiti oloko mani legu nia (2) ‘Animal’: life form concept for all Marovo). KURUKURU are ria ia pata ngongo. mobile land creatures, specified as predominantly coastal birds that nest Bird, fam. Accipitridae: Accipiter oloko charava (‘flying’), oloko in trees in the barrier islands, novaehollandiae, Rufous-breasted mademahele (‘four-legged’), and so particularly in December and January. hawk. Although classified in Marovo forth. In this sense Marovo OLOKO Some also live in the forest. The as related to the KE and KAKAKA, it corresponds to pan-Oceanic manu KURUKURU is the custom bird of the resembles a pigeon in colour and (note that OLOKO is maunu in the Maromo tribe of Bareke and when observed in flight (hence the Vangunu language). However, this Vangunu, but some people shoot name). This is a predatory bird that very general meaning is more rarely them and consider them good food. eats meat. It attacks and kills other used than the more narrow one that birds in the air. The name translates covers birds and bats. as ‘pigeon of (lethal) sorcery’.

175 10 – Ria oloko charava

oloko chiena pu gura regocho PISALE chinaba valusa, hua ria. Oloko pa goana oro pa hae pa Bird, fam. Sulidae: Sula leucogaster, rarusu, huhua chichiu pu chinoko Brown Booby. Some say that this bird mana heva katiga pa tinina. Ta has bad spiritual associations, and hona katigae pa bokala na piu pa that it tends to spoil tuna fishing. tadiria babaere. Bird, fam. Campephagidae: Coracina papuensis, White-bellied Cuckoo- shrike. A rather small coastal forest PIPI bird, with white breast and shoulders. OMEHE Oloko kiki, huhua chige. Ko gone Somewhat similar to black CHICHIU Meka oloko gete pu gete oro hele via pa petupetuani oro pa kavo, mani (starlings). Young boys sometimes hujuna, ko pa hae pa goana oro pa tavete nana vori pa kalekavo. Hara shoot PISALE with bow and arrow. petupetuani katigae. Oloko pia ieni pipi ieni mamaele, mana pipi leo mae pa kolokolo charava puna tarabua ieni oloko machumachu, gete oro puha via ia. Hara kani ko pa hua ria. Ulusaghe pa tuari mana maena pa Birds, fam. Alcedinidae: Dwarf PITIKOLE hokiti tusu huhua pa buruburu 1900, Kingfisher (Ceyx pusillus) or Little Oloko chinoko oro heva, ko gone hua katigae. Ko va soku pa katiga Kingfisher (Ceyx pusillus) or both. pa palavanua, chebechebe ngana vasidi hua pa toa pa tusu Marovo. They live in mangroves and along nginongo tania. Pa magoru, ta Bird, fam. Bucerotidae: Aceros plicatus, rivers, and nest in riverbanks. While tavete ria pa tuari meka beku kiki Blyth’s Hornbill. This very large bird lives PIPI is onsidered to be female, the huhua pitikole mani doku pa oro mainly in lowland forest, but also in slightly larger PIPI TARABUA is pa lilihu mani chego pula ene ia mangroves. There are many in the forest considered to be the male of the magoru. around the peak of of Marovo Island. same bird. Bird, fam. Muscicapidae: Rhipidura When flying, they make a loud noise leucophrys, Willie Wagtail. A rather with their heavy wings. Some say that small black and white insect-eating these birds arrived in Marovo around bird, usually seen in and near the beginning of the 20th century. PIPI TARABUA villages. It wags its tail and body Pipi ngana mana getena, mani pipi from side to side when moving machumachu ngana, hua ria. around on the ground. Among the Bird, fam. Alcedinidae: a kingfisher stern ornaments of Western ORODO like PIPI but somewhat bigger, Solomons war canoes was a wooden Oloko pa goana, ulo pana ipu, gete considered to be the male of the image of this bird, mounted on a via matana. Kutu, kokojiolo oro same bird. flexible stick and waving its tail as the noki kiki nginongo tania. Hara canoe moved in the sea. oloko ta poda, hua ria. Birds, order Strigiformes: Owls, including the Solomons Boobok, PIRITOU Ninox jacquinoti and the larger Fearful Meka vahu chinoko, charava pa PITO Owl, Nesasio solomonensis (both of veluvelu mani ulo. Mana meka Oloko huana puku ta chichiu mana fam. Strigidae). These very special oloko chiena, heni pula ulo ia ieni getena. Ko katiga kalu heledi pa forest birds are said to have spirit huhua mulongo ba inavoso linegu, kikichuna ia oloko pia. associations. They cry at night and hua ria. Bird, fam. Accipitridae: Aviceda eat rats (KUTU), lizards (KOKOJIOLO) Mammal, order Chiroptera (bats), subcristata, Crested hawk. This bird is and small snakes (KEOJO). fam. Pteropodidae: a black fruit bat regarded as somewhat similar in that flies in the evening. Considered appearance to CHICHIU but is bigger. a bad bird and an omen of death. It It has a notable feather crest on the has a frightening cry. When its cries back of its head. PARAPARAO are heard, people say it is a sign that Oloko gete pa idere, ko gone pa someone has died in the direction lupa. Oloko pia ieni tingitonga ta from where the bat comes flying. poda, hua katigae. Hara meka

176 10 – Birds and bats

PIVIVI Bird, unidentified: a black bird be hit from the ground, with a long Oloko pa rarusu, huhua suviu, hele somewhat similar to an owl (ORODO), stick. Fruit bats are regarded as good via hujuna. but more bird-like and with a long food among Methodist and Christian Birds, fam. Scolopacidae: Tringa spp., tail. It cries ‘Tuo!’. Fellowship Church groups but are Sandpipers. They are shore birds with not eaten by Seventh-day Adventists. long, upward-curving bills and considered to be related to SUVIU. VAGOLO Oloko pa idere, pa puku ta chelekae VIU mana getena, oha hujuna oro kani Oloko kiki via, oha pa tiana. Charava PUPULU charava vachanga via. Charava lulu mae pa burongo pata ngongo Huhua vahu mana kiki via. tadiria avara makasi gete. tingitonga pa korapana. Taomi Mammal, order Chiroptera (bats): a Bird, fam. Laridae: Sterna bergii, gone karua ngana, meka pu chinoko small unidentified bat similar to VAHU Greater crested tern. A large white tern, chalivina. Hara machumacvhu oro (‘fruit bat’) but much smaller. of the CHELEKAE family but bigger, with mamaele rikaru pira. a yellow bill. It follows schools of large Bird, fam. Nectarinidae: Nectarinia tuna and flies with a slow wing beat. jugularis, Yellow-breasted Sunbird. These very small birds eat nectar from SARUMU flowers and are always seen in pairs Meka vahu gete via. (considered to be male and female), Mammal, order Chiroptera (bats), VAHU one of which has a black head. fam. Pteropodidae: a very large fruit Ria vahu iedi charava pana ipu bat, Pteropus sp. madi ngongo gone pa ure hae huana manioko. Ria laviso, piritou, oro sarumu iedi kiladi ta katiga VIVOHO hokihokiti vahu pa Marovo. Pupulu Meka kilakila gete ta soku via oloko SUVIU ieni meka tingitonga huhua vahu kiki pa goana pu roke langana. Oloko pa rarusu, huana mana kikina. Hara soku kilakila Mana inulo ta vivoho ieni talavuni chegochego mati mana kikidi. tadiria hokihokiti vahu pa tadiria pana ipu, tata pa vagasa. Birds, fam. Scolopacidae: small tinoni pa goana, huhua pa Vangunu. Birds, not identified: generic term for Sandpipers, Tringa spp. They are Icho mucha pa hae pa kolokolo rane, a large variety of small songbirds of considered to be closely related to the madi varihagoni pa kalala. the forest. They start crying as night larger CHEGOCHEGO MATI (Godwits). Nginongo leana katigae, ta vae pa draws to a close, right before dawn. tadiria tinoni pu keba pa hae ba ta hona pa bokala na piu. Mana kani ta ngo pa tadiria tinoni juapa rane. TOTOA Mammals, order Chiroptera (bats), VOKU Oloko pa tusu oro pa rarusu fam. Pteropodidae: generic term for Meka oloko pa goana pu roke gone tutupeka, ko pa goana pa rarusu pa fruit bats or “flying foxes”. In Marovo, tata pa vagavagasa. vasina pu koe keoro. Hara mucha pa they are regarded as OLOKO and Bird, fam. Pachycephalidae: kolokolo rane mani ene pana ipu. classed with birds. Several types, see Pacycephala pectoralis, Golden whistler. Bird, fam. Caprimulgidae: LAVISO, PIRITOU, SARUMU and the A forest bird that sings at night, Eurostopodus mystacalis, White- smaller PUPULU. A larger number are especially just before daylight comes. throated Nightjar. A nocturnal bird named in areas where they have been that lives in the bush on sandy islands important traditionally, such as in and in other low-lying coastal areas. Vangunu. They sleep in trees during the day, hanging from branches and VOKU SOLOSO vines or among the tangled stems Meka oloko pu roke gone pa goana and roots of banyan (KALALA) trees. pa soloso. TUO Hunters shoot them with bow and Bird, fam. Pachycephalidae: a name Oloko chinoko pike huana puku ta small arrows, or climb the trees and applied especially to VOKU orodo mana hele chikuna oror hara hit them with a stick. If they sleep (‘whistlers’) that sing in the upper meka oloko charava hokara. ‘Tuo!’ ulona. among hanging vines they may even inland and mountain forest.

177 Tokele kilakila: Jinama Marovo (mana ta likocho pa jinama tadiria scientist)

TOKELE KILAKILA: JINAMA MAROVO (MANA TA LIKOCHO PA JINAMA TADIRIA SCIENTIST) INDEX: MAROVO NAMES (AND SCIENTIFIC EQUIVALENTS)

The association of Marovo and scientific terms, particularly above the species level, does not imply full taxonomic correspondence. Cross-referenced Marovo and scientific terms may pertain to categories that, while sharing many commonalities, may also differ in significant ways. The index thus serves to identify correspondences between Marovo and scientific terms, which may in some cases be indicative rather than precise. The reader should refer to the specific entry for a fuller explanation of the relationship between terms.

bela ngavi, Beguina semiorbiculata,66 bou, Fagraea gracilipes, 104 A belama, Fregata spp., 170 bubukuru, 90 ababe, Isognomonidae, 66 belama hokara, Fregata ariel, F. minor, 170 bubuma, Scaridae, Scarus globiceps,19 ababe petu, Isognomonidae, 66 belama kilanga, Fregata ariel, 170 buburata, 104 adoso, Calamus spp.,C. stipitatus, belama kutukutu, Fregata minor, 170 bucho, Apogon spp., 19 C. hollrungii, C. vestitus, 100 belama vaguru davi, Fregata minor, 170 bue, 104 adoso hokara, 100 belele, Platax orbicularis, P. pinnatus, P. teira, buiti, Tapeinochilus sp., 104 adoso idaka, Bignoniaceae, 100 Ephippidae, 18 buki, Charonia tritonis, Cymatiidae, 66 adoso vinakiki, Calamus sp., 100 beri, Fagraea racemosa, 102 buki bebele, Cassis cornuta, 66 akaku, 100 betabeta, Scyphozoa, 18 buki machumachu, Charonia tritonis, 66 amasa, Lygodium sp., 100 bibisi, Epinephelus merra, 18 buki mamaele, Cassis cornuta, 66 ao, Centropus milo, 170 bichebichere, 102 bukulu, Corucia zebrata, 154 apuchu, Syzygium malaccense, 100 bichere, Porphyrio porphyrio, 171 bulau, Conus spp., C. leopardus, 67 apuchu niugini, Syzygium malaccense, 100 bikebike, Araceae, 102 bulochuru, Eleotridae, Gobiidae, ara, Flagellaria indica, 101 bikoho, Trochus niloticus, 66 Rhyacichthyidae, Rhyacichthys aspro, 19 ara pao, Flagellaria gigantea, 101 bilikiki, Burhinus neglectus, 171 buluku, Thalassina anomala, 84 aranga, Anas superciliosa, 170 binahere, Phalanger orientalis, 154 bululu, 84 aru, Casuarina equisetifolia, 101 bini, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus, 102 buna, Derris elliptica , D. trifoliata, 105 aru pa soloso, Casuarina papuana, 101 bini noki, Vigna unguiculata, 103 buna niugini, Derris eliptica, 105 asatita, Fungiidae, 12 binubinu, Acropora spp., 12 buna riro, Derris trifoliata, 105 asatita idaka, Faviidae, 12 binubinuani, 4 buna rokoroko, Derris spp., 105 bira, Saccharum edule, 103 buni, Calophyllum spp., 105 birake, Scaridae, 18 buni hokara, Calophyllum inophyllum, 105 B bobore, 18 buni kovo, Calophyllum neo-ebudicum, 106 babaheva, Heritiera littoralis, 101 bobosuru, Myrmecodia salomonensis, 103 buni rarusu, Calophyllum inophyllum, 106 bakovara, Actinorhytis calapparia, 102 bochaka, Arecaceae, 103 buni vijolo, Calophyllum peekelii, 106 bakupa, Caloenas nicobarica, 170 boe, Parartocarpus venenosa, 103 buraburata, 106 balasea, Orchidaceae, 102 boi, Crinum spp., 103 burongo, Euodia hortensis, balibalighutu, Caranx melampygus,18 boi manavasa, Crinum asiaticum, 103 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, 106 balubalu, Elagatis bipinnulata, 18 boi piru, Crinum pendunculatum, 103 burongo idaka, Serpulidae, banga podu, Nassarius camelus, 66 bolava, 103 Spirobranchus sp., 12 banga sasa, Ranidae, 154 bolivi, Dioscorea pentaphylla, 103 burongo sedi, 106 bao, Gulubia sp., G. macrospadix, 102 boloho, Poaceae, Bambusa sp., 104 burongo toba, Euodia hortensis, 106 barekoto, 102 bore, Cardiidae, 66 buroroho, 106 batia, Musa spp., 102 borebore, Balistidae, Sufflamen chrysopterus, 19 buruburu, 107 batu hahaena, 90 borebore, Spondylus spp., 66 buruburuani, 90 batubatu, Caranx ignobilis,18 borebore charava, Pectinidae, 66 buti, Columbidae, 171 baturua, Manta birostris, 18 borukua, Ipomoea pes-caprae, 104 batutudu, Caranx tille,18 bosi, Euodia spp., E. elleryana, 104 bebeu, 102 bote belama, Gnathanodon speciosus, 19 beibeiani te kiso, Culcita novaeguineae,67 botu, 90

178 Index: Marovo names (and scientific equivalents)

chichiu matakekeve, Aplonis cantoroides, 171 chuko mamaroko, Cypraea argus, 68 C chie, Canis lupus familiaris, Cuon alpinus, 154 chuko meapu, Cypraea mappa, 68 chabeha, 4 chige, Alcedo atthis, 171 chuko meava, Cypraea moneta, 68 chabo, Pandanus sp., 107 chigo, 90 chuko poisini, Conidae, 68 chabo popolo, Pandanus sp., 107 chihili, 109 chukuchuku, 21 chagavu, 107 chikochiko mujiki, Cheilinus undulatus, 20 chuloko, 68, 164 chagiri, 4 chiku busa, Zosteropidae, 172 churichuri, Vasum turbinellus, 69 chagumo, 67 chiku melaka, Caranx papuensis,20 chuvuchuvu kachere, Selaginella sp., 111 chaila, 107 chiku mimili, 172 chaila goana, 107 chiku ngongoto, Cholorus sordidus,20 chakato, Poaceae, Schizostachyum sp., 107 chiku reta, Hemiprocne mystacea, 172 D chake chiri, 107 chili, Capsicum frutescens, 109 daka, Cucurbitaceae, 111 chakechake pepele, 107 chinene, Gafrarium cf. tumidum, 67 dako, Pandanus sp., 111 chakepekana, 4 chipuchipu, 20 daku, Toxotes jaculatrix, 21 chakita, Semecarpus sp., 107 chipuru belama, 109 davere, Gerres oyena, chakope, Premna corymbosa, 107 chira batubatu, Scyphozoa, 21 Leiognathus equulus, 21 chalaboro, 4 chiri, Charmosyna meeki, 172 davi, Pinctada maxima, 69 chalu, Wedelia biflora, 108 chiri chaligere, Trichoglossus haematodus, 172 davidavi, Trachinotus blochii, 21 chalu pehuru, 108 choba, 109 deana moa, Diplopoda, 164 chame, Calophyllum cerasiferum, 108 chobo chiri, Timonius timon, 109 deke, Poaceae, Bambusa aff. blumeana, 112 chameholo, Xiphias gladius, 19 chobu, Macaranga tanarius, 109 dekedeke, Nastus obtusus, 112 chamuhu, Belonidae, 20 chocho, Hemiramphidae, dekere, Anous stolidus, 173 chamuhu chapa, Tylosurus acus melanotus, 20 Hemiramphus spp., Zenarchopterus dispar, 21 deo, Batissa fortis, Polymesoda spp., 69 chamuhu gatagata, 20 chochoho, Hibiscus rosasinensis, 110 deo choe, Batissa fortis, 69 chamuhu homahoma, Tylosurus crocodilus chochole langara, Katsuwonus pelamis, 21 deo davala, Batissa fortis, 69 crocodilus, 20 chochopo, 4 deo kavo, Corbiculidae, 69 chamuhu lao, 20 chochore, Dioscorea sp., 110 deo machumachu, Polymesoda expansa,69 chavi, Tridacna maxima, 67 chochoropo, 67 deo mamaele, Polymesoda erosa, 70 chavi loge, Piper sp., 108 chochoruku, 110 derevehi, Placuna cf. ephippium, 70 chebechebe, Hymenoptera, 164 chodeke, 110 deri, Diptera, 164 chebechebe chinoko, Hymenoptera, 164 chogachoga ihana, Pandion haliaetus, 172 divedive, Melina ephippium, 70 chebechebe varikina, Hymenoptera, 164 chokodele, Butorides striatus, 172 dodoa, Diptera, 164 chebere, 108 choku, 110 dola toto, Scolopsis spp., 21 chebere chigo, Rubus moluccanus, 108 choma, 110 domu, 112 chebere chigo, Hymenoptera, 164 chopiko, Ficus septicia, 110 dongo pusi, Pentapodus spp., 21 chechea, 4 chori, Sargocentron spp., 21 dovaro, Etelis spp., Aphareus furca, checheu, 108 chori minate, Numenius phaeopus, 172 Pristipomoides spp., 22 checheu idere, 108 chori orava, Sargocentron spiniferum, 21 dudu, Siganus punctatus, S. vermiculatus, 22 checheu kolova, Desmodium sp., 108 choropo, Cerithidea anticipata, 67 dumadumana, 22 checheu mucha, Mimosa pudica, 109 chote, Solecurtus sulcatus, Tellinella virgata, 67 dure, Hymenoptera, 164 checheu sise, Oxalis corniculata, 109 chou, Egretta sacra, 172 chegochego mati, Limosa spp., 171 chou chigo, Nycticorax caledonius, 172 chehana, Panulirus spp., 84 chou chinoko, Egretta sacra, 172 E chehana kogu, Panulirus ornatus, chou hapuhapu, Egretta sacra, 173 echu, Patellidae, 70 P. versicolor, 84 chou heva, Egretta sacra, 173 edeve, Metroxylon salomonense, 112 chehana lupa, Panulirus penicillatus, chou kaka, Egretta sacra, 173 eha, Nautilus pompilius, 22 P. longipes, 84 chovacha, Hornstedtia lycostoma, 110 eha mamaele, Nautilus scrobiculatus, 22 chehana pepete, Scyllaridae, 84 chovuku, Burckella obovata, 111 ehoro, Canarium spp., 113 chehoho, Monacanthidae, 20 chovuku manavasa, Burckella sp., 111 elokale, Ficus sp., 113 chehoho, Centropus milo, Cuculidae, 171 chovuku piru, Burckella obovata, 111 eo, Scarus niger, 22 cheka, Littorina scabra, 67, 164 chubeu, Tournefortia argentea, 111 erebachi, Varanus indicus, 155 cheka ngure, 67 chuchu, Moraceae, Ficus sp., 111 ero, 12, 113 chelekae, Sterna spp., S. anaethetus, 171 chuko, Cypraediae, 67 eruku, Mangifera indica, 113 chelekae gave, Sterna sumatrana, 171 chuko barabuni, Polinices spp., 67 chelekae hokara, Sterna albifrons, 171 chuko bibiho, Cypraea annulus, 67 cheucheu sisise, 109 chuko buki, Rannellidae, 68 G chichi oreke, Sarcophyton spp., 12 chuko bulau, Conus spp., 68 gae, Octopus sp., 22 chichinoko, Commersonia bartramia, 109 chuko chela, Cypraea spp., 68 gae ihana, Octopus sp., 23 chichiogo, 90 chuko kaja, Cypraea mauretania,68 gae pajara, Octopus sp., 23 chichire, Orthoptera, 164 chuko kurukuru, Cypraea spp., 68 gae rou, Octopus sp., 23 chichiru, Kyphosus cinerascens, K. vaigiensis, 20 chuko labete, Cypraea coxeni, 68 garichi, Orthoptera, 165 chichiu, Aplonis metallica, 171 chuko magoru, Ovula ovum, 68 geholo, 113

179 Tokele kilakila: Jinama Marovo (mana ta likocho pa jinama tadiria scientist)

geli, Parinari salomonensis, 113 hutu idaka, Pomacantridae, gerese, Acanthurus triostegus, 23 Pomacanthidae, 25 K ghalu mamutu, Epipremnum altissimum, 113 hutu kaka, Kleinhovia hospita, 115 kabichi, Gecarcinidae, Cardisoma sp., 85 ghalusu, Selar crumenophtalmus, 23 hutu keoro, Pomacantridae, 25 kabichi manavasa, Gecarcinidae, 85 gharumu, 84 kabichi piru, Cardisoma carnifex, 85 ghohere, Araceae, kabo roroto, 118 Cyrtosperma chamissonis, 113 I kaburu banga, Lethrinus miniatus, 27 ghohi, Sphyraenidae, 23 ibibu, Cleidion spiciflorum, 116 kaburu kude, Emoia atrocosta, Lipina ghohi chapa, Sphyraena jello, S. putnamiae, 23 idaka, 4, 13, 91 noctua, Sphenomorphus spp., 155 ghohi mati, Sphyraena barracuda, 24 idaka kalukalu, 4 kachere, Hymenoptera, 165 ghohi oha, Sphyraena jello,24 idaka to, 13 kachuele, Drymophloeus sp., 119 ghologhao, Arecaceae, 113 idere, 4 kahu, Cardisoma hirtipes, 85 ghomo, Thunnus albacares, 24 ididakaini, 5 kahu hokara, Cardisoma hirtipes, 85 ginechi, Teredo sp., 70 iga, Dioscorea bulbifera, 116 kahu machumachu, Cardisoma hirtipes, 85 goana, 90 iga manavasa, Dioscorea bulbifera, 116 kahu mamaele, Cardisoma hirtipes, 85 goana piru, 90 iga piru, Dioscorea bulbifera, 116 kaika, Turbo petholatus, 71 goliti, Gmelina moluccana, 113 ihana, 25 kaka, Cacatua ducorpsi, 173 goliti patu, 114 ihana baini, Scaridae, 25 kakabacha, Zosimus aeneus, 85 gorugoru, 4 ihana binu, 25 kakabokulu, Ficus longibracteata, 119 govara, 4 ihana chapa, 26 kakaka, Haliaetus sanfordi, 173 guridila, 114 ihana golo, Pentapodus spp., 26 kakake, Cyrtosperma chamissonis, 119 ihana hokara, 26 kakapodoko, Caretta caretta, 27 ihana kalala, Amphiprion spp., 26 kakarita, Scylla serrata,85 H ihana orava, Lutjanus sebae, 26 kalala, Moraceae, Ficus spp., 119 habichi, Alocasia macrorhiza, Araceae, 114 ihana udumu, Acanthuridae, 26 kalala bangara, Ficus sp., 119 habichi manavasa, Alocasia macrorhiza, 114 ihana umoro, 26 kalala iloro, Ficus sp., 119 habichi piru, Alocasia sp., 114 ijoko, Alpinia sp., 116 kalala johoro, Ficus sp., 119 habili, Cheilinus undulatus, 24 ijuani, Diptera, 165 kalala kuvi, Ficus sp., 119 hae, 114 iku ta chou, Synapta maculata,71 kalala labe, Ficus sp., 119 hae kirisimasi, Delonix regia, 114 ililo sangava, Selaroides leptolepsis,26 kalala napata, Ficus sp., 119 hae muchamucha, Samanea saman, 114 iloro, 116 kalala ngirisi, Ficus sp., 120 hae peropero, Cirrhipates sp., 12 in abuku, 27 kalala ragata, Ficus sp., 120 hahaka, Squilla sp., 84 ino, Fistularia spp., Aulostoma chinensis,27 kale ihana ta poda, Bothus spp., 27 hapahapa bule, Hemigymnus melapterus, 24 io, Megapodus freycinet, M. eremita, 173 kalekogu, 5 hauku, Gecarcinidae, Cardisoma sp., 84 isu, Nasinae, Naso annulatus, N. brevirostris, 27 kalelupa, 5 havihavi, Lutjanus argentimaculatus, isu binga, Columbidae, 173 kalipete, Portunus pelagicus, 86 L. fuscescens, 24 ititongo, Siganus corallinus, kalo, Orthoptera, 165 hebere, 114 S. punctatissimus, 27 kalu ke, 120 heheuku, Lutjanus adetii, 24 iukalipti, Eucalyptus deglypta, 116 kalu malivi, 120 heji, Arecaceae, 114 ivi, Inocarpus fagifer, 116 kalu moa, 120 hihiri, Ficus sp., 114 ivi ta malivi, Quassia indica, 116 kalukalu, Alectis ciliaris, 28 hilele, Solanum verbascifolium, 115 ivu, Bambusa vulgaris, 117 kameje, 86 hilibubuku, 115 ivu, Cetaceae, 27 kane, Dioscorea sp., 120 hime, Haplolobus spp., 115 ivu pu, 117 kangkong, Ipomoea aquatica, 120 hinage, Nypa fruticans, 115 kapa, Pandanus sp., 120 hinahina, 115 kapakale, 155 hirama, Lithophaga teres, 70 J kapuchu, Dillenia salomonensis, 120 hirapa, Symphorus spilurus, 24 jajala, Codiaeum variegatum, 117 kapukapu topa, 120 hirata, Piper betle, 115 jajala oha, Codiaeum variegatum, 117 kara, Eclectus roratus, 173 hivu, Acalypha wilkesiana, 115 jajala toba, 117 kara chiri, Eclectus roratus, 174 hoba, Terminalia brassii, 115 jakulu, 117 kara mahi, Eclectus roratus, 174 hobi, Diptera, 165 jalari, 117 karaka, 5 hohobulu, Hippopus hippopus, 70 jamara, Hibiscus tiliaceus, 117 karapata, Lethrinus hypselopterus, huana, 90 jemijemi, 5 L. rubrioperculatus, 28 huguru, 12 jilatongo, Laportea interrupta, L. ruderalis, 117 kariatolu, Dermochelys coriacea,28 hui, Diadema spp., 70 jipojipolo, Labridae, Anampses spp., karumehe, Stolephorus spp., hui poko, Heterocentrotus mammillatus, 70 Haliochoeres spp., Thalassoma spp., 27 Thryssa baelama, 28 huju poje, Plectorhinchus gibbosus, jipolo, Cordyline terminalis, 118 karuvera, Xanthosoma sagittifolium, 120 P. obscurum, 25 jiu, Heterospathe sp., 118 kasipora, Passiflora foetida, 121 hulumu, Tridacna crocea, 70 juapa, 118 katoa, Caryota rumphiana, humihumi, Mullidae, Mulloides spp., jukajuka, Myristica sp., Horsfieldia sp., 118 Ptychosperma sp., 121 Parupeneus spp., 25 juvi viu, Katsuwonus pelamis, 27 kavo, 5, 91

180 Index: Marovo names (and scientific equivalents)

ke, Haliastur indus, 174 kokobutongo, Lamprolepis smaragdina, 156 kurukuru chea, Columbidae, 175 keja, Hirundo tahitica, 174 kokobutongo buma, Lamprolepis kurukuru isu binga, Ducula rubricera, 175 keji, Heterospathe sp., 121 smaragdina, 156 kurukuru mala galu, Columbidae, 175 kekerakocho, Eurystomus orientalis, 174 kokoga, Calophyllum spp., 123 kurukuru pela, Accipiter kelabaruku, 28 kokojiolo, Emoia spp., Lipinia noctua, 156 novaehollandiae, 175 kemacha, 121 kokoko, Varanus indicus, 156 kurukuru soloso, Columbidae, 175 kenekene, Atactodea striata, Donax faba, 71 kokomu, Costus sp., 123 kurukurumu, Lutjanus carponotatus, 33 keojo, Ramphotyphlops sp., 156 kokonini, Hippocampus spp., 32 kurukutu, Centropyge tibicen,33 keoro, 5 kokorako, Gallus gallus, 174 kurukutu binu, Dascyllus trimaculatus, 33 kepe, Chaetodon spp., 28 kokorapana idere, 5 kuruvete, Cheilinus fasciatus, Labridae, 33 kepoki, Ceiba pentandra, 121 kokoro, Fragum fragum, kuruvete, Zingiberaceae, 124 kepukepu, Epipremnum pinnatum, Trachycardium gratiosum, 71 kusi, Felis catus, 157 Rhaphidophora spp., Scindapsus spp., 121 kokorochi, Dictyoptera, 165 kusokusolo, Cephalopods, 34 kepukepu gagao, Scindapsus altissimus, 121 kokovasa, 123 kusolo, Cephalopods, 34 kerikeri, Pangium edule, 121 kola, 123 kusolo valavalagiri, Sepia apama, 34 kerori, Hyridela cf. misoolensis, 71 kola mejara, 123 kutu, Rattus exulans, 157 kesoko, Delphinidae, Stenella longirostris, 28 kole, 123 kutukutu, Sturnidae, 175 keto, Zea mays, 122 kolioro, 174 kevo, Herklotsichtys quadrimaculatus, 29 kolo, 5 kichuru, 122 kolo piru, 5 L kidokidogha, Scaevola taccada, 122 konu, 123 laeni, Citrus aurantifolia, 124 kikiki, Anous minutus, 174 kopi, 5, 91 laghu barava, Caranx sexfasciatus,34 kikikolo, Olividae, 71 kopi korapa, 5 laghu belama, Carangoides kikikopo, 122 kopikopi, 5 gymnostethoides, 34 kikio, Ocypode ceratophtalmus, 86 korakoranga, Lethrinus variegatus, 32 laiti, Labroides dimidiatus, 34 kino, Turbo argyrostomus , T. marmoratus, 71 kore erebachi, Diospyros sp., 123 laiti ta kiso, Echeneis naucrates, 34 kiokio, Halcyon saurophaga, 174 korekore idere, 5 lakori, Ficus variegata, 125 kipa, Pomacentrus chrysurus, 29 korokoro idere, 6 lakuhu, Sphenomorphus spp., 157 kira, Charmosyna margarethae, 174 korokoroti, Lutjanus semicinctus, 32 langara, Chitonidae, Cuttelidae, kiso, Lamniformes, Rhinobatidae, 29 kororo, Acrosterigma flava, 72 Solenidae, 72 kiso boroboro, Carcharhinus albimarginatus, kotukotuani, 91 langolangono, Scaevola sp., 125 C. longimanus, 29 kualeve, Merremia spp., M. peltata, lao, 6 kiso charapae, Sphyrna lewini, S. mokarran, 29 M. tuberosa, 123 lao todo, 6 kiso keto, Carcharhinus melanopterus,29 kuava, Psidium guajava, 124 lasilasi, Scomberoides commersonianus,34 kiso langonae, Rhincodon typus,29 kubuku, Balistidae, 32 laviso, Chiroptera, Pteropodidae, kiso muchamucha, Nebrius ferrugineus, 30 kubuku, Acanthus ilicifolius, 124 Pteropus sp., 175 kiso ngongo ihana, Carcharhinus kubuku asatita, Melichtys vidua, 32 lede, Bolbometopon muricatus, 34 amblyrhynchoides,30 kubuku barubaru, Rhinecanthus aculeatus,32 ledenge, Bolbometopon muricatus, 34 kiso ngongo makasi, Carcharhinus kubuku busabusa, Balistapus undulatus, 32 lehu, Dioscorea sp., 125 falciformis,30 kubuku kolioro, Balistoides conspicillum,32 lekoleko, 125 kiso piru, 30 kubuku kororo, Rhinecanthus rectangulus, 33 lelu, 125 kiso rocheroche, Triaenodon obesus, 30 kubuku lao, Xanthichtys auromarginatus, 33 lemana, Citrus limon, 125 kiso takala, Carcharhinus amblyrhynchoides,30 kubutu, Asplenium nidus, 124 leru, Hibiscus tiliaceus, 125 kiso tangiri, Galeocerdo cuvier, 31 kuchi, Muraenidae, 33 leru hokara, Hibiscus tiliaceus, 125 kiso tape, Rhinchobatus sp., 31 kucho mago, Ceratobatrachus guentheris, 156 leru rogha, Hibiscus tiliaceus, 125 kiso viru viru, Isurus oxyrinchus, kuhu, Zingiberaceae, 124 leru varu, Hibiscus tiliaceus, 125 Carcharodon carcharias, 31 kukaere, Araneida, 165 like, Scarus chameleon, 34 kitakita, Bolbometopon muricatus, 31 kukaere lolu, Araneida, 165 lili, Liliaceae, 126 kivili, Intsia bijuga, 122 kuku, Araneida, Heteropoda sp., 165 lipa, Crenimugil crenilabus, Mugilidae, 35 koasa, Lutjanus fulviflamma, L. monostigma, kukubakuru, Mugilidae, 33 lipa soto, Liza vaigensis, 35 L. russelli, 31 kukubokulu, Atule mate, 33 lipalipata, 126 koasa havihavi, Lutjanus russelli, 31 kukuva, Columbidae, Ptilinopus viridis, 175 lipata, Scolopendra spp., 165 koba, Coenobitidae, 86 kulakula, Ranidae, 156 litalita, 126 koba mati, Coenobitidae, 86 kuli, Hydrocharitaceae, 13, 124 livo chogi, Lutjanus argentimaculatus, 35 koba ropi, Coenobitidae, 86 kuli hele, Enhalus acoroides, 13 livo naji, Scarus altipinnus,35 kobikobi, Polyscias sp., 122 kuli ngongoto, Thalassia hemprichii, 13 livo ngirisi, Lithophaga spp., 72 kodere, 122 kulikuliani, 6, livo ngirisi lao, Lithophaga obesa, 72 koe, Xylocarpus granatum, 122 kumalacha, Gekko vittatus, Gekkonidae, 156 livo ngirisi mati, Lithophaga obesa, 72 koere, Acanthurus pyroferus, Ctenochaetus kunikuni, 165 lobi, 6, 91 striatus, 32 kunolo, Caesio spp., 33 loji, Ceiba pentandra, 126 kogu, 5 kureu, 124 loko chiko, Dioscoreaceae, 126 kokoa, Theobroma cacao, 122 kurukuru, Ducula pistrinaria, 175 lokuloku, 126

181 Tokele kilakila: Jinama Marovo (mana ta likocho pa jinama tadiria scientist)

lolomo, 6, 91 mara laghu belama, Carangoides lolomo lao, 6 gymnostethoides, 40 N lolou, Pandanus sp., 126 mara matatata, Carangidae, 40 nabo, Curcuma domestica, 131 lomalomata, Hernandia spp., 126 mara memea, Carangidae, 40 naginagi, Cordia subcordata, 131 lomalomata gharima, Hernandia spp., 126 mara naomo, Carangidae, 40 nakolo, Chama iostoma, Chamidae, lomalomata hokara, Hernandia mara neba, Canarium sp., 128 Spondylidae, Spondylus squamosus, 72 nymphaeifolia, 127 mara popoana, Gnathanodon speciosus, 40 nakolo borebore, 72 luga, 127 mara popoli, Combretaceae, 128 naomo, 43 luju, Dioscorea esculenta, 127 mara tatadu, Carangidae, 41 narili, 72 lulutu bou, Hymenoptera, 166 mara tutuli, Carangidae, 41 natara, 91 lumulumutui, Lycopodium sp., 127 maraha, 6 natongo, Rhus taitensis, 131 lupa, 6 mare, Licuala lauterbachii, 128 navi edeve, Chirocentrus dorab, 43 lupo, Ficus sp., F. longibracteata, 127 maria, Canarium salomonense, 128 nele, 131 maria deva, Canarium salomonense, 128 nenese, Scorpionida, 166 maria ligiti, Canarium sp., 129 ngache, Hibiscus manihot, 131 M marogo, Lutjanus adetii, 41 nganga lavara, Diptera, 166 magiu, Lethrinus sp., Lutjanidae, 35 marogo keoro, Lutjanus adetii, 41 ngedara, Acropora spp., 13 mahemahele chie, Pocilloporidae, 13 marogo vori, Lutjanus adetii, 41 ngejala, Millepora spp., 13 mahi, Physokentia sp., 127 mata ihana, 129 ngirasa, Pemphis acidula, 131 mahu, Ipomoea batatas, 127 matakela, Scorpaenidae, Pterois volitans,41 ngirasa goana, 132 makasi, Katsuwonus pelamis, 35 matalava, Monotaxus grandoculus, 41 ngochangochara, 132 makasi gete, Katsuwonus pelamis, 36 mataloba, Myripristis spp., 41 ngochara, Cocos nucifera, 132 makasi kiki, Katsuwonus pelamis, 36 matapou, Calotomus carolinus, ngochara kererao, Cocos nucifera, 133 makasi kolo, Katsuwonus pelamis, 36 Scarus ghobban, 41 ngochara tighetighe, Cocos nucifera, 133 makasi poghoso, Katsuwonus pelamis, 36 mati, 6 ngoete, Canarium indicum, 133 makasi sigala, Katsuwonus pelamis, 36 mati keoro, 6 ngoete tigolo, Canarium indicum, 133 makoto, Balistidae, 36 mati ulu, 6 ngongo ghalusu, Caranx melampygus,43 makoto bunaghe, Pseudobalistes fuscus,36 mavara, 7 nikuniku, Ephemeroptera, 166 makoto kolioro, Balistoides conspicillum,36 mavuana, Securinega flexuosa, 129 nina, Zingiberaceae, 133 makoto lilio, Pseudobalistes flavimarginatus, 36 mea moa, Isognomum cf. isognomum, nobonobolo, 133 makoto nonoa, Balistoides viridescens,37 Malleus irregularis, 72 nokanokala, Mugilidae, 43 mala ghighiri, 127 meda, Pometia pinnata, 129 noki, Serpentes, 157 mala hire, 127 medarae, Selar crumenophtalmus, 42 noki buli, 157 mala ngari, 127 medomedo, Siganus spinus, 42 noki charava, Dendrelaphis calligaster, 158 malaghori, Symphorus nematophorus, 37 melaena, Gmelina arborea, 129 noki kopu, 158 malajiri, Cetoscarus bicolor,37 micho, Zingiberaceae, Alpinia sp., 129 noki nuvili, 43, 158 malakeoro, 6 mihu, Lethrinus nebulosus, L. olivaceus, 42 noki nugunuguru pere, Laticauda malakihi, Scaridae, Scarus dimidiatus, milamila ta vua, Syngnathidae, 42 colubrina, 43, 158 S. oviceps, 37 mimi mata, Orthoptera, 166 noki oreke, Candoia paulsoni, 158 malakihi pepea, Scarus psittacus, 37 minila, Zingiber officinale, Zingiberaceae, 129 noki picha, Salomonelaps par, 158 malakihi voko, Hipposcarus longiceps, 37 moa, Sus scrofa, 157 noki rou, Boiga irregularis, 158 malemale, 128 moa idere, Ostracion spp., 42 noki siakale, Elapidae, 158 maligharo, Scyphozoa, 37 modoe, Melanotaeniidae, 42 noki totopo, Acrochordus mamanga, Trachurus boops, 38 mokomoko, Araceae, Epipremnum spp., granulatus, 43, 158 mamavara, 6 Rhaphidophora spp., Scindapsus spp., 130 nokinoki, 166 mananuhu, Acanthurus xanthopterus, 38 moli, 130 nonogara, 133 mangara, Lethrinus miniatus, 38 moli mamisi, Citrus sinensis, 130 nou, Plotosus lineatus, Synanceia horrida, manioko, Carica papaya, 128 moturu, Carangidae, 42 S. verrucosa,44 manono, Areca spp., 128 moturu binu, Carangidae, 42 nugili, 133 mara, Carangidae, 38 moturu kove, Caranx lugubris, 43 nuko, 166 mara balibalighutu, Caranx melampygus, 38 mou, 130 nura, 91 mara batubatu, Caranx ignobilis, 38 mu, Siganus spinus, 43 nute, Morinda citrifolia, 133 mara batutudu, Caranx tille, 39 mudala, Gymnothorax spp., 43 mara cheka, Carangidae, 39 mudu, Cananga odorata, 130 mara chiku melaka, Caranx papuensis, 39 muduku, 130 O mara davidavi, Trachinotus blochii, 39 mutamuta, Amoora cucullata, 130 ocha, Pandanus sp., 134 mara hehea, Carangidae, 39 odingi, Siganus doliatus, S. lineatus, 44 mara heva, Carangidae, 39 ogara, 134 mara kalukalu, Alectis ciliaris, 39 okoko, Calamus stipitatus, 134 mara korakoranga, Carangoides olanga, Campnosperma brevipetiolata, 134 fulvoguttatus,40 oloko, 175 mara laghu barava, Caranx sexfasciatus, 40 ololoko, 166

182 Index: Marovo names (and scientific equivalents)

omehe, Aceros plicatus, 176 patu eruku, Beguina semiorbiculata,74 piu, Poaceae, 139 omo hokara, Artocarpus altilis, 134 patu ididere, Acanturus sp., A. bariene, 48 pivivi, Tringa spp., 177 omo vaka, Annona muricata, 134 patu kalukalu, 7 poana, 7 ongongava, Tonna spp., 72 patukae, 7, 91 poana korapa, 7 opiti, Spondias dulcis, 135 patukae, Porites sp., 13 poata mala, Carditidae, 74 opiti vaka, Averrhoa carambola, 135 pavasa, 91 podala, 7 oremari, Manihot esculentum, 135 pebuta, 136 pogala, Barringtonia asiatica, 139 oriji, Citrus spp., C. sinensis, 135 pedepede, Gorgonacea, 13 poghoso, Katsuwonus pelamis, 49 orodo, Ninox jacquinoti, 176 pehu, Plectorhinchus gibbosus, poke, Gnetum gnemon, 139 osanga, Lethrinidae, L. laticaudis, P. obscurum, 48 pokepoke, Dioscorea sp., 139 L. obsoletus, 44 pekapeka goliti, Orthoptera, pomolo, Citrus grandis, 139 osanga kolo, Lethrinus lentjan, 44 Tenodera sp., 166 ponoro, 139 ose, Tridacna gigas, 73 pelepele, 136 popodala, 139 ototo, Excoecaria agallocha, 135 pelo, 136 popoli, Terminalia solomonensis, 139 peno, 7 popoli goana, Terminalia pepea mola, Thalassoma spp., 48 calamansanai, 139 P pepele, Lepidoptera, 166 popoli hokara, Terminalia sp., 139 pagu, Naso lituratus, 44 pepele ipu, Lepidoptera, 166 popoli piru, Terminalia complanata, 139 pagulu, 135 peropero, Pteria penguin, 74 popu, Turbo spp.,74 pajara, Serranidae, 44 petu, 7 popu kesoko, Turbo petholatus, 75 pajara binu, Serranidae, 45 petu, Avicennia sp., Bruguiera sp., poto, Tetraodontidae, Arothron stellatus, 49 pajara bokuboku, Plectropomus laevis, 45 Rhizophora sp., 136 poto mariu, Diodon spp., 49 pajara bucho, Plesiops spp., 45 petu bakubakua, Avicennia sp., 136 potu, Uca spp., 86 pajara buma, Serranidae, 45 petu batu, 136 povu, Chanos chanos,49 pajara burebureki, Serranidae, 45 petu hobi, 136 puava, 91 pajara bureki, Epinephelus microdon, 45 petu manemaneke, 136 puava bupara, 91 pajara chinoko, Cephalopholis sp., 45 petu rogha, Rhizophora stylosa, 136 puava chinoko, 91 pajara julele, Cromileptes altivelis, 45 petu ta ngo, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, 137 puava gegha, 91 pajara kidekidele, Serranidae, 45 petu tinoni, 137 puava hokara, 91 pajara kubokubolo, Serranidae, 46 petupetuani, 7 puava kolipi, 92 pajara nou, Scorpaenodes spp., 46 picha ngira, Epibulus insidiator, 48 puava noti, 92 pajara orava, Variola louti,46 pidiki, 137 puava ruta, 92 pajara ribe, Epinephelus sp., 46 pidumi, Sphyraena flavicauda, 48 puava ruvao, 92 pajara sasaragovara, Epinephelus sp., 46 pigogo, Faunus ater, 74 puava toba, 92 pajara taisa, Cephalopholis miniata, 46 pijaka, Areca spp., A. catechu, 137 puava votu, 92 pajara tinoni, Plectropomus areolatus, 46 pijaka manavasa, Areca catechu, 137 pucha, Diplazium esculentum, 140 pajara tulae, Plectropomus laevis, 46 pijaka piru, Areca macrocalyx, 137 puchu makasi, Cymbopogon citratus, 140 pajara tulae, Plectropomus leopardus, 46 pijuli, 137 puchu roka, 140 pajara tutuli, Cephalopholis cyanostigma, 47 pika, Sphaeramia orbicularis, 48 puchupuchu, Ocimum spp., O. santum, 140 pajara veata, Epinephelus microdon, 47 pika binu, Chromis spp., Dascyllus spp., 48 puha, Halimeda opuntia, 13, 140 pakao, Parupeneus spp., Mulloides spp., 47 pike, 138 puhaka, Holothuriidae, 75 pakopako, Choerodon spp., 47 pilasi, 138 puhaka bisili, Holothuria fuscogilva, 75 pakopako, 135 pinopino, Coleoptera, Lampyridae, 167 puhaka bubuhele, Holothuriidae, 75 palakinapichi, Zanclus cornutus, pinopoto, Ficus copiosa, 138 puhaka juka, Halodeima atra, 75 Heniochus spp., 47 piongo, 7, 91 puhaka omo, Holothuriidae, 75 palakovoro, Cetoscarus bicolor, pipi, Ceyx pusillus, 176 puhaka pea, Bobadschia marmorata, 75 Scarus frenatus, 47 pipi tarabua, Alcedinidae, 176 puhaka ramoso, Holothuriidae, 75 palaoto, Palaquium sp., 135 pipilaka, Grammatorcynus bicarinatus, 48 puhaka ramoso gete, Thelenota palata, Coryphaena hippurus, 47 pipili, Lumnitzera littorea, 138 ananas, 75 paluku, Exocoetidae, 47 pipipo, Sphyraena fosteri, S. helleri, 49 puhaka ramoso kiki, Stichopus panapana, Pitar striatus, 74 pipo, Spyraena barracuda, S. jello,49 chloronotus, 75 pao, 135 piripirikocho, Diagramma pictum, pukete, 140 paparuta, Endospermum medullosum, 135 Plectorhinchus spp., 49 pukopuko, Orthoptera, 167 paragoa, Amphibians, 158 piripirikocho lao, Diagramma pictum, 49 pupulu, Chiroptera, 177 paragoa merika, Bufo marinus, 159 piripirikocho papailo, Haemulidae, 49 pusi, 140 paraparao, Sula leucogaster, 176 piripirikocho vute, Plechtorhinchus spp., 49 pusui, Delphinidae, Tursiops gilli, 50 paro, Physalia sp., Scyphozoa, 48 piritou, Chiroptera, 176 pusui talakae, Phocoenidae, 50 pasi, Hymenoptera, 166 piropiro, Alpinia sp., A. oceanica, 138 pusukata, 7 pate, Pandanus sp., 136 piropiroani, 91 patu, Acanthuridae, Acanthurus spp., 48 pisale, Coracina papuensis, 176 patu auki, Carditidae, 74 pitikole, Rhipidura leucophrys, 176 patu emema, Acanthurus sp., 48 pito, Aviceda subcristata, 176

183 Tokele kilakila: Jinama Marovo (mana ta likocho pa jinama tadiria scientist)

rodona, Cycas rumphii, 143 tabaika, Nicotiana tabacum, 144 R rogha, 92 tabaka, 92 raga choma, Sphyraenidae, 50 rogi, 143 taberaru, Acanthaster planci, 79 raga lima, Linckia laevigata, 76 roja, Saccostrea cucullata, 77 tabikale, 8 rago, Mitra spp., M. Mitra, Rhinoclavis spp., roko hike, Vigna marina, 143 tabu, Nassarius camelus, 79 R. vertagus, Terebra spp., 76 rokoroko, 143 tagala, Polyscias spp., 144 rago ligomo, Terebra crenulata, 76 rokoroko bangara, 143 tagala gete, Polyscias spp., 144 ramarama, 140 romo, 143 tagala kiki, Polyscias fruiticosa, 144 ramoramoso, 76 romo labe, 143 tagala labe, 145 ramoso, Ananas comosus, Pandanus spp., 140 ronarona, 143 tagala ngirisi, 145 ramoso hokara, Pandanus tectorius, 141 ropi, Telescopium telescopium, tagotago, Acanthurus mata, 52 ramoso vaka, Ananas comosus, 141 Terebralia palustris, 77 talise, Terminalia catappa, 145 ramui, Hyotisa hyotisa, 76 rosi, Stenochlaena laurifolia, 143 talise muge, Terminalia catappa, 145 rapa, 141 ruga, 143 talo, Araceae, Colocasia esculenta, 145 raraso bangara, 141 rumu, Dugong dugon, 51 tamata, Lycopersicon lycopersicum, 145 rarati, 141 ruri, Codakia cf. paytenorum, tangiri, Scomberomorus commerson, 52 rarusu, 7 Codakia tigerrina, 78 tangiri lao, Acanthocybium solandri, rarusu idere, 7 ruri ihana, Pholadidae, 78 Scomberomorus commerson, 53 rarusu keoro, 7 rutiasu, Platycephalidae, 51 tangiri mati, Scomberomorus rarusu lupa, 8 ruvi, Cyclotellina discus, Geloina papua, 78 commerson, 53 rarusu mati, 8 tangovo, Alstonia scholaris, 146 rarusu toba, 8 tape, Rajiformes, 53 rarusu tutupeka, 8 S tape bilanga, Dasyatidae, 53 rava, Epinephelus lanceolatus, 50 saghauru, 8 tape hidimi, Hymantura uarnak, 53 rava hokara, Epinephelus lanceolatus, 50 sangava, 8 tape kurukuru, Aetobatus narinari, 53 rava sina, Epinephelus lanceolatus, 50 sarumu, Chiroptera, Pteropus sp., 177 tape tutuli, Dasyatis kuhlii, Taeniura regocho, Pandanaceae, 141 sedi, Plumeria sp., 143 lymma, 53 rehe, Sargocentrum spp., S. rubrum, 50 sera, 8 tape vari, Pastinachus sephen, 53 reka, Euthynnus affinis, 50 sigala, Katsuwonus pelamis, 51 tarasi, Acanthurus spp., 53 rekareka, Euthynnus affinis, 50 sina, Lutjanus rivulatus, 51 tarasi emema, Acanthurus blochii, 53 rekata, Terapon jarbua, 50 sinu, Thunnus albacares, 51 tarobe, 9 rekiti, Imperata cylindrica, 141 sinu, Guillainia purpurata, 144 tatadu, Megalaspis cordyla, 54 rekocho, Asaphis violascens,76 sise, Nerita spp., N. plicata, N. undata, 78 tatadu, Chitonidae, 79 rereta, Schefflera sp., 142 sise kavo, Nerita spp., 78 tatalingi, Thunnus albacares, 54 rerevute, Varanus indicus, 159 sisise, Littorinidae, 78 tatalo, Halimeda sp., 14, 146 resiresi, Katsuwonus pelamis, 51 soghasoghara, Lethrinus olivaceus, 51 tatara, Lutjanus kasmira, L. reve, Cyathea spp., 142 sokata, Melanotaeniidae, 52 quinquelineatus, 54 revo, Caulerpa racemosa, 14, 142 soloso, 92 tatara lao, Lutjanus vitta, 54 ri, Orthoptera, 167 songe, 144 tavusu, 79 rigasa, Lambis spp., L. lambis, 76 sororoke, Fragum unedo, 78 tege, Pandanus sp., 146 rigi, Pterocarpus indicus, 142 sosoe, Monodactylus argenteus, 52 tegotego, 9 rihe, Diospyros spp., 142 suliri, Kyphosidae, 52 tekotekopo, 54 rihe chinoko, Diospyros sp., 142 suliri, 144 temara, 9, 92, rihe kokojiolo, Diospyros sp., 142 surukarovoani, 8 teri, Acanthurus guttatus, rijorijo, Saccostrea cf. commercialis, 76 susuka, 8 Paracanthurus hepatus, 54 riki, Anadara spp., 76 susuri, Nematolosa come, 52 tetegho, Siganus sp., 54 riki choe, Anadara granosa, 77 suvi, Pinctada margaritifera, 78 tevi, Pinna sp., 79 riki kimokimo, Anadara granosa, 77 suviu, Tringa spp., 177 tia madara, Scarus bleekeri, S. rivulatus, 54 riki kosovo, Anadara cf. erythraeonensis, 77 tige, Barringtonia edulis, 146 riki maghara, Arca cf. ventricosa, 77 tige piru, Barringtonia spp., 146 riki peno, Anadara granosa, 77 T tige ta malivi, Barringtonia spp., 146 riki pero ngochara, Anadara cf. ta berabera, Acanthurus lineatus, 52 tiki, Tectona grandis, 147 erythraeonensis, A. antiquata, 77 ta golagola, Hemiramphus far, 52 tikulu, Calamus aff. hollrungii, 147 riki piu, Anadara cf. erythraeonensis, ta jujulu, 92 tilo, Gymnosarda unicolor, 54 A. antiquata, 77 ta langara vangavanga, Trochus pyramis, tinavolu, Dioscorea nummularia, 147 rikiriki, Pteriidae, 77 Tectus conus, 78 tingini, 55 rikiroko, 142 ta lukutu, 8 tiro kolo, 147 rime, Araceae, 142 ta lukutu, 92 tita, Parinari glaberrima, 147 ringo, Lutjanus bohar, 51 ta okata, 8 tiva nono, 147 rinopa, 92 taba, 92 tiva tupi, 147 ririringi, Katsuwonus pelamis, 51 taba hoara, 92 toa, 93 riro, 143 taba kale, 92 toba, 9

184 Index: Marovo names (and scientific equivalents)

tobo, 147 vulu, 151 todo, 9 V vuvua, Hippocampus spp., 60 todo liliu, Aeoliscus strigatus, 55 vagolo, Sterna bergii, 177 vuvuhu, Hymenoptera, 167 togere, 93 vaha, 150 togo hike, 148 vaho, Heliconia solomonensis, 150 tohana, 9 vahu, Chiroptera, Pteropodidae, 177 tole, Strombus carnarium, 79 vala, Aprion virescens, 57 topa, Bolbometopon muricatus, 55 valiri, Acanthurus spp., A. nigroris, topa kakara, Bolbometopon muricatus, 55 A. thompsoni, 57 topa lede, Bolbometopon muricatus, 55 valiri lupa, Acanthurus sp., 57 topa ledenge, Bolbometopon muricatus, 55 valo, 150 tosi, Abudefduf sp., 55 vao, 150 tosi barabarata, Abudefduf sp., 56 vari usu, Lutjanus argentimaculus, 57 totoa, Eurostopodus mystacalis, 177 varipopolo, Manta birostris, 57 totoloso, 93 varisulu, Zebrasoma flavescens, totopilo, Periophthalmus spp., Gobiidae, Z. scopas, Z. veliferum, 57 Blenniidae, 56 vasara, Vitex cofassus, 150 tototu, Avicennia sp., 148 vava, 151 totuana, 148 veata, Epinephelus microdon, 57 tovu, Saccharum officinale, 148 veche, Scatophagus argus, 57 tugitugi, Turbo spp., T. argyrostomus, 80 vele, Chloros microrhinos, 58 tui, Dolichandrone spathacea, 148 veruveru, Tridacna squamosa,80 tukituki, Macaranga sp., 148 vevereti, Guettarda speciosa, 151 tulangini, Anguilla spp., A. marmorata, 56 via, 93 tumajeluku, Gehyra oceanica, Lepidodactylys vighusu, 58 guppyi, L. lugubris, Gekkonidae, 159 vika, Muridae, 159 tumarititi, Odonata, 167 vili, 80 tungasa, Anguilla spp., 56 viluri, 151 tungutungu poda, Haliotis spp., 80 vinetungu ta malivi, Entasda scandens, 151 tuo, 177 violo, 93 tupe, Birgus latro, Coenopitidae, 86 virogi, Delphinidae, Orcinus orca, Pseudorca turo, 93 crassidens, 58 tusa, Poaceae, 148 viruviru, Istiophorus platypterus, 58 tusu, 9 viu, Nectarinia jugularis, 177 tusu petu, 9 vivoho, 177 tusuani, 9 voa, Montipora sp., 14 tutunu, 148 voa legudi, Montipora spp., 14 tutupeka, 9 voa todi, Montipora spp., 14 tuva, Pongamia pinnata, 148 voku, Pacycephala pectoralis, 177 voku soloso, Pachycephalidae, 177 volaka, Hemiramphus spp., 58 U vonavona, 9 ububo, 56 vonu, Dermochelyidae, Cheloniidae, 58, 159 udo, Coleoptera, Oryctes rhinoceros, 167 vonu ihana, Chelonia mydas, 58 ugulu, 93 vonu pede, Eretmochelys imbricata, 59 uko, Turbo marmoratus, 80 vonu vonu, Chelonia mydas, 59 ukulu, 93 vorusu, Ceriops tagal, 151 ululo, Mulloides spp., Parupeneus spp., 56 vosevose, Nauclea orientalis, 151 umalau, Ipomoea batatas, 149 votu, 9 umari, Manihot esculentum, 149 vua, Crocodylus porosus, 59, 159 unava, Corbiculidae, 80 vua varane, Crocodylus porosus, 160 ununusu, Strombus luhuanus, 80 vudere, Lutjanus fulvus, 59 ure mola, Spathoglottis plicata, 149 vughasa, 93 ututongo, Moringua sp., 56 vuhe, Pomacanthus spp., 60 ututongo, 149 vuhe machumachu, Pomacanthus spp., uvi, Dioscorea alata, 149 P. sextriatus, 60 uvikola, Manihot esculentum, 149 vuhe mamaele, Pomacanthus spp., uvolo, 150 P. imperator, 60 uvolo hokara, 150 vuloko, 151 uvolo toba, 150 vulovulou, Emoia nigra, 160 vulu, Albula glossodonta, A. neoguinaica, 60

185 Tokele kilakila: Jinama tadiria scientist (madi ta likocho pa jinama Marovo)

TOKELE KILAKILA: JINAMA TADIRIA SCIENTIST (MADI TA LIKOCHO PA JINAMA MAROVO) INDEX: SCIENTIFIC NAMES (AND MAROVO EQUIVALENTS)

The association of Marovo and scientific terms, particularly above the species level, does not imply full taxonomic correspondence. Cross-referenced Marovo and scientific terms may pertain to categories that, while sharing many commonalities, may also differ in significant ways. The index thus serves to identify correspondences between Marovo and scientific terms, which may in some cases be indicative rather than precise. The reader should refer to the specific entry for a fuller explanation of the relationship between terms.

Alpinia oceanica, piropiro, 138 Atactodea striata, kenekene, 71 A Alstonia scholaris, tangovo, 146 Atule mate, kukubokulu, 33 Abudefduf spp., tosi, 55, tosi barabarata, 56 Amoora cucullata, mutamuta, 130 Aulostoma chinensis, ino, 27 Acalypha wilkesiana, hivu, 115 Amphibians, paragoa, 158 Averrhoa carambola, opiti vaka, 135 Acanthaster planci, taberaru, 79 Amphiprion spp., ihana kalala, 26 Aviceda subcristata, pito, 176 Acanthocybium solandri, tangiri lao, 53 Anadara spp., riki, 76 Avicennia sp., petu, petu bakubakua,136, Acanthuridae, ihana udumu, 26, patu, 48 Anadara cf. erythraeonensis, riki kosovo, tototu, 148 Acanthurus spp., patu, 48, tarasi, 53, riki pero ngochara, riki piu, 77 valiri, 57 Anadara antiquata, riki pero ngochara, Acanthurus sp., patu emema, riki piu, 77 B patu ididere, 48, valiri lupa, 57 Anadara granosa, riki choe, 77, Balistapus undulatus, kubuku busabusa, 32 Acanthurus bariene, patu ididere, 48 riki kimokimo, 77, riki peno, 77 Balistidae, borebore, 19, kubuku, 32, Acanthurus blochii, tarasi emema, 53 Anampses spp., jipojipolo, 27 makoto, 36 Acanthurus guttatus, teri, 54 Ananas comosus, ramoso, 140 Balistoides conspicillum, kubuku kolioro, Acanthurus lineatus, ta berabera, 52 ramoso vaka, 141 32, makoto kolioro, 36 Acanthurus mata, tagotago, 52 Anas superciliosa, aranga, 170 Balistoides viridescens, makoto nonoa, 37 Acanthurus nigroris, valiri, 57 Anguilla spp., tulangini, tungasa, 56 Bambusa sp., boloho, 104 Acanthurus pyroferus, koere, 32 Anguilla marmorata, tulangini, 56 Bambusa aff. blumeana, deke, 112 Acanthurus thompsoni, valiri, 57 Annona muricata, omo vaka, 134 Bambusa vulgaris, ivu, 117 Acanthurus triostegus, gerese, 23 Anous minutus, kikiki, 174 Barringtonia spp., tige piru, 146, Acanthurus xanthopterus, mananuhu, 38 Anous stolidus, dekere, 173 tige ta malivi, 146 Acanthus ilicifolius, kubuku, 124 Aphareus furca, dovaro, 22 Barringtonia asiatica, pogala, 139 Accipiter novaehollandiae, kurukuru pela, 175 Aplonis cantoroides, chichiu matakekeve, 171 Barringtonia edulis, tige, 146 Aceros plicatus, omehe, 176 Aplonis metallica, chichiu, 171 Batissa fortis, deo, deo choe, Acrochordus granulatus, noki totopo, 43, 158 Apogon spp., bucho, 19 deo davala, 69 Acropora spp., binubinu, 12, ngedara, 13 Aprion virescens, vala, 57 Beguina semiorbiculata, bela ngavi, 66, Acrosterigma flava, kororo, 72 Araceae, bikebike, 102, ghohere, 113, patu eruku, 74 Actinorhytis calapparia, bakovara, 102 habichi, 114, mokomoko, 130, rime, 142, Belonidae, chamuhu, 20 Aeoliscus strigatus, todo liliu, 55 talo, 145 Bignoniaceae, adoso idaka, 100 Aetobatus narinari, tape kurukuru, 53 Araneida, kukaere, 165, kukaere lolu, 165, Birgus latro, tupe, 86 Albula glossodonta, vulu, 60 kuku, 165 Blenniidae, totopilo, 56 Albula neoguinaica, vulu, 60 Arca cf. ventricosa, riki maghara, 77 Bobadschia marmorata, puhaka pea, 75 Alcedinidae, pipi tarabua, 176 Areca spp., manono, 128, pijaka, 137 Boigia irregularis, noki rou, 158 Alcedo atthis, chige, 171 Areca catechu, pijaka, pijaka manavasa, 137 Bolbometopon muricatus, kitakita, 31, Alectis ciliaris, kalukalu, 28, Areca macrocalyx, pijaka piru, 137 lede, ledenge, 34, topa, topa kakara, mara kalukalu, 39 Arecaceae, bochaka, 103, ghologhao, 113, topa lede, topa ledenge, 55 Alocasia sp., habichi piru, 114 heji, 114 Bothus spp., kale ihana ta poda, 27 Alocasia macrorhiza, habichi, Arothron stellatus, poto, 49 Bruguiera sp., petu, 136 habichi manavasa, 114 Artocarpus altilis, omo hokara, 134 Bruguiera gymnorhiza, petu ta ngo, 137 Alpinia sp., ijoko, 116, micho, 129, Asaphis violascens, rekocho, 76 Bufo marinus, paragoa merika, 159 piropiro, 138 Asplenium nidus, kubutu, 124 Burckella sp., chovuku manavasa, 111

186 Index: Scientific names (and Marovo equivalents)

Burckella obovata, chovuku, Cardisoma sp., hauku, 84 Colocasia esculenta, talo, 145 chovuku piru, 111 Cardisoma sp., kabichi, 85 Columbidae, buti, 171, isu binga, 173, Burhinus neglectus, bilikiki, 171 Cardisoma carnifex, kabichi piru, 85 kukuva, kurukuru chea, kurukuru mala Butorides striatus, chokodele, 172 Cardiosoma hirtipes, kahu, kahu hokara, galu, kurukuru soloso, 175 kahu machumachu, kahu mamaele, 85 Combretaceae, mara popoli, 128 Caretta caretta, kakapodoko, 27 Commersonia bartramia, chichinoko, 109 C Carica papaya, manioko, 128 Conidae, chuko poisini, 68 Cacatua ducorpsi, kaka, 173 Caryota rumphiana, katoa, 121 Conus spp., bulau, 67, chuko bulau, 68 Caesio spp., kunolo, 33 Cassis cornuta, buki bebele, Conus leopardus, bulau, 67 Calamus spp., adoso, 100 buki mamaele, 66 Coracina papuensis, pisale, 176 Calamus sp., adoso vinakiki, 100 Casuarina equisetifolia, aru, 101 Corbiculidae, deo kavo, 69, unava, 80 Calamus aff. hollrungii, tikulu, 147 Casuarina papuana, aru pa soloso, 101 Cordia subcordata, naginagi, 131 Calamus hollrungii, adoso, 100 Caulerpa racemosa, revo, 14, 142 Cordyline terminalis, jipolo, 118 Calamus stipitatus, adoso, 100, okoko, 134 Ceiba pentandra, kepoki, 121, loji, 126 Corucia zebrata, bukulu, 154 Calamus vestitus, adoso, 100 Centropus milo, ao, 170, chehoho, 171 Coryphaena hippurus, palata, 47 Caloenas nicobarica, bakupa, 170 Centropyge tibicen, kurukutu, 33 Costus sp., kokomu, 123 Calophyllum spp., buni, 105, kokoga, 123 Cephalopholis sp., pajara chinoko, 45 Crenimugil crenilabus, lipa, 35 Calophyllum cerasiferum, chame, 108 Cephalopholis cyanostigma, pajara tutuli, 47 Crinum spp., boi, 103 Calophyllum inophyllum, buni hokara, 105, Cephalopods, kusokusolo, kusolo, 34 Crinum asiaticum, boi manavasa, 103 buni rarusu, 106 Cephalopolis miniata, pajara taisa, 46 Crinum pendunculatum, boi piru, 103 Calophyllum neo-ebudicum, buni kovo, 106 Ceratobatrachus guentheris, kucho mago, 156 Crocodylus porosus, vua, 59, 159, Calophyllum peekelii, buni vijolo, 106 Ceriops tagal, vorusu, 151 vua varane, 160 Calotomus carolinus, matapou, 41 Cerithidea anticipata, choropo, 67 Cromileptes altivelis, pajara julele, 45 Campnosperma brevipetiolatum, olanga, 134 Cetaceae, ivu, 27 Ctenochaetus striatus, koere, 32 Cananga odorata, mudu, 130 Cetoscarus bicolor, malajiri, 37, palakovoro, 47 Cuculidae, chehoho, 171 Canarium spp., ehoro, 113 Ceyx pusillus, pipi, pipi tarabua, 176 Cucurbitaceae, daka, 111 Canarium sp., mara neba, 128, Chaetodon spp., kepe, 28 Culcita novaeguineae, beibeiani te kiso, 67 maria ligiti, 129 Chama iostoma, nakolo, 72 Cuon alpinus, chie, 154 Canarium indicum, ngoete, ngoete tigolo, 133 Chamidae, nakolo, 72 Curcuma domestica, nabo, 131 Canarium salomonense, maria, Chanos chanos, povu, 49 Cuttelidae, langara, 72 maria deva, 128 Charmosyna margarethae, kira, 174 Cyathea spp., reve, 142 Candoia paulsoni, noki oreke, 158 Charmosyna meeki, chiri, 172 Cycas rumphii, rodona, 143 Canis lupus familiaris, chie, 154 Charonia tritonis, buki, buki machumachu, 66 Cyclotellina discus, ruvi, 78 Capsicum frutescens, chili, 109 Cheilinus fasciatus, kuruvete, 33 Cymatiidae, buki, 66 Carangidae, mara, 38, mara cheka, Cheilinus undulatus, chikochiko mujiki, 20, Cymbopogon citratus, puchu makasi, 140 mara hehea, mara heva, 39, mara memea, habili, 24 Cypraea spp., chuko chela, mara naomo, 40, mara tatadu, Cheloniidae, vonu, 58, 159 chuko kurukuru, 68 mara tutuli, 41, moturu, moturu binu, 42 Chelonia mydas, vonu ihana, 58, Cypraea annulus, chuko bibiho, 67 Carangoides fulvoguttatus, vonu vonu, 59 Cypraea argus, chuko mamaroko, 68 mara korakoranga, 40 Chirocentrus dorab, navi edeve, 43 Cypraea coxeni, chuko labete, 68 Carangoides gymnostethoides, Chiroptera, laviso, 175, piritou, 176, Cypraea mappa, chuko meapu, 68 laghu belama, 34, mara laghu belama, 40 pupulu, sarumu, vahu, 177, langara, 72, Cypraea mauretania, chuko kaja, 68 Caranx ignobilis, mara batubatu, 38, tatadu, 79 Cypraea moneta, chuko meava, 68 batubatu, 18 Chlororus microrhinos, vele, 58 Cypraediae, chuko, 67 Caranx lugubris, moturu kove, 43 Chlororus sordidus, chiku ngongoto, 20 Cyrtosperma chamissonis, ghohere, 113, Caranx melampygus, balibalighutu, 18, mara Choerodon spp., pakopako, 47 kakake, 119 balibalighutu, 38, ngongo ghalusu, 43 Chromis spp., pika binu, 48 Caranx papuensis, chiku melaka, 20, Cirrhipates sp., hae peropero, 12 mara chiku melaka, 39 Citrus spp., oriji, 135 D Caranx sexfasciatus, laghu barava, 34, Citrus aurantifolia, laeni, 124 Dascyllus spp., pika binu, 48 mara laghu barava, 40 Citrus grandis, pomolo, 139 Dascyllus trimaculatus, kurukutu binu, 33 Caranx tille, batutudu, 18, mara batutudu, 39 Citrus limon, lemana, 125 Dasyatidae, tape bilanga, 53 Carcharhinus albimarginatus, kiso boroboro, 29 Citrus sinensis, moli mamisi, 130, oriji, 135 Dasyatis kuhlii, tape tutuli, 53 Carcharhinus amblyrhynchoides, kiso ngongo Cleidion spiciflorum, ibibu, 116 Delonix regia, hae kirisimasi, 114 ihana, kiso takala, 30 Cocos nucifera, ngochara, 132, ngochara Delphinidae, kesoko, 28, pusui, 50, Carcharhinus falciformis, kiso ngongo kererao, ngochara tighetighe, 133 virogi, 58 makasi, 30 Codakia cf. paytenorum, ruri, 78 Dendrelaphis calligaster, noki charava, 158 Carcharhinus longimanus, kiso boroboro, 29 Codakia tigerrina, ruri, 78 Dendrochirus spp., matakela, 41 Carcharhinus melanopterus, kiso keto, 29 Codiaeum variegatum, jajala, jajala oha, 117 Dermochelyidae, vonu, 58, 159 Carcharodon carcharias, kiso viruviru, 31 Coenobitidae, koba, koba mati, koba ropi, Dermochelys coriacea, kariatolu, 28 Cardiidae, bore, 66 tupe, 86 Derris spp., buna rokoroko, 105 Carditidae, patu auki, poata mala, 74 Coleoptera, pinopino, udo, 167 Derris eliptica, buna niugini, buna, 105

187 Tokele kilakila: Jinama tadiria scientist (madi ta likocho pa jinama Marovo)

Derris trifoliata, buna, 105, buna riro, 105 Euodia elleryana, bosi, 104 Gulubia sp., bao, 102 Desmodium sp., checheu kolova, 108 Euodia hortensis, burongo, Gulubia macrospadix, bao, 102 Diadema spp., hui, 70 burongo toba, 106 Gymnosarda unicolor, tilo, 54 Diagramma pictum, piripirikocho, Eurostopodus mystacalis, totoa, 177 Gymnothorax spp., mudala, 43 piripirikocho lao, 49 Eurystomus orientalis, kekerakocho, 174 Dictyoptera, kokorochi, 165 Euthynnus affinis, reka, rekareka, 50 Dillenia salomonensis, kapuchu, 120 Excoecaria agallocha, ototo, 135 H Diodon spp., poto mariu, 49 Exocoetidae, paluku, 47 Haemulidae, piripirikocho papailo, 49 Dioscorea sp., chochore, 110, kane, 120, Halcyon saurophaga, kiokio, 174 lehu, 125, pokepoke, 139 Haliaetus sanfordi, kakaka, 173 Dioscorea alata, uvi, 149 F Haliastur indus, ke, 174 Dioscorea bulbifera, iga, iga manavasa, Fagraea gracilipes, bou, 104 Halimeda sp., tatalo, 14, 146 iga piru, 116 Fagraea racemosa, beri, 102 Halimeda opuntia, puha, 13, 140 Dioscorea esculenta, luju, 127 Faunus ater, pigogo, 74 Haliochoeres spp., jipojipolo, 27 Dioscorea nummularia, tinavolu, 147 Faviidae, asatita idaka, 12 Haliotis spp., tungutungu poda, 80 Dioscorea pentaphylla, bolivi, 103 Felis catus, kusi, 157 Halodeima atra, puhaka juka, 75 Dioscoreaceae, loko chiko, 126 Ficus spp., kalala, 119 Haplolobus spp., hime, 115 Diospyros sp., kore erebachi, 123, Ficus sp., chuchu, 111, elokale, 113, Heliconia solomonensis, vaho, 150 rihe chinoko, rihe kokojiolo, rihe, 142 hihiri, 114, kalala bangara, kalala iloro, Hemigymnus melapterus, hapahapa bule, 24 Diplazium esculentum, pucha, 140 kalala johoro, kalala kuvi, kalala labe, Hemiprocne mystacea, chiku reta, 172 Diplopoda, deana moa, 164 kalala napata, 119, kalala ngirisi, Hemiramphidae, chocho, 21 Diptera, deri, dodoa, 164, hobi, kalala ragata, 120, lupo, 127 Hemiramphus spp., chocho, 21, volaka, 58 ijuani, 165, nganga lavara, 166 Ficus copiosa, pinopoto, 138 Hemiramphus far, ta golagola, 52 Dolichandrone spathacea, tui, 148 Ficus longibracteata, kakabokulu, 119 Heniochus spp., palakinapichi, 47 Donax faba, kenekene, 71 Ficus longibracteata, lupo, 127 Heritiera littoralis, babaheva, 101 Drymophloeus sp., kachuele, 119 Ficus septicia, chopiko, 110 Herklotsichtys quadrimaculatus, kevo, 29 Ducula pistrinaria, kurukuru, 175 Ficus variegata, lakori, 125 Hernandia spp., lomalomata, Ducula rubricera, kurukuru isu binga, 175 Fistularia spp., ino, 27 lomalomata gharima, 126 Dugong dugon, rumu, 51 Flagellaria gigantea, ara pao, 101 Hernandia nymphaeifolia, lomalomata Flagellaria indica, ara, 101 hokara, 127 Fragum fragum, kokoro, 71 Heterocentrotus mammillatus, hui poko, 70 E Fragum unedo, sororoke, 78 Heteropoda sp., kuku, 165 Echeneis naucrates, laiti ta kiso, 34 Fregata spp., belama, 170 Heterospathe sp., jiu, 118, keji, 121 Eclectus roratus, kara, 173, kara chiri, Fregata ariel, belama hokara, Hibiscus manihot, ngache, 131 kara mahi, 174 belama kilanga, 170 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, burongo, 106, Egretta sacra, chou, chou chinoko, 172, Fregata minor, belama hokara, belama chochoho, 110 chou hapuhapu, chou heva, chou kaka, 173 kutukutu, belama vaguru davi, 170 Hibiscus tiliaceus, jamara, 117, leru, leru Elagatis bipinnulata, balubalu, 18 Fungidae, asatita, 12 hokara, leru rogha, leru varu, 125 Elapidae, noki siakale, 158 Hippocampus spp., kokonini, 32, vuvua, 60 Emoia spp., kokojiolo, 156 Hippopus hippopus, hohobulu, 70 Emoia atrocosta, kaburu kude, 155 G Hipposcarus longiceps, malakihi voko, 37 Emoia nigra, vulovulou, 160 Gafrarium cf. tumidum, chinene, 67 Hirundo tahitica, keja, 174 Endospermum medullosum, paparuta, 135 Galeocerdo cuvier, kiso tangiri, 31 Holothuria fuscogilva, puhaka bisili, 75 Enhalus acoroides, kuli hele, 13 Gallus gallus, kokorako, 174 Holothuriidae, puhaka bubuhele, puhaka Entasda scandens, vinetungu ta malivi, 151 Gecarcinidae, hauku, 84, kabichi, kabichi omo, puhaka, puhaka ramoso, 75 Ephemeroptera, nikuniku, 166 manavasa, kahu, 85 Horsfieldia sp., jukajuka, 118 Ephippidae, belele, 18 Gehyra oceanica, tumajeluku, 159 Hornstedtia lycostoma, chovacha, 110 Epibulus insidiator, picha ngira, 48 Gekko vittatus, kumalacha, 156 Hydrocharitaceae, kuli, 13, 124 Epinephelus sp., pajara ribe, Gekkonidae, kumalacha, 156, Hymantura uarnak, tape hidimi, 53 pajara sasaragovara, 46 tumajeluku, 159 Hymenoptera, chebechebe, chebechebe Epinephelus lanceolatus, rava, rava hokara, Geloina papua, ruvi, 78 chinoko, chebechebe varikina, rava sina, 50 Gerres oyena, davere, 21 chebere chigo, dure, 164, kachere, 165, Epinephelus merra, bibisi, 18 Gmelina arborea, melaena, 129 lulutu bou, pasi, 166, vuvuhu, 167 Epinephelus microdon, pajara bureki, 45, Gmelina moluccana, goliti, 113 Hyotisa hyotisa, ramui, 76 pajara veata, 47, veata, 57 Gnathanodon speciosus, bote belama, 19 Hyridela cf. misoolensis, kerori, 71 Epipremnum spp., mokomoko, 130 Gnathanodon speciosus, mara popoana, 40 Epipremnum altissimum, ghalu mamutu, 113 Gnetum gnemon, poke, 139 Epipremnum pinnatum, kepukepu, 121 Gobiidae, bulochuru, 19, totopilo, 56 I Eretmochelys imbricata, vonu pede, 59 Gorgonacea, pedepede, 13 Imperata cylindrica, rekiti, 141 Etelis spp., dovaro, 22 Grammatorcynus bicarinatus, pipilaka, 48 Inocarpus fagifer, ivi, 116 Eucalyptus deglypta, iukalipiti, 116 Guettarda speciosa, vevereti, 151 Intsia bijuga, kivili, 122 Euodia spp., bosi, 104 Guillainia purpurata, sinu, 144 Ipomoea aquatica, kangkong, 120

188 Index: Scientific names (and Marovo equivalents)

Ipomoea batatas, mahu, 127, umalau, 149 Littorina scabra, cheka, 67, 164 Muridae, vika, 159 Ipomoea pescaprae, borukua, 104 Littorinidae, sisise, 78 Musa spp., batia, 102 Isognomonidae, ababe, ababe petu, 66 Liza vaigensis, lipa soto, 35 Myripristis spp., mataloba, 41 Isognomum cf. isognomum, mea moa, 72 Lumnitzera littorea, pipili, 138 Myristica sp., jukajuka, 118 Isoptera, chote, 67 Lutjanidae, magiu, 35 Myrmecodia salomonensis, bobosuru, 103 Istiophorus platypterus, viruviru, 58 Lutjanus adetii, heheuku, 24, marogo, Isurus oxyrinchus, kiso viruviru, 31 marogo keoro, marogo vori, 41 Lutjanus argentimaculatus, havihavi, 24, N livo chogi, 35, vari usu, 57 Nasinae, isu, 27 K Lutjanus bohar, ringo, 51 Naso annulatus, isu, 27 Katsuwonus pelamis, chochole langara, 21, Lutjanus carponotatus, kurukurumu, 33 Naso brevirostris, isu, 27 juvi viu, 27, makasi, 35, makasi gete, Lutjanus fulviflamma, koasa, 31 Naso lituratus, pagu, 44 makasi kiki, makasi kolo, makasi poghoso, Lutjanus fulvus, vudere, 59 Nassarius camelus, banga podu, 66, tabu, 79 makasi sigala, 36, poghoso, 49, resiresi, Lutjanus fuscescens, havihavi, 24 Nastus obtusus, dekedeke, 112 ririringi, sigala, 51 Lutjanus kasmira, tatara, 54 Nauclea orientalis, vosevose, 151 Kleinhovia hospita, hutu kaka, 115 Lutjanus monostigma, koasa, 31 Nautilus pompilius, eha, 22 Kyphosidae, suliri, 52 Lutjanus quinquelineatus, tatara, 54 Nautilus scrobiculatus, eha mamaele, 22 Kyphosus cinerascens, chichiru, 20 Lutjanus rivulatus, sina, 51 Nebrius ferrugineus, kiso muchamucha, 30 Kyphosus vaigiensis, chichiru, 20 Lutjanus russelli, koasa, koasa havihavi, 31 Nectarinia jugularis, viu, 177 Lutjanus sebae, ihana orava, 26 Nematolosa come, susuri, 52 Lutjanus semicinctus, korokoroti, 32 Nerita spp., sise, sise kavo, 78 L Lutjanus vitta, tatara lao, 54 Nerita plicata, sise, 78 Labridae, jipojipolo, 27, kuruvete, 33 Lycopersicon lycopersicum, tamata, 145 Nerita undata, sise, 78 Labroides dimidiatus, laiti, 34 Lygodium sp., lumulumutui, 127, Nicotiana tabacum, tabaika, 144 Lambis spp., rigasa, 76 amasa, 100 Ninox jacquinoti, orodo, 176 Lambis lambis, rigasa, 76 Numenius phaeopus, chori minate, 172 Lamniformes, kiso, 29 Nycticorax caledonius, chou chigo, 172 Lamprolepis smaragdina, kokobutongo, M Nypa fruticans, hinage, 115 kokobutongo buma, 156 Macaranga sp., tukituki, 148 Lampyridae, pinopino, 167 Macaranga tanarius, chobu, 109 Laportea interrupta, jilatongo, 117 Malleus irregularis, mea moa, 72 O Laportea ruderalis, jilatongo, 117 Mangifera indica, eruku, 113 Ocimum spp., puchupuchu, 140 Laticauda colubrina, noki nugunuguru Manihot esculentum, oremari, 135, Ocimum santum, puchupuchu, 140 pere, 43, 158 umari, uvikola, 149 Octopus sp., gae, 22, gae ihana, Leiognathus equulus, davere, 21 Manta birostris, varipopolo, 57, baturua, 18 gae pajara, gae rou, 23 Lepidodactylus lugubris, tumajeluku, 159 Megalaspis cordyla, tatadu, 54 Ocypode ceratophtalmus, kikio, 86 Lepidodactylus guppyi, tumajeluku, 159 Megapodus eremita, io, 173 Odonata, tumarititi, 167 Lepidoptera, pepele, pepele ipu, 166 Megapodus freycinet, io, 173 Olividae, kikikolo, 71 Lethrinidae, osanga, 44 Melanotaeniidae, modoe, 42, sokata, 52 Orchidaceae, balasea, 102 Lethrinus spp., osanga, 44 Melichtys vidua, kubuku asatita, 32 Orcinus orca, virogi, 58 Lethrinus sp., magiu, 35 Melina ephippium, divedive, 70 Orthoptera, chichire, 164, garichi, kalo, Lethrinus hypselopterus, karapata, 28 Merremia sp., kualeve, 123 165, mimi mata, pekapeka goliti, 166, Lethrinus laticaudis, osanga, 44 Merremia peltata, kualeve, 123 pukopuko, ri, 167 Lethrinus lentjan, osanga kolo, 44 Merremia tuberosa, kualeve, 123 Oryctes rhinoceros, udo, 167 Lethrinus miniatus, kaburu banga, 27, Metroxylon salomonense, edeve, 112 Ostracion spp., moa idere, 42 mangara, 38 Millepora spp., ngejala, 13 Ovula ovum, chuko magoru, 68 Lethrinus nebulosus, mihu, 42 Mimosa pudica, checheu mucha, 109 Oxalis corniculata, checheu sise, 109 Lethrinus obsoletus, osanga, 44 Mitra spp., rago, 76 Lethrinus olivaceus, mihu, 42, Mitra mitra, rago, 76 soghasoghara, 51 Monacanthidae, chehoho, 20 P Lethrinus rubrioperculatus, karapata, 28 Monodactylus argenteus, sosoe, 52 Pacycephala pectoralis, voku, 177 Lethrinus variegatus, korakoranga, 32 Monotaxus grandoculus, matalava, 41 Pachycephalidae, voku soloso, 177 Licuala lauterbachii, mare, 128 Montipora spp., voa legudi, voa todi, 14 Palaquium sp., palaoto, 135 Liliaceae, lili, 126 Montipora sp., voa, 14 Pandanus spp., ramoso, 140 Limosa spp., chegochego mati, 171 Moraceae, chuchu, 111, kalala, 119 Pandanus sp., chabo, chabo popolo, 107, Linckia laevigata, raga lima, 76 Morinda citrifolia, nute, 133 dako, 111, kapa, 120, lolou, 126, ocha, Lipina noctua, kaburu kude, 155, Moringua sp., ututongo, 56 134, pate, 136, regocho, 141, tege, 146 kokojiolo, 156 Mugilidae, kukubakuru, 33, lipa, 35, Pandanaceae, regocho, 141 Lithophaga spp., livo ngirisi, 72 nokanokala, 43, humihumi, 25 Pandanus tectorius, ramoso hokara, 141 Lithophaga obesa, livo ngirisi lao, Mulloides spp., humihumi, 25, pakao, 47, Pandion haliaetus, chogachoga ihana, 172 livo ngirisi mati, 72 ululo, 56 Pangium edule, kerikeri, 121 Lithophaga teres, hirama, 70 Muraenidae, kuchi, 33 Panulirus spp., chehana, 84

189 Tokele kilakila: Jinama tadiria scientist (madi ta likocho pa jinama Marovo)

Panulirus longipes, chehana lupa, 84 Pomacantridae, hutu idaka, 25, Scaevola sp., langolangono, 125 Panulirus ornatus, chehana kogu, 84 hutu keoro, 25 Scaevola taccada, kidokidogha, 122 Panulirus penicillatus, chehana lupa, 84 Pomacentrus chrysurus, kipa, 29 Scaridae, birake, 18, bubuma, 19, Panulirus versicolor, chehana kogu, 84 Pometia pinnata, meda, 129 ihana baini, 25, malakihi, 37 Paracanthurus hepatus, teri, 54 Pongamia pinnata, tuva, 148 Scarus altipinnus, livo naji, 35 Parartocarpus venenosa, boe, 103 Porites sp., patukae, 13 Scarus bleekeri, tia madara, 54 Parinari glaberrima, tita, 147 Porphyrio porphyrio, bichere, 171 Scarus chameleon, like, 34 Parinari salomonensis, geli, 113 Portunus pelagicus, kalipete, 86 Scarus dimidiatus, malakihi, 37 Parupeneus spp., humihumi, 25, Premna corymbosa, chakope, 107 Scarus frenatus, palakovoro, 47 pakao, 47, ululo, 56 Pristipomoides spp., dovaro, 22 Scarus ghobban, matapou, 41 Passiflora foetida, kasipora, 121 Pseudobalistes flavimarginatus, makoto lilio, 36 Scarus globiceps, bubuma, 19 Pastinachus sephen, tape vari, 53 Pseudobalistes fuscus, makoto bunaghe, 36 Scarus niger, eo, 22 Patellidae, echu, 70 Pseudorca crassidens, virogi, 58 Scarus oviceps, malakihi, 37 Pectinidae, borebore charava, 66 Psidium guajava, kuava, 124 Scarus psittacus, malakihi pepea, 37 Pemphis acidula, ngirasa, 131 Psophocarpus tetragonolobus, bini, 102 Scarus rivulatus, tia madara, 54 Pentapodus spp., dongo pusi, 21, Pteria penguin, peropero, 74 Scatophagus argus, veche, 57 ihana golo, 26 Pteriidae, rikiriki, 77 Schefflera sp., rereta, 142 Periophthalmus spp., totopilo, 56 Pterocarpus indicus, rigi, 142 Schizostachyum sp., chakato, 107 Phalanger orientalis, binahere, 154 Pterois volitans, matakela, 41 Scindapsus spp., kepukepu, 121, Phocoenidae, pusui talakae, 50 Pteropodidae, laviso, 175, vahu, 177 mokomoko, 130 Pholadidae, ruri ihana, 78 Pteropus sp., laviso, 175, sarumu, 177 Scindapsus altissimus, kepukepu gagao, 121 Physalia sp., paro, 48 Ptilinopus viridis, kukuva, 175 Scolopendra spp., lipata, 165 Physokentia sp., mahi, 127 Ptychosperma sp., katoa, 121 Scolopsis spp., dola toto, 21 Pinctada margaritifera, suvi, 78 Scomberoides commersonianus, lasilasi, 34 Pinctada maxima, davi, 69 Scomberomorus commerson, tangiri, 52, Pinna sp., tevi, 79 Q tangiri mati, 53 Piper sp., chavi loge, 108 Quassia indica, ivi ta malivi, 116 Scorpaenidae, matakela, 41 Piper betle, hirata, 115 Scorpaenodes spp., pajara nou, 46 Pitar striatus, panapana, 74 Scorpionida, nenese, 166 Placuna cf. ephippium, derevehi, 70 R Scylla serrata, kakarita, 85 Platax orbicularis, belele, 18 Rajiformes, tape, 53 Scyllaridae, chehana pepete, 84 Platax pinnatus, belele, 18 Ramphotyphlops sp., keojo, 156 Scyphozoa, betabeta, 18, chira Platax teira, belele, 18 Ranidae, banga sasa, 154, kulakula, 156 batubatu, 21, maligharo, 37, paro, 48 Platycephalidae, rutiasu, 51 Rannellidae, chuko buki, 68 Securinega flexuosa, mavuana, 129 Plechtorhinchus spp., piripirikocho vute, Rattus exulans, kutu, 157 Selaginella sp., chuvuchuvu kachere, 111 piripirikocho, 49 Rhaphidophora spp., kepukepu, 121, Selar crumenophtalmus, ghalusu, 23, Plectorhinchus gibbosus, huju poje, 25, mokomoko, 130 medarae, 42 pehu, 48 Rhinchobatus sp., kiso tape, 31 Selaroides leptolepsis, ililo sangava, 26 Plectorhinchus obscurum, huju poje, 25, Rhincodon typus, kiso langonae, 29 Semecarpus sp., chakita, 107 pehu, 48 Rhinecanthus aculeatus, kubuku barubaru, 32 Sepia apama, kusolo valavalagiri, 34 Plectropomus areolatus, pajara tinoni, 46 Rhinecanthus rectangulus, kubuku kororo, 33 Serpentes, noki, 157 Plectropomus laevis, pajara bokuboku, 45, Rhinobatidae, kiso, 29 Serpulidae, burongo idaka, 12 pajara tulae, 46 Rhinoclavis spp., rago, 76 Serranidae, pajara, 44, pajara binu, Plectropomus leopardus, pajara tulae, 46 Rhinoclavis vertagus, rago, 76 pajara buma, pajara burebureki, pajara Plesiops spp., pajara bucho, 45 Rhipidura leucophrys, pitikole, 176 kidekidele, 45, pajara kubokubolo, 46 Plotosus lineatus, nou, 44 Rhizophora sp., petu, 136 Siganus sp., tetegho, 54 Plumeria sp., sedi, 143 Rhizophora stylosa, petu rogha, 136 Siganus corallinus, ititongo, 27 Poaceae, boloho, 104, chakato, 107, Rhus taitensis, natongo, 131 Siganus doliatus, odingi, 44 deke, 112, piu, 139, tusa, 148 Rubus moluccanus, chebere chigo, 108 Siganus lineatus, odingi, 44 Pocilloporidae, mahemahele chie, 13 Siganus punctatissimus, ititongo, 27 Polinices spp., chuko barabuni, 67 Siganus punctatus, dudu, 22 Polymesoda spp., deo, 69 S Siganus spinus, medomedo, 42, mu, 43 Polymesoda erosa, deo mamaele, 70 Saccharum edule, bira, 103 Siganus vermiculatus, dudu, 22 Polymesoda expansa, deo machumachu, 69 Saccharum officinale, tovu, 148 Solanum verbascifolium, hilele, 115 Polyscias spp., tagala, tagala gete, 144 Saccostrea cf. commercialis, rijorijo, 76 Solecurtus sulcatus, chote, 67 Polyscias sp., kobikobi, 122 Saccostrea cucullata, roja, 77 Solenidae, langara, 72 Polyscias fruiticosa, tagala kiki, 144 Salomonelaps par, noki picha, 158 Spathoglottis plicata, ure mola, 149 Pomacanthidae, hutu idaka, 25 Samanea saman, hae muchamucha, 114 Sphaeramia orbicularis, pika, 48 Pomacanthus spp., vuhe, vuhe mamaele, Sarcophyton spp., chichi oreke, 12 Sphenomorphus spp., kaburu kude, 155, vuhe machumachu, 60 Sargocentron spp., chori, 21, rehe, 50 lakuhu, 157 Pomacanthus imperator, vuhe mamaele, 60 Sargocentron spiniferum, chori orava, 21 Sphyraena barracuda, ghohi mati, 24 Pomacanthus sextriatus, vuhe machumachu, 60 Sargocentron rubrum, rehe, 50 Sphyraena flavicauda, pidumi, 48

190 Index: Scientific names (and Marovo equivalents)

Sphyraena fosteri, pipipo, 49 Thalassoma spp., jipojipolo, 27, Sphyraena helleri, pipipo, 49 pepea mola, 48 Z Sphyraena jello, ghohi chapa, 23, ghohi Thelenota ananas, puhaka ramoso gete, 75 Zanclus cornutus, palakinapichi, 47 oha, 24, pipo, 49 Theobroma cacao, kokoa, 122 Zea mays, keto, 122 Sphyraena putnamiae, ghohi chapa, 23 Thryssa baelama, karumehe, 28 Zebrasoma flavescens, varisulu, 57 Sphyraenidae, ghohi, 23, raga choma, 50 Thunnus albacares, ghomo, 24, sinu, 51, Zebrasoma scopas, varisulu, 57 Sphyrna lewini, kiso charapae, 29 tatalingi, 54 Zebrasoma veliferum, varisulu, 57 Sphyrna mokarran, kiso charapae, 29 Timonius timon, chobo chiri, 109 Zenarchopterus dispar, chocho, 21 Spirobranchus sp., burongo idaka, 12 Tonna spp., ongongava, 72 Zingiber officinale, minila, 129 Spondias dulcis, opiti, 135 Tournefortia argentea, chubeu, 111 Zingiberaceae, kuhu, kuruvete, 124, Spondylidae, nakolo, 72 Toxotes jaculatrix, daku, 21 micho, minila, 129, nina, 133 Spondylus spp., borebore, 66 Trachinotus blochi, davidavi, 21, Zosimus aeneus, kakabacha, 85 Spondylus squamosus, nakolo, 72 mara davidavi, 39 Zosteropidae, chiku busa, 172 Spyraena barracuda, pipo, 49 Trachurus boops, mamanga, 38 Squilla sp., hahaka, 84 Trachycardium gratiosum, kokoro, 72 Stenella longirostris, kesoko, 28 Triaenodon obesus, kiso rocheroche, 30 Stenochlaena laurifolia, rosi, 143 Trichoglossus haematodus, chiri Sterna spp., chelekae, 171 chaligere, 172 Sterna albifrons, chelekae hokara, 171 Tridacna crocea, hulumu, 70 Sterna anaethetus, chelekae, 171 Tridacna gigas, ose, 73 Sterna bergii, vagolo, 177 Tridacna maxima, chavi, 67 Sterna sumatrana, chelekae gave, 171 Tridacna squamosa, veruveru, 80 Stichopus chloronotus, puhaka ramoso kiki, 75 Tringa spp., pivivi, suviu, 177 Stolephorus spp., karumehe, 28 Trochus niloticus, bikoho, 66 Strombus carnarium, tole, 79 Trochus pyramis, ta langara vangavanga, 78 Strombus luhuanus, ununusu, 80 Turbo spp., popu, 74, tugitugi, 80 Sturnidae, kutukutu, 175 Turbo argyrostomus, kino, 71, tugitugi, 80 Sufflamen chrysopterus, borebore, 19 Turbo marmoratus, kino, 71, uko, 80 Sula leucogaster, paraparao, 176 Turbo petholatus, kaika, 71, popu kesoko, 75 Sus scrofa, moa, 157 Tursiops gilli, pusui, 50 Symphorus nematophorus, malaghori, 37 Tylosurus acus melanotus, chamuhu chapa, 20 Symphorus spilurus, hirapa, 24 Tylosurus crocodilus crocodilus, chamuhu Synanceia horrida, nou, 44 homahoma, 20 Synanceia verrucosa, nou, 44 Synapta maculata, iku ta chou, 71 Syngnathidae, milamila ta vua, 42 U Syzygium malaccense, apuchu, 100, apuchu Uca spp., potu, 86 niugini, 100 V T Varanus indicus, erebachi, 155, Taeniura lymma, tape tutuli, 53 kokoko, 156, rerevute, 159 Tapeinochilus sp., buiti, 104 Variola louti, pajara orava, 46 Tectona grandis, tiki, 147 Vasum turbinellus, churichuri, 69 Tectus conus, ta langara vangavanga, 78 Vigna marina, roko hike, 143 Telescopium telescopium, ropi, 77 Vigna unguiculata, bini noki, 103 Tellinella virgata, chote, 67 Vitex cofassus, vasara, 150 Tenodera sp., pekapeka goliti, 166 Terapon jarbua, rekata, 50 Terebra spp., rago, 76 W Terebra crenulata, rago ligomo, 76 Wedelia biflora, chalu, 108 Terebralia palustris, ropi, 77 Teredo sp., ginechi, 70 Terminalia sp., popoli hokara, 139 X Terminalia brassii, hoba, 115 Xanthichtys auromarginatus, kubuku lao, 33 Terminalia calamansanai, popoli goana, 139 Xanthosoma sagittifolium, karuvera, 120 Terminalia catappa, talise, talise muge, 145 Xiphias gladius, chameholo, 19 Terminalia complanata, popoli piru, 139 Xylocarpus granatum, koe, 122 Terminalia solomonensis, popoli, 139 Tetraodontidae, poto, 49 Thalassia hemprichii, kuli ngongoto, 13 Thalassina anomala, buluku, 84

191 Ria tasedi ria kasiatona pa pinato Hoava (dae pa pinato Marovo)

RIA TASEDI RIA KASIATONA PA PINATO HOAVA (DAE PA PINATO MAROVO) HOAVA-TO-MAROVO NAME LIST

belama paku davi / belama vaguru davi, 170 buraburata / buraburata, 106 A berabera / ta berabera, 52 buri / ronarona, 143 ababe petu / ababe, 66 beti / ivu, 117 burono / burongo, 106 ale kinio / mokomoko, 130 bikebike / bikebike, 102 buruburu / tungutungu poda, 80 amasa / amasa, 100 bikoho / bikoho, 66 buruburu / (huana kahu pa idere) ano / nabo, 131 bilikiki / bilikiki, 171 buti / kokomu, 123 ara / ara, 101 bini / bini, 102 butibuti / (oloko charava) ari vose / noki nuvili, 43, 158 binu / binubinu, 12 aru / aru pa soloso, 101 binubinuana / binubinuani, 4 arumui / ramui, 141 biralave / (meka hae) D asasana tita / asatita idaka, 12 biribiri / ototo, 135 dakala / daka, 111 atata / kakaka, 173 bisebisere / bichebichere, 102 davere / davere, 21 avasa karikone / malakeoro, 6 bisere / bichere, 171 davi / davi, 69 bobo / kuhu, 124 davidavi / davidavi, 21 bobobo / (meka rokoroko) davidavi / kalukalu, 28 B bobosuru / bobosuru, 103 dekedeke / dekedeke, 112 babagea / babaheva, 101 boe / boe, 103 dekere / dekere, 173 bae / temara, 9, 92 boi / boi, 103 deo / deo, 69 bagulu / hirata, 115 boi huala / boi piru, 103 deo heleana / deo kavo, 69 baheko / (omo) boi manovisi / boi mana vasa, 103 deo mamakariva / deo machumachu, 69 bakovara / bakovara, 102 boko / moa, 157 deo mamaqota / deo mamaele, 70 bakupa / bakupa, 170 bolava / bolava, 103 deo Soe / deo Choe, 69 balibaligutu / balibalighutu, 18 bolivi / bolivi, 103 didive / divedive, 70 balosuru / bulochuru, 19 boloho / boloho, 104 dola toto / dola toto, 21 balubalu / balubalu, 18 bomanue / (meka hae kiki) dovala / tosi, 55 bana / chuko, 67 borebore / borebore, 66 duduli / checheu, 108 bana bigobigo / chuko bibiho, 67 borebore tapuru / borebore charava, 66 duduli kavukavuru / rekiti, 141 bana buki / chuki buki, 67 borebore / (meka ihana huhua kubuku) duduli vaka / checheu sise, 109 bana bulao / chuko bulau, 68 bosi / bosi, 104 dudure / chebechebe, 164 bana kaza / chuko kaja, 68 bote / bucho, 19 duduru / orodo, 176 bana mamaqale / chuko mamaroko, 68 bote belama / bote belama, 19 duleke / kureu, 124 bana maqoru / chuko magoru, 68 bou / bou, 104 dure / dure, 164 bana meapu / chuko meapu, 68 bubula / (meka hae) duvi / lakori, 125 bana meava / chuko meava, 68 bubuma / bubuma, 19 bana podu / tabu, 79 buburata / buburata, 104 bana poizini / chuko poisini, 68 bubuseuru / bobosuru, 103 E bana selana / chuko chela, 68 bubutongo / noki nuvili, 158 edeve / edeve, 112 baruku / kurukuru, 175 bue / bue, 104 egoro / ehoro, 113 basugeve / tangovo, 146 buiti / kokomu, 123 eha / eha, 22 batu sagaru / chochopo, 4 buki / buki, 66 eha mamaqota / eha mamaele, 22 batubatu / batubatu, 18 buki bebele / buki bebele, 66 elokale / elokale, 113 batubatu baligutu / ngongo ghalusu, 43 buki magara / (meka buki) ema / adoso hokara, 100 batubatu / batubatu, 18 buki mamakariva / buki machumachu, 66 ema vinakiki / adoso vinakiki, 100 baturua / baturua, 18 buki mamaqota / buki mamaele, 66 eo / io, 173 batutudu / batutudu, 18 buki suloko / (meka buki) esu / echu, 70 bea / kameje, 86 bukulu / bukulu, 154 bebea / chubeu, 111 bulagarao / vosevose, 151 bebele / belele, 18 bulao / bulau, 67 G bebeu / bebeu, 102 buna / buna, 105 galu / kepukepu, 121 beke / katoa, 121 buni / buni, 105 galu pisu / kepukepu, 121 belama / belama, 170 buni mehaka / buni rarusu, 106 ganusu / ghalusu, 23 belama kilana / belama kilanga, 170 buni soloso / buni vijolo, 106 garivu / kurukuru pela, 175

192 Hoava-to-Marovo name list

gavehe / (meka hae) hikohiko muziki / chikochiko mujiki, 20 kalu te ruruhu / kalu malivi, 120 geromo / (paragoa gete) hilele / hilele, 115 kanana / bao, 102 goba / hoba, 115 hilibubuku / hilibubuku, 115 kane / uvi, 149 gohere / ghohere, 113 hiliniri / ocha, 134 kapakapa saeri / nenese, 166 gohi / ghohi, 23 hime / hime, 115 kapeo / (hae huhua goliti) gohi meava / ghohi chapa, 23 hipuhipu / chipuchipu, 20 kapikala / apuchu, 100 gohi nani lipa / ghohi mati, 24 hipuru belama / chipuru belama, 109 kapikala te ruruhu / (apuchu gete) gologao / tikulu, 147, ghologhao, 113 hipuru binu / (meka hae pa toba) kapuhu / kapuchu, 120 gomihi / deri, 164 hiraguhe / (huhua hilibubuku) kapukapu topa / kapukapu topa, 120 gomo / ghomo, 24 hirapa / hirapa, 24 kaqili / goliti, 113 guhe / vuhe, 60 hobu eba / (meka hae) kara / kara, 173 gulogulou / vulovulou, 160 hobu / tukituki, 148, chobu, 109 kara huke / kara mahi, 174 gulumu / hulumu, 70 hohobulu / hohobulu, 70 kara siri / kara chiri, 174 gumugumi / humihumi, 25 holapana / sangava, 8 karamea / (hae) gutu magara / hutu idaka, 25 homahoma / chamuhu, 20 karapata / karapata, 28 gutugutu / hutu kaka, 115 homahoma kolo / chamuhu lao, 20 karasa / (adoso huhua uvi) homahoma petu / chamuhu chapa, 20 karea / katoa, 121 homahomana / hinahina, 115 karikapidolo / (hae huhua kureu) H hori / chori, 21 karikone / keoro, 5 habili / habili, 24 hori zinara / chori orava, 21 kasipora / kasipora, 121 hahaka / hahaka, 84 hova / choma, 110, choba, 109 katukatu / kevo, 29 haharekete / (meka rokoroko) hovuku / chovuku, 111 kave / kukaere, 165 haho / kerikeri, 121 huhu / (hae) ke / ke, 174 haila / chaila, 107 hula / chopiko, 110 kebehe / (hae gete) hakato / chakato, 107 hupahupa / todo, 9 kekipi manovisi / iga manavasa, 116 hakato patu / (meka hae ivu) huri / chige, 171 kekipi huala / iga piru, 116 hakepekana / chakepekana, 4 kelabaruku / kelabaruku, 28 hakita / chakita, 107 kenekene / kenekene, 71 hala vuha / chagavu, 107 I kerori / kerori, 71 halagire / kapa, 120 ibibu / ibibu, 116 keto / keto, 122 hame / chame, 108 igana / ihana, 25 keza / keja, 174 hapahapa bule / hapahapa bule, 24 igana heleana / modoe, 42 kida kale / havihavi, 24 hapuhapu sege / kubuku, 32 igana te maqo / kale ihana ta poda, 27 kidokidoga / kidokidogha, 122 haqihaqiriana / chabeha, 4 igana zinara / ihana orava, 26 kidukidu / kukubakuru, 33 haqiri / chechea, 4 ime / revo, 14, 142 kikikolo / kikikolo, 71 haqiri / chagiri, 4 imimusu / dodoa, 164 kikikopo / kikikopo, 122 haqumo / chagumo, 67 inabuku / inabuku, 27 kikilapa / balasea, 102 hauku / kabichi, 85 irinerine / (oloko charava) kikio / kikio, 86 hauku huala / kabichi piru, 85 isu / isu, 27 kikio / kiokio, 174 hauku manovisi / hauku, 84, isu bina / isu binga, 173 kinekine / (oloko charava) hauku manovisi / kabichi manavasa, 85 ivili / kivili, 122 kinio / (oloko charava) havihavi / koasa havihavi, 31 ivu / ivu, 27 kinu / tige, 146 havoro magara / burongo idaka, 12 izoko / ijoko, 116 kinu te ruruhu / tige ta malivi, 146 hebere / buroroho, 106 kipa / kipa, 29 hebere bioka / chebere, 108 kiso / kiso, 29 hebihebi / (adoso pa chigo) K kiso boro / kiso boroboro, 29 heheuku / heheuku, 24 kabo roroto / kabo roroto, 118 kiso kolo / kiso piru, 30 heji / keji, 121 kabosi / (meka hae gete) kiso lanonae / kiso langonae, 29 heleana / kavo, 5 kaburu bana / kaburu banga, 27 kiso matimati / kiso keto, 29 helekae / chelekae, 171 kaha kuma / korekore idere, 5 kiso nani makasi / kiso ngongo makasi, 30 henahena igana / chogachoga ihana, 172 kaha regu / kore erebachi, 123 kiso nani igana / kiso ngongo ihana, 30 henahena / (meka hae) kakabasa / kakabacha, 85 kiso putaputa / kiso mucha mucha, 30 heta / pijaka, 137 kakabokulu / kakabokulu, 119, lupo, 127 kiso takala / kiso takala, 30 heta huala / pijaka piru, 137 kakele koqu / kalekogu, 5 kiso taniri / kiso tangiri, 31 heta kati / pijaka piru, 137 kakele vuragarena / kalelupa, 5 kiso tape / kiso tape, 31 heta manovisi / pijaka manavasa, 137 kakia / kaka, 173 kiso toropae / kiso charapae, 29 heuku / beri, 102, choku, 110 kalekovi / kokojiolo, 156 kiso viruviru / kiso viruviru, 31 heuku hibaka / (meka hae) kalipete / kalipete, 86 kitakita / kitakita, 31 hezi maqo / heji, 114 kalipete hubana / (kalipete), 86 kituru / chote, 67 hikama / chehana, 84 kalo / kalo, 165 kive / kokobutongo, 156 hikama igana / chehana kogu, 84 kalu boko / kalu moa, 120 koba / koba, 86 hikama magara / chehana lupa, 84 kalu ke / kalu ke, 120 kobikobi / kobikobi, 122

193 Ria tasedi ria kasiatona pa pinato Hoava (dae pa pinato Marovo)

kobili / pajara ribe, 46 laze / chodeke, 110 mara hobu / mara hehea, 39 kobuna / koasa, 31 leboleboto / navi edeve, 43 mara kurukurumu / mara korakoranga, 40 kodere / kodere, 122 lehu / lehu, 125 mara neba / mara neba, 128 kodi / opiti, 135 lekoleko / lekoleko, 125 mara popoana / mara popoana, 40 kodi vaka / opiti vaka, 135 leru / leru, 125 mara tata / mara matatata, 40 koe / koe, 122 leru sabo / leru varu, 125 maraha / maraha, 6 koere / koere, 32 lili / lili, 126 mare / mare, 128 koero / kureu, 124 lipa / lipa, 35 matalava / matalava, 41 kohale / vonu, 58 lipa sigoto / lipa soto, 35 matamata igana / mata ihana, 129 kohale igana / vonu ihana, 58 livo soqi / livo chogi, 35 mati karikone / mati keoro, 6 kohale kapa / vonu pede, 59 lobaloba / mataloba, 41 mati kuri / gorugoru, 4 kohale kolo / vonu vonu, 59 lodui / lao, 6 matimati / mati, 6 kohukohu / (checheu) lodui hupahupa / lao todo, 6 mavuana / mavuana, 129 kokeqolo / kola mejara, 123 lokita / batia, 102 mazumazuka / jukajuka, 118 kokoa / kokoa, 122 lokuloku / lokuloku, 126 medarae / medarae, 42 kokonini / kokonini, 32 lolomo / lolomo, 6 medomedo / medomedo, 42 kokoqa / kokoga, 123 lolomo holapana / tohana, 9 mehaka / karaka, 5 kole / kole, 123 lolomo lodui / lolomo lao, 6 miho / chochopo, 4 kolekole / sokata, 52 lomalomata / lomalomata, 126 mihu / mihu, 42 kolo / kolo, 5 lopo / paragoa, 158 mimihi / (huhua boloho) kolo huala / kolo piru, 5 lozi / loji, 126, kepoki, 121 mimio / micho, 129 konu / konu, 123 lopuhu / tinavolu, 147 mimo / pinopoto, 138 kopala / kokovasa, 123 luhuluhu / nobonobolo, 133 minaka / talo, 145 kopi / kopi, 5, poana, 7 lulua / mutamuta, 130 minimini / sise kavo, 78 kopikopi / kopikopi, 5 lumulumutu / lumulumutui, 127 mo / kualeve, 123 koqu / lobi, 6 luqa / luga, 127 modi / (rokoroko tagala) kore erebasi / kore erebachi, 123 luviluvi / (meka hae) molamola / ure mola, 149 kororo / kubuku kororo, 33 luzu / luju, 127 mosana / hihiri, 114 kuava / kuava, 124 moturu / moturu, 42 kubibili / lakori, 125 moturu binu / moturu binu, 42 kuku / kuku, 165 M moturu kove / moturu kove, 43 kuli / kuli, 13, 124 maelu / vaho, 150 mou / mou, 130 kuli gele / kuli hele, 13 magara / idaka, 4, 13, 91 mudala / mudala, 43 kuli nonoto / kuli ngongoto, 13 magara to / idaka to, 13 mudala kusi / kuchi, 33 kulikuliana / kulikuliani, 6 maguge / rime, 142 mudu / mudu, 130 kuluma / kubuku, 32 mahi / mahi, 127 muduku / muduku, 130 kulumudu / ghalu mamutu, 113 mahu / umalau, 149 mura / tovu, 148 kuma / idere, 4 makasi / makasi, 35 kunihi / kemacha, 121 makasi kisi / makasi kiki, 36 kura nohu / derevehi, 70 makasi lavata / makasi gete, 36 N kurakurama / (meka hae kiki) makasi pogoso / makasi poghoso, 36 nabinabisi / popoli goana, 139 kurana / (rokoroko) makasi siqala / makasi sigala, 36 nabisi huala / popoli piru, 139 kureqa / jilatongo, 117 makoto / makoto, 36 nadele / tabikale, 8 kuri ase / lipalipata, 126 makoto lio / makoto lilio, 36 nakolo / nakolo, 72 kuruvete / kuruvete, 124 makoto noa / makoto nonoa, 37 naomo / naomo, 43 kusi / kusi, 157 malagire / (kurukuru manavasa) naqinaqi / naginagi, 131 kusui / pusui, 50 malakihi / malakihi, 37 nari / ngoete, 133 kutu / kutu, 157 malaqo / pelo, 136 naru / aru, 101 kutu naho / (meka checheu hina) malasigomo / (meka checheu) natono / natongo, 131 kutu vaka / vika, 159 malazirana / (meka adoso) neba / maria, 128 kuzoro / pigogo, 74 malemaleqo siki / mahemahele chie, 13 nedara / voa, 14 mamagarana / ididakaini, 5 nekete / nele, 131 mamana / mamanga, 38 nikuniku / nikuniku, 166 L mamisi / minila, 129 nirasa / ngirasa, 131 laeni / lemana, 125 mananuhu / mananuhu, 38 niva / hinage, 115 laga viu / akaku, 100 manioko / manioko, 128 nohara / ngochara, 132 lagu barava / laghu barava, 34 manono / manono, 128 nokanokala / nokanokala, 43 lagu belama / laghu belama, 34 manue / binahere, 154 noki / noki, 157 laiti / laiti, 34 maqiu / havihavi, 24 noki buli / noki buli, 157 laiti ta kiso / laiti ta kiso, 34 maqomaqo / chaviloge, 108 noki gavagavae / noki charava, 158 lasilasi / lasilasi, 34 mara / mara, 38 noki kalekaleqe / noki oreke, 158 laza keana / ngejala, 13 mara davere / kalukalu, 28 noki kuma / noki nugunuguru pere, 43

194 Hoava-to-Marovo name list

noki pipiha / noki picha, 158 penekala / peno, 7 noki ro / noki rou, 158 penepenekala / peno, 7 Q noki totopo / noki totopo, 43, 158 pepele / pepele, 166 qato peropero / hae pero pero, 12 nonoqara / nonogara, 133 peqopeqo / chavi, 67 qato kirisimasi / hae kirisimasi, 114 nonore / pipi, 176 peropero / peropero, 74 qato putaputa / hae muchamucha, 114 nosanosara / ngochangochara, 132 petu / petu, 7 qato / hae, 114 novu / nou , 44 petu / petu, 136 qato popodala / popodala, 139 noza hupa / puchupuchu, 140 petu halu / petu, 136 qeholo / geholo, 113 nozo hupa / puchupuchu, 140 petukele / chichinoko, 109 qero / chabo, 107 nuqili / nugili, 133 petupetuana / petupetuani, 7 qero popolo / chabo popolo, 107 nuqili / moli, 130 pida / (meka adoso) qipe / pekapeka goliti, 166 nute / nute, 133 pidiki / pidiki, 137 quridila / guridila, 114 pike / pike, 138 pilasi / pilasi, 138 O pilisiu / chiku reta, 172 R okoko / okoko, 134 pine / nina, 133 raeve / reve, 142 omehe / omehe, 176 pipi kaleqe / chichi oreke, 12 raga soma / raga choma, 50 one / geli, 113 pipili / pipili, 138 ramarama / ramarama, 140 opopo pabara / (chelekae chinoko) pipo / pipo, 49 ramoso / ramoso, 140 orenisi / oriji, 135 piropiro / piropiro, 138 ramoso hokara / ramoso hokara, 141 orohahaka / vinetungu ta malivi, 151 pisale / pisale, 176 ramoso kiso / (hae ramoso) oromari / oremari, 135 pitikole / pitikole, 176 ramoso vaka / ramoso vaka, 141 ororovo / (adoso) pito / (oloko charava) rapa / rapa, 141 osa / ocha, 134 piu / piu, 139 raqo / rago, 76 osana / osanga, 44 pivivi / pivivi, 177 raqo liqomo / rago ligomo, 76 ose / ose, 73 pizuli / pijuli, 137 raqota / meda, 129 ovovana / ongongava, 72 poana / kogu, 5 raraga magara / adoso idaka, 100 ovuku / piongo, 7 poata Mala / poata Mala, 74 raraga tubala / (meka adoso pa idaka) ovulu karovoana / surukarovoani, 8 podapodalana / podala, 7 raraga / adoso, 100 pogoso / poghoso, 49 raraga popodala / kasipora, 121 pogu / povu, 49 raraki / lipata, 165 P pokapokata / (meka adoso) raraso banara / raraso bangara, 141 pae puga / ivu pu, 117 poke / poke, 139 rarusu / rarusu, 7 pajara gutu magara / bibisi, 18 pokepoke / pokepoke, 139 rarusu kuma / rarusu idere, 8 pakopako (igana) / pakopako, 47 pokopoko / olanga, 134 rava / rava, 50 pakopako (qato) / pakopako, 135 pole hiko / loko chiko, 126 rava pazara / rava hokara, 50 palata / palata, 47 popodala / popodala, 139, kasipora, 121 rava sina / rava sina, 50 paloko / ngache, 131 popu kesoko / kaika, 71 rego / (meka adoso) paluku / paluku, 47 popu / popu, 74 regu / erebachi, 155 pamolo / pomolo, 139 poqala / pogala, 139 reka / reka, 50 pana / panapana, 74 poroporo / lolou, 126 rekata / rekata, 50 pana / (pana) poso / puha, 13, 140 rekiti / rekiti, 141 pao / pao, 135 poto / poto, 49 rekoso / rekocho, 76 paparuta / paparuta, 135 poto bokese / moa idere, 42 reqoso / regocho, 141 paraka / (meka hae) potolo / (adoso urure) reregute / rerevute, 159 paraparao / paraparao, 176 potu / potu, 86 reresi / resiresi, 51 paraparavae / rarusu mati, 8 puja / (meka hae) rereta / rereta, 142 pasi / pasi, 166 puku igana / ihana umoro, 26 rige / rihe, 142 pata / (hae) puku igana / ihana hokara, 26 rihu / kahu, 85 pate / pate, 136 pusa / pucha, 140 rihurihu / (meka hae) patu eruku / patu eruku, 74 pusi / pusi, 140 riki gori nohara / riki pero ngochara, 77 patukae / patukae, 13 pusu piji / puchu roka, 140 riki kukua / riki kimokimo, riki peno, 77 pazara / pajara, 44 pusu makasi / puchu makasi, 140 riki magara / patu eruku, 74 pazara igana / (pajara orava) pazara riki / riki, 76 kidakidala / pajara kidekidele, 45 rino / ringo, 51 pazara taisa / pajara taisa, 46 riqasa / rigasa, 76 pazara veata / pajara veata, 47 riqi / rigi, 142 pazara zinara / pajara orava, 46 riririni / rekareka, 50 pealu / (hae) ririzo / rijorijo, 76 pebuta / pebuta, 136 riro / riro, 143 pehu buni / piripirikocho, 49 rohi / (meka uvi) pehu / pehu, 48 roko / ropi, 77

195 Ria tasedi ria kasiatona pa pinato Hoava (dae pa pinato Marovo)

rokoroko banara / rokoroko bangara, 143 susuka / susuka, 8 toloko batulotu / (tulangini) romo / romo, 143 susuka / kopi korapa, 5 toloko qaqusu / (tulangini) romo labe / romo labe, 143 susuri / susuri, 52 tonu tupi / tiva tupi, 147 roqi / rogi, 143 susuri / churichuri, 69 topa / topa, 55 roriki / chovacha, 110 suviu / suviu, 177 topa kakara / topa kakara, 55 roro / kalala, 119 toqo hike / togo hike, 148 roro bulu / kalala napata, 119 totonoro / (meka hae) roro kuvi / kalala kuvi, 119 T totopilo / totopilo, 56 roro raqata / kalala ragata, 120 ta kokoto / ta lukutu, 8 tototu / tototu, 148 rosi / rosi, 143 tabaika / tabaika, 144 totuana / totuana, 148 roza / roja, 77 tabakale / tegotego, 9 tubala / (meka adoso idaka) rozinono / iloro, 116 taberarumu / taberaru, 79 tui / tui, 148 ruke / eruku, 113 tabu / tabu, 79 tumazeluku / tumajeluku, 159 rumu / rumu, 51 tamata / tamata, 145 tusa / tusa, 148 ruqa / ruga, 143 taniri / tangiri, 52 tusu / tusu, 9 ruri / ruri, 78 taniri kolo / tangiri lao, 53 tusu kalukalu / patu kalukalu, 7 ruruasi / aranga, 170 taniri koqu / tangiri mati, 53 tusu petu / tusu petu, 9 ruruhu / tupe, 86 tape / tape, 53 tutunu / tutunu, 148 ruvoruvo / rodona, 143 tape bilana / tape bilanga, 53 tutupeka / tutupeka, 9 tape kurukuru / tape kurukuru, 53 tutusuana / tutusuani, 9 tape papao / (tape), 53 tuva / tuva, 148 S tape ridimi / (tape), 53 sagaru / saghauru, 8 tape rozinono / (tape), 53 sagaru korapa / vonavona, 9 tape vari / tape vari, 53 U sagaru vurana / mati ulu, 6 tarabua / pipi tarabua, 176 ubu / ao, 170 salaboro / chalaboro, 4 tarasi / tarasi, 53 ubutu / kubutu, 124 sameholo / chameholo, 19 tarasi patu / patu, 48 unava / ruvi, 78, unava, 80 sanava / sangava, 8 tarobe / govara, 4 ununusu / ununusu, 80 sasaeri / rokoroko, 143 tarobe / tarobe, 9 uriqi / pidiki, 137 sebere siqo / chebere chigo, 108 tarobe / pusukata, 7 ururunu / hobi, 165 sege / vua, 59 tarobe / ta okata, 92 uvolo / uvolo, 150 seka / cheka, 67, 164 tatadu / tatadu, 54 uze / karumehe, 28 seka nure / cheka ngure, 67 tatadu / tatadu, 79 seqaseqa / kunolo, 33 tatalini / tatalingi, 54 siki / chie, 154 tatalise / (huana kahu gete pa idere) V sikisiki / daku, 21 tatalise / talise, 145 vala / vala, 57 siku melaka / chiku melaka, 20 tatalo / tatalo, 14 valiri / valiri, 57 sina / sina, 51 tataqala / tagala, 144 valo / vao, 150 sinene / chinene, 4 tatara / tatara, 54 vaqolo / vagolo, 177 sinu / sinu, 51 taulele / karuvera, 120 varipopolo / varipopolo, 57 sipu gevasa / (kalipete kiki) tavatolu / kariatolu, 28 variusu / variusu, 57 siqala reresi / resiresi, 51 tavusu / tavusu, 79 varu / leru, 125 siqala / sigala, 51 tepa mera / rutiasu, 51 vasileana / sera, 8 siri / chiri, 172 teqe / tege, 146 vedeke / vasara, 150 sise / sise, 78 tetego / dudu, 22 vele / vele, 58 sisise / sisise, 78 tetera / (huhua roja, pa kavo) veqe / vahu, 177 sisise / checheu sisise, 109 tevi / tevi, 79 veqe karu isu / (meka vahu) sisiu / chichiu, 171 tigisi / tole, 79 veqe lagiso / laviso, 175 sobosiri / chobo chiri, 109 tila / geli, 113 veqe nune / (meka vahu) sokodele / chokodele, 172 tile / suvi, 78 veqe roroho / (meka vahu) sone / songe, 144 tinoqoro / (kaka manavasa) veruveru / veruveru, 80 soso / chocho, 21 tiqetiqe / tige piru, 146 vevereti / vevereti, 151 sosogara / soghasoghara, 51 tita / tita, 147 viagi / (oloko charava) sosore / chochore, 110 tiva nono / tiva nono, 147 vili / vili, 80 sosoruku / chochoruku, 110 tivativa / ngirasa goana, 132 vilisuru / (oloko charava) sou / chou, 172 toatoa / totoa, 177 vinetunu te ruruhu / vine tungu ta sou hupa / chou chinoko, 172 toba / toba, 9 malivi, 151 sou kakia / chou kaka, 173 tobo / tobo, 147 viruviru / viruviru, 58 sou kekoro / chou heva, 173 todono liliu / todo liliu, 55 voa / patukae, 7 suliri / suliri, 144 tokotoko pepele / chakechake pepele, 107 voko / kachuele, 119 suloko / chuloko, 68, 164 toloko / tulangini, 56 voku / voku, 177 suri / rarati, 141 toloko igana / (tulangini) voku soloso / voku soloso, 177

196 Hoava-to-Marovo name list

volaka / volaka, 58 voqaqa / (meka hae gete) voruku / habichi, 114 vorusu / vorusu, 151 vota / votu, 9 vovoa / voa legudi, 14 vovuku / rereta, 142 voza hupa / puchupuchu, 140 vuloko / vuloko, 151 vulu (igana) / vulu, 60 vulu (sasaeri) / vulu, 151 vunasa kuma / korekore idere, 5 vuragarena / lupa, 6 Z zakazakara sege / milamila ta vua, 42 zakulu / jakulu, 117 zalari / jalari, 117 zamara / chichinoko, 109 zapu / (hae) zazala / jajala, 117 zekezeke / (hae huhua reve) zinu / sinu, 144 zipale / ijuani, 165 zipozipolo / jipojipolo, 27 ziri / jipolo, 118 ziu / jiu, 118 zoa / buluku, 84 zovivi / (adoso) zozopo / choropo, 67 zuapa / juapa, 118

197 Ria kiladi ria tinitona pa kinepoto Vanunu (oro pa kinepoto Marovo)

RIA KILADI RIA TINITONA PA KINEPOTO VANUNU (ORO PA KINEPOTO MAROVO) VANUNU-TO-MAROVO NAME LIST

buna / buna, 105 hai bakua / (meka hae) A buni / buni, 105 havahava / (meka hae) adoso roana / (meka adoso) buni vicholo / buni vijolo, 106 heheuku / heheuku, 114 amaza / amasa, 100 burono / burongo, 106 hilele / hilele, 115 ao / ao, 170 buroroho / buroroho, 106 hinahina / hinahina, 115 arana / aranga, 170 busubusu / (meka hae) hinaqe / hinage, 115 aru / aru, 101 buti / buiti, 104 hirapa / hirapa, 24 aruru / (meka adoso) hirata / hirata, 115 atama / (meka hae) hoba / hoba, 115 D hobi / hobi, 165 dako / dako, 111 hohobulu / hohobulu, 70 B daku / daku, 21 huheo / (meka hae) babaheva / babaheva, 101 davere / davere, 21 hui / hui, 70 bae / (meka hae) davi / davi, 69 hui poko / hui poko, 70 bakupa / bakupa, 170 davidavi / davidavi, 21 hulumu / hulumu, 70 balasea / balasea, 102 dedeana bue / deana moa, 164 humihumi / humihumi, 25 balibaligutu / balibalighutu, 18 dekedeke / dekedeke, 112 banasasa / (meka paragoa) dekere / dekere, 173 bao / bao, 102 deo / deo, 69 I batia / batia, 102 deo Soe / deo Choe, 69 ihana sodoro / ihana hokara, 26 batubatu / batubatu, 18 deri / deri, 164 ihana / ihana, 25 batutudu / batutudu, 18 doavi / (meka oloko charava) ihana kalala / ihana kalala, 26 belama / belama, 170 dodoa / dodoa, 164 ihana qolo/ihana golo, 26 belele / belele, 18 dola toto / dola toto, 21 ihana udumu / ihana udumu, 26 betabeta / betabeta, 18 dolo / (meka hae) ihana umoro / ihana umoro, 26 beu / bebeu, 102 dono pusi / dongo pusi, 21 ijoko / ijoko, 116 bika / apuchu, 100 du / dudu, 22 ikikopo / kikikopo, 122 biralave / (meka hae) dure / dure, 164 iku ta sou / iku ta chou, 71 bisere / bichere, 171 inabuku / inabuku, 27 boboi / boi, 103 io / io, 173 bobore / bobore, 18 E iqa / iga, 116 boe / boe, 103 ea / (meka oloko charava) isu / isu, 27 bolava / bolava, 103 edeve / edeve, 112 ivu / ivu, 27 borebore sarava / borebore charava, 66 eha / eha, 22 borebore / borebore, 19 elokale / elokale, 113 borukua / borukua, 104 eruku / eruku, 113 J bosaka / bochaka, 103 eso / (meka hae) jajala / jajala, 117 bou / bou, 104 eveze / (meka hae) jilatono / jilatongo, 117 bozi / bosi, 104 jilatono biaruja / (jilatongo) bubukeoro / (meka hae) jipojipolo / jipojipolo, 27 bubuma / bubuma, 19 G jipolo / jipolo, 118 bubutono / kokobutongo buma, 156 galusu / ghalusu, 23 juapa nabo / balubalu, 18 bue / moa, 157 gohi / ghohi, 23 jukajuka / jukajuka, 118 bue / moa idere, 42 gomo / ghomo, 24 buhutu / (meka hae) buki masumasu / buki machumachu, 66 K buki / buki, 66 H kabisi / kabichi, 85 buki bebele / buki bebele, 66 habisi / habichi, 114 kaburu kude / kaburu kude, 155 bukulu / bukulu, 154 habisi piru / habichi piru, 114 kahu / kahu, 85 bulara / (meka oloko charava) habisi manavaza / habichi manavasa, 114 kahu mamaele / kahu mamaele, 85 bulosuru / bulochuru, 19 hahaka / hahaka, 84 kahu masumasu / kahu machumachu, 85 bululu / bululu, 84 hai / hae, 114 kakabasa / kakabacha, 85

198 Vanunu-to-Marovo name list

kakala uve / noki charava, 158 kubakuru / kukubakuru, 33 manioko / manioko, 128 kakarita / kakarita, 85 kubuku / kubuku, 32 maqiu / havihavi, 24 kalala / kalala, 119 kuhu / kuhu, 124 mara / mara, 38 kalala pine / (meka kalala) kukaere / kukaere, 165 maratita / (meka hae) kalala raqata / kalala ragata, 120 kuli / kuli, 13, 124 maria / maria, 128 kalala rarasi / (meka kalala) kuliqiqi / (meka oloko charava) maroqo / marogo, 41 kalala serai / (meka kalala) kulukulu / (meka kokojiolo) masiaso / (meka noki) kalala sidu / (meka kalala) kureu / kureu, 124 matahareko (sobasiri) / chobochiri, 109 kalala vona / (meka kalala) kurukuru / kurukuru, 175 matakekere / (meka oloko) kale ihana ta maqo / kale ihana ta poda, 27 kurukuru isubina / kurukuru isu binga, 175 mataloba / mataloba, 41 kalipete / kalipete, 86 kurukuru malaqalu / (meka kurukuru) matamata ihana / mata ihana, 129 kalu ke / kalu ke, 120 kurukuru sea / (meka kurukuru) mavuani / mavuana, 129 kalukalu / kalukalu, 28 kurukuru serai / (meka kurukuru) mavuani meava / (meka hae mavuana) kameje / kameje, 86 kurumuru / kurukurumu, 33 maziani / (meka chebechebe) kapa / kapa, 120 kusi / kuchi, 33 meda / meda, 129 kapusu / kapuchu, 120 kusokusolo / kusokusolo, 34 midolo / (meka nokinoki) kapu topa / kapukapu topa, 120 kusolo / kusolo, 34 mihu / mihu, 42 kara / kara, 173 kusolo valavalaqiri / kusolo valavalagiri, 34 mimili / chiku mimili, 172 karumehe / karumehe, 28 kutu / kutu, 157 minila / minila, 129 karuvera / karuvera, 120 kuvakuva / kukuva, 175 miso / micho, 129 kasipora / kasipora, 121 modoe / modoe, 42 katoa / katoa, 121 mokomoko / mokomoko, 130 ke / ke, 174 L momola / ure mola, 149 keja / keja, 174 lagu barava / laghu barava, 34 moturu / moturu, 42 keji / keji, 121 lagu belama / laghu belama, 34 mudala / mudala, 43 kekena / ta langara vangavanga, 78 laini / laeni, 124 mudu / mudu, 130 kekete / (meka oloko) lakori / lakori, 125 mukimuki / (meka lumulumutui) kenekene / kenekene, 71 laso / (meka checheu) mumuru / (meka hae) keojo / keojo, 156 lemana / lemana, 125 kepu / kepukepu, 121 leru / leru, 125 kerikeri / kerikeri, 121 leru varu / leru varu, 125 N kerori / kerori, 71 lipa / lipa, 35 nabo / nabo, 131 kevo / kevo, 29 lipa soto / lipa soto, 35 nakolo / nakolo, 72 kidoga / kidokidogha, 122 lipalipata / lipalipata, 126 naomo / naomo, 43 kikio / kikio, 86 lipata / lipata, 165 naqinaqi / naginagi, 131 kimoso / (meka hae) litalita / litalita, 126 naru / aru, 101 kino / kino, 71 livo soqi / livo chogi, 35 navi / navi edeve, 43 kipakipa / kipa, 29 livo nirisi / livo ngirisi, 72 nele / (meka hae) kira / kira, 174 loji / loji, 126 nenese / nenese, 166 kiso / kiso, 29 lokomo / (meka rokoroko) nibiri / (meka hae) kiso musamusa / kiso muchamucha, 30 lokuloku / lokuloku, 126 nikuniku / nikuniku, 166 kiso sarapae / kiso charapae, 29 lolokera / (meka rokoroko) nina / nina, 133 kiso taniri/kiso tangiri, 31 lolou / lolou, 126 nokanokala / nokanokala, 43 kisuru / kichuru, 122 lomalomata / lomalomata, 126 noki / noki, 157 kivili / kivili, 122 luju / luju, 127 noki buma / (meka noki) koasa / koasa, 31 lukulukutu bo / lulutu bou, 166 noki oreke / noki oreke, 158 koba / koba, 86 lupo / lupo, 127 noki pisa / noki picha, 158 koba mati / koba mati, 86 noki purunu / (meka noki) koba ropi / koba ropi, 86 noki zizivili pere / noki nugunuguru koe / koe, 122 M pere, 43, 158 koere / koere, 32 mahu / umalau, 149 nokinoki vari kina / (meka nokinoki) kokeqolo / kola mejara, 123 makamakata / (meka kokojiolo) noti / (meka hae) kokodere / kodere, 122 makasi / makasi, 35 nuqili / nugili, 133 kokojiolo / kokojiolo, 156 makoto / makoto, 36 nou / nou, 44 kokomu / kokomu, 123 makova / (meka hae) nute / nute, 133 kokorako / kokorako, 174 malagigiri / mala ghighiri, 127 nana lavara / nganga lavara, 166 kokovasa / kokovasa, 123 malagori / malaghori, 37 nanauani taviu / (meka hae) konu / konu, 123 malakihi / malakihi, 37 nari / ngoete, 133 kosio / (meka oloko charava) malanari / mala ngari, 127 nede / (meka oloko charava) kovevia / (meka oloko charava) maligaro / maligharo, 37 nirasa / ngirasa, 131 kualeve / kualeve, 123 mamana / mamanga, 38 nosara / ngochara, 132 kuava / kuava, 124 manara / mangara, 38

199 Ria kiladi ria tinitona pa kinepoto Vanunu (oro pa kinepoto Marovo)

pitikikio / (meka oloko charava) rihe / rihe, 142 O pitikole / pitikole, 176 rijorijo / rijorijo, 76 odini / odingi, 44 piupoe / (meka oloko) riki Soe / riki Choe, 77 okoko / okoko, 134 pivivi / pivivi, 177 riki / riki, 76 olana / olanga, 134 poata Mala / poata Mala, 74 rime / rime, 142 omehe / omehe, 176 popoli qoana / popoli goana, 139 rino / ringo, 51 opopo / (meka oloko charava) poqala / pogala, 139 riqasa/rigasa, 76 oqara / ogara, 134 poqala rarusu / (meka pogala) riqi / rigi, 142 oriji / oriji, 135 posoposo kameche / (meka oloko) ririjo / (hua rijorijo) orodo / orodo, 176 poto / poto, 49 riririni / ririringi, 51 osana / osanga, 44 poto mariu / poto mariu, 49 riro / buna riro, 105 ose / ose, 73 pucha / pucha, 140 rita / (meka hae) ototo / ototo, 135 puhaka / puhaka, 75 roja / roja, 77 ototo keoro / (meka hae) puhaka bisili / puhaka bisili, 75 roko maria / kalo, 165 puhaka bubuhele / puhaka bubuhele, 75 rokohike / roko hike, 143 puhaka juka / puhaka juka, 75 romo / romo, 143 P puhaka omo / puhaka omo, 75 ronarona / ronarona, 143 paja / (meka hae) puhaka pea / puhaka pea, 75 ropi / ropi, 77 pajara / pajara, 44 puhaka ramoso / puhaka ramoso, 75 roquroqu / (meka hae) pajara bureki / pajara bureki, 45 puhaka ramoso kiki / puhaka ramoso kiki, 75 rou bale / noki rou, 158 pajara nou / pajara nou, 46 puhaka ramoso lavata / puhaka ramoso rudukalu / (meka oloko) pajara tinoni / pajara tinoni, 46 gete, 75 rupisi / ngache, 131 pajara tulae / pajara tulae, 46 pukete / pukete, 140 pajara veata / pajara veata, 47 pukopuko / pukopuko, 167 pakopako / pakopako, 47 pupulu / pupulu, 177 S palaoto / palaoto, 135 pusi / pusi, 140 sakato / chakato, 107 palapoko / (meka vahu) pusu makasi / puchu makasi, 140 sakita / chakita, 107 palata / palata, 47 pusu esara / (meka checheu) sakope / chakope, 107 paluku / paluku, 47 pusupusu / puchupuchu, 140 salahire / (meka hae ramoso) panapana / panapana, 74 pusuroka / puchu roka, 140 salu / chalu, 108 pao / ara pao, 101 salu pehuru / (meka hae petu) papajala / (meka hae) same / chame, 108 paparuta / paparuta, 135 Q samuhu / chamuhu, 20 paqu / pagu, 44 qae rou / gae rou, 23 sapu barauzu / (meka noki) paraparao / paraparao, 176 qae ihana / gae ihana, 23 saqumo / chagumo, 67 paraqoa / paragoa, 158 qae / gae, 22 saro / (meka adoso) paro / paro, 48 qae pajara / gae pajara, 23 savi / chavi, 67 pasi / pasi, 166 qaoso / (meka adoso) saviloqe / chavi loge, 108 patu / patu, 48 qeli / geli, 113 savirosi / (meka hae) patu eruku / patu eruku, 74 qerese / gerese, 113 sebere siqo / chebere chigo, 108 pehu / pehu, 48 qinesi / ginechi, 70 sebesebe varikina / chebechebe pekapeka qoliti / pekapeka goliti, 166 qoliti / goliti, 113 varikina, 164 pelo / pelo, 136 qolu mamutu / ghalu mamutu, 113 sebesebe / chebechebe, 164 pepele / pepele, 166 qurape / (meka hae) sehana epepe / chehana pepete, 84 peqi / tovu, 148 sehana / chehana, 84 petu / petu, 136 sehehe / (meka oloko) pijaka / pijaka, 137 R seka / cheka, 67, 164 pijaka piru / pijaka piru, 137 ramoso / ramoso, 140 selekae / chelekae, 171 pikuru / (meka oloko charava) rapa / rapa, 141 seqoseqo mati / chegochego mati, 171 pinopino / pinopino, 167 raqa lima / raga lima, 76 seseu / checheu, 108 pinopoto / pinopoto, 138 raqa soma / raga choma, 50 seseu musa / checheu mucha, 109 pipi / pipi, 176 rava / rava, 50 seseu rarusu / (meka checheu) pipilaka / pipilaka, 48 rebarebasa / (meka hae) seseu zone / songe, 144 pipili / pipili, 138 rebasa / erebachi, 155 sie / chie, 154 pipipo / pipipo, 49 reche / (meka oloko charava) siku melaka / chiku melaka, 20 pipo / pipo, 49 rehe / rehe, 50 siku reta / chiku reta, 172 piqoqo / pigogo, 74 reka / reka, 50 sina / sina, 51 piripirikoso / piripirikocho, 49 rekata / rekata, 50 sinene / chinene, 67 piritou / piritou, 176 rekoso / rekocho, 76 sipusipu / chipuchipu, 20 piropiro / piropiro, 138 rerevute / rerevute, 159 siqe / chige, 171 pisa nira / picha ngira, 48 retareta / rereta, 142 sisinoko / chichinoko, 109 pisale / pisale, 176 reve / reve, 142 sisire / chichire, 164

200 Vanunu-to-Marovo name list

sisiru / chichiru, 20 tita / tita, 147 veruveru / veruveru, 80 sisise / checheu sisise, 109 titoqara / (meka hae) vese / veche, 57 sisiu / chichiu, 171 tiva nono / tiva nono, 147 vevereti / vevereti, 151 sobasiri / chobochiri, 109 tobo / tobo, 147 vika / vika, 159 sobu / chobu, 109 todo liliu / todo liliu, 55 vikuvikulu / (meka hae) sokata / sokata, 52 topa / topa, 55 viobe / (meka oloko) sokodele / chokodele, 172 tosi / tosi, 55 viravira / (meka hae) soma / choma, 110 totoa / totoa, 177 viru / (meka hae) sopiko / chopiko, 110 totopilo / totopilo, 56 viruviru / viruviru, 58 soqasoqa ihana / chogachoga ihana, 172 tu / (meka oloko) visulu / (meka chinokuchoku) soqele / (meka adoso) tui / tui, 148 vivioko / (meka oloko) sori / chori, 21 tukituki / tukituki, 148 volaka / volaka, 58 sori orava / chori orava, 21 tulanini / tulangini, 56 volono / (meka kokojiolo) soropo / choropo, 67 tumajeluku / tumajeluku, 159 vorusu / vorusu, 151 soso / chocho, 21 tumatitiri / tumarititi, 167 vua / vua, 59, 159 sosoe / sosoe, 52 tumau / (meka tingitonga tona pa tege) vudere / vudere, 59 sosoho / chochoho, 110 tuo / (meka oloko) vulovulou / vulovulou, 160 sosori minate / chori minate, 172 tupe / tupe, 86 vulu / vulu, 151 sosoruku / chochoruku, 110 tuqituqi / tugitugi, 80 vuvu / vuvuhu, 167 sote / chote, 67 tusa / tusa, 148 vuvua / kokonini, 32 sou siqo / chou chigo, 172 tutuani / (meka hae) sove / (meka hae) tutuna ivu / (meka bird) sovoro / (meka hae) tuva / tuva, 148 Z sovuku / chovuku, 111 tuva riro / (meka hae) zinomakata / (meka checheu) subapepele / (meka hae) zinu / sinu, 51 subeu / chubeu, 111 zize / sise, 78 suko / chuko, 67 U zize pa sule / sise kavo, 78 suko buki / chuko buki, 68 u / (meka hae) zuvi / suvi, 78 suko kurukuru / chuko kurukuru, 68 ububata / (meka rokoroko) suko maqoru / chuko magoru, 68 ububo / ububo, 56 suliqere / (meka oloko) udo / udo, 167 suloko / chuloko, 68, 164 uje / karumehe, 28 suputu / (meka hae) ujuani / ijuani, 165 susu / chuchu, 111 ukesuvu / (meka hae) susuloko / (meka tingitonga tona pa uko / uko, 80 rokoroko) umari / uvikola, 149 susuri / susuri, 52 uqolo qoana / (meka hae) suviviu / suviu, 177 ususu / (meka chinokuchoku) utukaka / hutu kaka, 115 T uvi / uvi, 149 ta berabera / ta berabera, 52 talavora / (meka hae) V talise / talise, 145 vahu / vahu, 177 taniri / tangiri, 52 vahu lagiso / laviso, 175 tanovo / tangovo, 146 vahu matamata batia / (meka vahu) tape / tape, 53 vahu pepereko / (meka vahu) tape kurukuru / tape kurukuru, 53 vahu pupulu / pupulu, 177 taqala / tagala, 144 vahu qirave / (meka vahu) tasuriki / (meka hae) vahu siku / (meka vahu) tatadu / tatadu, 79 vahu taqi / (meka vahu) tatadu / tatadu, 54 vahu zarumu / sarumu, 177 tataqili sote / (meka oloko) vahu zuirino / (meka vahu) tavitavi / (meka adoso) vala / vala, 57 teteibua / (meka oloko) valiri / valiri, 57 tilo / tilo, 54 valuvalu / vosevose, 151 tinavulu / tinavolu, 147 vao / vao, 150 tinini / tingini, 55 varipopolo / varipopolo, 57 tiqe / tige, 146 variusu / variusu, 57 tiqe piru / tige piru, 146 vasara / vasara, 150 tiqetiqe / tige ta malivi, 146 vekiveki / (meka chinokuchoku) tiro zera / tiro kolo, 147 velevele / (meka hae)

201

Pa hua, kani soku ria oreke na maroke tiatamami hamu pa Marovo pu atei valeana nidi ria kiladi oro vivineidi tongania ria tingitonga todi pu ko pa idere oro pa goana. Mana tongania ria tingitonga pira iedi arilaedi via pa kino ta hamu tou pa Ulusaghe. Ria ihana, oloko, hae, rikiroko, adoso, checheu na vei, oro soku via tingitonga pule pu to, ko ba ene pa ria hokitihokiti vasidi pa Ulusaghe iedi ta kubere oro ta vivinei pa buka pia. Raka Edvard Hviding gu kuberea buka pia, mana ria maroke na oreke na katiga tinoni na manemaneke pule iedi totovei nidi ria kiladi oro vivineidi ria tingitonga pira. Leana uka ta hamu tou! Buka pia ieni kani pata vata holu, mana pata va la ta hamu tinoni pa Marovo.

The author of Reef and Rainforest, Edvard Hviding, is professor of Social Anthropology at the University of Bergen, Norway. Since 1986, he has carried out more than three years of field research in the Marovo Lagoon of Solomon Islands, where to this day he continues his work with the Marovo people. This encyclopedia of the local knowledge of the coral reef and rainforest environments of the lagoon has been written and published upon the Marovo people’s request. It is hoped that it will encourage young Solomon Islanders to continue to learn from the knowledgeable men and women of their villages, and that it may serve as a catalyst for similar undertakings in the Pacific Islands or elsewhere. This book is the first publication in UNESCO’s Knowledges of Nature series.

Local and Indigenous Knowledge Systems Coastal regions and small islands platform