POLLUTION PROFILE OF DAMODAR RIVER IN A PARTICULAR STRETCH A DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY in CONSERVATION OF RIVERS AND LAKES By STJJOY PAThA 2 ALTERNATE HYDRO ENERGY CENTRE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE •ROORKEE - 247 667 (INDIA) JUNE, 2008 CANDIDATE'S DECLARATION I, hereby, declare that the work which is being presented in this dissertation entitled "POLLUTION PROFILE OF DAMODAR RIVER IN A PARTICULAR STRETCH", in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Technology in "Conservation of Rivers and Lakes", submitted in Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, is an authentic record of my own work carried out during the period between July 2007 and June 2008 under the guidance of Dr. M.P. Sharma, Associate Professor and Sh. S. K. Singal, Senior Scientific Officer, Alternate .Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee. The matter embodied herein has not been submitted by me for the award of any other degree or diploma. Date :30 June, 2008 Place: Roorkee, Uttarakhand (SUJOY PATRA) CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of our knowledge. (DR. M.P. SHARMA) (SH. S. K. SINGAL) Associate Professor, Senior Scientific Officer, Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee Indian institute of Technology, Roorkee Roorkee — 247 667, Uttarakhand, Roorkee — 247 667, Uttarakhand, INDIA. INDIA. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I would like to thank GOD for giving me this opportunity to be here and to complete my post graduation degree from this reputed institute. I wish to express my profound gratitude to my guides, Dr. M. P. SHARMA and Shri S. K. SINGAL, for their precious guidance, kind information, constant help and the affectionate treatment throughout the course of this dissertation. Their useful suggestions and meticulous scrutiny for the work are gratefully acknowledged. I heartily like to acknowledge my sincere gratitude and indebtedness to Shri Arun Kumar, Head and Chief Scientific Officer, Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee and Dr. R. P. Saini, Associate Professor and Course Coordinator of Conservation of Rivers & Lakes, Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee for providing all the facilities at the centre which have made it possible for me to complete this report. I would like to thank Dr. A. Gupta, Scientist and Head, Environmental System Design & Modeling Division, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur for allowing me to work with them in their on going project on River Damodar with Kolkata and field laboratory facilities. I wish to thank Er. A. K. Biswas, Ex-Scientist E-II, Kolkata Zonal Laboratory, NEERI and Mr. R. C. Banerjee, Team Leader, Durgapur field team, NEERI for their useful guidance and for providing me with all the information and data I needed, always in time. Help rendered by the friends and staff of that Institute namely Debabrata, Rishin, Kirti and Veena is case of field sampling and laboratory analysis is thankfully acknowledged. The cooperation they gave is greatly appreciated. I should not forget to express my heartfelt thank to those esteemed persons of my department for whom I took a chance in this prestigious institute. Chief Engineers Dr. Kamalesh Chatterjee, and Dr. Amaresh Sen, and Executives Engineers Sh. Tapan Kr. Ray, Sh. Sanjoy Kundu and Sh. Raj Kapoor Sharma, of Irrigation & Waterways Department, West Bengal, are like root of opportunities for me. I would also like to thank Sh. Manas Kr. Roy, Chief Engineer of Kolkata Metropolitan Water & Sanitation Authority, West Bengal, for helping me in co ordination while data collection. Special thanks to Mr. Rajib Sarkar, Research Scholar, IIT Roorkee for providing spontaneous friendly help in needs. ii One thing I must say that modem era of computer and internet facilities are inevitable friend to a scholar. With out them, the publication of the thesis will be a mammoth task. I am thankful to all the inventors of softwares like MS office, paint, Autodesk and Google package with their search engine. I am eternally indebted to my parents, sister and relatives for their love, constant support and encouragement. Finally, I would like to thank all my friends at home and in IIT Roorkee, colleagues in Irrigation Department, WB and staff at Alternate Hydro Energy Centre who has directly or indirectly helped me to complete this work successfully. SUJOY PATRA iii ABSTRACT Damodar River, a rain fed tributary of lower Ganga and one of the major rivers in East India, originates from Chotanagpur plateau of Jharkhand and ends at the confluence of Hoogly river in West Bengal. The river plays a key role in providing a source of drinking water, water for irrigation and power, industrial needs and coal mining activities in the Damodar River Basin. The river, once known as the `River of Sorrow' because of the flood havoc it used to cause, has now turned into a `River of Agony' due to the environmental degradation of the river resulting from the indiscriminate discharge of domestic, industrial and mining wastes from the basin. A river stretch of approximately 68 km from the downstream of Panchet Dam to the upstream of Durgapur Barrage in West Bengal passing through main industrial belt of the state and covering important cities like Kulti, Asansol, Raniganj and Durgapur has been selected for the study. The stretch is receiving a large number of point and non-point sources of pollution from thermal power plants, coalieries and coal based industries, steel, cement, fertilizers, chemical and other plants as well as domestic and agricultural areas that lead to the pollution to river either directly or through a numerous drains and nullahs. In the present study, 45 grab samples were collected from the main river, its tributaries, nullahs, industrial drains and municipalities and analyzed in situ / in laboratories for different water quality parameters in the month of January and February 2008. The work also involved the assessment of population, land use pattern, agriculture, industry and mining activities quantitatively and qualitatively in the study area. The work further involved in transformation of the measured WQ parameters into a single value index using original as well as modified NSF WQI system. The result reveals a good WQ profile of the river stretch, but meagre conditions of nullahs. Based upon the results, a WQ map of the study area has been prepared which shows the locations and extent of polluted stretches. When compared with CPCB and Indian standards for individual parameters, it is found that coliform and BOD are the most critical parameters indicating sewage pollution in the study stretch. Existing conservation measures are identified and future management plan is suggested including installation of 2 x 100 MLD STPs and 1 x 60 MLD STP, CETPs, low cost toilets, solid waste management system etc. along with non-technical aspects like public awareness, enforcement of laws etc. to improve the overall quality of the river water. iv CONTENTS Particular Page No. CANDIDATE'S DECLARATION i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii ABSTRACT iv CONTENTS v LIST OF TABLES x LIST OF FIGURES xii LIST OF PLATES xii NOTATIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS xiii CHAPTER -1 : INTRODUCTION 1.1 GENERAL I 1.2 GLOBAL WATER SCENARIO 1 1.3 WATER SCENARIO OF INDIA 4 1.3.1 Fresh Water Bodies in India 5 1.3.1.1 Surface water 5 1.3.1.2 Ground water 5 1.3.2 Indian River System 5 1.3.3 Pollution Stresses of Rivers 7 1.3.4 River Conservation in India 7 1.4 THE DAMODAR RIVER BASIN 9 1.5 THE STUDY AREA 12 1.6 OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY 12 1.7 ORGANIZATION OF THESIS 13 CHAPTER -2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 GENERAL 14 2.2 STUDIES ON POLLUTION PROFILE OF RIVERS 14 2.3 STUDIES ON POLLUTION PROFILE OF RIVER DAMODAR 16 2.3.1 Damodar River in Jharkhand 16 v 2.3.2 Damodar River in West Bengal 17 2.3.3 Entire Damodar River Basin Study 18 2.4 TOOLS FOR ASSESSMENT OF POLLUTION PROFILE OF A RIVER 20 2.4.1 BOD and DO Models 20 2.4.2 Water Quality Indices 21 2.4.2.1 Basic requirements for WQI 21 2.4.2.2 Different types of WQI 22 2.4.2.3 Indian WQI 23 2.4.2.4 Selection of a particular WQI for this thesis 25 2.4.3 Water Quality Maps 25 2.4.4 Computer Automated Tools 25 CHAPTER -3: DAMODAR RIVER STRETCH AND CAUSES OF POLLUTION 3.1 GENERAL 26 3.1.1 Water Quality and Pollution 26 3.1.2 Pollution Profile of a River 26 3.1.3 Water Quality Standards 27 3.2 DETALIS OF STUDY STRETCH 28 3.2.1 Location 28 3.2.2 Geology 29 3.2.3 Climate 29 3.2.4 Topography 29 3.2.5 Drainage 29 3.2.6 Soil and Mineral 29 3.2.7 Land Use Pattern 30 3.2.8 Ecology 30 3.2.9 Demography 31 3.3 WATER QUALITY STATUS OF THE STUDY STRETCH 31 vi 3.4 CAUSES OF POLLUTION IN THE STUDY STRETCH 31 3.4.1 Industrial Effluents 31 3.4.2 Mining Activity 36 3.4.2.1 Coal reserves 36 3.4.2.2 Type of coal mines 36 3.4.2.3 Other mines 36 3.4.2.4 Impact on river water 36 3.4.3 Agricultural Runoff 37 3.4.3.1 Agricultural production 37 3.4.3.2 Impact on the river water 37 3.4.4 Municipal Discharges 37 3.4.5 Fly Ash Problems 39 3.4.6 Other Sources of Pollution 39 3.5 DAMODAR ACTION PLAN 42 CHAPTER -4: METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSMENT OF RIVER POLLUTION PROFILE 4.1 GENERAL 43 4.2 SELECTION OF WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS 43 4.3 SELECTION OF WATER QUALITY INDEX SYSTEM 44 4.3.1 Modified Structure of