25/07/12 10:58 International committee for International documentation and conservation of buildings, sites and neighbourhoods of the movement modern 46Journal — 2012/1 Designing Designing Modern Life
Designing Modern Life Journal 46 2012/1
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professionals and the and community. educational professionals the scope of its activities in the realm of research, documentation and education. of research, the the scope of its activities in realm docomomo International docomomo Internationaldocomomo sites and neighborhoods of the modern movement. It aims at: sites and neighborhoods of the modern movement. organizations and organizations With the support of • Gathering • Exploring • Bringing • Identifying • Fostering • Opposing doco46Cover.indd 1 Journal 46 2012/1 International CONTENTS
02 Editorial Designing Modern Life by Ana Tostões
Essays 06 Why Preserve Modern Now? by Bárbara Coutinho 10 Visions on Furniture by Jurjen Creman 14 Modern Architecture and Modern Furniture by Otakar Máceˆl 20 Mies van der Rohe’s Tugendhat House – Weightless Living by Monika Wagner 26 Investigation and Production of Furniture for Villa Tugendhat 2009–2012 by Miroslav Ambroz 32 Modernism in Finnish Furniture Design and Production by Pekka Korvenmaa 36 Artek and Alvar Aalto by Mia Hipeli 42 Metsäpaviljonski, Form Follows Wood by Cristian Suau 48 Charles and Ray Eames: Modern Living in a Postwar Era by Kyle Normandin 54 Clara Porset. A Modern Designer for Mexico by Louise Noelle 60 Gaston Eysselinck and his Masterpiece. The Post Office Building in Ostend (1945-1953) by Marc Dubois 68 Dieter Rams. Ethics and Modern Philosophy: What Legacy Today? by Klaus Klemp
Documentation Issues 76 ODAM and the Construction of a Modern Spirit by Edite Rosa 80 Svetlovodsk: Realized Urban Utopia of the USSR by Vladislav Tyminski and Anna Kamyshan
83 docomomo News and Information / Tribute 92 Book Reviews 96 Appendix
docomomo46.indd 1 25/07/12 11:13 Editorial Designing Modern Life
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docomomo46.indd 2 25/07/12 11:13 he argument of this docomomo Journal stands for interior design identified as a key conser- vation issue for modern living. Tdocomomo acknowledges the major relevance of reflecting on the Modern Movement heritage, focusing on one of the most fragile conservation issues: modern interior space namely on modern furniture and product design questions. The aim is to contribute for the discussion that relates modern heritage and interior space, common daily life and musealization of Modern Interior Spaces, gathered underneath a global strategy, to better understand and preserve these delicate monuments. In fact, the interior space with all devices and furniture pieces is frequently not appreciated as an essential matter in safeguard in- terventions. That’s why 2012 docomomo Journals are devoted to interior design and furniture, discussing preservation strategies and critical reflexions. Ranging from restoration process research and know-how, new modern materials and techniques are discussed facing up to new conservation process and innovative rehabilitation solutions, as well. One knows that Modern spatiality must require furniture conceived under a unitary design concept, which implies today to identify every detail with the aim of a reconstruction process, where research on documentation is one of the success keys. This year of 2012, when docomomo major Conference is hosted at the Espoo Cultural Center, the stimulus of this city center settlement in connection to Otaniemi University Campus is the starting point that justifies going deeper in the relation that connects form and function, esthetics and ethics. In fact, as Gropius stated, the “design from the cup of coffee to the urban plan” ability is the motto challenge for the 12th docomomo International Conference simultaneously with Helsinki being the World Design Capital 2012 dealing with all disciplinary aspects. Finally, this issue wishes to pay tribute to the Finnish culture and its original contribution to Design. 3 Indeed, through the conception of organic forms and the use of natural materials, a different path has been explored answering to sensorial and tactile comfort. Following the global design idea, this theme is the result of a challenge which is related to the Finnish approach to Modern Movement architecture, namely to an organic character that privileges comfort and economy, beauty and utility, simplicity and synthesis; improving regional roots in order to fulfill the sense of the place. I wish to thank Bárbara Coutinho who acted as guest editor of this “Designing Modern Life” Dossier. Due to her knowledge and know-how acquired within a transversal framework as an art historian, researcher, curator and MUDE director, together with the knowledge shared by a range of authors, in connection with pioneer practical investigation on the subject carried out by restorers and researchers, it is possible to extend this debate over the reflection on the creation itself, the tools created by Modern Movement architects and designers to answer to efficiency and economy, improving comfort and beauty in daily life.
Ana Tostões, Chair of docomomo International
< Alvar Aalto bronze door handle for the Rautatalo building. Photo by Ana Tostões docomomo 46 — 2012/1
docomomo46.indd 3 25/07/12 11:13 Location Map
— docomomo 1. Espoo Cultural Centre 2. Weilin&Göös Printing 3. Tapiola School 4. Tapiola Baths Arto Sipinen Plant – WeeGee Jorma Järvi Aarne Ervi 1989 Aarno Ruusuvuori 1959–1960 1965 1964–1974
5. Kontionkenttä Park 6. Technical University 7. Dipoli Kongressikeskus 8. Otaniemi Chapel Jusi Jännes Alvar Aalto Reima & Raili Pietilä Heikki & Kaija Siren 1959-1961 1964 1961–1966 1957
4 9. Housing Buildings 10. Studio in Munkkiniemi 11. Töölö Rowing Stadium 12. Olympic Stadium Alvar Aalto Alvar Aalto Hilding Ekelund & Yrjö Lindegren & 1962-1967 1956 Alpo Lippa Toivo Jäntti 1940 1940–1952
13. House of Culture 14. City Theatre 15. Finlandia Hall 16. Temppeliaukio Church Alvar Aalto Timo Penttilä Alvar Aalto Timo & Tuomo 1955–1958 1959–67 1967–1971 Suomalainen 1969
17. Portania 18. Rautatalo 19. Academic Bookshop National Pensions Institute Aarne Ervi Alvar Aalto Alvar Aalto Alvar Aalto 1957 1951–55 1962 1952
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docomomo46.indd 4 25/07/12 11:13 17 19 18 13 14 15 12 16 20 11 Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki Metropolitan Pääkaupunkiseutu Helsinki
5 10 Otaniemi 7 8 9 6 5 Tapiola 4 3 Espoo 1 2
docomomo46.indd 5 25/07/12 11:13 Archizoom Associati. With similar radicalism, almost ten years later, in 1978, Alessandro Mendini camouflaged Why Marcel Breuer’s Wassily chair and introduced a religious touch to Gerrit Rietveld’s Zig–zag chair, both symbols of Modern ideology that were reedited at the time. More re- Preserve cently, there are several interpretations of Modern chairs. Particularly from Le Corbusier’s Grand Confort we can find three examples of three authors: “Grand Confort/ Comfort Sans, the Corbu Dommage” (1980) by Stefan Modern Zwicky; “Le Corbusier Chair” (1994) by Jorge Pardo; 1 and “Naked Confort–Corrupted Classics Collection” (2003–2004) by John Angelo Benson [figures 1, 2, 3]. Now? On the border between art and design, Benson up- holds the tubular chrome steel structure and the origi- By Bárbara Coutinho nal cubic shape, replacing leather components with an unusual material, straw. With humour, Benson seems to undermine the architectural thinking of Le Corbusier, but oming to design in a natural development from paradoxically when he undresses the chair he emphasiz- architectural practice, Le Corbusier considered es its skeleton and structure in a de–construction process Cdesign not as a sum or addition to architecture. Its that leads us to the rethinking of the main Modern prin- existence decisively constructed and modulated interior ciples. Although it may be seen as an iconoclast gesture, space, as light and shadows, materials or planes. From Naked Confort highlights the value of the original piece that belief, he quests the perfect and ideal form that as- by reinterpreting it. In his “Corrupted Classics Collection” serts itself as a model of universal validity, arriving at three Benson also works with the Red-Blue chair by Gerrit Riet- different furniture types: type–needs, type–furniture and veld and the Barcelona chair by Mies van der Rohe and human–limb objects2. Consequently, together with Char- Lilly Reich to create “Red and Blue, but clear” and “Mies lotte Perriand and Pierre Jeanneret, in 1928 he drew the Lobby Trap”. The choice is categorically incisive because 6 prototype of the Grand Confort armchair, presented the he picks from our collective memory three classics of following year at the Salon d’Automne in Paris. In the pho- Modern design which are universally recognized. Or we tomontage published in L’Architecture Vivante (Spring, know the original works or we will not be able to interpret 1930), 3 the armchair is in a foremost position, occupying Benson’s pieces. With that he makes us more aware of the foreground, isolated in a no gravity and transparent the timeliness of these icons, especially when our mate- space, where Charlotte Perriand reclines on the famous rial culture has transformed them into appealing images LC4 chaise longue [figure 4]. Grand Confort is the mirror widely reproduced and consumed, with a series of cop- of a decade that takes the chair as a space of experi- ies, reproductions and re–editions distancing themselves mentation and the tubular steel as the main material of from the Modern original. Ultimately, the result is a reflec- research. Icon of the Esprit Nouveau, its also conveys a tion on our own memory of the Modern, its significance new conception of space, time and object, revealing the for society, heritage and cultural importance. rationalist aesthetic that characterized the first decades Moreover, we are going through a profound trans- of the 20th century. Eighty years later, like many other ex- formation in our global society, standing by a new amples of Modern design, its copies and reproductions economic paradigm, growing technological complexity get multiplied, although since 1964 Italian Cassina has and renewed social demands. Cities are changing, and the exclusive worldwide rights to manufacture it, being so are we. The way we live, work and inhabit, but also nowadays the only company authorized by Fondation Le learn, communicate, and move, shifted in the last years. Corbusier. The increasing use of new technologies or new materials As from 1980, the heirs of the Anti–Design and Radi- have expanded the possibilities of production and con- cal Design movements further questioned the Modern servation, while at the same time they have also provoked definition of design and its heritage, proclaiming the profound changes in design philosophy and methodol- death of functionalism and debating the object itself, its ogy. In a wide range of disciplines, the research that has utility, aestheticization, cultural heritage, image and val- been carried out into the physical behaviour of materials ue, relation with economy system and language. This criti- has led to major reinventions in each field, allowing more cism is evident, for instance, in Mies Lounge Chair of the complex, organic or aerodynamic solutions. When the
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docomomo46.indd 6 25/07/12 11:13 borders between design, art and crafts are broken down, more sustainable and responsible development. To pre- younger generations seek for alternative manufacturing serve Modern heritage is a highly relevant theme due to processes, return to traditional handcraft techniques and its significance in our times but also due to a number of investigate on new forms of recycling. Countless projects conceptual and technical challenges. It’s important to dis- show a more widely ethical consciousness and a social cuss the method and extension of each intervention, the responsibility. The aim is to develop products, systems material, formal or ideological authenticity regarding the and services with a longer life cycle. original program, durability, and foresee future needs. In this context, studying, understanding, preserving But it is also important to value the level of interference, and reinterpreting Modern heritage gains a wider impor- the basis from which it is made and the consequences tance. To preserve Modern architecture, interior designs of new performances or functions. Therefore, it demands and furnishings means necessarily to rehabilitate or reuse, a multi–faceted approach. As a result, the articles gath- turning them effectively alive. But it also implies to raise ered in this Journal aim to address the multiple ways in public awareness of the cultural value of this heritage and which Modernism has been claimed and to present dif- to make a profound study of the ideology and context ferent and complementary perspectives of preservation, that gave rise to them. Therefore, we need to reflect on highlighting recent examples and successful case studies. its contemporaneity and the way it can contribute to a Emphasizing the holistic character of the Modern
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Figure 1. John Angelo Benson. Naked Confort (2003). Hay, Petit Confort (LC2) frame produced by Cassina. 67h x 76w x 70d cm
Why Preserve Modern Now? docomomo 46 — 2012/1
docomomo46.indd 7 25/07/12 11:13 Movement and its goal to design Modern life in a gesam- ty, specially its geometric, lightness and abstract character. kunstwerk spirit with housing as the central theme of study This Journal especially emphasizes the role of Finnish and innovation, two essays explore the recently restored Modern design through the figure of Alvar Aalto and the Tugendhat House by Mies van der Rohe and an another way he represents a different path in the Modern move- article analyzes the coherence and unity of Charles and ment, more organic, preferring to bend wood and seeking Ray Eames’ work and thought. Monika Wagner shows cosy and comfortable environments with as much natural how the Tugendhat House is a perfect metaphor of Mies’ light as possible. Pekka Korvenmaa writes an article purist classicism, architectural space and living concept, about the architect’s Modernity, thought and attitude, explaining how materials, surfaces, furniture, light and while Mia Hipeli focuses on the importance of Artek, nature decisively contribute in lightness, unity and tactil- created in 1935. The author bears witness of the impor- ity. Miroslav Ambroz emphasizes how Tugendhat is an tance of the company in the production, distribution and expression of gesamkunstwerk with every detail (textiles, marketing of Aalto’s pieces, and also of the worldwide upholstery, covering material, colors) subordinated to promotion of Scandinavian design, spreading its simplic- the whole. Further on, he focuses on the reconstruction ity, elegance, comfort, warmth and humanism. Cristian process to describe the importance of an initial research Suau puts the emphasis in the ephemeral architecture of and documentation for the subsequent production of au- exposition pavilions, discussing the significance of rebuilt thentic replica furniture that respect the original pieces. this spaces and explaining in detail the philosophy and Regarding Charles and Ray Eames, Kyle Normadin ad- materiality of Aalto’s Metsapaviljonski. dresses the way they articulate the principles of Modern- ism with wartime technology to design a Modern living in a post–war era. The article also underlines the impor- tance of Case Study House nº 8 as a mirror of a global Notes 1. The title was inspired by Why Design Now? – National Design Tri- living space and the house conservation project for a bet- ennial of 2010 in Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum where ter understanding of their work and significance. the main question was to know how design could help solving the Looking at the legacy of ethics and Modern philoso- problems of our society. 2. Le Corbusier, L’Art décoratif d’aujourd’hui, Collection de L’Esprit phy, Klaus Klemp concentrates on the “Ten design prin- Nouveau, Paris, Les Éditions Arthaud, 1925. ciples” of Dieter Rams and on his reflection about good 3. Vegesack, Alexander von, ed, Le Corbusier – The art of architecture. 8 design, specially his ideas of simplicity, innovation, tech- Weil am Reim, Vitra Design Museum, 2007, 156. 4. Sarlo, Beatriz (1996), Una Modernidad Periférica: Buenos Aires, nology, economy, intelligibility and utility. The result is the 1920 y 1930, Nueva Vision, 1996. reinforcement of Dieter Rams’ importance for the praxis and ethics of nowadays design. References Although the history of the Modern movement contin- AA.VV., Design#Art, London, New York, Merrell Publishers Limited/Coo- ues to stress it as a result of western culture, spread after- per–Hewitt, National Design Museum, 2004. AA.VV., Strangely Familiar: Design and Everyday Life, Minnesota, Walk- wards from Europe to the rest of the world, we talk more er Art Center, 2003. and more of peripheral Modernities.4 Louise Noelle AA.VV., Modernism. Designing a new world. 1914–1939, London, speaks about furniture and interior designer Clara Porset, Victoria&Albert Publications, 2006. AA.VV., Design contre design. Deux siècles de créations, Paris, Reunion putting in evidence the way she linked Modernity with dês musées nationaux, 2007. local Mexican tradition and crafts in her interior designs. On the other hand, Marc Dubois focuses on Belgian ar- Bárbara Coutinho chitect Gaston Eysselinck, mainly in his masterpiece, the Born in Lisbon in 1971, she is the Director of MUDE – Design and Fash- ion Museum, Francisco Capelo’s Collection since 2006. Member of Post Office building in Ostend, stressing the reasons why Francisco Capelo’s Collection Management Board. Invited Assistant this building continues to be incorrectly forgotten. Professor in Instituto Superior Técnico and collaborator in the Curatorial Jurjen Creman and Otakar Mácˆel focus more di- Studies Master in Lisbon University. Master in Contemporary Art His- tory with the thesis Carlos Ramos. Architecture, thinking and action: the rectly on Modern furniture and its relation with Modern search for bringing together Tradition and Modernity. At present she is architecture. While Creman presents the restoration pro- developing a PhD on the phenomenology of the contemporary exhi- cess of the Zig–zag chair by Gerrit Rietveld to explain bition space. Curator of MUDE Permanent Exhibition, “Seeds, Capital Value” (2010), “It’s forbidden to forbid!” (2009) or “7 Environments/ how the new materials and new techniques used by Mod- 7 Designers” (2002). Author of “Sena da Silva, Designer” (2009) and ern architects requires today new conservation solutions, “Unique and Multiple” (2011), signing essays and articles on contem- M á c ˆe l concentrates on the complementarity between porary creation, design, architecture and museology. Has also partici- design and architecture. He focuses on the steel tube fur- pated in conferences, juries and seminars. Between 1998 and 2006, was curator of the program of lectures about contemporary art/design/ niture and the cantilever chairs and highlights their real architecture and coordinator of the educational department of Centro contribution to the successful creation of Modern spatiali- Cultural de Belém.
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docomomo46.indd 8 25/07/12 11:13 Figure 2. Le Corbusier Chair, 1994, by Jorge Pardo Figure 3. “Grand Confort/Comfort Sans, the Corbu Dommage”, 1980, by Stefan Zwicky. Figure 4. Photomontage of the prototype of the Grand Confort armchair, presented at the Salon d’Automne in Paris, published in L’Architecture Vivante (1930). © Fondation Le Corbusier.
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docomomo46.indd 9 25/07/12 11:13 docomomo46.indd 83 — docomomo Conservation Issues Conservation News andInformation What “Rights” for for “Rights” What Architecttura 20 Meeting at the A troubleesomeA topic for a T The final round table of the international study days days study international the of table round final The Century Architecture”. Encyclopaedia for the Restoration and Reuse of 20 and of Reuse Restoration the for Encyclopaedia “Critical project research interfaculty the of part as Italiana Svizzera della sità the Grignolo and Reichlin, held at Bruno were Roberta vation of 20 of vation preser the and “Law on Days Study International The monuments”. of “rights the with associated practices and customs of acomparison for forum allowed. are regulations applicable from dispensations how in variety great is there country, same inthe another to one region from and even another to one country as from “monuments”, recognized officially are that buildings on intervening when Even regulations. day present to buildings adapting to attached ficulties dif the with clashes still awareness cultural this in practice, Nonetheless, conservation. of as worthy recognised increasingly is period post–war second the of heritage the even and preservation, of cipline By Roberta Grignolo Grignolo By Roberta del del From left to right: right: to left From The intent of the meeting organisers was to to was organisers meeting the of intent The This is what led to the idea of a supranational asupranational of idea the to led what is This he protection of 20 of protection he by now become a fully–fledged part of the dis the of part a fully–fledged become now by Accademia di ArchitetturaAccademia Mendrisio in XX secolo th th century architecture”, organised by by organised architecture”, century Century Monuments Century ? / Law and the Preservation of 20 of Preservation the and /Law Bruno Reichlin, Ana Tostões, Roberta Grignolo, Marco Borghi Marco Grignolo, Roberta Tostões, Ana Reichlin, Bruno th ), on June 18 June on 19, and ), 2012 century architecture has has architecture century docomomo in Mendrisio in ( Univer Switzerland, vice chair Accademia di di Accademia th - - - -
th Century Architecture”, Century June 18–19, 2012. with”. The top echelons of of with”. echelons top The deal to wants one no “issues on focus its of because interest great aroused immediately meeting the of ic centuries. previous of heritage the to as opposed heritage neers engaged in 20 neers and engi architects only anot table around gather participants in20 participants institutions. andtects of national and international preservation practitioners, as well as representatives of archi too, and specialisedlegal lawyers technical experts Engineers and Architects ( Architects and Engineers of Society Swiss the of Office Legal the and tional debate to 20 to debate the of scope the limit to appropriate was it related, are heritage and law how of issue the with dealing conference. the of organisation inthe part active an take and initiative in how they are applied to 20 to applied are they in how difference substantial no is there regulations, and “Diritto e salvaguardia dell’architettura e dell’architettura salvaguardia “Diritto Legal provisions applicable to monuments are applicable are monuments to provisions Legal As the preparatory discussions revealed, the top the revealed, discussions preparatory the As One might rightly question as to whether, in whether, to as question rightly might One We believe that, in discussing laws, standards standards laws, indiscussing that, We believe th century monuments alone. monuments century
th century heritage meetings), but but meetings), heritage century th century preservation (familiar
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— 2012/1 - - - - sensitive issues. most the of one is possibly, this, But period. their of regardless buildings, heritage all to equally applied effective, regardless of actual or alleged authentic alleged or actual of regardless effective, becomes listing the time the at contents its all and centuries, 20 applied. be measures compliance that require ties authori when disregarded be cannot that features compliance authorities to expect that 20 that expect to authorities compliance induces frequently architecture, contemporary to heritage century’s last the of proximity technical etc. risk, seismic safety, like infields ties authori compliance demands of the against works architectural recent defend to difficult more far is it centuries, previous of architecture revered the to compared that, fact the is related, are heritage and law how of issue the debating when century efficiency. energy inimproving issue an is which envelopes, century masterpieces), and the poor thermal inertia of 20 of inertia thermal poor the and masterpieces), 50s and 30s many marks which continuity spatial otherwise specified in the listing document; in the the in document; listing the in specified otherwise unless exteriors, building to applies only tection pro Norway and Netherlands inthe surroundings; proximal and interiors exteriors, building covers protection France, (in country to country from ies var also provisions of listing efficacy the and etc.) finds one France can be listed “grade “grade listed be can UK buildings the (in considered being country the to buildings. heritage list and protect to available meeting. the of structure the by account into taken was this and buildings, existing on interventions affect can systems). and efficiency energy to respect with true especially is (this buildings new to applied standards the to up brought be buildings UK in 20 drivers onethe of complexity, spatial the eration: consid require also architecture recent of features intrinsic the of some In addition, stations). railway and airports like hubs infrastructure and stadiums, or theatres like facilities (entertainment flows public or people of numbers large accommodate to oped devel has civilisation modern that types building Corbusier’s Corbusier’s Le (e.g. complexes residential large of buildings, rise of high– think to it Suffice areas. in many complexity instead, listing applies to the whole building building whole the to applies listing instead, The heritage of the 20 the of heritage The Firstly, compared to architecture from previous previous from architecture to compared Firstly, It should be added that the temporal, formal and and formal temporal, the that added be should It last the on focusing for reason good A second Protection exists in differing degrees according according degrees indiffering exists Protection of instruments types the concerns level first The issues legal which at levels different are There th century architectural research (think of the the of (think research architectural century nts d’Habitation Unités th century buildings present greater greater present buildings century “bâtiments classés” “bâtiments I ”, “grade th century exhibits specific specific exhibits century ), of the variety of of variety the of ), II *” or “grade “grade or *” or or “inscrits” th century century II ”; in ”; th ; ------
25/07/12 11:13 83 News and Information
ity). The above differences reveal the diversity of of public interest. The term dispensation, however, compliance in the auditorium was achieved by ex- national cultures where preservation is concerned, often seems to imply an attempt to find loopholes to panding the compartmentalisation area to a point and at the same time they also influence national avoid problems, and this is why one often speaks of in which the fire doors could not disrupt the original heritage culture. the conflict between cultural and safety interests material elements and spatial perception; Alvar Aal- The duration of protection may also vary: in some when heritage is at stake. It actually is more a mat- to’s House of Culture in Helsinki (1955–58), where American states, officially recognised monuments ter of different facets of one and the same issue: the the original wooden fire doors were preserved and
— docomomo enjoy protection in perpetuity, while in many Euro- overall public interest. merely coated with intumescent paint; Vantaa City pean countries listed buildings may, in some cases, Furthermore, as already stated, obtaining dispen- Hall (1957), where the parapets were restored be “de–listed” or “de–classified”, without any cul- sations varies greatly from one country to another to their original state—despite their non–compli- tural explanation. and even within the same country. Additionally, ance—thanks to the argument that the building is Moreover, heritage legislation may also have compliance or habitability certification authorities only used during the day and that it is not attended economic consequences with respect to eligibility appear to enjoy varying degrees of freedom: in some by children; Scharoun’s Geschwister–Scholl–Gesa- for preservation work financing and funding, as well cases a dialogue–negotiation process is possible (or mtschule in Lünen (1956–62), where a fragmenta- as tax facilitations or incentives, etc. even required) between the architects and the rel- tion of the interior space of the hall, with its almost The meeting also addressed a further instrument evant authorities, in other cases such dialogue is urban features, was avoided by compartmentalising for the protection of 20th century heritage: authors’ practically non–existent. only the upper part of the staircases to the first rights. This set of laws was created to protect works To provide the audience with a better understand- floor; Haefeli, Moser and Steiger’s Kongresshaus in produced by human creativity from subsequent ing of the legal notions involved, several experts Zurich (1936–39), where the spatial continuity be- changes, and it can be enforced for the preservation discussed the issues of dispensation and equivalent tween areas located on different levels still remains of outstanding 20th century architectural work. A safety, illustrating how they are implemented and an unresolved fire safety issue. point in case is the Flaminio stadium in Rome, de- providing replies to questions such as: Can one refer The contributions presented during the study signed by Pier Luigi Nervi between 1956 and 1958. to common sense (the kitchen recipe notion of “as days testify to the great diversity of heritage provi- Extensive restructuring work had been envisaged required” or “quanto basta”) in adapting buildings sions and approaches from one country to another. to turn it into the city’s main rugby stadium. Action to existing regulations? In the case of buildings for The meetings are in no way intended to provide taken by the engineer–author’s heirs led to a con- which the probability of certain types of accident ready recipes for regulatory compliance procedures, frontation between the relevant authorities and the is minimal (e.g. a fire breaking out where there is nonetheless, it was clear to all meeting attendees transformation project was abandoned. nothing combustible), how can one require that the that the greater the number of regulatory compli- In other cases, however, the issue of authors’ principle of proportionality be applied to the actual ance cases one can refer to, the more easily one can rights may prove to be double edged. The Olympi- risk and to the required compliance interventions? find alternatives for prescribed solutions by assur- 84 apark in Munich, designed for the 1972 Olympics Another key issue is accident liability: in most ing equivalent safety levels. An anecdotal collec- by Günter Behnisch was listed in 1998. When the legal systems it lies with the owner. In the event tion of recent heritage restoration and reuse cases, municipality and the managing company decided of the owner being a private citizen, it will not be in where issues related to protection, listing, and to erect new buildings within the original complex, his best interest to seek dispensations from existing compliance requirements (in the areas of personal Behnisch asserted his author’s rights to avoid hav- rules and regulations, hence the paradox of owners safety, fire safety, accessibility, energy efficiency, ing someone else modify the complex. However, the being less willing than compliance authorities, to ac- etc.) have been addressed and solved in ingenious alternative project he submitted envisaged such cept equivalent safety solutions. ways, can become a useful instrument for archi- extensive alterations that the local heritage authori- Following the overview of theoretical issues and tects involved in this field, allowing them to develop ties had to step in to avoid disruptions of the original key legal notions during the first day of the meeting, arguments and find solutions that local authorities complex. the second day focused entirely on practice. can approve. The above issues are some examples of the top- Experts and technical practitioners from several For these same reasons, we chose the supra- ics discussed during the first session of the meeting. countries presented their national rules and regula- national level to discuss relevant legislation and Regulatory compliance is another level at which tions for fire safety, accessibility, seismic safety, regulations for architectural heritage interventions. legal issues may affect interventions on existing securing hazardous materials and compliance with Consequently, the objective of the final discussion buildings, and this was the focus of the discussion energy standards. The goal of the session was to was to gather arguments, stimuli, positions and for the remaining sessions of the study days. discover common practices and their underlying best practices so as to then make them available In intervening on a heritage building, architects principles, from which generalisations can be more to international protection associations like doco- must ensure that the building complies with current easily drawn. momo International. planning regulations and in particular with provi- During the last session the floor was handed over The meeting contributions and the closing dis- sions relating to fire safety, the elimination of archi- to practitioners: architects from a variety of coun- cussion made it clear that one of the key issues is tectural barriers, public safety, the safety of staff tries, each with his or her extensive experience in the extraordinary proliferation of regulations from and maintenance personnel, seismic safety, and the field of recent heritage. They presented cases of the second half of the 19th century onwards: this lastly sustainability and energy efficiency. heritage interventions in which regulations played subverted the previous interrelation between so In cases of legally recognised “monuments”, ap- an important role in defining the solutions that were called “technical standards” and the Constitution. plications can be presented to obtain dispensations. then implemented. The cases included, among oth- Architecture was originally governed by “standard These are equivalent safety solutions which have a ers: Wilhelm Marinus Dudok’s Collège Neerlandais practice”, but gradually this has given way to a lower impact on a building that is considered to be (1927) in the Cité Universitaire in Paris, where fire proliferation of technical regulations that have
docomomo 46 — 2012/1 What “Rights” for 20th Century Monuments ?
docomomo46.indd 84 25/07/12 11:13 1 2 Figure 1. Le Corbusier, Unité d’habitation, Marseille (1945–1952), fire on February 9, 2012. Figure 2. Otto Rudolf Salvisberg, Institut für Geologie, Universität Bern, Bern (1929–1931). Figure 3. Roland Korn, Hans Erich Bogatzky, Staatsratsgebäude, Berlin (1962–1964). Figure 4. Armin Meili, Gemeinschaftshaus der AGBrown, Boveri & Cie, Baden (1951–1954). 85
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colonised fundamental constitutional rights, like the prove the quality features of the monument they more realistic approach, without penalising the use preservation of cultural heritage. Hence, despite the are dealing with, often without having a specific and reuse of existing resources. principle of constitutional primacy, technical stan- institutional or regulatory framework. Over the com- Jointly with all the participants in the meeting, dards–which are basically derived from a practice– ing years heritage interventions–recent heritage the organisers hope that national and international based induction approach–have gradually gained especially–are bound to acquire increasing weight bodies concerned with the protection of recent the upper hand and are now applied with a literal when compared to new building. To avoid approach- heritage will make use of the proposals that have is- and paralysing attitude on the part of authorities ing this substantial stock of heritage as if it were sued from the study days and take them to a higher or experts who are terrified by civil and criminal li- always an exception to the rule, it would be in the level of discussion. Were they to be conveyed to the ability issues. interests of architects’ associations to create a legal relevant policy makers, they could become valuable One way out of this impasse would be to require framework or specific instruments—ad hoc regula- material to support the development of more consis- “constitutionality control or opinion”, whereby ar- tions, committees of experts, specialised surveyors, tent national and international strategies which, at chitects, with the support of a legal expert, could etc.—to strengthen and assist this expanding sector. long last, would assure fitting consideration for the challenge a compliance request from a relevant au- In today’s financial and environmental situation, the “rights of 20th century architectural heritage”. thority, were it to be deemed contrary to the “rights protection of recent architecture has ethical as well as of the monument”. Were such a proposal to take aesthetic implications. A new institutional framework foot, it would restore the correct priorities of legal could be applied to listed buildings first, and then to Roberta Grignolo provisions, conferring primacy to constitutional architectural work where value has been recognised Assistant–professor of restoration and reuse of 20th century principles and placing practice based regulations at by historiography, but not yet by institutions. architecture at the Accademia di architettura in Mendrisio a lower level. It is to be hoped that, on the basis of different (Università della Svizzera Italiana). She is co–leader, together with professor Franz Graf, of the Swiss interfaculty research The meeting also highlighted how present–day national experiences and by developing ad hoc poli- project titled “Critical Encyclopaedia for Restoration and architects, whose practice is in the field of 20th cies and legal instruments, it may become possible Reuse of 20th Century Architecture”, funded by the Swiss century heritage, bear the full burden of having to to guide interventions on existing buildings toward a University Conference. / [email protected]
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Heritage in Danger By Ivan Blasi
MODERN heritage is still at risk although huge steps have been made to protect it and deal with it since docomomo was created. In the last months docomomo International has supported several campaigns to protect buildings which are part of Chapters’ Registers. In some cases the support of — docomomo international institutions has allowed all those people involved in the different processes to recall on the importance of the projects and their future use. Following are some of these projects which are still in risk.
Factory Kitchen, the State Museum of Architecture (MUAR), and well-known experts. The site was visited by del- Samara, 1931 egations of SAVE Europe’s Heritage and Moscow Architecture Preservation Society (MAPS); the visit by Ekaterina Maksimova resulted in publications in the international press and petitions to save the building. It was spared the he Maslennikov factory canteen, also known Maslennikov Factory. The building is absolutely demolition, but still is not protected by the preserva- Tas the Fabrika Kukhnya or Factory Kitchen, was unique in its plan in the shape of a hummer-and- tion law, and its condition continues to deteriorate. canteen producing meals on industrial scale, a vital cycle, symbol of the union of the working people. Official application by a certified expert stating that typology for the early Soviet urbanism. The ‘hummer’ held the kitchen and storage, and the the building should be listed as a cultural heritage By providing inexpensive and healthy food, they ‘cycle’ was occupied by dinner-halls. site was ignored by the Samara Ministry of Culture. aimed to free people, especially women, from The architect, Ekaterina Maksimova, was a Today, the owner of the buildings intends to demol- ‘domestic slavery’ and to give them more time for VKHUTEMAS graduate and one of the very few ish it and built a multistory commercial centre on education and other forms of personal development, women architects of the time. its place. and, at the same time, to foster the spirit of collec- The building underwent a number of transforma- 86 tivism. Every new residential area was supposed to tions, but still retains its characteristic shape and Vladimir Shukhov, docomomo Russia Chair have a factory-kitchen, and they were usually prom- can be restored. More than once it was under the Anna Bronovitskaya, docomomo Russia Secretary General inently placed and have expressive architecture. threat of demolition, and now its future is unclear. docomomo International signed the petition and wrote Sometimes they were municipal, and sometimes Local activists for many years led a campaign to letters to the Governor of Samara and to the senator from they belonged to a factory. preserve the factory-kitchen building. Among their Samara urging them to take measures for the listing and Factory Kitchen in Samara belonged to the supporters are the Union of Architects of Russia, preservation of the Factory Kitchen.
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docomomo46.indd 86 25/07/12 11:13 ect was to maintain the spirit of the park and build Sandoz Headquarters around the lake, knowing that the Swiss are won- derful people who have such a respect for nature”, While Burckhardt said “In Rueil, we found noth- Office Complex Novartis, ing but positive opportunities, a wonderful park with its ponds and old trees, a customer who want- Rueil-Malmaison, ed a neat group of buildings, a high-class Parisian colleague, Zehrfuss, Premier Grand Prix de Rome.” 1962-1968 In the fall of 2010, the Regional Directorate of Cultural Affairs (DRAC) Ile de France sought advice by Martin Burckhardt and from Christine Desmoulins–a historian and author of a thesis and a book on the work of the architect Bernard-Henri Zehrfuss Zehrfuss because the main building overlooking the boulevard de Richelieu was highly threatened. The principle of demolition seemed to have already been accepted by the municipality late 2010, al- though the DRAC was then consulted. A review of the PLU was then announced in order to densify the site. This decision seems unrealistic when one con- siders the Richelieu domain fortunately protected by its historical monument status. The owner cunningly chose a famous, undisputed architect, Patrick Berger, to build the new building, a formidable technique to modify or remove build- ings of high quality while not being blamed for that.
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gnès Cailliau, Chair of docomomo France Sandoz laboratories in Orleans (1949-1953) and Aalerted docomomo International that the Martin Burckhardt had made the Basel headquarters. original Headquarters and Laboratories of Sandoz The project had to respond to a request for were going to be completely demolished. After writ- 12,000 m2 of offices, laboratories, meeting rooms, ing letters to the Mayor of Rueil-Malmaison and to a restaurant and a cafeteria. The selected site was Novarti’s President, the pharmaceutical company the former estate of the Richelieu Park and, in or- answered that their previous Basel intervention der to respect height constraints and preserve the was an example of their care for heritage, that the harmony of the wooded area, a rather low building structure of the building in Rueil-Malmaison had (4 floors) was proposed and built upon a two level not aged well and did not live up to the company’s basement. It is in perfect harmony that Buckhardt standards and that the project of architect Patrick and Zehrfuss worked together between 1965 and Berger was in line with their heritage policy. 1968 to meet the constraints of the site punctuated The campaign continues with the support of by ponds, to set up a composition of low buildings many people such as Francis Rambert, Pierre- leaving the park open by following the access bou- Antoine Gatier, Rudy Riciotti, or Dominique Perrault. levard. The main pond dictated the fragmentation of the program into three entities. In a game of trans- pon the decision to build the new French head- parencies and reflections, the main building articu- Uquarters of Sandoz, the company expected a lated the axis towards the restaurant landscape and tertiary architecture at the forefront of Modernity to a functional axis towards the laboratories. We must echo the image of a prestigious company on a pro- now admit that these very constraints due to the tected landscape site. The Sandoz family believed location of the project in a rare site are at the origin that Modern architecture would serve the project of the remarkable series we admire today. Bernard after Jean Tschumi (1904-1962) had designed the Zehrfuss pointed out “the whole point of the proj-
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horizontally. The exterior walls made of large size Kyoto Kaikan, bricks and the pilotis as a sifting device moderated between the outer city and the inner spatial realm. Kyoto, 1960 Accordingly, Mayekawa created an architectural complex that convincingly reflected the design fun- by Kunio Mayekawa damentals of the Modern Movement while simul-
— docomomo taneously making it fit with the historic traditional context of the Kyoto cityscape. n the historic city of Kyoto, located inside Okazaki Kyoto Kaikan has been one of the most outstanding In June 2011, the City of Kyoto, the owner of Park across from the Heian Jingu Shinto shrines, Modern buildings in I Kyoto Kaikan, announced abruptly its plan to de- sits a representative Modern architectural heritage, Japan. As such it was awarded in 1960, its inau- molish more than a half of the complex in order to Kyoto Kaikan. gurating year, the Architectural Institute of Japan build in its place a new theater with a stage height However, today, it faces an imminent threat of Annual Prize, and more recently in 2003, it was that exceeds 30 meters. If the plan is allowed to destructive alteration, thus calling attention for the registered as part of the proceed as announced, the authenticity of the Heritage Alert at the ICOMOS ISC20C. docomomo Japan list of significant Modern complex would be categorically lost. Moreover, an Kyoto Kaikan is a multi-purpose cultural complex heritage buildings. emergence of massive volume done in a factory or accommodating a concert hall, a theater and an Kyoto Kaikan was designed to be harmonious plant like stage/theater structure would be certain international convention center. The complex was with its context that provided a rich concoction to cause discord with the specific surrounding ‘his- conceived as an edifice symbolizing the post-war of natural as well as man-made ‘historic’ environ- toric’ traditional context that Mayekawa had so en- reconstruction in Kyoto. It was built in 1960 and ment. It was laid out to form a courtyard embody- dearingly accorded in his design. The loss of Kyoto was designed by Kunio Mayekawa, a renowned ing the adjacent Kyoto Municipal Museum of Art Kaikan would forebode the deprivation of the built vanguard architect who apprenticed under Le Annex by asserting a strip of oversized and deep environment permeating Kyoto with a rich assort- Corbusier in Paris from 1928 to 1930 as the first concrete eaves–in loose reference to the traditional ment of cultural endowment. Japanese architect to do so. Without any doubt Japanese wooden construction design–to bind it Hiroshi Matsukuma, docomomo Japan Vice Chair
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docomomo46.indd 88 25/07/12 11:13 However, it is worth noting that after the demoli- Dinamo Stadium, tion of the Kirov Stadium in St. Petersburg in 2007, Dinamo Stadium remains the last large-scale sports Moscow, 1927-1936 structure of the 1920-1930s, and it needs a special solicitous attitude. by Aleksandr Langman When and on what grounds was the status of cultural heritage building of regional significance and Leonid Cherikover changed for “capital construction object” within the bounds of “place of interest”? Such definitions are provided in Appendixes to Government Decree of the City of Moscow dated January 25, 2012 #314 “On the area boundaries acknowledgement of cultural heritage object of regional significance Dinamo Stadium, 1928, by ar- chitect L. Cherikover” and in the Government Decree of the City of Moscow #15-PP “On the confirmation of land use provisions and city-planning regulations on the territory of cultural heritage object (place of interest) of regional significance Dinamo Stadium, 1928, by architect L. Cherikover”, where it is written about “demolition of southern, northern, eastern parts of the building.” In published sources there is no information on any act of state historical/cultural expert as- sessment and no administrative document which change the status of Dinamo Stadium to “place of interest”. It is doubtless that the FIFA World Football Cup which will take place in Moscow in 2018 is an im- portant event. But it cannot serve as the basis for 89 he following letter was sent to the Mayor of destruction of the heritage as a way to keep the TMoscow by Anna Bronovitskaya, Secretary Gen- memory of the time when football had its highest eral of docomomo Russia, with the support of uplift in Russia. Inconformity of the Stadium’s facili- Docomomo International: ties with FIFA standards indicates that it should not On February 10, 2012 the demolition of the fa- be used for holding high-status matches but that it çade walls of the cultural heritage building of re- should be operated and maintained as one of the gional significance Dinamo Stadium got underway city sports and cultural grounds which are in great (Leningrandsky Prospect, 36). There is no need to demand today. prove the value of the building which was construct- The demolition which is underway now brings ed in two stages in 1927-1936 upon the project of into discredit the very idea of heritage conservation. L. Cherikover and A. Langman. In 1987 the Stadium In order to satisfy investors’ needs the significant was placed under special protection of the state. monument and the surrounding park which are the objects of public domain are being sacrificed. This demolition will be a great loss for the city and an offence to its residents. One must also think about the injury to the extranational reputation of Russia which can be caused by this uncivilized handling with the social heritage. We strongly urge you to look into the situation and take undelayed action to stop the demolition. Anna Bronovitskaya docomomo Russia Secretary General
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docomomo46.indd 89 25/07/12 11:13 Tribute
adequate urban presence of the buildings but for a Ricardo Legorreta solution to the specific requirements that go beyond An Architect in Search the technical settings. We are talking about complex problems such as the ones presented by libraries of Modernity and the relentless growth of their archives, like in the
— docomomo libraries of: Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León Within Tradition (1994) in Monterrey and the Centro Nacional de las Artes in Mexico City (1994); the Central Library, in By Louise Noelle San Antonio, Texas (1995), and the one in Chula Vista, in California (1995). icardo Legorreta is one of the Mexican con- Regarding institutions of higher education, his designs temporary architects who have garnered the considered the contemporary means of transmitting Rmost recognition; only in 2011 he was dis- knowledge, without leaving behind the quality of tinguished as Doctor Honoris Causa by the Univer- student interactions; we can witness this at the Insti- sidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, and tuto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores in Monter- the Praemium Imperiale in Japan. One year before, rey, ITESM, with the Graduated School of Business on August 27 at the docomomo Conference held in (2001) and the campus “Santa Fe” in Mexico City Mexico City, he gave a memorable Keynote Speech (2009), as well as the Graduated School of Econo- on the main figures of the Modern Movement in my at the UNAM (2010). In the United States he car- Mexico, José Villagrán and Luis Barragán, that the ried out the Schwab Residential Centre at Stanford attendants treasured in their memories. University (1997), the Max Palevsky Residence Hall He was born in Mexico City on May 7, 1931, and he at the University of Chicago (2001) and the Commu- studied architecture precisely at the UNAM; he start- nity Centre of UCSF in San Francisco (2005). In the ed his professional life working with José Villagrán Middle East he designed for the Qatar University at 90 García, who is considered to be the pioneer of Mexi- Doha, the Texas A&M Engineering College (2007) can Modern architecture, and eventually became his and the Carnegie Mellon College of Business and partner between 1955 and 1960. His work stemmed Computer Science (2009), as well as the Student from the analysis and comprehension of the values of Housing and the Campus centre at the American architecture and the mastery of technique, as well University in El Cairo (2009). as from the Mexican roots and traditions, drawing Finally, the museums and exhibition rooms, in vari- near Luis Barragán’s proposals. His first personal ex- ous shapes and forms, where part of the challenges pression can be seen fully at the Hotel Camino Real he accepted, starting with the Children’s Discovery in Mexico City (1968), a building that combines an Museum (1989) and the Technological Museum intimate nature with the complex needs of the hotel of Innovation (1998) in San José California. In the industry, a genre where he had several successful new century he designed: the Pabellón de México examples. The main characteristics of his style are (2000) at the Expo-Hannover in Germany; the Mu- shown in a privileged way of using a wall, which seum for Zandra Rhodes in London (2001); the Art enable him to use light sparingly and fitly. The exte- Museum of South Texas in Corpus Christi (2006); rior result is of marked and powerful volumes, with a the Museo Laberinto de las Ciencias y las Artes in horizontal tendency that protects generous internal San Luis Potosí (2008); and the Museum of Science spaces, kind and welcoming, with a constant feeling and History at Fort Worth (2010). of belonging to the local. With the death of Ricardo Legorreta on December His vast and varied architectural production was de- 30, 2011, contemporary architecture has lost one of veloped starting in 1963 where he headed Legorreta its main actors and docomomo a trusted friend. Arquitectos,1 where in the last two decades the works 1. First he established a society with Noé Castro and Carlos Vargas, related to culture and education had an important which was transformed in 2000 as Legorreta + Legorreta, with Víctor Le- place; in these instances he looked not only for an gorreta, Noé Castro, Carlos Vargas, Adriana Ciclik and Miguel Almaraz
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La Cité du Lignon 1963–1971, EPFL, proposing a pilot study based on exhaustive Architectures Modernes. Étude Architecturale et documentation, and a correspondingly exhaustive L’Émergence d’un Patrimoine Stratégies d’Intervention technical and energetic diagnosis. The propos- By Maristella Casciato and By Franz Graf and Giulia Marino als that were implemented managed to combine Émilie d’Orgeix Publisher: Patrimoine et Architecture, harmoniously the Modern architecture and green Publisher: Mardaga, Wavre Cahier hors série, Infolio, Genève growth in a difficult building complex, giving the ISBN: 978–2–8047–0100–0
— docomomo ISBN: 978–2–8847–4261–0 city environment and aesthetics. Therefore the im- Language: French Language: French portant thing is not the restored building per se but Year: 2012 (English and French Abstracts) the restoration process as a result of the methodol- Year: 2012 ogy followed by the TSAM laboratory. It is this effort which is detailed in this book, together with histori- cal and theoretical but mainly technical documenta- tion, and has to be an effective tool for all those who are involved in the restoration of buildings of Modern architecture. Panayotis Tournikiotis Chair docomomo Greece Chair ISC Technology
Pioneers of Modern Design By Nikolaus Pevsner Publisher: Palazzo Editions, Bath he headquarters of Docomomo International ISBN: 978-0-9564-9426-9 Tmoved from Delft to Paris in 2002 with Maristel- uilding large residential complexes that will Language: English la Casciato as Chair and Émilie d’Orgeix as Secretary Bgrow in height and length, leaving the territory Ye a r : 2011 General. Some years later, Anne–Laure Guillet in green, and allow the housing of a large number joined the team as Director, leading altogether an of residents with low cost and suitable conditions intense and bright period of Docomomo and high- of life, was a Modern vision that saw implementa- lighting its missions. In 2010 the headquarters were 92 tion mainly in the 1950’s and 1960’s. Le Corbusier’s relocated to Barcelona. This book aims, primarily, to “la nature est inscrite dans le bail” was part of the reformulate a feedback on the evolution of speech- programming principle of the new lifestyle. Over the es and dialectics that have profoundly changed the years these Modern complexes have lost much of theories and practices regarding Modern heritage the glamour of the original intent, facing many prob- since the 1980s. It aims to be a retrospective focus- lems, which included energy consuming construc- ing on the views and experiences of practitioners tion, social conditions and poor maintenance. And deeply involved in the recognition, enhancement while many of these were demolished in the late and conservation of the architectural and urban 20th century, their architectural and environmen- heritage of the 20th century. The title Modern Ar- tal values have being widely recognized in recent chitectures, The Emergence of a Heritage, wants to years, with the consequent need to protect some of establish a causal link between the awareness of them as an architectural and cultural heritage. The new edition, fully illustrated in color, of one the multiplicity of Modernisms and, by extension, crucial question in this case was the way in which A of the most widely read books on Modern the ability to establish, in response to the current environmental conditions and architectural quality design. Nikolaus Pevsner’s landmark work was first emergency, a selective and conscious process of could be restored to ensure heritage, energy and published in 1936. Pevsner saw Modernism as a “patrimonialization.” The magnitude of these rela- economy all together. synthesis of three main sources: William Morris tions has profoundly influenced the raison d’être of The case of the Cité du Lignon at Geneva is a and his followers; the work of the 19th century en- Docomomo International during the ten years of the prime example. The Lignon was constructed be- gineers; and Art Nouveau. All these form the essen- authors’ mandate. tween 1963 and 1971 to house 10,000 people tial background to the work of the early Modernists, docomomo members focus on these aims with an ambitious architectural program, improv- with their rejection of ornament, their use of new related to the book’s four chapters: Narrative and ing many technical features and a curtain wall in materials and their commitment to “utility” and the Memory; Place and Identity; Centre and Periphery; the residential units. The complex included a long machine age. This new edition of this classic work and Theory and Practice. zigzag asteroid bar and two towers with extensive is fully illustrated in color, with new feature spreads This publication is definitely a key tool to explain gardens and communal facilities. The listing of the on the key protagonists and movements and a new 10 years of Docomomo International’s history. complex in 2009 was a real challenge that was suc- introduction by Professor Richard Weston. cessfully faced by the Laboratoire des Techniques Ivan Blasi de la Sauvegarde de l’Architecture Moderne of the Palazzo Editions, Bath Secretary General docomomo International
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docomomo46.indd 92 25/07/12 11:13 Visions 10. Dret a un Habitatge After the Project together with the peculiarities of each case and Digne i Adequat Updating Mass Housing Estates its problematic. Within this international perspec- By Zaida Muxí Actualització de polígons tive, the case of Barcelona is introduced through Publisher: ETSAB, Barcelona residencials II EcoRehab an interview by Francesc Peremiquel to Pere Serra ISBN: 978–8–4608–1261–6 By Adolf Sotoca (editor) on the experiences of renewal of housing estates of Language: Catalan, Spanish Publisher: Iniciativa Digital Politècnica the last 30 years. Year: 2012 (UPC), Barcelona The three case studies, used as a touchstone, are ISBN: 978–8–4765–3919–4 estates located more than 40 years ago in one of Language: English, Catalan Barcelona’s rear parts which has now become its Year: 2012 eastern façade, subject now to renovation projects and processes. Besides its strategic location, the selection of these case studies has clearly dis- tinct legacies and situation points, and they allow working hypotheses to be set seeking for a more general reflection. The remodeling of the Bon Pas- tor neighborhood, a so–called cheap housing estate erected in 1929, has generated much controversy between social and urban memory preservation and the improvement of living conditions. It offers a line of work and a reflection which are settled on the tension between the need for major renovation isions is the name of the magazine published and sensitivity to existing reality. The case of Ciutat Vby the Barcelona Architecture School. This Meridiana–a private estate built in 1964 in a hardly number was dedicated to the right to a decent and he need to rebuild our cities on themselves reasonable situation due to the climatic conditions, adequate home. Ana Tostões, who had been invited Tseems very questionable today. In this context, rough topography and difficult access, only under- to give a lecture on housing at the “Laboratory of the massive housing projects that met the urban standable because of the low cost of the land–rais- Housing of the 20th century”, the Master directed explosion of the second half of the 20th century are es yet a considerable space for improvement, both by Zaida Muxí and Josep Maria Montaner, wrote an a vital presence that demands answers. Despite internal and especially external due to its connec- article entitled “Between Cancer and Capricorn: an the considerable experience accumulated in inter- tion with the natural environment, the Parc Natural Architecture Laboratory. Housing in Sub–Saharan vention, approaches offering comprehensive and de Collserola, and its accessibility by means of pub- 93 Africa, case studies of Angola and Mozambique.” systematic deep in thought approaches or overall lic transport. To jointly address the neighborhoods After studying the Modern Movement in Portugal, approaches allowing compared visions on the diver- of La Mina, the subject of one of the most elaborate focusing on the postwar period of World War II and sity of processes, problematic and answers, are not and interesting recent projects, and the Sud–Oest the analysis of the influence of Modern Brazilian common. del Besòs neighborhoods brings up the question of architecture, she had an interest in research on As discussed in the introduction, these mass the delimitation of these interventions and their ef- Modern architecture and planning in the former housing areas currently accumulate problems deal- fects on the design responses. Portuguese colonies in Africa. With the new field ing with physical and typological housing obsoles- Each of these case studies counts with the work information gathered from her last visit to cence; social problems arising from the progressive contributions of qualified specialists which enrich both Angola and Mozambique, the text shows the aging of the population and the arrival of new im- the approaches to each of these mass housing es- influence of Modern architecture in these coun- migration waves; and urban integration problems tates: José Luis Oyón on Bon Pastor, Olga Tarrasó tries through specific case studies. These works generated from geographical marginalization. The on Ciutat Meridiana and Sebastià Jornet on La are a small sample of potential output asserted by regeneration of these estates therefore requires as- Mina neighborhood. The conclusion appears as an Modern architecture in Angola and Mozambique, sessing the physical conditions of built heritage in interview with Amador Ferrer–whose 1982 thesis evident in the iconic qualities, tectonic and program- order to address livability issues; improving urban- was the first to examine systematically and to claim matic legacy, unique in every way. Docomomo as an ity conditions in these areas with the provision of Barcelona’s estates from the second half of the 20th organization committed to the documentation and facilities, characterization of open spaces and the century–assesses and proposes a new scenario for preservation of Modern architecture is committed improvement of internal accessibility; and finally these mass housing estates. to preserving this unique and expressive Modern solving their territorial integration problems. This publication is a necessary and extremely tropical landscape, a point which is highlighted in This collective publication, steered by Adolf So- useful contribution to address a critical issue, abso- the publication. toca, and generated from different studies on case lutely current and which has broad impact both on Ivan Blasi studies in Barcelona, aims at placing it in an inter- the national and international context. Secretary General docomomo International national context. It does so by making a first–hand comparative view of mass housing formation pro- Manuel Guardia cesses in five cases rather distant from Barcelona: Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Seoul, Krakow, Belgrade and Bucharest. The gener- ality of these processes is effectively highlighted
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Coup de Dés. ticians who share strong convictions regarding the of an interfaculty research project named “Critical Mediterranean Cities. importance and innovation of Modern architectural Encyclopaedia for the Restoration and Reuse of 20th Architectural and Urban Design. design. This affinity with Modernity relies on the Century Architecture”. In 2008 the project received By AA.VV. persuasion that Modernity is a worldwide heritage, funding from the Swiss university conference to Publisher: Actar, Barcelona a sustainable design tool, a project thinking method promote cooperation between the main Swiss ISBN: 978–8–4936–9014–4 and finally, a key for the future of architectural pro- schools of architecture (Swiss Cooperation Project
— docomomo Language: English duction and cultural debate. The proposal for the in Architecture). The research project comprises Year: 2012 new headquarters to be in Barcelona at the Mies four sections: the first, “Historical-Critical Tools and van der Rohe Foundation is based on the belief Preservation” is coordinated by Roberta Grignolo that the challenge of forthcoming decades must be and Bruno Reichlin (USI), the second, “Material His- faced with a twofold strategy: tory of Buildings” is led by Franz Graf (EPFL and USI), 1. To conduct highly skilled, sustainable, exem- the third, “Preservation of the City in the 20th Centu- plary interventions in buildings, neighborhoods and ry” is coordinated by Vittorio Magnago Lampugnani landscapes of the Modern Movement. (ETHZ) and the fourth, “Methodological Tools” is led 2. To widen the territorial scope by investigating by Giacinta Jean (SUPSI). new cultural and geographical territories where modern architecture has played a significant role. Mendrisio Academy Press/Silvana Editoriale
Ivan Blasi Secretary General docomomo International Architecture industrialisée et préfabriquée: connaissance et sauvegarde oup de Dés is the title of a series of seminars Lo Spazio interno moderno Cthat have the intention to depart from a se- come oggetto di salvaguardia Understanding and Conserving ries of completed works and to open up a debate on Modern Interior Space as an Industrialised and their significance. Object of Preservation Prefabricated Architecture Regarding the concept behind this series, Ignasi By Roberta Grignolo and By Franz Graf and Yvan Delemontey de Sola–Morales established its defining principles Bruno Reichlin Publisher: Presses polytechniques et before his premature death in 2001: “The reference Publisher: Mendrisio Academy Press/ universitaires romandes 94 to the text by Mallarmé serves as our departure Silvana Editoriale, Milano ISBN: 978-2-8807-4960-6 point. There is nothing pre–established. Not even ISBN: 978-8-8366-2417-1 Language: French and English plurality, hybridization or multiplicity. Today’s archi- Language: Italian/English Year: 2012 tectural project is a risk, calculated or not, faced Year: 2012 with an unlimited number of possibilities. Acute- ness, ingenuity, astuteness or chance are the refer- ence points of a reality that appears un–disciplined, disordered, un–leashed. To pose the questions why does this happen, what is proposed and what is achieved is to attempt to understand the project: something artificially superimposed on reality to trap some kind of energy, a form, a trait. To design is to launch a configuration, a hypothesis, convinced that it will be able to process lines, fractures, folds that concentrate peculiar energies existing in real- ity. To cross these lines, elaborate the conflict, to fashion these knots has always been the purpose of the project.” neglected area until quite recently, the indus- The 2010 edition of the Coup de Dés was cel- n 20th century heritage preservation projects, Mod- A trialization of construction during the 20th ebrated at the Mies van der Rohe Pavilion in Bar- Iern interior space often receives secondary consid- century has become a hot topic among architec- celona and Docomomo International was presented eration. This is one of the main reasons for which it tural historians in recent years. This two-day inter- by the Chair, Ana Tostões, with the lecture “Conti- has been chosen as the main topic of this volume national conference, organized in connection with nuity and Change.” docomomo, as a worldwide which gathers the re-shaped and revised contribu- the project entitled “A Critical Encyclopedia for the network of people motivated by belief in the value tions from the international study days held at the Restoration and Re-use of 20th Century Architec- of Modern Movement architecture, gathers a clus- Academy of Architecture in Mendrisio. These meet- ture”, engages with renewed interest in this area of ter of professionals, such as practicing architects, ings, held under the title “Modern Interior Space as study. But unlike other meetings, this conference is town planners, researchers, historians and theore- an Object of Preservation” were organized as part not only concerned with retracing the historical de-
docomomo 46 — 2012/1
docomomo46.indd 94 25/07/12 11:13 velopment but also with taking stock–by means of which one can see, that cannot hide anything, of La arquitectura desde el case studies–of the conservation problems posed a material which is “brother of light, air and space,” interior, 1925-1937 by industrialized and prefabricated architecture to- stimulated the minds and enriched the debate. In Lilly Reich y Charlotte Perriand day. Just as the way we construct history is insepa- this period, characterized by the intertwining of By María Melgarejo Belenguer rable from the thoughts and challenges we face in continuous technical innovation and formal experi- Publisher: Fundación Caja de our present society, the way we treat our heritage mentation, this material takes on the symbolic value Arquitectos – Arquia/Tesis is nourished by turning our thoughts back to the of “Modernity”. Today, few traces remain of these ISBN: 978-8-4939-4091-1 history that produced it. This two-way movement artifacts which are grouped under the name “glass” Language: Spanish is something we wish to examine during our confer- and that have completely different characteristics Ye a r : 2011 ence by exploring the linkages between recent built from the contemporary ones. One of the fundamen- heritage and contemporary architectural activity. tal problems related to their conservation is the fact This international conference is therefore struc- that it is hard to perceive them as material evidence. tured around four themes. Day One, which opens The reasons are many but the main ones are related with an historical panorama of the industrialization to transparency, which creates the illusion of an of building during the last century, dwells on one apparent “non-material” and the fragility that sug- of its essential aspects: architecture imagined as gests impermanence. By focusing on the specific technical object. characteristics of these glasses, their production Focusing specifically on the post-war period, Day processes which have now disappeared, and in Two will show how the industrialization of building relation to their spread and their use, the book high- generally and prefabrication in particular led to the lights a complexity in terms of material culture of advent of mass housing and helped to disseminate great interest not only in the field of architecture, he publishing activity of the Fundación Caja de it worldwide. The meeting will end with a look at but also for the cultural, political and economic TArquitectos began in 1997 and focuses on three recent or ongoing conservation projects that, while fields. Through a rereading of some restoration of collections: arquia/thesis, arquia/themes and also tackling specific concerns, demonstrate how the most significant architecture of the period after arquia/la cimbra (formwork) aimed at the publica- interventions in existing buildings might be said to the wars, it is stressed that specific knowledge of tion of research, analysis and theory in architecture. constitute a special moment for the architect to be- the “materiality” of architecture can lead to a design The director of this collection is Professor Carlos gin redrawing the parameters of the discipline. approach that can combine —in whole or in part— Martí and this book by María Melgarejo Belenguer conservation instances with the main problematic (Architecture from within, 1925-1937. Lilly Reich Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes related to the reuse of interior spaces. Francesca and Charlotte Perriand) counts with a preface by Albani is a researcher in Architectural Restoration architect Luis M. Mansilla. 95 at the Politecnico di Milano. Since 2003, she has In the treaties of the History of Architecture, the Superfici di vetro negli anni addressed issues related to conservation and reuse main works are always photographed from the out- Trenta of the 20th century developed in her doctoral thesis side, and what happens inside is poorly treated or By Albani Francesca (2006, Politecnico di Milano in collaboration with is relegated to a secondary role which shows the Publisher: Maggiole Editore, the University of Geneva), the doctoral dissertation design of furniture. This study draws attention to Santarcangelo di Romagna (2007, Politecnico di Milano), then pursued through the interior of architecture in order to fill that gap. ISBN: 978-8387-6090-7 national (MIUR-PRIN) and international (University It delves into the relationship established between Language: Italian of Italian Switzerland, Mendrisio Academy of Ar- the interior and the exterior in the architecture Year: 2012 chitecture) research grants and research collabora- of 1925-1937, a period with radical and absolute tions. Since 2008 she has been concentrating on changes which had no precedents: the emergence the task of teaching the fundamentals of design for of a new concept of space as generator of architec- historic buildings. ture. From 1927 onwards, to give the new life a new form and a new space became the central element Maggiole Editore, Santarcangelo di Romagna of the work of Mies van der Rohe and Le Corbusier. That same year Mies began his collaboration with Lilly Reich and Le Corbusier with Charlotte Perri- and. This surprising fact was taken as the guiding principle of this thesis on the real transformation that began in the interior of architecture, from the conviction that, as Le Corbusier said, “the outside is the result of the interior.”
Fundación Caja de Arquitectos – Arquia/Tesis he book proposes a series of reflections about a Tparticularly exciting time in the history of glass: the interwar period. The idea of a solid through
Book Reviews docomomo 46 — 2012/1
docomomo46.indd 95 25/07/12 11:13 Appendix Hubert–Jan Henket, honorary president Ana Tostões, chair Ivan Blasi, secretary general Executive Committee Advisory Board Ana Tostões, chair Wessel de Jonge, docomomo NL Ivan Blasi, secretary Theodore Prudon, docomomo US Panayotis Tournikiotis, docomomo Greece Scott Robertson, docomomo Australia Timo Tuomi, docomomo Finland Hiroyuki Suzuki, docomomo Japan France Vanlaethem, docomomo Quebec — docomomo Louise Noelle, docomomo Mexico Fundació Mies van der Rohe Provença 318, pral 2 · 08037 Barcelona · Phone: 34 9 3487 9301 · Fax: 34 9 3488 3685 · [email protected] · www.docomomo.com
International Specialist docomomo Brazil docomomo Chile Alejandro Herrera, treasurer Committees Carlos Eduardo Comas, coordinator Horacio Torrent, chair Gustavo Luis Moré, former chair Maria Luiza Adams Sanvitto, sec. Maximiano Atria, secretary Benigno Filomeno 6, Penthouse N ISC Registers Silvia Leão, treasurer Prog. de Magister en Arquitectura Torre San Francisco, Santo Domingo Panayotis Tournikiotis, chair c/o PROPAR Graduate Studies Pontificia Univ. Católica de Chile Phone: 1 80 9687 8073 Marieke Kuipers, vice–chair Architecture Program, El Comendador 1916 [email protected] Susana Landrove, secretary School of Architecture, Providencia, Santiago www.periferia.org/organizations/ www.docomomo.com Universidade Federal do Rio Phone: 56 2686 5601 dcmm.html [email protected] Grande do Sul [email protected] Sarmento Leite 320/201 www.docomomo.cl docomomo Ecuador ISC Technology 90050–170 Porto Alegre RS Monteros Karina Cuevas, coordinator Kyle Normandin, chair Phone: 55 51 3308 3485 docomomo Colombia Katherine Soto Toledo, Secretary Susan MacDonald, secretary [email protected] Paula Echeverri Montes, chair Universidad Técnica Particular de www.docomomo.com www.docomomo.org.br Universitad de Los Andes Loja, P.O. Box11 01 608 [email protected] e–newsletter: DOCO–MEMOS Facultad de Arquitectura y Diseño San Cayetano high, Marcelino Carrera 1 Este no 1, 18 A—70 Champagnat street, s/n, Loja ISC Urbanism + Landscape docomomo Bulgaria bloque K Piso 2, Bogota. Phone: 598 7 2570275#2698 Miles Glendinning, chair Konstantin Bojadjiev, chair [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Vesela Popova, coordinator www.utpl.edu.ec/docomomo/ www.sites.ace.ed.ac.uk/docomomoiscul Georgi Georgiev, treasurer docomomo Cuba Center for Architectural Studies José Antonio Choy, chair docomomo Egypt (provisional) ISC Education + Theory Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Eduardo Luis Rodríguez, vice–chair Vittoria Capresi, coordinator Theodore Prudon, chair Bl. 1, Acad. Georgi Bonchev Str. Alina Ochoa Aloma, secretary Shaimaa Ashour, coordinator Lorena Pérez, secretary 1113 S o fi a Calle 17 # 354 entre G y H [email protected] info@docomomo–us.org Phone: 35 9 2872 4620 Vedado, La Habana 10400 [email protected] www.docomomo-isc-et.org [email protected] Phone: 53 7202 5907 96 [email protected] docomomo Estonia docomomo Canada Atlantic [email protected] Epp Lankots, chair Steven Mannell, coordinator Triin Ojari, secretary docomomo Argentina School of Architecture docomomo Curaçao Estonian Academy of Arts Carolina Quiroga, coordinator Dalhousie University Sofia Saavedra-Bruno, coordinator Institute of Art History University of Buenos Aires PO Box 1000, Halifax NS B3J 2X4 UNA-Jan Noorduynweg 111 Tartu mnt 1, Tallinn EE 10045 Faculty of Architecture Phone: 1 90 2494 6122 Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles Phone: 37 2626 7325 Av. San Martín 1540, 2 “A” www.docomomocanada-atlantic. Phone: 599 95118247 [email protected] — [email protected] C1416CRQ - Buenos Aires architecture.dal.ca/ [email protected] Phone: 54 11 4583 9529 [email protected] docomomo Finland [email protected] docomomo Cyprus Hanni Sippo, chair www.fadu.uba.ar/sitios/docomomo docomomo Petros Phokaides, chair Leena Makkonen, vice–chair Canada British Columbia Laodikeias 22, 11528 Ilisia, Athens Mari Forsberg, secretary docomomo Australia Robert Lemon, chair Phone: 30 69 7301 0343 Helsinki City Planning Department Hannah Lewi, chair Marco D’Agostini, coordinator [email protected] PL 2100, 00099 Helsingin kaupunki Scott Robertson, vice-chair City of Vancouver Planning Dep. Phone: 35 89 1605 5913 Christine Phillips, secretary 453, West 12th Avenue docomomo Czech Republic [email protected] Jennifer Mitchelhill, treasurer Vancouver, BC V5Y 1V4 Jakub Kyncl, coordinator secretary@docomomo–fi.com Phone: 61 3 8344 7439 Phone: 1 60 4873 7056 Sumavska 416/15, 602 00 Brno www.docomomo–fi.com [email protected] Phone: 42 06 0319 7470 www.docomomoaustralia.com.au docomomo Canada Ontario [email protected] docomomo France James Ashby, coordinator www.docomomo.cz Agnès Cailliau, chair docomomo Austria Suite 214, 300 Powell Avenue Jacqueline Bayon, vice–chair Norbert Mayr, chair Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5T3 docomomo Denmark Tatiana Kiseleva, treasurer Ute Georgeacopol, secretary Phone: 1 81 9994-0811 Ola Wedebrunn, chair Olivier Nouyrit, secretary Köstlergasse 1/25, A–1060 Wien [email protected] Marianne Ibler, vice–chair Palais de Chaillot Phone: 43 15 4404 1719 The Royal Danish Academy of Fine 1 Place du Trocadéro, 75116 Paris [email protected] docomomo Canada Quebec Arts, School of Architecture Phone: 33 1 4297 5644 [email protected] France Vanlaethem, chair Philip de Langes allé 10 [email protected] [email protected] Catherine Charlebois, secretary 1435 København K http://archi.fr/DOCOMOMO–FR www.docomomo.at Soraya Bassil, treasurer Phone: 45 3268 6000 École de Design, [email protected] docomomo Germany docomomo Belgium Université du Québec à Montréal www.docomomo–dk.dk Alex Dill, chair Luc Verpoest, coordinator CP 8888 succ. Centre–ville Andrea Jütten vice–chair / secretary Kasteelpark Arenberg 1 Montréal, QC H3C 3P8 docomomo Dominican Stiftung Bauhaus Dessau B–3001 Heverlee Phone: 1 51 4987 3000#3866 Republic Gropiusallee 38, 06846 Dessau Phone: 32 1632 1361 [email protected] Mauricia Domínguez, president Phone: 49 340 650 8211 [email protected] www.docomomoquebec.uqam.ca Amando Vicario, secretary docomomo@bauhaus–dessau.de www.docomomo.be docomomo Québec Bulletin Álex Martínez, treasurer www.docomomo.de
docomomo 46 — 2012/1
docomomo46.indd 96 25/07/12 11:13 Contribute to the next journal docomomo Greece docomomo Latvia docomomo Peru docomomo Sweden Panayotis Tournikiotis, chair Sandra Treija, chair Pedro A. Belaúnde, coordinator Lotta Lander, chair Journal 47 is scheduled for November 2012. Authors who would like to contribute to this issue are kindly invited to contact Neohellenic Architecture Archives Velta Holcmane, secretary Calle Gabriel Chariarse, L18 Lima Johan Kihlberg, secretary Benaki Museum Faculty of Architecture and Urban [email protected] Britt Wisth, treasurer [email protected]. 138, Pireos & Andronikou street Planning, Riga Technical University Facebook: Docomomo Peru Arkitekturens teori och historia 118 54 Athens Azenes iela 16, Riga LV–1048 Chalmers Tekniska Högskola Phone: 30 21 0345 3674#105 Phone: 37 1 2911 7796 docomomo Poland 41296 Göteborg [email protected] [email protected] Jadwiga Urbanik, coordinator Phone: 46 31 772 2332 Guideline to contributors [email protected] Muzeum Architektury [email protected] docomomo Guatemala ul. Bernardyn´ska 5, 50–156 Wroclaw www.docomomo.se • A copy on CD or an e–mail version of the text. The CD should be clearly labeled with the author(s) name(s), the title, and the names of Raúl Monterroso docomomo Lithuania Phone: 48 7 1343 3675 Estudio+taller de arquitectura y diseño Morta Bauziene, coordinator [email protected] docomomo Switzerland the files containing the text and illustrations. The name and version of the word-processing software used to prepare the text should also d. 6 Av. 11–43 zona 1, Oficina 801, Lithuanian Museum of Architecture [email protected] Franz Graf, chair be given. Edificio Pan Am, Centro Histórico Mykolas Street 9 2001 Vilnius Roberta Grignolo, vice-chair Guatemala City docomomo Portugal: Dorothea Deschermeier, secretary • A hard copy on paper by postal mail. The title and author’s name should be clearly mentioned on each page of the manuscript and Phone: 502 22 50 07 56 docomomo Malta See docomomo Iberia Accademia di architettura [email protected] Jevon Vella, chair Largo Bernasconi 2, the name, title, postal address and e–mail address should also be given at the end of each contribution. Bernadine Scicluna, secretary docomomo Puerto Rico CH-6850 Mendrisio docomomo Hungary c/o 46, St. Pius V st. Sliema SLM 1421 Ivonne Maria Marcial, chair Phone: 41 58 666 5885 Pàl Ritook, chair [email protected] Escuela de Arquitectura [email protected] Hungarian Museum of Architecture Univ. Politécnica de Puerto Rico www.docomomo.ch Form Mokus utca 20, 1136 Budapest docomomo Mexico PO Box 192017, San Juan 00919–2017 Phone: 36 1454 0099 Louise Noelle, chair [email protected] docomomo Turkey • All texts must be in English; if translated, the text in the original language must be enclosed as well. [email protected] Sara Topelson, vice–chair www.docomomopr.org Yıldız Salman, co–chair Iván San Martín, secretary Ebru Omay Polat, co–chair • Manuscripts should be written with double spacing and liberal margins with all pages numbered in sequence. docomomo Iberia Raquel Franklin, treasurer docomomo Russia Elvan Altan Ergut, Ankara rep. João Belo Rodeia, chair Sierra Mazapil #135 Vladimir Shukhov, chair Nilüfer Baturayoglu Yöney, secretary Celestino García Braña, vice–chair Lomas de Chapultepec Olympiyskiy prospect, 18/1, Istanbul Technical University • A short resume of the author(s), in connection to the contribution, must be included. Susana Landrove, director México, D.F.C.P. 11000 129110 Moscow Faculty of Architecture Col·legi d’Arquitectes de Catalunya Phone: 52 55 5596 5597 Phone: 7 903 797 79 16 Takisla, Taksim, 80191 Istanbul • Illustrations referred in the text should be mentioned abbreviated as follows: (figure 1). Plaça Nova 5, 08002 Barcelona [email protected] [email protected] Phone: 90 21 2293/1300/2287 Phone: 34 9 3306 7859 www.esteticas.unam.mx/docomomo [email protected] docomomo–[email protected] • Articles must include a short bibliography of about 5 to 10 reference books or articles. [email protected] www.docomomo.ru docomomo.org.tr docomomo Morocco www.shukhov.org • Footnotes should be numbered and should follow the following style: docomomo Ireland Ahmed El Hariri, chair docomomo UK Peter Cody, chair Mourad Benmbarek, vice-chair docomomo Scotland James Dunnett, joint chair Books: Nikolaus Pevsner, Pioneers of Modern Design: From William Morris to Walter Gropius, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1960. Shane O’Toole, secretary Mohamed Chaouni, secretary Clive Fenton, chair Philip Boyle, coordinator Peter Carroll, treasurer 9 Rue Aman, Casablanca 20 000 Jessica Taylor, secretary Clinton Greyn, secretary Articles: Julius Posener, “Aspects of the Pre-History of the Bauhaus”, From Schinkel to the Bauhaus, London, A. A., 1972, 43-48. 8 Merrion Square, Dublin 2 Phone: 212 2231 8583 Allison Borden, treasurer Ken Hawkings, treasurer [email protected] [email protected] 19/2 Downfield Place 77 Cowcross Street, London EC1M EJ6 www.docomomo.ie [email protected] Edinburgh EH11 2EJ Phone: 44 20 7253 6624 [email protected] [email protected] docomomo Israel docomomo The Netherlands [email protected] www.docomomo-uk.co.uk Illustrations Department of Interior Design Janneke Bierman, chair [email protected] docomomo UK Newsletter Colman Academic Studies Sara Stroux, secretary Periodical: docomomo SNG Report We accept 3 to 6 illustrations for short contributions (about 600 words) and up to 10 illustrations for full-length articles (about 1500 7 Yitzhak Rabin Blvd. Wido Quist, treasurer docomomo US words) It is essential that authors provide good-quality illustrations either printed on paper or as digital data on disk or CD Rishon LeZion 75190 Visiting address: Faculteit Bouwkunde docomomo Serbia Theodore H.M. Prudon, president Phone: 972 3963 4395 Julianalaan 134, 2628 BL Delft Ljiljana Blagojevi, chair Jorge Otero–Pailos, vice–president (size of images: 300 dpi for a A5 format). P.O. Box 5043, 2600 GA Delft Tanja Conley, coordinator Hélène Lipstadt, secretary docomomo Italy Phone: 31 (0) 15 278 8594 Ruža Sari, coordinator Barry Solar, treasurer For figure captions, the order of information is: designer, name of building or object, location, date, description, source. If a building Rosalia Vittorini, chair [email protected] Jelica Jovanovi, secretary PO Box 23097, New York, 10023 has been destroyed, include that information. Andrea Canziani, secretary www.docomomo.nl Jelena Ivanovi-Vojvodi, treasurer info@docomomo–us.org c/o Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile Facebook: Docomomo Serbia www.docomomo–us.org Università Tor Vergata, via della docomomo New Zealand docomomo US Bulletin and monthly Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Roma Christine McCarthy, chair docomomo Slovakia e-news Phone: 39 06 7259 7026 Ann McEwan, registers coordinator Henrieta Moravcikova, chair Editor: Ana Tostões, Ivan Blasi. [email protected] Julia Gatley, secretary Institute of Construction and docomomo Venezuela Guest Editor: Bárbara Coutinho. www.docomomoitalia.it School of Architecture and Planning Architecture Graziano Gasparini, president docomomo Italia Giornale. Editor The University of Auckland Slovak Academy of Sciences Hannia Gómez, vice-president Collaborator: Catarina Cid and Filipa Pedroso. English Editing: Sandra Vaz Costa. in chief: Maristella Casciato Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142 Dubravska 9, Alberto Manrique, secretary Translation: Katrien de Pourcq, Richard Lewis Rees, Anita Romanova, Max von Hoof. Phone: 64 9373 7599#84656 842 20 Bratislava c/o Elías González docomomo Japan [email protected] Phone: 421 2 5930 9230 Barry Solar, treasurer Coordination and Production: Ivan Blasi. Hiroyuki Suzuki, chair www.docomomo.org.nz [email protected] Edificio Cabrini, N 1, Las Mercedes, Printing: Ingoprint, Barcelona. Kenji Watanabe, coordinator Avenida Orinoco, Caracas 1060 Dep.of Architectural and Building Eng. docomomo Norway docomomo Slovenia Phone: 58 21 2993 8360 Faculty of Engineering, Tokai Univ. Kristin Arnesen, chair Nataša Koselj, coordinator [email protected] 1117 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka–shi Linda Veiby, treasurer University of Ljubljana www.docomomovenezuela.blogspot.com docomomo Journal Published twice a year by the docomomo International secretariat. Kanagawa, 259–1292 Even Smith–Wergeland, secretary Faculty of Architecture Phone: 81 4 6358 1211#5810 c/o Kristin Arnesen Zoisova 12, 1000 Ljubljana [email protected] Bølerskogen 2, N–0691 Oslo Phone: 38 631 532 185 docomomo International Fundació Mies van der Rohe, Provença 318, pral. 2, 08037 Barcelona [email protected]–tokai.ac.jp Phone: 47 4527 8118 [email protected] Phone: 34 934 879 301 · Fax: 34 934 883 685 · [email protected] · www.docomomo.com [email protected] www.docomomo.si docomomo Korea www.docomomo.no docomomo International Is a registered trademark, ISSN: 1380/3204 · D.L.: B/30664/10 Yoon, In–Suk, chair docomomo South Africa Yi, Seung–Gu, secretary docomomo Panama Ilze Wolff, coordinator Department of Architecture Eduardo Tejeira Davis, coordinator Laura Robinson, coordinator Sungkyunkwan University Calle Alberto Navarro [email protected] On the cover: Interior view of the living room of the Eames House, also known as Case Study House nº 8, with Charles and Ray Eames Phone: 82 3 1290 7558 Edificio Asturias, 9B, El Cangrejo [email protected] [email protected] Ciudad de Panamá photographed in 1950. © The J Paul Getty Trust. Used with permission. Julius Shulman Photography Archive, Research Library at the Getty Research Institute. webmaster@docomomo–korea.org Phone: 507 263 74 51 docomomo Spain: On the back cover: Cover of “New Furniture Incorporated”, New York, The Firm, 1939. www.docomomo–korea.org [email protected] See docomomo Iberia
doco46Cover.indd 2 25/07/12 10:58 25/07/12 10:58 International committee for International documentation and conservation of buildings, sites and neighbourhoods of the movement modern 46Journal — 2012/1 Designing Designing Modern Life
Designing Modern Life Journal 46 2012/1
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professionals and the and community. educational professionals the scope of its activities in the realm of research, documentation and education. of research, the the scope of its activities in realm docomomo International docomomo Internationaldocomomo sites and neighborhoods of the modern movement. It aims at: sites and neighborhoods of the modern movement. organizations and organizations With the support of • Gathering • Exploring • Bringing • Identifying • Fostering • Opposing doco46Cover.indd 1