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Henry Holland, the Prince of Wales and the Early Carlton House’, the Georgian Group Journal, Vol

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Henry Holland, the Prince of Wales and the Early Carlton House’, the Georgian Group Journal, Vol David Oakey, ‘“The Most Perfect Palace in Europe”: Henry Holland, the Prince of Wales and the early Carlton House’, The Georgian Group Journal, Vol. XXI, 2013, pp. 88–105 TEXT © THE AUTHORS 2013 ‘THE MOST PERFECT PALACE IN EUROPE’: HENRY HOLLAND, THE PRINCE OF WALES AND THE EARLY CARLTON HOUSE DAVID OAKEY In a letter in Horace Walpole claimed that the House in September , he had quite the opposite new Carlton House, designed by Henry Holland reaction: ( – ) would be ‘the most perfect palace in ‘It will be the most perfect palace in Europe. There is Europe’. Focussing exclusively on the nineteen-year an august simplicity that astonished me. You cannot period when Holland was working at the house call it magnificent; it is the taste and propriety that between and , this article will attempt to strike. Every ornament is at a proper distance, and not show what it was that was so profound and one too large, but all delicate and new, with more innovative about this early phase of design and freedom and variety than Greek ornaments … how sick one shall be, after this chaste palace, of Mr Adam’s decoration at the house, presenting it as a distinct gingerbread and snippets of embroidery … entity when compared to the more familiar later periods. Neither the architecture nor the decoration Walpole was experienced and knowledgeable; he of the house during this period has been examined would turn sixty-eight in , and had remained closely before; here both will be carefully analysed with attuned to architectural and decorative fashions in the hope of providing new insights on Holland’s England and France throughout his life. His opinion inspiration and intentions, and on the taste and was therefore to be respected. Quite why Carlton motivation of the youthful George, Prince of Wales. House prompted such a reaction should be of This will be done by close examination of evidence interest to any architectural historian. Yet whilst drawn together from a variety of different sources, much work has been undertaken on the well- including publications used by Holland, architectural documented alterations and embellishments to the designs and archival documentation. In the process house during the early nineteenth-century by James it will be possible to shed light on the important work Wyatt, Walsh Porter, Thomas Hopper and John of Henry Holland as architect to the Prince of Wales, Nash, the early house, as experienced by Walpole in which has so often been unduly overlooked in favour , has been largely under-researched. What of those who would come later. Walpole was actually viewing was the work of the Henry Holland ( – ) who served as architect y the s it seems that Horace Walpole was to the Prince of Wales for nearly two decades from Bbeginning to find the work of Robert Adam to . Perhaps because of a perceived lack of over-complicated and frivolous; on viewing his work evidence, Holland seems to have often been at Syon House in he lamented ‘grandeur and neglected in favour of his successors; there are no simplicity are not yet in fashion’. In contrast, on first watercolours of the house’s early interiors like those viewing the Prince of Wales’s newly built Carlton painted by Thomas Wild for William Pyne’s Royal THE GEORGIAN GROUP JOURNAL VOLUME XXI ‘ THE MOST PERFECT PALACE IN EUROPE ’ Residences in , and relevant documentary such as Antoine Desgodetz’s Les Edifices Antiques de records are elusive. In general Holland is not as Rome ( ), Stuart and Revett’s Antiquities of famous as many of his contemporaries, probably Athens ( ), and Jean-François de Neufforge’s because several of his works have been demolished Recueil Élémentaire d’Architecture ( – ). or altered beyond recognition, Carlton House, his Contemporary French architecture was also an masterpiece, being the most significant loss. His important inspiration of which Holland would have architectural legacy has been further obscured by a undoubtedly seen engravings; there is much in his family member who burnt many of his papers and output, particularly at Carlton House, to suggest designs soon after his death. But even during his familiarity with the work of Marie-Joseph Peyre, lifetime Holland was not a self-publicist, eschewing Pierre Patte, Charles de Wailly and Claude-Nicolas attention, avoiding any association with the Royal Ledoux, not to mention French architectural Academy and telling the MP David Hartley the theorists such as Jacques-François Blondel. Some Younger: ‘pray no more public complements to me’. years into the Carlton House project Holland was But despite this, there are some valuable sources able to develop his understanding in this area which do survive to give us an impression of the further; a letter in the archives of the Spencer family earlier house; it is the aim of this article to bring at Althorp confirms that in early October he these together to create a clearer image of this house, had not yet returned from a trip to Paris. Although which was characterised by eighteenth-century details of the trip have not survived, close examination elegance and refinement, distinct from the later of some elements at Carlton House hint at locations gilding and velvet swags of the Regency. These that may have featured on the itinerary. These and sources include two sketch books in the collection of other references in Holland’s work to French the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) which classical architecture will be discussed in greater contain the only surviving designs from Holland’s detail below. time at Carlton House, letters and bills in the Royal An understanding of French design and ideas of and National Archives, and drawings and plans domestic comfort aided Holland’s popularity with a which survive in the Royal Library at Windsor fashionable Whig Francophile clientele. This was Castle, along with a number of other ephemeral demonstrated in his first major architectural work, references from the period. Claremont House, undertaken with Brown in the Henry Holland’s self-effacing character may early s for Robert Clive. Clive had visited France have had something to do with his relatively humble in , when he probably became familiar with background. The son of a builder, he enjoyed French standards of comfort and convenience in a connections to the leading architects of the age home, perhaps explaining why he decided to opt for including Adam and Lancelot ‘Capability’ Brown, Brown and Holland over the more conservative building particularly close relations with the latter. William Chambers, who also submitted designs for By the s the Browns and Hollands were the project. Robert Adam was interested enough to neighbours in Fulham; by Holland was in slip into the building site to have a look in . partnership with Brown and in he became his Holland’s new emphasis on comfort and practical son-in-law. Unlike Wyatt, Adam and Chambers, the living is exemplified in a memoir of Soane which young Holland had not travelled abroad to study recounts: ‘Adam objected to the state bedchamber classical architecture, but in his work we can see at Claremont, as the bed can’t face the light. In clues to where he was looking instead: the range of Holland’s opinion it should not, as when it is so, most manuals and publications available on the subject, people complain of not being able to sleep so well’ . THE GEORGIAN GROUP JOURNAL VOLUME XXI ‘ THE MOST PERFECT PALACE IN EUROPE ’ Fig. Louis Belanger, ‘The Rebuilding of Carlton House’ , c. . ( Royal Collection, RL ) In a major step forward in planning, Claremont was of political meaning. Conversely, to French liberals designed with a bathroom within the living quarters, England’s comparative democracy and constitutional an improvement that Holland repeated at Benham monarchy encouraged an equivalent taste there for all Park in Berkshire, another of his early works, finished things English, a fashion led by some of the most in for the sixth Baron Craven. Benham also prominent members of the French aristocracy, featured the first appearance of an architectural feature including the Duc d’Orléans and his protégé, the which would become a hallmark of Holland’s Comte d’Artois. The Prince of Wales developed a planning; a centrally located double height ‘tribune’. close friendship with the Duc at this early stage, which However despite major developments in their planning was clearly highly influential on the Prince and his and interior decoration, externally both houses plans at Carlton House. It was part of a wider Anglo- retained a highly traditional Palladian appearance, a French exchange which was briefly able to flourish in formula inherited by Holland from his mentor Brown. the s, which would become one of the main Familiarity with French design and planning ingredients that made Carlton House so very would make Holland attractive to clientele of a significant and exceptional. The relationship between particular persuasion. Prior to the French Revolution, Holland and this Whiggish Francophile clique was many Whigs held sympathies with the ideas of radical cemented by one of his most crucial commissions: the French politicians and philosophers; to them French reconstruction of the de facto headquarters of the design and architecture became imbued with a degree Whig party, Brooks’s Club, in –. THE GEORGIAN GROUP JOURNAL VOLUME XXI ‘ THE MOST PERFECT PALACE IN EUROPE ’ Fig. William Westall, ‘The North Front of Carlton House’, c. . ( Royal Collection, RL ) The club’s exterior design draws on Palladian Prince had been presented with his new home, tradition, with two Serlian windows facing onto Park Carlton House, then an unsatisfactory jumble of Place, but and the overall effect on the front façade is buildings which had previously been the home of the cleverly conceived to appear impressively grand for Grandmother Princess Augusta.
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