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Sustainable Farming Systems in Upland Areas ©APO 2004, ISBN: 92-833-7031-7 From: Sustainable Farming Systems in Upland Areas ©APO 2004, ISBN: 92-833-7031-7 (STM 09-00) Report of the APO Study Meeting on Sustainable Farming Systems in Upland Areas held in New Delhi, India, 15–19 January 2001 Edited by Dr. Tej Partap, Vice Chancellor, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Himachal Pradesh, India Published by the Asian Productivity Organization 1-2-10 Hirakawacho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0093, Japan Tel: (81-3) 5226 3920 • Fax: (81-3) 5226 3950 E-mail: [email protected] • URL: www.apo-tokyo.org Disclaimer and Permission to Use This document is a part of the above-titled publication, and is provided in PDF format for educational use. It may be copied and reproduced for personal use only. For all other purposes, the APO's permission must first be obtained. The responsibility for opinions and factual matter as expressed in this document rests solely with its author(s), and its publication does not constitute an endorsement by the APO of any such expressed opinion, nor is it affirmation of the accuracy of information herein provided. Note: This title is available over the Internet as an APO e-book, and has not been published as a bound edition. SUSTAINABLE FARMING SYSTEMS IN UPLAND AREAS 2004 Asian Productivity Organization Tokyo Report of the APO Study Meeting on Sustainable Farming Systems in Upland Areas held in New Delhi, India, 15-19 January 2001. (STM-09-00) This report was edited by Dr. Tej Partap, Vice Chancellor, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Himachal Pradesh, India. The opinions expressed in this publication do not reflect the official view of the Asian Productivity Organization. For reproduction of the contents in part or in full, the APO’s prior permission is required. ©Asian Productivity Organization, 2004 ISBN: 92-833-7031-7 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword Part I Summary of Findings ....................................................... 3 Part II Resource Papers 1. People’s Participation in Watershed Development: Experience of India ……………………………………………………………………… Rita Sharma ..... 17 2. Farming on Sloping Uplands of Asia: Sustainability Perspectives and Issues ……………………………………………………………………… Tej Partap ..... 25 3. Technologies for Sustainable Management of Steep Lands in Asia: Harmonizing Economic and Ecological Sustainability……… Anthony S. R. Juo ..... 48 4. Agroforestry-based Land Management Systems in Indian Himalayas ……………………………………………… A. S. Dogra and Jitendra Sharma ..... 59 Part III Country Reports 1. Republic of China……………………………………………… Tzong-Shyan Lin ..... 75 2. Fiji…………………………………………………… Taito Tabaleka Nakalevu ..... 90 3. India…………………………………… K. R. Dhandapani and Bisweswar Rath ..... 90 4. Indonesia……………………………………………………………… Haryanto .... 107 5. Islamic Republic of Iran……………………………… Valiollah Habibi Bastami .... 113 6. Republic of Korea………………………………………………… Jin-Chae Yoo .... 117 7. Mongolia……………………………………………… Jamsran Chuluunbaatar .... 123 8. Pakistan………… Bakht Roidar Khan, Muhammad Iqbal and Zabta K. Shinwari .... 138 9. Philippines………………………………………………… Evelyn Aro-Esquejo .... 148 10. Sri Lanka…………………………………………… Muthbandara Dissanayake .... 156 11. Thailand (1)………………………………………………… Paiboon Suthasupa .... 162 12. Thailand (2)………………………………………………… Methee Manaphong .... 165 Part IV Appendices 1. List of Participants, Resource Speakers, and Secretariat........................ 171 2. Program of Activities ................................................... 175 FOREWORD Sustainable farming systems in upland areas are one of the greatest challenges facing Asian agriculture, since a balance is sought between economic development and environmental protection in those areas. Uplands are particularly sensitive to agricultural encroachments. Driven by growing food demand to feed increasing populations and low farm income in many Asian uplands, however, there is a tendency to use more productive, intensive farming methods in place of traditional subsistence farming characterized by poor crop yields and low farm productivity. Intensive farming methods suitable for lowlands can be disastrous when used on uplands without proven technologies and experience, promoting deforestation and soil erosion and reducing land productivity. The problem of sustainable upland agriculture is not a technical one as such but it is more institutional, involving limited R&D investment in upland farming research, sociopolitical neglect of marginalized upland societies, low capacity of communities, and inappropriate development planning. In recent years, there have been some successful examples of sustainable upland farming which need to be shared among member countries. The APO, cognizant of the importance of resource-based conservation in upland areas in the region, organized this meeting to review recent developments in upland farming in member countries, as well as to review the issues and constraints in promoting sustainable upland farming systems further. The study meeting was organized by the APO and hosted by India in January 2001. This volume contains the proceedings of the meeting. We hope that it will prove useful to all those interested in upland farming systems and sustainability relationships. I wish to express my appreciation to the Government of the India for hosting the study meeting, and to the National Productivity Council and Ministry of Agriculture for implementing the program. Special thanks are due to the resource speakers for sharing their time and expertise with the participants and to Dr. Tej Partap for editing this publication. TAKASHI TAJIMA Secretary-General Tokyo July 2004 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS INTRODUCTION The Study Meeting on Sustainable Farming Systems in Upland Areas which was organized by the Asian Productivity Organization (APO) and hosted by the Government of India was held in New Delhi from 15 to 19 January 2001. The program was implemented by the National Productivity Council in cooperation with the Ministry of Agriculture. Fifteen participants from 11 member countries and four resource speakers participated in the study meeting. The objectives of the study meeting were: 1) to review the issues and constraints affecting the performance of sustainable farming systems in upland areas in member countries; and 2) to suggest measures for improving the present situation. The study meeting consisted of the presentation of resource papers by the selected experts, the presentation of country reports by the participants and the conduct of field studies. In the country reports the participants reviewed the present situation of sustainable farming systems in upland areas in their respective countries. The resource papers focused on the following specific topics: 1) People’s Participation in Watershed Development: Experience of India; 2) Farming on Sloping Uplands of Asia: Sustainability Perspectives and Issues; 3) Technologies for Sustainable Management of Steep Lands in Asia: Harmonizing Economic and Ecological Sustainability; and 4) Agroforestry-based Land Management Systems in Indian Himalayas. The highlights of the study meeting are presented as follows: HIGHLIGHTS OF RESOURCE PAPERS People Participation in Watershed Development: Experience of India The paper introduces impacts of the Green Revolution on agriculture in India. The Green Revolution was largely confined to the irrigated areas, which account for about 37 percent of the total cultivated area of the country, the remaining 63 percent being rainfed. The rainfed agriculture depends on rainfall water and is characterized by low level of productivity, input use, wide variation and instability in crop yields. Thereafter, the paper highlights rainfed areas of India and points out high potential of these areas to contribute to poverty alleviation and national food security in future. The Government of India accorded high priority to holistic and sustainable development of rainfed areas through integrated watershed management. The current strategy of various ongoing national, bilateral and foreign-aided projects for watershed development is based on promotion of diversified and integrated farming systems, management of common property resources, and augmenting family income and nutritional levels of participating watershed communities through alternate household production systems. Sustainable institutional arrangements at State, district, watershed and village level constitute an integral component of these projects for promoting people’s participation and ensuring sustainability. For development of rainfed, and ecologically fragile areas various projects are being implemented under the central and State sector programs. The Department of Agriculture and Cooperation implements several centrally-sponsored land-based conservation-cum-production schemes. These include National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA), soil conservation in catchments of River Valley Projects (RVPs) and Flood Prone Projects (FPRs), Watershed Development Project in Shifting Cultivation Areas (WDPSCA), and foreign-aided projects on watershed development. The main principle of these projects is in situ moisture conservation to increase production and productivity of these areas on sustainable basis. Besides schemes on reclamation of salt-affected areas are also in operation. Till the end of VIII Plan, under central programs about 16.5 million ha of land have been developed. The paper also briefly reviews different projects for development of watershed areas and their targets under the 25-Year Perspective Plan and 9th Five-Year Plan. - 3 - Under
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