ISSN 2355-4721 Transportation System in : A Literature Study

Transportation System in Japan: A Literature Study

Geradi Yudhistira Moh. Iqbal Lira Agushinta Bina Nusantara University STMT Trisakti STMT Trisakti [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

ABSTRACT

In Japan, the transportation system is the vein of the country in order to ease the low of people, goods, and information, supporting the achievement of optimum economic resources allocation. To that end, the transportation service should be fairly evenly available and affordable purchasing power. This is a literature study, whose main data sources are books, literature, records, and reports that have to do with the subject matter being solved. The results show that Japanese transportation system is very modern, comfortable, secure, punctual, and well-organized, as well as outstanding in service and responsible, so that people use public rather than private cars. Transportation in Japan as in other countries includes land, sea, and air . On land, there is a transport in the form of excellent trains and become a major transportation in Japan. In addition, there are also subway trains. To connect between islands, especially the four largest islands (, , , and Kyushu) there are as a means of crossing. Also available is a comprehensive international air service through two major airlines, and , as well as foreign airlines based on the operators who ly all over the world. Transportation in Japan is generally accommodated by Japan Railway (JR), the state-owned company JR , JR Train, and others.

Keywords: Transportation System, Japan

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Introduction closely related each other (Marbun, 1990, in Oktavianoor, 2010). Transportation is the vein of development for a country in order to The importance of transportation for ease the low of people, goods, andpeople is caused by some factors, among information, supporting the achievement others is the geographical condition of a of optimum economic resources allocation. country. Japan is an archipelago country Therefore, the problem of transportation in the East Asia, situated in the west end especially which is related to publicof Paciic Ocean, in the east of Japan Sea, transport becomes very important for the and be neighbors with People Republic of life of big cities, regarding that both mass China (RRC), Korea, and Russia. The most and individual public transports are the northern islands are in Okhotsk Sea, and backbone of citizens’ movement to performthe most southern area is a group of small their activities in economy, education, islands in the East China Sea, exactly in and government (Hariyono, 2015). Thus, the south of Okinawa being neighbors with transportation is an important part of Taiwan. Japan has very small population if a civilization. In cities, transportationcompared with the population of Indonesia. becomes an element that forms a city, However, Japanese people are more connecting various factors and sectors. advanced if compared with Indonesian The physical movement of human beings people, for example, in transportation and/or goods can be seen from the degree (Figure 1). Transportation in Japan can be of relation in transportation/trafic through considered as the most comfortable, secure, a connecting infrastructure called road modern, punctual, and well-organized (Oktavianoor, 2010). around the world (Rodrigue, 2014).

Furthermore, the role of There is a very close relationship transportation is getting more vital in line between people’s behavior and with the advance of economy and prosperity transportation. Some physical environment of a city. If transport management is facts, such as space arrangement and not carried out carefully, transportation physical condition, have direct impact on problems such as trafic jam, dificulty theto people’s behavior. Circulation and ind parking area, as well as the problemsmovement are of physical environment related to trafic order will happen. Cityfactor that inluences the people’s behavior. transportation problems basically are This factor includes people, goods, related to four factors, i.e. 1. Human beings and the objects used for car movement, (discipline and discretness in trafic); 2. train, highway and railway as well as the Infrastructures; 3. Means of transportation regulating forms like corridor, portal, (personal vehicles and trafic); 4. City turnstile, and open space (Ogesby and Development Plan. The four factors are Hicks, 1995) (in Oktavianoor, 2010). It is

334 Jurnal Manajemen Transportasi & Logistik (JMTranslog) - Vol. 02 No. 3, November 2015 ISSN 2355-4721 Transportation System in Japan: A Literature Study stated that transportation system in Japan is an instrument for domestic light. acknowledged as the best in the world, and Nevertheless, if someone wants to this condition much helps its economy. The utilizes other ways, he or she can take a excellent transport is also an instrument which is also the main inter-island for attracting as many overseas tourists as transport in Japan (http://id.wikipedia.org/ possible to visit the Country. wiki/) (4 October 2015). It is stated that in order to connect an island with another one in Japan, especially to the four largest islands (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu), ships are available as a means of crossing. However, in the empirical level it does not mean that the successful transportation system in Japan is not accompanied by any problem. Source:http://www.berkuliah. Transportation problems arise along with com/2014/09/sistem-transportasi-jepang. the advancement of transportation itself. html (5 October 2015) With the high frequency of railway trip in Japan, the potential for the increasing Figure 1 Land Transport in Japan, 2015 number of accidents will be high as well. Japan has 1,152,207 km highway, Moreover, noise, air pollution, and including country road, local road, and other bad things become a challenge in toll road that connect main cities in Japan. The places in Japanese big cities Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu. Some of in which many trains operate until late of the main cities in Japan, such as , night need an excellent railway transport , , , , , management since it is very risky. The , and have basic problem is “How is the transportation metro transportation system. In addition, system in Japan?” This study uses library the highway in Japan reaches 1,152,207 research with descriptive-qualitative kilometers long (Land Transportation approach. System in Japan) (5 October 2015). Thus, in addition to train, another transport used Results and Discussions by many people in Japan is bus, which has prime quality. The same as land transport, Public transport in Japan is known air transport in Japan is also important in as the best transportation system in the supporting various activities of its citizens. world because of its punctuality, safety, and comfort. Almost all Japanese people prefer Japan international airport is the using public transport to driving their own entrance gate for overseas tourists to vehicle, thus automatically avoiding the enter the country. The airport becomes crowd of vehicles on streets and long trafic

Jurnal Manajemen Transportasi & Logistik (JMTranslog) - Vol. 02 No. 3, November 2015 335 Geradi Yudhistira, Moh. Iqbal, Lira Agushinta ISSN 2355-4721 jams. Transport in Japan is very famous due Shiogama, Shimizu, , Tokyo, to its punctuality, excellent and responsible , , , and service, and environment friendliness, so Yokohama (Sistem Transportasi di Jepang) that many people in Japan will choose public(6 October 2015). transport rather than private vehicles. This Japan has 662 vessels with the Sakura Country is reknown as a country volume of 1,000 tons registered bruto with a very comfortable, sophisticated, (GRT) or more, 13,039,488 tons registered secure, and well-organized transportation bruto (GRT) or 18,024,969 metric ton dead system. Like in other countries, there are weight tonnage (DWT) (Munawar, 2007) land, sea, and air transports in Japan, but (japan-guide.com) (4 October 2015). the backbone of the Japanese transportation system is train (Sistem Transportasi Jepang, Furthermore, it is explained that html) (4 October 2015). there are 146 bulk carriers, 49 cargo vessels, 13 chemical tank vessels, 16 combined It is stated that the transportation in bulk vessels, 4 vessels with combination of Japan is mostly accommodated by Japan grain and oil, 25 container vessels, 45 liquid Railway (JR), a state-owned enterprise, but gas vessels, 9 passenger vessels, 2 vessels there are also JR Bus, JR Train, and others. with combination of passenger and cargo, Altough other companies accommodate 214 oil tank vessels, 22 refer cargo vessels, the transportation in Japan as well, but 48 roll-on/roll-off vessels, and 60 carrier JR is still the giant in Japan. Here are the vessels (1999 est). In addition to serving decriptions of each transportation system domestic routes, Japan also serves overseas in Japan. routes. The vessels have their routes which 1. Water Transport have been well organized by Ministry of Transportation. Some vessels are dedicated Concerning the water transport in for a cluster of domestic routes and some Japan, it can be explained that there is about others for overseas routes. To connect 1,770 kilometer of water channel in Japan, harbour cities in Japan as well as to connect where ships sail to all countrysides and small islands to other islands people use Japanese coastal areas. To connect harbour ferries and vessels. Japan is also reknown cities in Japan as well as to connect small for its commercial leet; its vessels are islands with other islands, people use ferries not inferior to other famous vessels in the and vessels. There are 22 main harbours world. Japan has the world second biggest stipulated as main harbours by the Ministry commercial leet after Liberia with shipping of Land, Infrastructure, and Transportation capacity of 291.6 million ton gross in 2012, Japan including , Fushika/, including ocean liner and coaster. , , Kawasaki, , Kobe, Kudamatsu, , Nagoya, 2. Air Transport , Osaka, /Senpoku, Sendai/ Japan also provides comprehensive

336 Jurnal Manajemen Transportasi & Logistik (JMTranslog) - Vol. 02 No. 3, November 2015 ISSN 2355-4721 Transportation System in Japan: A Literature Study services for international lights through is 38.7 million in the iscal year 2012. The two major airlines, namely Japan Airlines new Tokyo international airport, which and All Nippon Airways. There are also was opened in 1978 and located around 60 operator-based foreign airlines that ly all kilometers to the east of Tokyo in Chiba over the world. Japan now has 98 airports. prefecture, has helped Japan in handling The main international gates are Kansai the growth of international air trafic International Airport in Osaka and Chubupassengers (Figure 2) (japan-guide.com) (2 Centrair International Airport in Nagoya.October 2015). For domestic main connection, it is served Furthermore, it is explained that by International Airport of Tokyo, which the main international gateway is Narita is the busiest airport in Asia and the International Airport (Tokyo Area), Kansai fourth busiest in the world. The biggest International Airport (Osaka/Kobe/Kyoto international airports in Japan are Tokyo’s area), and Chubu Centrair International Narita Airport, followed by Osaka’s Kansai Airport (Nagoya Area). The main domestic Airport, Tokyo’s and connecting airport is Tokyo International Nagoya’s Central Japan Airport. In the Airport (Haneda Airport), the busiest iscal year 2012, Japan occupied the second airport in Asia and the third busiest in the among 168 members of International world; the other main trafic connection Aviation and Travel Association (IATA) is through Osaka International Aiorport, in terms of km/passenger carried (japan- outer Sapporo, and guide.com) (4 October 2015). . The main airports in Japan are Narita

International Airport, Tokyo International Airport or Haneda International Airport, Osaka International Airport or Itami International Airport; Kansai International Airport; Centrair Chubu International Airport near Nagoya; Nagoya Airport or Komaki Airport; New Chitose Airport near Sapporo; and Fukuoka Airport.

In addition to land and sea Source:http://www.berkuliah. transport, Japan is also famous withcom/2014/09/sistem-transportasi-jepang. its air transport. For example, Japan Airlines html (5 October 2015). (JAL). JAL, which is established in 1953, Figure 2 Japan Airlines (JAL) operates many international lights and is the biggest international airline in Japan. The number of passengers going in and out Japan using international airlines’ airplanes

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3. Land Transport In Japan, train becomes the main facility of people transportation There are various kinds of land system, especially for massal transport in Japan, from the simple to transportation with high speed among the most sophisticated. The kind of land big cities and commuter transportation transport which and becomes its pride is in metropolitan areas. Japan has the train, especially with the existence of the fastest train in the world, allowing fastest train (bullet train) named Shinkansen. the users unnecessarily take long time There are also subway, bus, and taxi. Japan even for travelling very long distance. has 3,483 express highways. The network It is explained that ive stations of national express highways in Japan will (, , increase by 2,466 kilometers more with the , Umeda Station, and completion of 19 routes which are being ) serve more than developed, spanning between Nagoya 2 million passengers every day. JNR and Kobe and Tomei express way which operates one of the fastest trains in the connects Tokyo and Nagoya. world, namely shinkansen train, which runs at maximum speed 210 km/hour. a. Railway System The station which has been opened Train is the main transport in Japan, since 1 October 1964 provides a very especially to connect main cities and safe super express service taking 3 becomes commuter transport in big hours 10 minutes from Tokyo to Osaka cities like Tokyo and Osaka. Seven vice versa (www.japan-guide.com) (8 railway regional companies in Japan October 2015). called Japan Railways cover most It is subsequently extended up to cities and villages in Japan. Beside Hakata in Kyushu on 10 March 1975. Japan Railways, there are also private From Tokyo to Hakata can be travelled railway companies, local government in 6 hours 40 minutes. So, how companies, and joint venture of crowded the train schedule in Japan private and local government. The is. Tohoku shinkansen has connected total length of railway in Japan is Tokyo and Marioka since 2 June 1982, around 23,670 km, mostly equipped whereas Joetsu Shinkansen train has with electricity current. The train operated Tokyo-Nigata route since 15 route map in Fukuoka, Kobe, Kyoto, November 1982. The end terminal for Nagoya, Osaka, Sapporo, Sendai, Tohoku and Joetsu in Tokyo is Omiya Tokyo and Yokohama have metro Station, around 30 km to south west system, i.e. the railway system to carry from central Tokyo. Nagoya is one of passengers who are mostly commuter the irst cities that implement subway (land transportation system in Japan) train system (Chikatetsu) in Japan. It is (5 October 2015).

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also the city with the highest travel cost regular train network in Japan uses in Japan. However, many comfortable subway system (Figure 3). As the facilities can be obtained by Nagoya center of Great Tokyo region, Tokyo is citizens. Inter-island transport in the center of train, land transport, and Japan can pass through tunnels or domestic and international air transport bridges, acknowledged as miraculous in Japan. Public transport in Tokyo technology in transportation invented is dominated by train and subway by this country’s experts (http://www. network which is “clean and eficient”, wavega.co.cc/2015) (3 October 2015). while bus, monorail, and play the secondary role. Train is one of transportation systems which is very effective and It is said that Tokyo has 15 lines eficient, saving time with its freewaycovering hundreds kilometers long. In system because it has its own lane addition,so there is also a very famous that it does not bother other trafics.Shinkansen train. Shinkansen is a Therefore, it is not surprising that the super express electric train which runs transportation system in developed at the maximum speed 250 to 300 km countries is much switched to using per hour. Shinkansen network has ive trains. Japan is one of the developed routes spreaded in Tokyo and Osaka. countries in Asia. The frequently used So far, there is no fatal accident in mode of transport is train. To develop its operation, making Shinkansen its transportation system, Japan learns considered as the most secure high from history. Japanese Government speed train system in the world. has projected the development of Raiway transport in Japan does provide its transportation system the same maximum service with low tariff, high as Europe (Germany, France, etc.) speed, and punctuality. and United States of America. Beside trains, there are also They start creating and developing Subways to connect the Japanese railways (http://studi-jerman.blogspot. islands, especially the four biggest com/2015/1/sistem-transportasi.html) islands (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, (6 October 2015). and Kyushu). For example, Tokyo The irst railway was developed has subways since 1927. Known as after a four-year revolution (1872) Tokyo Subway, this is the widest connecting Tokyo and Yokohama. network of city subway in the world. After that, in a relatively short time In addition to circle the city, its (about ive years), almost all cities in railway connects Tokyo Metropolis Japan had been connected by railways. to suburban areas with total length as Land public transport to connect long as 428.8 kilometers. There are among regions in Japan is train; the14 lanes, operated by joint operation

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of private and local government. To labeled with a pink sticker to prevent ease the users, the subway in each lane sexual harrashment. Intercity transport has different color. Likewise, there are network in Japan generally uses 482 ststions with different colors and speedy train. With the speed of 270 numbers. kilometers per hour, the traine called Shinkansen can reach the second According to Japan Visitor site biggest city in Japan, Osaka (552 km) (2013), every day not less than 12.7 in 2 hours 30 minutes. This duration million people are carried by Tokyo includes transiting in several cities Subway, exceeding the average like Yokohama, Nagoya, and Kyoto. number of London Tube passengers in This train does not make any noise England, the oldest subway network, although runs very quickly. Passengers which is 3.4 million people per day. sit and can sleep very well. The coach This Japanese transportation system is very clean and the oficers serve is very busy, subway train comes in the passengers friendly and politely. each station every ive minutes in Anyone using this express train will average, and it is punctual. The lowest feel comfortable and pleasant. ticket price is 160 yens, approximately Rp17,300, but the passengers who Shinkansen (Figure 4), also called want to switch to another lane should bullet train, is a super express railway pay for additional ticket (http:// operated by four companies joining in santysusan.blogspot.com) (4 October Japan Railways (JR). Shinkansen is a 2015). Furthermore, the passengers main intercity transport facility in Japan who frequently use this subway are beside airplane. Its maximum speed suggested to buy PASMO card or can reach 300 km/hour. Shinkansen card, like a subscriber card for is opened on 1 October 1964 and electric train (KRL) in Jabodetabek. immediately gets its success by serving This card is expensive but it facilitates 100 million passengers in less than 3 the users when they want to switch to years since 1967. The security level of another lane as well as saves time for Shinkansen is categorized very secure. not queueing to get additional ticket. To anticipate earthquake, this train is equipped with detection system which Tokyo Subway operates every day will stop the train if the earthquake from 5 am and the last subway departs occurs. In term of punctuality, JR from the end station at 12 pm. The Central reports that Shinkansen is busiest time is around 7:30 to 9:30 am punctual with averaged difference 0.1 when people go to work and from 5:30 minute or 6 second from the schedule. to 7:30 pm when people go home from All facilities (public transports) work. At rush hours, Tokyo Subway provided by Japan government make provide special coach for women

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people enjoy and feel faciltated. id.emb-japan.go.jp) (6 October 2015).

Transportation system in Japan pays much attention to the security and comfort for the passengers. The trains are in the clean condition, cool with the available AC and comfortable seats. All facilities are well provided. The train departure time is so clear that passengers will not be upset for cancelation or delay. Generally, people Source: http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp (5 in Japan like train as the mode of October 2015) transportation rather than bus, because Figure 3 Shinkansen train its time and lane is well organized and it is faster. The economic life of train Subsequently, those operating to ensure the passengers safety is 5 to between Shin-Yatsushiro and 10 years. The kinds of train in Japan -Chuo, and Chuo are: 1. are: Local train, stops in every station Local train (futsu-densha): stops in both big and small; Fast train, passes every station, both big and small; 2. through several small stations; Express Fast train (kaisoku-densha): usually train, stops only in some stations. passes through several small stations. The ticket price is not different from Express train passes through less the ticket for local train; 3. Express stations than fast train does; Super train (kyuukou-densha): stops only in express train, stops only in big stations; some stations, less than the number and bullet train, the fastest train, namely of stations passed by fast train. The Shinkansen. Shinkansen trais has nine tariff is more expensive than fast routes spanning from the north to south of Japan, that is Tohoku (647. 9 km from train; 4. Super express train (tokkyuu- densha): stops only in big stations. Tokyo to Shin-; connecting big cities in the north of Tokyo including The tariff is around ¥500-¥4000; 5. Bullet train (shinkansen): the fastest Utsunomiya, Koriyama, Fukushima, train. Shinkansen has different lane Sendai, and Marioka), , from other trains in Japan. The ticket Yamagata, Joetsu, , Tokaido price starts from ¥800 to ¥8000 (http:// (can be called shinkansen artery in Japan). Shinkansen connects big cities id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkansen) (6 October 2015). in Japan such as Tokyo, Nagoya, and Osaka (stretching as long as 552.6 km), There are some kinds of shinkansen Sanyo, Kyushu (connecting Hakata train: a. (The series and Kagoshima-Chuo) (http://www. E5 Shinkansen). Hayabusa is the

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shinkansen operating on the route also used in a little scale in mining of Shinkansen Tohoku, from Tokyo areas. Subway become the appropriate to Shin-Aomori/Sendai. Its speed public transport because it is the most reaches up to 300 km/hour. Even, it effective, the cheapest, comfortable, has reached 320 km/hour in the end fast, and free of trafic jam. Subway is of March 2013; b. Tsubame (The new much liked because of its punctuality, series 800), operating on the route of comfort, and best service. In Tokyo, shinkansen Kyushu, another version subway has excellent services: clean, of . The maximum the seats can be used as body warmer, speed is 260 km/hour; c. and so on. (The N700 series), the most famous The types of subway stations are: 1. Shinkansen among others, operating on Linear Station/Single Station, a station the route of shinkansen Tokaido. It has that has one or two parallel tracks. This speed up to 270 km/hour. It connects station tends to have linear or straight three metropolitan cities: Tokyo, form. This is because the track is simple Nagoya, and Osaka. After arriving in and has no track intersection. Therefore, Osaka, shinkansen Nozomi continues the zone division or passenger to go to west until reaches the speed of circulation is not so complicated as 300 km/hour; d. Sanyo shinkansen (700 the station with track intersection; 2. Rail Star Series). It operates Intersection Station, a station that has on the route of shinkansen Sanyo, has intersection track of train. This station special compartment for four people. It tends to have a complicated form. This is suitable for little meeting of business because the form of station should people on the go. The maximum speed follow the position of track so that the is 285 km/hour; e. Joetsu shinkansen form of this station as a whole may be (E4 Max Rolling stock series). It square, rectangle, or irregular. So far, operates on the route of shinkansen the Subway station is developed using Joetsu. The maximum speed is 240 two systems, i.e.: 1. Open Technique km/hour (http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/ system or Cut and Cover Technique Shinkansen) (3 October 2015). (http://ngepostingdoang.blogspot. Japan also has subway train. This com/2014/03/stasion-kereta-api- train is one of public transports with bawah-tanah-di.html). big capacity and high frequency as The development system of this well as high level of comfort, running station starts with digging land from underground (subway). This train is the surface until certain depth as developed by making underground planned and then the surface part is tunnels as its lane. It generally operates recovered by land. With this system, in big cities like Tokyo. Subway is the position of station to be developed

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can not be under the constructed or the coin into the vending machine. It existing building since the surface receive money in the denomination above the station to build should be of 10, 50, 100, 500, and 1000 yen. 3. empty or the building on it should Choose the quantity of tickets to be be destroyed irst in the construction bought. 4. Press the button that shows process. 2. Mining Technique System the total amount of purchase. 5. Pick or land drilling. This system starts the ticket(s) which come out along with with digging land from the surface the change (if any). To reserve ticket at until certain depth as planned and then the ticket both or online via internet, continue to underground drilling in the information that should be noticed accordance with the track position as includes: number of passengers, planned. date of departure, departure station, destination station, name of train, time For the sake of smoothness run of of departure, the provision of reserving subway, it should be supported by safety, seats or not, and the provision of security, comfort, and special place smoking or not smoking. for disabled people, health facilities and public facilities. Besides, the Ticket for shinkansen train is subway operation should be equipped different from common trains. with safety facilities. Informtion to Shinkansen ticket is classiied into two: passengers is an important aspect that ordinary and green car. The ticket for should always be available suficiently ordinary class is cheaper than the ticket before they get on the subway, during for green car. However, green car class on the subway, and after they get off provides wider space for footing. the subway. Therefore, the government In the ordinary class, there are 3x2 must pay attention to all the aspects seats each row, whereas in the green related to public transport mode, car class there are 2x2 seats each row. especially train as the most effective The ticket price for shinkansen varies. and eficient mode of transport. It can be reserved for subscription as wanted, 7 days, 14 days, or 21 days The ticket can be bought from (Table 1). Some discount is provided automatic vending machine, at the for train ticket. For those who want station ticket both, or online via to subscribe, JR provides Japan Rail internet. The procedure of buying ticket Pass for one way ticket and for many from automatic vending machine is as times. With Japan rail pass we will follows: 1. Decide the destination by save the transportation cost. seeing the map installed at the vending machine. The map shows the train, station, and destination. The ticket price is availabe on the map. 2. Insert

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Table 1 Ticket Price for Shinkansen Train wanted in the national network of JR based on the deadline. No Type Green car Ordinary age limit to buy the ticket. The

Duration Adult Children Adult Children ticket is sold three times a year: spring, summer holiday, and winter 7 days ¥37,800 ¥18,900 ¥28,300 ¥14,150 holiday. The ticket can be bought in 14 days ¥61,200 ¥30,600 ¥45,100 ¥22,550 all JR stations in Japan, -no- 21 days ¥79,600 ¥39,800 ¥57,700 ¥28,850 madoguchi, travel service center, JR representative ofices, and travel Source: www.japan-guide.com) (5 October agent. In 2007 the price of this 2015) ticket was ¥11,500.

For the tourists who visit Japan for a 2) Hikari Hayatoku Kippu: a 10% short time, they can also take advantage ticket discount. It can be used for of this Japan Rail Pass facility. This travelling with Hikari train passing ticket can not be purchased in Japan. through Tokyo, Yokohama, Nagoya, To buy it, one should pay in the Kyoto, Osaka, Kobe, and Himeji. representative ofice of JR out of Japan. The ticket must be reserved at least Arriving in Japan, the purchase note one week before the departure day. will be changed with Japan Rail Pass ticket. The price varies depending the 3) Hikari Jiyusekiyo travel, duration, and the seat reserved. Hayatoku Kippu: a 25% ticket discount. It can be used for Hikari The lowest price, for 7-day travel, is or Kodama train passing through ¥28,300 and the highest price, for 21- day travel (superior class) is ¥79,600. Nagoya and Osaka. The procedure to buy this ticket is the same as Japan Rail Pass ticket can be Hikari Hayatoku Kippu. used in all operation areas of JR, including Hokkaido Rail Pass, JR 4) Puratto Kodama Economy Plan, a 25% discount. It is used for Kodama East Pass, JR-West Rail Pass, and JR- Kyushu Rail Pass. Japan Rail Pass also train purcahsed at least one day gives other discounts to the passengers, before the departure day. This ticket such as: discount usually gives soft drink, liquor, or coffee as a bonus. People 1) Seishun Juhachi Kippu: seasonal in Japan generally travel using train, ticket discount for passengers who especially for routine activities like want to travel around Japan but the going to school and ofice. discount is not valid for shinkansen train. The discount can be used Japanese people consistently use many times and as far travel as this transport for some reasons, such as its punctuality and the regulations

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for taking train. The regulations are their luggage under their seat (don’t not under a law umbrella. They are not miss it when going to step down). written, but they have been agreed by 3) Prioritize the people who want Japanese people so that no one will to step down, especially at big violate them. There is no punishment stations such as Shibuya, Shinjuku, from the authority for the violators, Ikebukuro, etc. because in rush but they will be socially punished by hours, many people step down at other train users. With these unwritten big stations. regulations, people’s comfort will be secured while they are on the train. So, 4) When seeing the train is full of all people either they are Japanese or people, take the next train. The foreigners who take a train should keep door will not close if people make their manner during on the train (http:// a crowd near the door. id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkansen) (6 October 2015). 5) There is enough time when the train stops at a station. But it does not The following are the rules mean that we can relax and spin out (tokyoguide.net) (4 October 2015): time because many people step on and down the train, so it takes long 1) Not standing in front of the door time to stop including at village and including in the rush hour. If one city stations. can not help stand in front of the door, he/she must be willing to 6) Switch on the Silent mode in the move aside when asked to. It is care phone while on the train. Hold because the one standing in front on call as you can as possible. If of the door will make a jam since near the prioritized seat, power off people ind dificulty to step on and the care phone. down the train. Beside those rules, dedicated trains 2) Not bringing big backpack and not for women have been operated in putting luggage on the loor. This Japan. The trains are Saikyou Line and will bother the people who want Chuo Line. According to “kotsu.metro. to pass through. Backpack will tokyo.jp”(5 October 2015): make the space narrower, while the luggage on the loor make 1) It is better power off care phone if it people stubbed. It is better not to bothers while on. put luggage on the chair. It is for 2) Do not make any noise. If listening sitting, not for putting luggage. Big to music through ear phone, ensure luggage is put in the Luc baggage, the sound does not leak, and do not while the people who sit should put

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chat. If can not help say something, happens, the doer can be reported try to say like whispering. to police; d. Not sitting on the loor, because no enough space for sitting 3) Do not insist on stepping on the on the loor and it will bother the train while it is running. Take the people who are passing through; e. next train. Put on a masker when sick. Cover 4) Do not make up your face on the with cloth or tissue when sneezing train. This will bother the people or coughing. There are still many surrounding you. manners Japanese people obey when they are on a train. To inform 5) Obey the priority seats. Courtesy these manners to people, there are seats are provided for the elderly, the interesting posters at some stations disabled, pregnant mother, and and some trains. The content is not one taking care of baby. There are a prohibition but an invitation to posters mentioning courtesy seat. do better things. For example, not 6) Women-only car, this train operates standing in front of the door, not in rush hours. Other than women, putting luggage on the place that male passengers may use this can bother other people, prioritize facility but only for children (under the passengers who want to step ive years), the disabled, and their down especially at big stations, it nursemaid. There is no punishmen is better to take the next train when for the violators, but they will be the train is so full, switch on the ashamed. It is dificult to identify silent mode in the care phone but it early pregnant mother, so it is better is better to power off. she show a speciic symbol that Avoid making or receiving calls, she is pregnant. Japanese people do not make noise, do not make up much care the health of pregnant on the train, do not eat and drink on mother. Some other manners are: the train, do not even make garbage, a. Not eating and drinking on the do not sit on the loor, do not lirt and train, especially what will become make physical contact with opposite garbage; b. Not sitting with legs sex, put on masker or cover when wide open and lifted high because it sneezing and coughing. All these rules bothers other people; c. Not looking should be obeyed not only by Japanese at opposite sex continuously. natives but also by foreign tourists and Especially for male passengers, students. they should not look at or even touch women. Recently there are many chikan (sex abusers) in Japan which is very popular now. If this

346 Jurnal Manajemen Transportasi & Logistik (JMTranslog) - Vol. 02 No. 3, November 2015 ISSN 2355-4721 Transportation System in Japan: A Literature Study b. Taxi c. Bus

The tariff of taxi tends to be the Japan also has another public most expensive among other modes of transport that is not inferior in service, transport. Taxi (Figure 5) is more used i.e. bus. Japanese passes through because it can bring the user to the urban areas, so it is suitable for tourists address written in Japanese language to enjoy the scenary and the daily life or in the business card. What should be of Japanese society. The fare is also known about Japanese taxi is that if the cheaper than shinkansen which is red lamp on the left bottom of the glass relatively expensive. Japanese bus is lares, it means the taxi is vacant and we relatively different from Indonesian can use it. The prospective passengers bus; for far enough distance, it is usually should be careful when approaching equipped with blanket, television, the left-behind door of the taxi because toilet, telephone and drink, so that it opens and closes automatically from the passengers feel very comfortable. the driver’s panel. Note that all city There are also small buses that operate taxis are non-smoking. in short distances such as in suburbans and villages.

Bus becomes the primadona of land transport in Japan (http://www. id.emb-japan.go.jp) (5 October 2015). In Japan, buses operate for almost 24 hours. There several bus service providers in Japan, namely: JR Bus, Willer Express, Nishitetsu, Nohi Bus, Fujikyu Bus, and Keio Bus. Among Source: http://tatu737142.html.xdomain. these companies, JR Bus and Willer jp/01xxz22.htm (5 October 2015) Express are the two biggest. However, Willer Express provide transportation Figure 5 “Taxi” Mode of Transport in Japan service more for travel. JR Bus covers Most Japanese taxi drivers will several areas: Hokkaido, Tohoku, open and close the door for you. Kanto, Tokai, Nishinihon, Chugoku, Understand that the driver does not Shikoku and Kyushu. In urban areas, get out of the taxi and open the door, buses operate all the time. Almost all but rather uses controls near the bus terminals or bus departure places driver’s seat to operate the doors. Also are located near a railway station. The note that all taxis in the city are non- schedule of arrival is sticked on the smoking ( Co., Ltd. front side of bus and if one does not 2014) (6 October 2015). know the bus destination, he or she

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can ask the driver. In order to get in the be bought three months before. Bus is bus, the passengers must wait in the one land transport which is eficient halt since the bus is prohibited to stop in Japan. Bus services are available in any place. day and night. Bus accommodation is availeble in every prefecture. For Bus drivers in Japan are friendly children between 6-12 years old, there and will kindly help the passengers is a discount for ticket purchase on D-7 in trouble. Even, if a passenger uses until D-21 of departure day. a wheel chair, the driver will power off the machine to help him or her get on the bus. There are special place in d. Car and Other Vehicles the bus for the passengers with special Beside public vehicle, Japanese need, elderly, and pregnant mothers. people also use private vehicle such as When asking the driver to stop, the car, motorcycle, etc. but the number is passengers can push the button in the not as many as in Indonesia. The price bus to signify. The bus ticket can be of a car in Japan is not so expensive, bought at the terminal, by phone, at but the parking tax is very expensive. convenience stores, and online. Today, Japanese people prefer going on many bus companies provide ticket foot and are proud of using public reservation service via internet. The transport. Moreover, there is another average price of bus ticket in Japan is transportation which is very helpful ¥200. and commonly used by Japanese There are three types of ticket people: Bicycle. Car rentals are also available, namely: one way tickets, available in most big and medium round trip tickets and booklets of cities, at airports and major railway multiple tickets. Round trip ticket is station, by using international driving 10% cheaper than one way ticket. But license. For ticketing, one can reserve in order to buy round trip ticket, we online in a site like japan-guide.com. must decide the destination and time of Not only reservation for airplane departure irst. With round trip ticket, ticket, other vehicles and hotel can also the returning time from the destination be reserved through this website. is around 6-10 days later. So, if we The high price of fuel set by the arrive in the destination today, then government for motor vehicle becomes we can reserve round trip ticket to the reason for people to reduce using the original place only after the next private vehicle. Today, the fuel price 6-10 days. Booklets of multiple tickets in Japan is around 140 to 170 Yen per are the same as round trip ticket, but liter depending the quality of fuel. booklets of multiple tickets can cover From all the above moves, there is still 4-5 tickets at once and the ticket can

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another move playing important role the special compensation provided in restricting the number of vehicles for public transport owners through in Japan. The is convenience and tax relief up to very strict in issuing Motor Vehicle subsidy so that people can afford the Ownership Book (BPKB) and Vehicle ticket price (Redaksi www.dephub. Registration Certiicate (STNK) (http:// go.id). To maintain the quality of public Jepang.panduanwisata.com). The transport facilities and infrastructures, owner of motor vehicle nust be able to such as bus and train, in order to fulill prove that he or she has had a parking the predetermined service standard, place for the vehicle he or she is going the government stipulates the rules of to buy, or he or she has rented a parking operating public transport vehicles as place which is located maximum 2 km well as supervision on the quality of away from the owner’s house with facilities and infrastructures of all the rental fee around 30,000 to 40,000 Yen existing systems. Japan occupies the per month. Against the owned or rental Top Rank in automotive industry in parking place, the authority can do Indonesia. Today, Japan is the biggest proving over the proposed location. investor in automotive industry in Indonesia (http://nasional.kompas. Thus, if one wants to buy a new com/read/2015/06/18/17411182) (4 motor vehicle, he or she must sell the October 2015). old one, or if the old vehicle is not sold, it should be scrapped through Today, Indonesia is very attractive a scrapping service with the oficial for foreign countries to increase fee starting from 70,000 to 150,000 and develop their investmen. It is Yen depending on the size of vehicle. because of frequent promotion made The above moves are accompanied appropriately by the government and with authority delegation from supported by good investment climate the government of Japan to local as well as good rate of economic government to fulill the public need growth in Indonesia. Based on the note for transportation, and the government from Ofice of Indonesian Investment encourage private companies to Coordinating Board in Japan, now provide vehicles for suficient public(2015) Japan occupies the top rank transport which is easy to ind of and ive foreign countries that make reaches almost all direction and investment in Indonesia, followed by destination. The government of Japan the USA, Singapore, the Netherlands, prioritize much on using train and bus and Malaysia. The value of Japan’s as public transport. investment in Indonesia increases sharply. In the irst quarter of 2013, The alignment of Japan government the investment is USD 1,151,658.3 on public transport can be seen from

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thousands. This amount is around 25% is noted that the manufacturers of of the value of Japan’s investment in , , and Daihatsu Indonesia during 2012. as well as Japan motorcycle and motor vehicle spareparts manufacturers have The highest rank of Japan’s extended their factories in Indonesia, investment is in /transportation especially in West Java, East Java, (automotive) industry as much as and DKI Jakarta considering that the 68% of the total existing investment, supporting infrastructures for those including 4-wheel-or-more motor factories are available more suficiently vehicle and motorcycle and spare parts than other provinces (http://www. of motor vehicle as much as USD dephub.go.id) (5 October 2015). 783,206.5 thousands, followed by other businesses, such as medical instrument It can also be explained that the industry, precision, optic and watch, increase of production capacity is then ishery, trade, reparation, aimed to be the base for Japan’s construction, mineral and metal, automotive products overseas which property, food service, transportation the products are mostly exported to service, metal, paper, textile, chemical, Asian and Australian countries and the and electricity, gas, and water. Japan’s rests will be marketed domestically. investment in Indonesia is predicted The increase of investment tends to increase more and more, proven to impact the increasing number of by the many number of prospective motor vehicles on streets in Indonesian investors who are interested to invest cities. Although the factory extension have consulted Indonesian Embassy in and increased production results are Tokyo through the economic function, aimed at export market, but it is very especially related to industry, trade, possible for changing the aim, that is transportation, agriculture and forestry the products will mostly be absorbed sectors (http://www.id.emb-japan. by Indonesian domestic market, go.jp) (5 October 2015). regarding that the economic growth is fairly stable and the people purchasing Furthermore, especially in power increases. If it happens, the ratio transportation it can be explained that between the number of vehicles and the the increase of Japan’s investment is in existing capacity in the near time will the form of factory capacity extension surely be imbalanced. Trafic jam will in order to increase the production occur everywhere in worse condition quantity. Relocation of Japan’s than now. automotive factory from other South- East Asian countries to Indonesia The most effective way to overcome contributes an increase of investment the trafic jam is to balance the number value during the irst quarter of 2013. It of vehicles and the existing road

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capacity. Since it is dificult to increase land, there is a railway transport which is the road capacity, then the effective excellent and becomes the main transport way is to restrict or even to reduce thein Japan. Beside train, there is also subway. number of vehicles. Many tourists feel To connect islands in Japan, especially the very satisied with the transportation four biggest islands (Hokkaido, Honshu, condition in Japan either land, or sea, Shikoku, and Kyushu) there are ferries as or air transport. the means of crossing.

The inding in this research is that In addition, Japan provides Japan as an archipelago country has comprehensive international light sertvices a good transportation system (land, through two main airlines, namely Japan sea, and airvtransports): modern, Airlines and All Nippon Airways, as well comfortable, secure, punctual, and as operator-based foreign airlines which ly well-organized; prime service; andaround the world. Transportation in Japan being responsible and able to satisfy is averagedly accommodated by Japan the road users, so that many Japan’sRailway (JR), a state-owned enterprise citizens and common public prefer (kokuei kaisha) comprising JR Bus and JR using public transport to driving private Train. There are also other companies that vehicle. It is much different from and accommodate transportation equipment in in the contrary with the transportation Japan. But the biggest is JR. system in Indonesia, i.e. road users like private vehicle such as car, motorcycle, Bibliography etc. rather than the available public Hariyono, Wahyoeono, Dipo, and Prawesthi, transport. Therefore, Indonesia needs Wahyu. 2015. Implementation of to learn and imitate the development Passenger Transport with Public of Japanese transportation system. Transport in Surabaya. Jurnal Manajemen Transportasi & Conclusion Logistik (JM Translog) Vol.02 No. 02, Juli (2015). Japan is a country that has modern, comfortable, secure, punctual, and Marbun, B.N. 1990. Kota Indonesia Masa well-organized transportation system. Depan, Erlangga, Jakarta.1990, Transportation in Japan is famous for hal 86. (dalam Oktavianoor, its punctuality, excellent services, and Rakhmad dan Refyan). Paper responsibility so that many citizens of Transportasi Jepang, Universitas Japan prefer using public transport to Brawijaya Fakultas Teknik Jurusan private vehicle. Transportation in Japan Perencanaan Wilayah Dan Kota, 22 is the same as one in other countries. November (2010). There are land, sea, and air transports. In

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Munawar, Ahmad. 2007. Pidato http://translate.google.co.id/translat Pengembangan Transportasi yang e?hl=id&langpair=en|id&u= Berkelanjutan, 1 August 2007, Web http://sandacom.wordpress. is accessed on 1 October 2015. com /2015/01/12/its-intelligent- transportation-systems-part-1- Oktavianoor, Rakhmad, Refyan. 2010. introduction/ Web is accessed on Paper Transportasi Jepang, 19 October 2015/ 4.49 p.m Universitas Brawijaya Fakultas Teknik Jurusan Perencanaan http://regional.kompasiana.com/kondisi- Wilayah Dan Kota, 22 November kereta-api-indonesiahuman- 2010. errortechnical-error [20 Oktober 2010]. Ogesby, F.D dan Hicks, R.G. 1995. Teknik Jalan Raya, 4th edition, volume 1 http://sipilugm.wordpress.com/sejarah- Erlangga, Jakarta, 1995, page 11 (in kereta-api-Jepang [11 Agustus Oktavianoor, Rakhmad, Refyan). 2011]. Paper Transportasi Jepang, http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp [5Oktober] Universitas Brawijaya Fakultas Teknik Jurusan Perencanaan http://Jepang.panduanwisata.com Wilayah Dan Kota, 22 November [5Oktober] (2010). www.japan-guide.com [5Oktober] Rodrigue, J. 2004. The Geography of Transport System, e-book, chapterhttp://www.berkuliah.com/sistem- 1, www.people.hofstra.edu/geotr. transportasi-jepang.html [5Oktober]. Taaffe, E.J., H.L. Gauthier, M.E. O’Kelly. 2008. Geography of Transportation. http://www. wisata Jepang.html [5Oktober] New Jersey: Prentice Hall. http://www.dephub.go.id/15/05/2015 http://nasional.kompas.com/ read/17411182/belajarlah.dari. sistem.transportasi. Jepang [18 Juni 2015]. http://studi-jerman.blogspot.com/2015/01/ sistem-transportasi.html

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