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Evidence Syntheses to Support the WHO Guidelines on Emergency Risk Communication

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Evidence Syntheses to Support the WHO Guidelines on Emergency Risk Communication Evidence Syntheses to Support the WHO Guidelines on Emergency Risk Communication PROJECT REPORT October 24th, 2016 Prepared by Emergency Preparedness, Research, Evaluation and Practice Program (EPREP) Division of Policy Translation & Leadership Development Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Prepared for Department of Communications Office of the Director-General World Health Organization Page intentionally left blank Harvard Chan School Project Team Elena Savoia, MD, MPH Project Director Senior Scientist, Department of Biostatistics Deputy Director, Emergency Preparedness, Research, Evaluation & Practice Program Division of Policy Translation & Leadership Development Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Leesa Lin, MSPH Senior Project Manager Emergency Preparedness, Research, Evaluation & Practice Program Division of Policy Translation & Leadership Development Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Sarah M. Short, MPH Senior Evaluation Specialist Emergency Preparedness, Research, Evaluation & Practice Program Division of Policy Translation & Leadership Development Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Ayan Jha, MBBS, MPH Senior Evaluation Specialist Emergency Preparedness, Research, Evaluation & Practice Program Division of Policy Translation & Leadership Development Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Giorgia Argentini, MD, MSc Project Consultant for Latin America and Brazil Noah Klein Editor Emergency Preparedness, Research, Evaluation & Practice Program Division of Policy Translation & Leadership Development Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health World Health Organization Project Team Gaya Gamhewage, MD Manager, Interventions and Guidance Infectious Hazard Management Health Emergencies Programme World Health Organization Marsha Vanderford, PhD Director of Communications World Health Organization Nyka Alexander, MA Communications manager (acting) Health Emergencies Programme World Health Organization Jane Noyes, PhD Professor of Health and Social Services Research and Child Health Bangor University, Methodologist for World Health Organization Tomas Allen Librarian World Health Organization Report Citation: Savoia E, Lin L, Short S, Jha A, Argentini, Klein N, Noyes J, Allen T, Alexander N, Vanderford M, and Gamhewage G. (2016) Evidence Syntheses to Support the WHO Guidelines on Emergency Risk Communication. Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, USA. Acknowledgments We are grateful to the Guideline Development Group, comprised of external experts convened by WHO, which scoped and refined the review parameters. We also thank Paul Bain, librarian at the Francis A. Countway Library, Harvard University, Souleymane Konate, research fellow at Harvard University for their contribution to the development of the search strategy and to Noah Klein, Harvard University for editorial support. We are grateful to the experts in emergency risk communications that were interviewed who helped us identify additional sources of grey literature and who shared with us their experience and knowledge. The report was developed by the Division of Policy Translation and Leadership Development under Contract Number 201400531: Evidence Syntheses to support the WHO Guidelines on Emergency Risk Communication (questions 1, 2, 6, and 8) Department of Communications, Office of the Director-General, World Health Organization. Contact: Leesa Lin, MSPH Senior Project Manager Emergency Preparedness, Research, Evaluation & Practice Program (EPREP) Division of Policy Translation and Leadership Development Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health www.hsph.harvard.edu/preparedness Phone: 617-384-9872 [email protected] ACRONYM LIST AHC – Acute Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis AHI – Avian and Human Influenza APEC – Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation CALD – Culturally and Linguistically Diverse CDC – Centers for Disease Control DEM – Disaster and Emergency Management DRIP – Disaster Risk Information Platform DRR – Disaster Risk Reduction EID – Emerging Infectious Diseases EOC – Emergency Operations Committee EM – Emergency Management EMIS – Emergency Management Information System ERC – Emergency Risk Communication FLIWAS – Flood Information and Warning System HKSARG – Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government HPA – Health Protection Agency IM – Information Managers MBDS – Mekong Basin Disease Surveillance MECIDS – Middle East Consortium on Infectious Disease Surveillance MEDSIS – Medical Electronic Surveillance and Intelligence System MoH – Ministry of Health NGO – Non-Governmental Organization PAR – Participatory Action Research PHEP – Public Health Emergency Preparedness PIO – Public Information Officer SMS – Short Message Service SPICE – Setting, Perspective, Phenomenon of Interest, Comparison, and Evaluation VDT – Village Disaster Taskforce WHO – World Health Organization WWA – Women’s Welfare Association TABLE OF CONTENTS BACKGROUND........................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Objectives/ Questions ....................................................................................................................................................... 2 METHODS ................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Search methods for identification of literature ...................................................................................................... 3 Electronic Searches ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 Articles Selection .............................................................................................................................................................. 10 Quality Assessment .......................................................................................................................................................... 11 Data Synthesis Methodology ........................................................................................................................................ 12 LITERATURE SEARCH RESULTS ..................................................................................................................................... 13 Evidence Quality ............................................................................................................................................................... 17 Evidence Synthesis ........................................................................................................................................................... 18 Prior Systematic Literature Reviews ................................................................................................................... 19 Question 1 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 20 Question 2 & Question 6 ................................................................................................................................................ 54 Question 8 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 85 LIMITATIONS ....................................................................................................................................................................... 152 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................................................................ 154 APPENDIX A. WHO SPICE Questions .......................................................................................................................... 156 APPENDIX B. Quality Appraisal & AMSTAR Scores .............................................................................................. 159 APPENDIX C. Chinese Literature Reference List ................................................................................................... 160 APPENDIX D. Chinese Literature Summary ............................................................................................................ 162 APPENDIX E. Portuguese Literature Reference List ............................................................................................ 168 APPENDIX F. Portuguese Literature Summary ...................................................................................................... 169 APPENDIX G. English Literature Reference List .................................................................................................... 170 BACKGROUND Risk communication is an integral part of any emergency response. In epidemics and pandemics, in humanitarian crises and natural disasters, effective risk communication allows people at risk to understand and adopt protective behaviors. It allows authorities and experts to listen to and address people’s concerns and needs so the advice they provide is relevant, trusted and acceptable. The aim of this literature review is to support the development of guidelines in emergency risk communication (ERC) by the World Health Organization (WHO), a core public health function encompassing all types of emergencies of public health
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