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A Machiavellian Christian: Analyzing the Political Theology of 'The Rp Ince' John G University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK History Undergraduate Honors Theses History 5-2016 A Machiavellian Christian: Analyzing the Political Theology of 'The rP ince' John G. Addison University of Arkansas Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/histuht Part of the Ethics and Political Philosophy Commons, Intellectual History Commons, Political History Commons, and the Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion Commons Recommended Citation Addison, John G., "A Machiavellian Christian: Analyzing the Political Theology of 'The rP ince'" (2016). History Undergraduate Honors Theses. 5. http://scholarworks.uark.edu/histuht/5 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the History at ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Undergraduate Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. A Machiavellian Christian: Analyzing the Political Theology of The Prince An Honors Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Honors Studies in History By John Grant Addison Spring 2016 History J. William Fulbright College of Arts and Sciences The University of Arkansas Acknowledgements I want to first and foremost acknowledge my thesis director and mentor, Dr. Freddy Cristobal Dominguez. Without his assistance and guidance, I would have never been able to undertake such a comprehensive study, and without his patience and forgiveness I would have never been able to continue to pass his class. Additionally, I would like to acknowledge the mentorship of Dr. Andrew Dowdle throughout my undergraduate career, especially in relation to my pursuit of a second degree in political science. I want to also thank him for his participation in my thesis process. Further, I would like to acknowledge the accommodation and assistance given to me by Dr. Charles Muntz in agreeing to participate on my thesis committee when I was found in desperate need. I would like to acknowledge my parents, Greg and Janet Addison, for their constant support and words of uplifting encouragement. At this time I would like to thank my various friends, peers, and social media constituents for continuing to count me in those respective categories throughout the long months of this process. I would like to acknowledge my cousin and life-long friend, Ben Addison, for always being open to listen and discuss with his specific perspective and unique personal understanding. I would like to give a special thank you to my last-minute lifesaver, Taylor Dunn, for coming to my rescue when my laptop charger decided to inexplicably commit suicide within my final ten hours of writing. I thank my roommate, Austin Boatright Taylor, for his patience when I became overly verbose, and for his bedroom door when it all became too much. As promised, I would like to mention specifically those whom desired to be acknowledged in their own words—beginning with my good friend, colleague, and vocal savant, William Simpson, for originating such a tradition. I would like to acknowledge Mike Norton and Bailey Moon for remaining friends throughout the thesis process and putting up with my incessant social media posts about the fact I was writing a thesis; I hope this prevents them from feeling “salty.” I would like to acknowledge John Linde, Tanner Wilson, and Dylan Brown for being businessmen, and not politicians. I would like to acknowledge Brandon Kempf, not only for his years of friendship, but also his technical expertise. I would like to acknowledge Kyle Byrnes, who has not forgotten that I “bailed” as his roommate. I would like to acknowledge Keefer Roach for the “sick jams” during Twelfth Night and for remaining a steady friend throughout the entire process. I would like to acknowledge Daniel Simonson for maintaining an attitude of excitement rather than irritation in discussing this project with me. To Lia Cattaneo, I would like to acknowledge my sincere condolences for not being able to put the x-arms- girl emoji into this document due to technological inadequacy. Additionally, I would like to acknowledge the following people: Isaac “Day Man…Master of the Night Man” Foley, Mary Kirchner, Dwayne J. Bensing, Joseph & Judith Ramos, Melissa Byrd, Ross Wagner, Bill Rogers, Jeremy Ramos, Jordan Pino, 2 Erin Dugan, Gina Densmore, McKenzie Schultz, Lilith Winkler-Schor, Mark Nabors, Farha Syed, Ryan O. Miller, Tanner Bone, Matt Bohannon, Payton Lynne, Range Weeks, Michael Moore, Nathan Chadwick, Sara Rains, Sid Sebastian Tanner, Allie Watson, Sydney Combs, Amanda Leigh Want, Rachel Freeman, Richard Moran, Caitlin Britt, Ashley Louks, Will Strickland, Victoria Maloch, Emma Ellis, Joe Hendricks, and Matt Hansen. I would like to also give a special acknowledgement to the stranger who stole my clearly designated workspace during the Wednesday of Spring Break, despite there being quite- literally an entire library for him choose from. I have not forgotten. #ThanksObama (h/t Ben Fogel). Finally, I would like to thank Lin Manuel Miranda along with the entire cast of “Hamilton” for providing me with the strength to go on when I was forced to write like I needed it to survive. 3 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... 2 Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 5 The Nature of Things .................................................................................................................... 14 Human Nature ............................................................................................................................... 15 The Nature of God ........................................................................................................................ 28 Nature of Fortune .......................................................................................................................... 50 The Nature of Purpose .................................................................................................................. 60 Nature of Outcome ........................................................................................................................ 67 The Nature of Friendship .............................................................................................................. 91 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 98 Bibliography of Primary Sources ............................................................................................ 106 Bibliography of Secondary Sources ........................................................................................ 108 4 Introduction Few individuals in the history of political philosophy are as polarizing as Niccolò Machiavelli. One of the most prominent figures of the Renaissance, the name of Machiavelli quickly became known to his contemporaries and to posterity as a symbol of duplicity, immorality, and ruthless pragmatism. After its posthumous publication in 1532,1 The Prince granted its author recognition throughout Christendom as being “of the devil,” and this historical tradition has continued to dominate the majority of scholarly and public opinion on Machiavelli ever since.2 Machiavelli was hardly alone in promulgating a political philosophy that was not in perfect synchronization with Christian morality, yet he stands above all others in the ranks of those considered irreligious and heretical. A long line of philosophers, theorists, and even reformers such as Martin Luther advised actions that opposed prevailing religious sentiment and teaching, and most have seen history and scholarship either ignore or vindicate their positions—with the seemingly singular exception of Machiavelli. As noted by historian Quentin Skinner: “so much notoriety has gathered around Machiavelli’s name that the charge of being a Machiavellian still remains a serious accusation in political debate.”3 Seminal and formative scholarship on Machiavelli has hitherto largely dismissed or generalized the interplay between the author and the religious Christian intellectual milieu of Renaissance Florence. In his Foundations of Modern Political Thought—an 1 Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince, trans. by George Bull (London: Penguin, 1999). Except where noted, all references in English are to Bull’s edition, hereafter cited as Bull, The Prince, here xii. 2 Maurizio Viroli, Redeeming The Prince: The Meaning of Machiavelli’s Masterpiece (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014), 1. 3 Quentin Skinner, Machiavelli: A Very Short Introduction (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 1. erudite and expansive two-volume introduction to the transitional period of political thought spanning from the late thirteenth-century to the end of the sixteenth-century— Skinner innovatively argued that, contrary to prevailing belief, The Prince was not a work sui generis, but rather: a “contribution to the genre of advice-books for princes which at the same time revolutionized the genre itself.”4 Though Skinner conducts his reading of The Prince within the surrounding context of Italian humanism,
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