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A Lightweight Encryption Algorithm for Secure Internet of Things

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A Lightweight Encryption Algorithm for Secure Internet of Things Pre-Print Version, Original article is available at (IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2017 SIT: A Lightweight Encryption Algorithm for Secure Internet of Things Muhammad Usman∗, Irfan Ahmedy, M. Imran Aslamy, Shujaat Khan∗ and Usman Ali Shahy ∗Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology (FEST), Iqra University, Defence View, Karachi-75500, Pakistan. Email: fmusman, [email protected] yDepartment of Electronic Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, University Road, Karachi 75270, Pakistan. Email: firfans, [email protected], [email protected] Abstract—The Internet of Things (IoT) being a promising and apply analytics to share the most valuable data with the technology of the future is expected to connect billions of devices. applications. The IoT is taking the conventional internet, sensor The increased number of communication is expected to generate network and mobile network to another level as every thing mountains of data and the security of data can be a threat. The will be connected to the internet. A matter of concern that must devices in the architecture are essentially smaller in size and be kept under consideration is to ensure the issues related to low powered. Conventional encryption algorithms are generally confidentiality, data integrity and authenticity that will emerge computationally expensive due to their complexity and requires many rounds to encrypt, essentially wasting the constrained on account of security and privacy [4]. energy of the gadgets. Less complex algorithm, however, may compromise the desired integrity. In this paper we propose a A. Applications of IoT: lightweight encryption algorithm named as Secure IoT (SIT). It With the passage of time, more and more devices are is a 64-bit block cipher and requires 64-bit key to encrypt the getting connected to the Internet. The houses are soon to be data. The architecture of the algorithm is a mixture of feistel and a uniform substitution-permutation network. Simulations equipped with smart locks [5], the personal computer, laptops, result shows the algorithm provides substantial security in just tablets, smart phones, smart TVs, video game consoles even five encryption rounds. The hardware implementation of the the refrigerators and air conditioners have the capability to algorithm is done on a low cost 8-bit micro-controller and the communicate over Internet. This trend is extending outwards results of code size, memory utilization and encryption/decryption and it is estimated that by the year 2020 there will be over execution cycles are compared with benchmark encryption algo- 50 billion objects connected to the Internet [6]. This estimates rithms. The MATLAB code for relevant simulations is available that for each person on earth there will be 6.6 objects online. online at https://goo.gl/Uw7E0W. The earth will be blanketed with millions of sensors gathering Keywords—IoT; Security; Encryption; Wireless Sensor Network information from physical objects and will upload it to the WSN; Khazad Internet. It is suggested that application of IoT is yet in the early stage but is beginning to evolve rapidly [7], [8]. An overview arXiv:1704.08688v2 [cs.CR] 22 Mar 2018 I. INTRODUCTION of IoT in building automation system is given in [9]. It The Internet of Things (IoT) is turning out to be an is suggested in [10] that various industries have a growing emerging discussion in the field of research and practical interest towards use of IoT. Various applications of IoT in implementation in the recent years. IoT is a model that health care industries are discussed in [11], [12] and the includes ordinary entities with the capability to sense and improvement opportunities in health care brought in by IoT communicate with fellow devices using Internet [1]. As the will be enormous [13]. broadband Internet is now generally accessible and its cost It has been predicted that IoT will contribute in the making of connectivity is also reduced, more gadgets and sensors the mining production safer [14] and the forecasting of disaster are getting connected to it [2]. Such conditions are providing will be made possible. It is expected that IoT will transform the suitable ground for the growth of IoT. There is great deal automobile services and transportation systems [15]. As more of complexities around the IoT, since we wish to approach physical objects will be equipped with sensors and RFID tags every object from anywhere in the world [3]. The sophisticated transportation companies will be able to track and monitor chips and sensors are embedded in the physical things that the object movement from origin to destination [16], thus IoT surround us, each transmitting valuable data. The process of shows promising behavior in the logistics industry as well. sharing such large amount of data begins with the devices themselves which must securely communicate with the IoT With so many applications eying to adapt the technology platform. This platform integrates the data from many devices with the intentions to contribute in the growth of economy, www.ijacsa.thesai.org 1 j P a g e Pre-Print Version, Original article is available at (IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2017 health care facility, transportation and a better life style for C. Motivation And Organization of Paper the public, IoT must offer adequate security to their data to encourage the adaptation process. Recently a study by HP reveals that 70% of the devices in IoT are vulnerable to attacks [31]. An attack can be performed by sensing the communication between two nodes which is B. Security Challenges in IoT: known as a man-in-the-middle attack. No reliable solution To adopt the IoT technology it is necessary to build the has been proposed to cater such attacks. Encryption however confidence among the users about its security and privacy could lead to minimize the amount of damage done to the data that it will not cause any serious threat to their data integrity, integrity. To assure data unification while it is stored on the confidentiality and authority. Intrinsically IoT is vulnerable to middle ware and also during the transmission it is necessary to various types of security threats, if necessary security measures have a security mechanism. Various cryptographic algorithms are not taken there will be a threat of information leakage or have been developed that addresses the said matter, but their could prove a damage to economy [17], [18]. Such threats may utilization in IoT is questionable as the hardware we deal in the be considered as one of the major hindrance in IoT [19], [20]. IoT are not suitable for the implementation of computationally expensive encryption algorithms. A trade-off must be done to IoT is extremely open to attacks [21], [22], for the reasons fulfil the requirement of security with low computational cost. that there is a fair chance of physical attack on its components In this paper, we proposed a lightweight cryptographic as they remain unsupervised for long time. Secondly, due algorithm for IoT named as Secure IoT (SIT). The proposed to the wireless communication medium, the eavesdropping is algorithm is designed for IoT to deal with the security and extremely simple. Lastly the constituents of IoT bear low com- resource utilization challenges mentioned in section I-B. The petency in terms of energy with which they are operated and rest of the paper is organized as follows, in section II, a short also in terms of computational capability. The implementation literature review is provided for the past and contemporary of conventional computationally expensive security algorithms lightweight cryptographic algorithms, in section III, the detail will result in the hindrance on the performance of the energy architecture and functioning of the proposed algorithm is pre- constrained devices. sented. Evaluation of SIT and experimental setup is discussed It is predicted that substantial amount of data is expected in section V. Conclusion of the paper is presented in section to be generated while IoT is used for monitoring purposes and VII. it is vital to preserve unification of data [23]. Precisely, data integrity and authentication are the matters of concern. II. CRYPTOGRAPHIC ALGORITHMS FOR IOT: From a high level perspective, IoT is composed of three The need for the lightweight cryptography have been components namely, Hardware, Middleware and Presentation widely discussed [32], [33], [34], also the shortcomings of [1]. Hardware consists of sensors and actuators, the Middle- the IoT in terms of constrained devices are highlighted. There ware provides storage and computing tools and the presenta- in fact exist some lightweight cryptography algorithms that tion provides the interpretation tools accessible on different does not always exploit security-efficiency trade-offs. Amongst platforms. It is not feasible to process the data collected from the block cipher, stream cipher and hash functions, the block billions of sensors, context-aware Middleware solutions are ciphers have shown considerably better performances. proposed to help a sensor decide the most important data for processing [24]. Inherently the architecture of IoT does not A new block cipher named mCrypton is proposed [35]. offer sufficient margin to accomplish the necessary actions The cipher comes with the options of 64 bits, 96 bits and 128 involved in the process of authentication and data integrity. The bits key size. The architecture of this algorithm is followed devices in the IoT such as RFID are questionable to achieve by Crypton [36] however functions of each component is the fundamental requirements of authentication process that in- simplified to enhance its performance for the constrained cludes constant communication with the servers and exchange hardware. In [37] the successor of Hummingbird-1 [38] is messages with nodes. proposed as Hummingbird-2(HB-2). With 128 bits of key and a 64 bit initialization vector Hummingbird-2 is tested to stay In secure systems the confidentiality of the data is main- unaffected by all of the previously known attacks.
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