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Performance and Energy Efficiency of Block Ciphers in Personal Digital Assistants Performance and Energy Efficiency of Block Ciphers in Personal Digital Assistants Creighton T. R. Hager, Scott F. Midkiff, Jung-Min Park, Thomas L. Martin Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 USA {chager, midkiff, jungmin, tlmartin} @ vt.edu Abstract algorithms may consume more energy and drain the PDA battery faster than using less secure algorithms. Due to Encryption algorithms can be used to help secure the processing requirements and the limited computing wireless communications, but securing data also power in many PDAs, using strong cryptographic consumes resources. The goal of this research is to algorithms may also significantly increase the delay provide users or system developers of personal digital between data transmissions. Thus, users and, perhaps assistants and applications with the associated time and more importantly, software and system designers need to energy costs of using specific encryption algorithms. be aware of the benefits and costs of using various Four block ciphers (RC2, Blowfish, XTEA, and AES) were encryption algorithms. considered. The experiments included encryption and This research answers questions regarding energy decryption tasks with different cipher and file size consumption and execution time for various encryption combinations. The resource impact of the block ciphers algorithms executing on a PDA platform with the goal of were evaluated using the latency, throughput, energy- helping software and system developers design more latency product, and throughput/energy ratio metrics. effective applications and systems and of allowing end We found that RC2 encrypts faster and uses less users to better utilize the capabilities of PDA devices. In energy than XTEA, followed by AES. The Blowfish cipher particular, we experimentally measure and compare the is a fast encryption algorithm, but the size of the plaintext energy consumption and computation time for four affects its encryption speed and energy consumption. different block cipher encryption algorithms – RC2, Faster algorithms seem to be more energy efficient Blowfish, the eXtended Tiny Encryption Algorithm because of differences in speed rather than differences in (XTEA), and the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) – power consumption levels while encrypting. executing on contemporary PDAs. We measure energy consumption for one device and latency and throughput 1. Introduction for three different devices. The experiments consider different transfer sizes from one kilobyte to one megabyte. Based on the results, we develop observations that are A personal digital assistant (PDA) is a handheld device intended to increase the awareness of and insight into the that was originally designed as a personal organizer, but costs associated with using encryption algorithms. that has evolved into a wireless communication device. This paper is divided into five sections. Section 2 Many commercial and military applications now require discusses related work and briefly describes the PDAs with secure wireless transmission capability. encryption algorithms considered in this study. Section 3 Moreover, information privacy has become a major describes the experimental setup and evaluation methods. concern for all users, even personal users. A variety of Section 4 discusses the measurements and results. Finally, algorithms are available for a user to encrypt data and, Section 5 summarizes the work, discusses contributions, thus, prevent eavesdroppers from obtaining critical or and proposes future work. private information. However, the execution of encryption algorithms consumes both time and energy. While certain encryption algorithms may be less 2. Related Work and Algorithms Considered vulnerable to compromise than others, constantly using cryptographically strong algorithms may result in severely This section discusses related work and introduces the reduced lifetimes for battery-powered devices such as four encryption algorithms investigated in this research. PDAs. In other words, utilizing stronger encryption 2.1. Related Work boxes (S-boxes), and linear mixing using the exclusive-or (XOR) operator. The block cipher iterates plaintext One area of related work is that of low power software. through its Feistel network to generate the ciphertext. The consensus is that the potential for power savings in Each iteration through the Feistel network is usually software is greater than the potential for savings in counted as one “round” of encryption. In RC2, its 18 hardware, but that the software savings are more difficult rounds are arranged as a source-heavy Feistel network, to achieve [1]. Space limitations prevent a full overview which means the input to the round function is larger than of research in low-power software, but a common finding the output of the round function. The Feistel network is that energy consumption is tied closely to execution involves mixing and mashing rounds. The mixing rounds time [2, 3]. The results in Section 4 indicate a similar consist of sequentially interleaving an expanded conclusion. This paper studies the execution time and encryption key with the plaintext, while the mashing energy usage of encryption algorithms with various rounds combine different pieces of the expanded key and strengths of security. One application of such results is the results of the mixing rounds. There are 16 rounds of the possibility of adapting the level of security to mixing punctuated by two rounds of mashing [14]. available energy and processing resources. In a similar Blowfish is a symmetric key (also known as a secret or vein, Flinn and Satyanarayanan conducted a study of the private key) block cipher designed in 1993 by Schneier energy savings of adapting the quality of a video player to [15]. Blowfish has a 64-bit block size and a key length of available levels of network bandwidth [4]. anywhere from 32 bits to 448 bits. It is a 16-round Feistel Prior work from Ganesan and others [5] assess the cipher and uses large key-dependent S-boxes. feasibility of different encryption schemes for a range of The Tiny Encryption Algorithm (TEA) is a block embedded architectures using execution time overhead cipher noted for its simplicity of description and measurements. Dhawan [6] describes a study that implementation (typically a few lines of code) [16]. compared the performance of several encryption However, TEA has a few vulnerabilities [17] and, algorithms in different network environments. First round consequently, XTEA was designed to correct those AES candidates were compared in terms of efficiency by weaknesses [18]. XTEA is a 64-bit block Feistel network Bassham [7] using systems with processors in the 200 with a 128-bit key and a recommended 64 rounds. MHz to 500 MHz range. A study on Palm OS devices [8] AES, also known as Rijndael, is a block cipher also compared performance measurements of AES and adopted as an encryption standard by the U.S. government other ciphers. Potlapally and others [9] investigated [19, 20]. AES is based on a substitution-permutation energy consumption of different ciphers with the Secure network and has a fixed block size of 128 bits and a key Sockets Layer [10]. Our study extends research on the size of 128, 192, or 256 bits. PDA platform and focuses on both the computational performance and the energy consumption of block cipher 3. Methodology encryption algorithms. The objective of this study is to determine the time and 2.2. Encryption Algorithms Investigated energy costs associated with specific encryption algorithms for PDAs. Several assumptions are necessary A block cipher is a type of symmetric-key encryption to limit the scope of this objective. The intent of these algorithm that encrypts data in blocks rather than assumptions is to keep manageable the complexity of the encrypting one bit at a time in a stream, otherwise known implementation and analysis. Moreover, many case as a stream cipher [11]. Stream ciphers are commonly studies would be needed to consider all of the issues used with streaming applications or for secure involved with different encryption algorithms and systems. connections, such as Transport Layer Security [12], while We present a somewhat simple, but informative, set of block ciphers are typically used for storing data in a data case studies involving four encryption algorithms on three base or encrypting files. Since streaming applications, different PDA platforms, to gain insight into the cost of such as streaming audio or video, require constant utilizing encryption algorithms in a PDA environment. connectivity and resources that are not always available in PDAs, block ciphers were chosen for this work. Four 3.1. Assumptions and Experimental Setup block ciphers, described below, were used in this study: RC2, Blowfish, XTEA, and AES. The selection of a particular evaluation technique can RC2 is a 64-bit block cipher with a variable size key. significantly impact the outcome of a performance Like most block ciphers, RC2 uses a Feistel network [13] evaluation study. Three techniques for performance for diffusing the plaintext. A Feistel network is usually a evaluation are analytical, simulation, and measurement. combination of bit-shuffling through permutation boxes These methods differ in terms of accuracy, cost, and (P-boxes), simple non-linear operations using substitution required time. Based on these factors, experimental measurement was the most appropriate technique
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