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HISTORY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE STANDARD NINE

Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, . B{Vhmg d amÁ`emñÌ B. 9 dr (B§J«Or _mÜ`_) 54.00 The Coordination Committee formed by GR No. Abhyas - 2116/(Pra.Kra.43/16) SD - 4 Dated 25.4.2016 has given approval to prescribe this textbook in its meeting held on 3.3.2017

History and Political Science Standard Nine

Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune.

The QR Code given alongside and on other pages can be scanned with a smartphone, which leads to link/s (URL) useful for the teaching/learning of this textbook. First Edition : 2017 © Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune - 411 004. The Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research reserves all rights relating to the book. No part of this book should be reproduced without the written permission of the Director, Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, ‘Balbharati’, Senapati Bapat Marg, Pune 411004.

History Subject Committee Authors Cartographer Dr Sadanand More, Chairman Dr Ganesh Raut Shri. Ravikiran Jadhav Dr Vaibhavi Palsule Shri. Mohan Shete, Member Scrutiny Shri. Pandurang Balkawade, Member Cover and Illustrations Dr Ganesh Raut Shri. Bapusaheb Shinde, Member Shri. Mukim Shaikh Shri. Balkrishna Chopde, Member Translation Shri. Prashant Sarudkar, Member Prof. Arati Khatu Typesetting Dr Padma Mehta Shri. Mogal Jadhav, Member-Secretary DTP Section, Balbharati Shri. Sushrut Kulkarni Paper

Civics Subject Committee Coordination 70 GSM Creamwove Dr Shrikant Paranjape, Chairman Mogal Jadhav, Print Order Special Officer, Prof. Sadhana Kulkarni, Member History and Civics N/PB/2017-18/50,000 Dr Mohan Kashikar, Member Varsha Sarode Printer Shri. Vaijnath Kale, Member Subject Assistant, M/s. Shree Samarth Quality Shri. Mogal Jadhav, Member-Secretary History and Civics Works, Navi

History and Civics Study Group Coordination Shri. Rahul Prabhu Dr Raosaheb Shelke Dhanavanti Hardikar Shri. Sanjay Vazarekar Shri. Mariba Chandanshive Academic Secretary for Languages Shri. Subhash Rathod Shri. Santosh Shinde Santosh J. Pawar Smt Sunita Dalvi Dr Satish Chaple Subject Assistant, English Prof. Shivani Limaye Shri. Vishal Kulkarni Shri. Bhausaheb Umate Shri. Shekhar Patil Production Dr Nagnath Yevale Shri. Sanjay Mehta Sachchitanand Aphale Shri. Sadanand Dongre Shri. Ramdas Thakar Chief Production Officer Shri. Ravindra Patil Dr Ajit Apte Prabhakar Parab, Production Officer Shri. Vikram Adsul Dr Mohan Khadse Shashank Kanikdale, Asst. Production Officer Smt Rupali Girkar Smt Shivkanya Kaderkar Dr Minakshi Upadhyay Shri. Gautam Dange Smt Kanchan Ketkar Dr Vyankatesh Kharat Publisher Smt Shivkanya Patve Shri. Ravindra Jinde Vivek Uttam Gosavi, Controller Maharashtra State Textbook Bureau, Dr Anil Singare Dr Prabhakar Londhe , Mumbai - 400 025.

Preface

Dear students, We have great pleasure in offering to you this Std IX textbook of History which deals with the period from the year 1961 to 2000. This textbook is a part of the efforts being made to modernise the history curriculum. The book reviews the development that has taken place in in the social, cultural and other areas since 1961. It needs to be remembered that this review is by no means detailed or complete. In fact, compelled by the limit on the number of pages in this textbook, it is a rather cursory overview of approximately forty years. It takes note of the economic policies of India which relate to industry and agriculture, of the empowerment of women and of development-related events connected with the weakest sections of society. It throws some light on the progress of the education sector and the changing ways of life of Indians. To help you understand the subject well, maps, pictures, statistical figures and extra information in separate boxes have also been given. In addition, a variety of activities have been suggested. This textbook will help you lay the foundation for the competitive exams you might take in the future or for higher education in history. Your parents have been witness to the history discussed here. They could help you expand your understanding of this textbook. As part of the Political Science syllabus, you have to study the main currents in world events since 1945, the evolution of India’s foreign policy, our security systems and the challenges before them today. We also discuss diplomatic relations between India and other countries, the , India’s contribution to the peacekeeping efforts of the United Nations, etc. Certain problems faced by the international community, such as protection of human rights, protection of the environment, and terrorism have been introduced through this textbook. You will find this textbook of help in your efforts to understand all kinds of happenings at the international level. The study of history helps us understand the past and develop an awareness of the present. The study of political science helps us see the way forward into the future. The present textbook is meant to help you do all these things.

Pune Date : 28 April, 2017 (Dr Sunil Magar) Akshayya Tritiya Director Indian Solar Year : Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook 8 Vaishakh 1939 Production and Curriculum Research, Pune. - For Teachers -

First of all, you are to be congratulated that you are a teacher and also a student of History. This year, using this textbook, we have to teach the period of years from 1961 to 2000. You will especially enjoy dealing with this textbook because you have been a witness to several of the events mentioned here. This book includes the very events that have taken place around you. You will, in a way, re-live those times. This is the history of the whole of India. In view of the limited number of pages in the textbook, it is a difficult task to present the entire account of these years with any continuity. We have tried to include those events which would most appeal to students of Std IX at their age. Taking some important events as a framework, it will be possible to help students to learn about the intervening events using the Internet. The central theme of this book is ‘How a newly independent State sets itself on the road towards development’. This is a country which has the largest democratic system in the world. An attempt has been made to highlight the role played in the progress of such a country by the political and the administrative leadership, as well as by scientists, educationists and artists. Complementing this, is the other important part of this book, namely, the faith of the citizens of India in democracy and the fight put up by the general public in its defence. That every individual has a social responsibility and that the nation is bigger than the political leadership is the message that the public has always sent out in the post-independence period. To acquaint students with the meaning underlying the bare events is a big challenge before us. However, we believe that teachers will be able to shoulder this responsibility with ease with the help of the modern technology we have at our disposal today. This is the first time that teachers will be teaching about the very period that they have themselves experienced. Hence, this itself is a historic task. This book will be of use to impress upon the students the important principle that every citizen can make a contribution to shaping post-independence India. Features of the textbook like maps, pictures, boxes with additional information and the suggested activities are to be used for this purpose. Our ultimate aim is to communicate effectively to the students the unique greatness of our country. In the subject of Political Science in this class, we will review the interactions between ‘India and the World’. In these times, events occurring at the global and international level have consequences for all countries. Due to the advances in information technology, interaction and exchanges of many kinds between nations have increased greatly. We need to make the students aware of these complex international relationships from an India-centric viewpoint. Naturally, it will be best to make a beginning through building an understanding of the important international events and currents from recent history. The content of the present book is new. However, it has been presented with a constructivist point of view so that it will be easily understood. To arouse interest in the subject, the content has been presented in a different way. As it will be the first time that students will be attempting to understand international relations, teachers too should take care to support their teaching with a variety of non-conventional sources. There is ample scope in the textbook for the effective application of such methods. It is expected that teachers will try to strengthen the faith of the students in values such as the preservation of global peace and security, respect for human rights, peace and mutual trust and the actions that are taken in accordance with them. CONTENTS

India after Independence (1961 ce to 2000 ce)

No. Chapter Page

1. Sources of History...... 1

2. India : Events after 1960...... 5

3. India’s Internal Challenges...... 10

4. Economic Development...... 15

5. Education ...... 23

6. Empowerment of Women and other Weaker Sections...... 31

7. Science and Technology...... 37

8. Industry and Trade...... 43

9. Changing Life : 1...... 47

10. Changing Life : 2...... 52

S.O.I. Note to the maps : The following foot notes are applicable : (1) © , Copyright : 2017. (2) The responsibility for the correctness of internal details rests with the publisher. (3) The territorial waters of India extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the appropriate base line. (4) The administrative headquarters of Chandigarh, and Punjab are at Chandigarh. (5) The interstate boundaries amongst , and Meghalaya shown on this map are as interpreted from the “North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act. 1971,” but have yet to be verified. (6) The external boundaries and coastlines of India agree with the Record/Master Copy certified by Survey of India. (7) The state boundaries between Uttarakhand & , Bihar & Jharkhand and Chattisgarh & Madhya Pradesh have not been verified by the Governments concerned. (8) The spellings of names in this map, have been taken from various sources. Competencies

S.No. Units Competencies 1. Sources of History • To be able to classify the sources of history. • To be able to imagine and speculate about contemporary events while studying the sources of history. • To be able to read and interpret references related to history. • To be able to make a collection of historical objects, documents, books, coins and electronic information. Also to be able to classify them in different ways. • To interpret historical events objectively. 2. The Challenge of • To be able to tell the historical events related to India’s Nation-building : 1 progress in the post-independence period chronologically. • To be able to critically analyse India’s internal challenges. • To be able to explain how India’s economic policies changed with changing times. • To be able to summarise the impact of the economic reforms that came in the wake of globalisation. • To be able to explain the reasons for changes brought about in the Indian economy due to privatisation, liberalisation and globalisation. 3. The Challenge of • To be able to narrate the stages of development of the Indian Nation-building : 2 education system. • To be able to tell how education is an important means for resolving several social problems. • To understand the efforts made for the development of the weaker sections of the population and their importance. • To be able to cite examples of the progress made by post- Independence India in the fields of science and technology. • To be able to find out information about the organisations in the fields of industry and commerce and to be able to narrate their impact on the economy. • To feel proud about the progress in science and technology. • To find out about new inventions with the help of internet. 4. Changing Life • To understand the role and responsibilities of the media in mobilising public opinion and making the civil society active. • To be able to compare urbanisation with rural life. • To develop an understanding about advocating social equality. • To adopt scientific temper. 1 Sources of History

Till now we have studied the history from 1961 to 2000, we see that in the of ancient, medieval and modern India. beginning, there was no alternative to the This year we have to study the history of print media, especially newspapers. With India in the post-independence era. Sources liberalisation and widespread use of of modern history are different from those internet in India, an alternative for print of ancient and medieval history. We can media became available. Yet, the print study history with the help of various media still continue to be powerful. sources like written sources, material Newspapers : Through newspapers, sources, oral sources and sources in the we can get information about national audio-visual medium. In the modern and international affairs, politics, art, period, we have to take note of various sports, literature and social and cultural sources at the regional, state, national as affairs. Newspapers contain matters well as international level. We can write related to human life. Most national history with the help of these sources. newspapers have started their regional Written Sources : The following editions. They publish supplements that sources are included in the written sources. give information about various topics. Newsletters of various movements, the Newspapers dailies or weeklies of political parties, Periodicals Encyclopedias monthly and annual magazines are important among the print media. Diaries Postage Written Some newspapers produce special Stamps Sources Reference supplements towards the end of the year books that take an overview of the important Government events of the year. Such supplements help Gazettes Correspondence us understand the important events of the Documents in year. the Archives Press Trust of India (PTI) : After 1953, the Press Trust of India has been an important source of primary details of Do you know ? all important events and of articles on The place where historical important subjects. Press Trust of India documents are preserved is called has provided reports, photographs and ‘Archives’. The main office of the articles on financial and scientific issues National Archives of India is at New to newspapers. PTI has now started its . It is the largest among the online service. During the , PTI Archives in Asia. started using the ‘satellite broadcast’ technology instead of tele-printers to send Just as newspapers are considered the news all over the country. This material fourth pillar of democracy in the modern is important for writing the history of period, they are also a major medium of modern India. information. If we consider the period

1 Do you know ? Do you know ? Among the print media, the The Indian government issued the information contained in the annual ‘Jal Cooper’ stamp in 1977. Jal Cooper issues of the Publications Division of the was an internationally acclaimed Government of India is authentic and philatelist, i.e. an expert on the subject trustworthy. For example, the of ‘postage stamps’. Born in a Parsi Information and Broadcasting household in Mumbai, Cooper edited Department published INDIA 2000, an ‘India’s Stamp Journal’. He was the annual reference book. This reference founder of the first Philatelic Bureau book is created under ‘Research, in India, an office that collected Reference and Training Department’. stamps. He founded the ‘Empire of It contains useful information about India Philatelic Society’. He went on the land, its people, national emblems, to write many books on this subject. political system, defence, education, He gave a scientific bent to his hobby. cultural events and an account of the He played a pivotal role in taking the developments in the fields of science study of Indian postage stamps to the and technology, environment, health international level. Having started his and family welfare, social welfare, career as a postage stamp collector, media of mass communications along Cooper achieved the expertise of a with basic data, related to economics, philatelist at the international level. finance, planning, agriculture, water The postage stamp on Jal Cooper is conservation, rural development, food an important source to understand his and civil supplies, energy, industries, significant contribution to this field. trade and commerce, transport, communication, labour, housing, laws and statutes, youth and sports departments, etc. It is possible for us to write history with the help of such information. Website : www.publicationsdivision.nic.in Jal Cooper Postage Stamp Postage Stamps : The postage stamps don’t reveal anything on their own. Yet tercentenary of different events. It is a historian makes them speak. There have therefore a valuable repository of history. been several changes in postage stamps Material Sources : The following since India became independent. Postage sources are included among the physical stamps reveal a lot to us about changing sources. times due to the variety in the sizes of Places of Things in Royal the stamps, the novelty in their subjects Coins worship daily use Seals and colour schemes. The Postal Department issues postage Material sources stamps on a wide variety of themes like political leaders, flowers, animals, birds, an event, or the silver, golden, diamond Ornaments Museums Clothing Modern jubilees or centenary, bicentenary, architecture

2 Coins : We can also understand history with the help of coins and the Try this. changes in the printing of currency notes. prints the notes. It As an example of how some has its headquarters in Mumbai. event gets reflected in literature and how a poet perceives that event, study the poem ‘Aavahan’ written on the backdrop of the Sino-Indian war by the noted Marathi poet Kusumagraj. Find pieces of literature based on contemporary events.

Coins Audio-visual sources : Television, The coins from 1950 to those used at films, internet are called ‘Audio-visual present, the metals used for making them, media’. Many domestic and foreign their different shapes, the diversity of television channels also come under this subjects on them together help us to head, eg., History channel, Discovery understand the important contemporary channel, etc. issues in India eg., coins to convey the Film and Television Institute of message of population control and coins India (FTII) : The Government of India communicating the importance of started the Film and Television Institute agriculture and of farmers. of India at Pune in 1960 with the purpose Museums : All States of India have of providing public education. An institute museums that depict the characteristics called Indian News Review has produced and display the cultural and social various newsreels on important events in heritage of the State. They enable us to politics, social issues, art, sports and understand history (eg., the Chhatrapati culture. This Department has also produced Maharaj Museum at Mumbai, various documentaries on prominent social Reserve Bank Museum in Pune city). leaders, on people who have made major Apart from the Government Museums, contributions for the country and about some private collectors also set up their important locations in India. These news own museums. They are based on releases and documentaries are useful for distinctive subjects. eg., coins, notes, studying the history of modern India. lamps and nutcrackers in different shapes, cricket equipment, etc. Oral sources : These sources include folktales, folksongs, proverbs, ballads and owis (Marathi verses in the oral tradition). Activists were inspired by the powadas of Lokshahir Anna Bhau Sathe and Shahir Amar Sheikh during the Sanyukta Maharashtra Movement. FTII Logo

3 gadget called ‘pager’ came up for Try this. contacting people. But it died out as quickly as it had come up. The huge Which films about patriotism do amount of information available on the you know of ? In your own words, Internet is used for studying history, but write a review of one such film that the truth and authenticity of this you have liked. information needs to be verified. Now it has become comparatively Till now we have seen some important easy to study history with the all these sources for writing the history of modern sources. As these sources are from the India. The times in the 21st century are contemporary period, they are easily changing so rapidly, that even these available. Since a subject like history sources will prove to be inadequate. touches all the aspects of our lives, efforts However, new sources are coming forth. for preservation of such sources are made For example, during the transformation at all levels. We should also contribute from land line telephone to cellphones, a to this effort.

Exercises

1. (A) Choose the right option and rewrite 3. Give Reasons. the sentence. (1) The postal department tries to (1) The National Archives of India is preserve the heritage and integrity of situated at………. Indian culture through postage (a) Pune (b) stamps. (c) (d) Hyderabad (2) Audio-visual media are an important (2) The …………… is included among source for writing the history of the Audio-Visual media. modern India. (a) Newspaper (b) Television (c) All India Radio (d) Periodicals Projects (3) ………. is not included in physical (1) Create a handwritten account or a sources. documentary about your school. (a) Coins (b) Ornaments (2) Watch the different documentaries (c) Buildings (d) Proverbs available on the official website of the Archeological Survey of India, (B) Identify the wrong pair and rewrite an organisation under the Government the corrected one. of India. Person Specialty Jal Cooper - Philatelist (3) Which sources would you use to Kusumagraj - Poet write the history of your village/ Anna Bhau Sathe - A people’s bard town ? Write the history of your Amar Shaikh - Art collector village / town using those sources. 2. Write short notes. (1) Written Sources (2) Press Trust of India

4 2 India : Events after 1960

India became independent in 1947 ce. the architect of India’s foreign policy. His India accepted the constitutional contribution to the social and economic framework in 1950 and became a development of India sovereign democratic nation. The Indian is significant. society is multicultural and people of various languages, religions, ethnicities passed away in 1964. and castes live together. During the initial period after succeeded him and independence, India needed to solve became the next different issues of economic, political and Prime Minister of social development. The establishment of India. During his Lal Bahadur Shastri the Planning Commission and emphasis on tenure, India and industrialisation was a means to achieve Pakistan went to war over the economic development and to eliminate issue in 1965. The Soviet Union tried to poverty in India. Successful conduct of mediate between the two countries. Lal elections and faith in democratic traditions Bahadur Shastri gave the slogan ‘Jai made it possible for us to achieve political Jawan Jai Kisan’ with which he highlighted stability. At the same time, several social the importance of Indian soldiers and reforms including policies and programmes Indian farmers. Lal Bahadur Shastri for the weaker sections of the society were breathed his last at Tashkent in 1966. sought to be implemented. Indira The 1960s (Nineteen-sixties) : In the became the Prime decade of the 1960s, several events Minister of India in occurred which had a huge impact on the 1966. During her political situation in India. The regions of tenure, Pakistan’s Goa, Diu and Daman were freed from oppressive policies in Portuguese rule and became parts of the East Pakistan resulted Indian federation. The tensions between in a big movement India and China on the northern border there. This movement which had been rising since 1950, was led by Sheikh culminated in the war Mujibur Rahman and his organisation, of 1962 between two ‘Mukti Bahini.’ This crisis in East countries. This war Pakistan affected India as well, because was fought in the millions of refugees came to India. region of the The 1970s (Nineteen-seventies) : The MacMahon line. 1971 war between India and Pakistan led After India to the creation of an independent country became independent, called . As a part of India’s Prime Minister Pandit policy to use atomic energy for peaceful purposes, India successfully carried out Pandit Jawaharlal Jawaharlal Nehru led Nehru the country. He was an underground test of an atomic device

5 at Pokharan in in 1974. In system faced many new challenges. The 1975, the people of Sikkim voted for Sikhs in Punjab demanded an independent joining the Indian republic and Sikkim state of Khalistan and began a movement became a full-fledged State in the Indian which went on to become violent and federation. destructive. Pakistan had lent its support During this decade, the political to this movement. The Indian army was situation in India grew unstable. The sent into the at , High Court gave the verdict in a holy shrine of the Sikhs in 1984, to 1974 that Indira Gandhi; the then Prime evict the terrorists who had allegedly Minister had misused the government taken shelter there. One of the Sikh machinery during her election campaign. bodyguards in Indira Gandhi’s personal It led to nationwide strikes and protest. security assassinated her. During this During this period, the situation became period, an organisation called United more complicated due to the movement Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA) carried led by Jayprakash Narayan. The situation on a major movement in North-east India. of law and order in the country worsened Right after Indira Gandhi’s and the government declared a state of in 1984, National Emergency on the basis of the became the Prime constitutional provisions relating to Minister of India. Emergency. During this turbulent period, He tried to make the fundamental rights of Indian citizens several reforms in were suspended. Due to , the field of Indian the Indian administration became economy and that of disciplined, but the human rights were science and restricted. The period of national technology. He took emergency lasted from 1975 to 1977 and the lead in solving after that general elections were conducted. the issues of the On the backdrop of the emergency, Rajiv Gandhi Tamil minority in many opposition parties came together Sri Lanka. He promoted the idea of a and formed a party called the Janata united Sri Lanka with internal autonomy Party. The Congress party led by Indira to the Tamil community, but his efforts in Gandhi was roundly defeated by this this regard proved to be in vain. newly formed ‘’. Morarji He faced a lot of criticism in the Desai became the Prime Minister, but context of corruption that took place under his leadership the Janata Party during a defence equipment deal, especially government couldn’t last long due to the purchase of long-range canons from internal differences. a foreign company called Bofors. Political succeeded him, but even his government corruption became a crucial issue in the was a short-lived one. Elections were general elections that followed and the conducted once again in 1980 and the Congress party was defeated. Several Congress party under the leadership of political parties formed a coalition called Indira Gandhi came to power again. the and Vishwanath Pratap The 1980s (Nineteen-eighties) : Singh became the next Prime Minister of During this decade the Indian political India. The policy for providing reservations

6 for other backward classes (OBC) is Alliance’ came to power under the flag of considered to be his most important and Atal Bihari contribution. He could not continue as Vajpayee became India’s Prime Minister. Prime Minister due to internal differences tried to establish in the party. In 1990, a dialogue with Pakistan but was not became the . His successful. India conducted a number of government was also short-lived. In 1991, nuclear tests in 1998 and declared herself during the election campaign, the terrorist as an atomic power. In 1999, there was organisation in Sri Lanka, Liberation another war between India and Pakistan in Tigers of Tamil Eelum (LTTE), Kargil region over the Kashmir issue. India assassinated Rajiv Gandhi. defeated Pakistan in this war as well. Towards the end of the decade of Indian economy : Right from 1980s, the unrest in Jammu and Kashmir independence, the modernisation of had begun. The terrorist activities there economy, economic self-sufficiency and forced the Kashmiri Pandits to leave the social justice have been the characteristics valley. This problem grew serious day by of Indian economy. India wanted to day and today it has taken the form of acquire modernity and self-reliance by terrorism. establishing industries. We wanted to The changes after 1991 : The year establish an economy based on social 1991 is held to be very important in the justice through planning. For this, the history of the world as well as India. The National Planning Commission was Soviet Union disintegrated into several established that would coordinate different small countries and the Cold development through the policy of Five War came to an end. In India, the Year Plans. Government under the leadership of Prime The Narasimha Rao Government Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao initiated started economic reforms from 1991. many changes in the Indian economy. These economic reforms are called as During this period, the Ram Janmabhumi economic liberalisation. The Indian and Babri Mosque issue at Ayodhya came economy flourished as a result of the to the forefront. implementation of this policy. The foreign In the elections conducted between investment in India increased. Skilled 1996 and 1999, no political party got a Indian professionals helped reform the clear majority in the . This Indian economy. The field of information resulted in three technology opened several avenues of governments in a employment in the country. The changes short span of time. after 1991 are also described as Those led by Prime ‘globalisation’. Ministers, Atal Bihari Science and technology : Two major Vajpayee, H.D. events must be mentioned while describing Devegowda and Inder India’s efforts towards self-reliance. Dr Kumar Gujral were M. S. Swaminathan is known as the amongst them. father of the Green Revolution in 1965. Finally, in 1999 the He implemented new scientific agricultural Atal Bihari Vajpayee ‘National Democratic

7 techniques and increased the production and equal opportunities due to the caste of foodgrains. The experiment in co- system. The ‘Kakasaheb Kalelkar operative dairy movement by Dr. Verghese Commission’ was set up in 1953 to make Kurien led to increase of milk production recommendations so as to improve their in India. This is called as ‘White condition. In 1978, a commission was Revolution’. constituted under the chairmanship of B. India had also made a lot of progress P. Mandal to study the issue of the in the fields of atomic energy and space backward classes. The policy of reservation research. Dr. Homi Bhabha laid the was adopted in order to strengthen the foundation of the Indian atomic power representation of backward sections in programme. India insisted on using atomic various services and institutions. The energy for peaceful purposes like generation Government passed the Prevention of of electricity, pharmaceuticals and defence. Atrocities Act in 1989 to enable those India has achieved considerable success in belonging to the Scheduled castes and space technology as well. In 1975, the first tribes to live with dignity and respect, satellite ‘Aryabhatta’ was launched. Today, free from fear, violence and oppression of India has a successful space programme the upper classes. and many satellites have been launched Globalisation : Globalisation brought under this programme. India has also about many changes in different fields made considerable advancement in the like economy, politics, science and telecom sector. technology and society and culture. We Changes in social field : During this have discussed some of these changes in period, there were several major changes the above paragraphs. India has emerged in the social field in India. as an important country on the global Some of the changes are related with scene in different spheres. India is an the issue of the empowerment of women, important member of international and the others are related with the policies organisations like G-20 and ‘BRICS’ regarding the uplift of the deprived sections (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South of the society. To promote the all-round Africa). India has experienced an important development of women and children, a revolution in the field of telecommunication separate ‘Department of Women and Child technology. Development’ was created in 1985 under Mobile phones, internet and the the Ministry of Human Resource communication facilities based on satellite Development. Some laws were made to have spread all across the country. In the ensure social justice to women and to help political field, India has demonstrated to the implementation of various schemes in the world how a stable democracy can this direction. They include the Prohibition function successfully. All this has resulted of Dowry Act, Equal Remuneration Act. in a total transformation in the lifestyle As per the 73rd and 74th Constitution of Indians and especially the youth. These Amendments, seats were reserved for changes are visible from their dietary women in the local self-government bodies. habits, clothing, language and beliefs. According to the makers of the Indian In the next chapter, we are going to Constitution, some constituents of the study some internal challenges before Indian society were deprived of dignity India.

8 Exercises

1. (A) Choose the right option and rewrite (B) Answer the following questions in the sentences. 25 to 30 words. (1) The Prime Minister of India who (1) How was 1991 a year of important took an initiative in resolving the changes in the history of the world question of the Tamil minority in Sri and of India ? Lanka was ………… . (2) What are the characteristics of the (a) Rajiv Gandhi Indian economy? (b) Indira Gandhi (4) With the help of the information in the (c) H. D. Devegowda chapter, complete the list of the (d) P. V. Narasimha Rao challenges before India and the (2) ………. is the father of the Green strengths of India. Revolution in India. The challenges in Strengths (a) D. R. front of India (b) Homi Bhabha For example, Unity in (c) M. S. Swaminathan India-Pakistan war diversity (d) Dr . (B) Identify the wrong pair...... Nuclear (1) Indira Gandhi – Emergency ...... preparedness (2) Rajiv Gandhi – Development in science and technology Separatism ...... (3) P. V. Narasimha Rao – Economic improvements Projects (4) Chandrashekhar – Mandal (1) Find some information about Indian Commission. soldiers who bravely fought in the India-Pakistan war of 1965. 2. (A) Based on the information in the chapter, prepare a chronological (2) Collect pictures of the brave soldiers chart of Prime Ministers and their of . tenure. (3) Collect pictures of all the Indian (B) Identify the wrong pair and rewrite Prime Ministers till date. the corrected one. (4) Collect some information about (1) Globalisation Dr Homi Bhabha Atomic Research (2) White Revolution Centre. 3. (A) Give reasons. (5) Get some information along with (1) The government pictures about the various businesses lasted for short while. based on dairy products. (2) The army had to be sent into the Golden Temple in Amritsar. (3) The National Planning Commission was set up in India.

9 3 India’s Internal Challenges

In this chapter, we are going to learn barricade of sand bags over there. The about some internal challenges that India area looked like a fort. This greatly faces. We shall see some internal disturbed the peace in Punjab. It was a challenges like separatist movements, major challenge to Indian democracy. issues of north-east India, naxalism, : The main communalism and regionalism. task of getting the terrorists out of the The Unrest in Punjab : Akali Dal Golden Temple was entrusted to Major was the major political party in Punjab. General Kuldeep Singh Brar. On the In 1973, the Akali Dal passed the morning of 3rd June 1984, the mission ‘Aanandpur Sahib Resolution’. The ‘Operation Blue Star’ started. The following demands were made in this Operation ended on 6th June. In this resolution: Chandigarh should be made military operation, the Indian army part of Punjab, the Punjabi speaking parts functioned with great restraint. The in other States should be included in the operation ended with the death of State of Punjab, recruitment of people Bhindranwale and other terrorists. In from Punjab in the Indian army should 1986, an operation had to be conducted be increased, and more autonomy should against terrorists in the Golden Temple be given to the State of Punjab. Akali once more. It was called ‘Operation Black Dal came to power in Punjab in 1977. Thunder’. After this action was taken, the While taking charge, they asked for a process of establishment of peace in larger share of river waters for Punjab, Punjab picked up momentum. ‘holy city’ status for Amritsar, etc. along with their old demands. Do you know ? In 1980, the movement for ‘Independent Khalistan’ took root in A military expedition taken up with Punjab. During that period, the leader of a particular objective is called an the Akali Dal was Sant Harcharan Singh operation. Operation Blue Star was an Longowal. He used to direct his activists operation undertaken to evict the from the Golden Temple to stage protests. terrorists hiding in the Golden Temple. On the other side of the Golden Temple, armed followers started gathering around Issues concerning North-east India the staunch Khalistan supporter Sant Jarnailsingh Bhindranwale. During that North-east India consists of the eight period, terrorist activities had begun. States of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Bhindranwale was arrested in 1981, Manipur, Meghalaya, , Nagaland, accused of the murder of newspaper Sikkim and Tripura. International borders editor, Lala Jagatnarayan. After this of India touch each of the States to incident, the situation worsened. Due to varying extents. These States are different these developments, President’s rule was with respect to ethnicity, language and imposed in Punjab in 1983. Bhindranwale cultural diversity. The first Prime Minister went to stay at a religious place called of independent India took the lead in Akal Takht. Bhindranwale’s followers bringing the tribes living in these areas captured the Golden Temple and built a into the mainstream of the country.

10 In 1954, he formed the North-East Frontier of a full-fledged State. Laldenga became Agency (NEFA) area, comprising of the the of the State. territories on the Sino-Indian border and Nagaland : The Naga tribe in north- the tribal areas towards the north of east India is known as a martial tribe. Assam. Nehru took the position of The Naga tribe had settled in Eastern bringing about the development of Himalayas, the Naga hills, border areas hundreds of tribes in these parts while of Assam and Myanmar. In 1946, some preserving their culture. Special provisions educated Naga youth established an have been made with respect to these organisation called Naga National Council areas in the VI Schedule of the Indian (NNC). Later they made a demand for Constitution. In 1965, the responsibility of an independent State of Nagaland. They administering this area was given to the were led by Angami Zapu Fizo. In 1954, Ministry of External Affairs. The the Naga National Council announced the Northeastern Council Act of 1971 was establishment of an independent federation supposed to advise the Central Government of Nagaland. In 1955, skirmishes happened regarding aspects of common interest in between local Nagas and the soldiers of economic and social spheres, inter-state the Assam Rifles. Military action was transport, electricity, flood control, etc. taken to suppress the skirmishes. Mizoram : The tribes in north-east Several rounds of discussions took India have an ancient history. When India place between the Central Government became independent, the government gave and the Naga National Council. Central administrative autonomy to the districts of Government decided to give the Naga Mizo majority areas of the Lushai hills. majority territory the status of a Union When the States Reorganisation Territory. Nagaland was made a full- Commission was appointed in 1954, the fledged State on 1st December 1963 by expectations of the people in this area putting together the Naga majority territory grew. Mizo leaders started demanding an and part of Tuensang. autonomous ‘Mizo’ province. In 1959 the Assam : In 1983, there was an territory of Mizoram experienced severe intense agitation staged by All Assam drought. During this famine, Mizo leader Students Union and Assam Ganasangram Laldenga served the common people a lot. Parishad over the question of the In 1961, Laldenga established an dominance in Assam of Bengali migrants. organisation called Mizo In 1985, Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, (MNF). He asked for ‘Greater Mizoram’, Central Home Minister Shankarrao an independent nation carved out of Chavan and Assamese leader Tripura, Manipur and Mizo majority Prafullakumar Mohanto signed an Accord. areas from the Lushai hills. In March It was decided to send the Bangladeshi 1966, announced the citizens who had infiltrated in Assam emergence of Independent Mizoram. Prime back to their original places. In 1986, Minister Indira Gandhi handled the elections were held for Assam Legislative situation firmly and suppressed the Assembly and Prafullakumar Mohanto, of rebellion. When the situation calmed the Asom Ganaparishad became the new down in 1972, the Mizo majority area Chief Minister. Due to this democratic was given the status of a Union Territory. process, it became possible to establish In 1985, Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi peace in Assam. had an agreement with the Mizo National Arunachal Pradesh : In 1954, NEFA Front and Mizoram was given the status was created. In 1972, it began to be called

11 Arunachal Pradesh (region of the rising Communalism th sun). On 20 February 1987, it got the Communalism is a serious threat to status of a constituent State. the unity of our country. Communalism During the period from 1960 to 2000, emerges out of narrow religious pride. The North-east India has progressed towards British sowed the seeds of communalism a more matured democracy. This area is in our country. People of different religions on the path of progress through have happily lived together since many industrialisation, spread of education, etc. centuries. There is nothing wrong in people Naxalism of different religions living together in a country while being duly proud of their Naxalite Movement : This movement own religion. But when this pride becomes started at Naxalbari in Darjeeling district excessive, then it turns into bigotry. Each in . The Naxalites organised one then begins to consider their religion the small land holding farmers and land superior and others’ inferior. This leads labourers and took charge of their lands, to religious fanaticism. put up red flags and declared that area Fanaticism is the base of communalism. as free territory in 1967. All those It makes one oblivious of national interest. movements that took inspiration from this People of different religions don’t trust rebellion are called Naxalite movements. each other. They become suspicious of The movement had the objectives of each other. Compatriots following different establishing Action Committees to raise a religions are looked at as enemies. Even voice against the exploitation of the commensality or coming together on farmers by the landlords and confiscate festivals becomes rare. As a result, it the land of the landlords and distribute it becomes difficult for everybody to come among the tenants. Later, the movement together and get organised for their strayed away from its objectives. It took demands and rights as citizens. Fanaticism recourse to terrorism to prevent any makes the perspective of looking at events government schemes and welfare policies and people prejudiced. Some people begin from reaching the common people. The to think of economic and social questions Naxalites started a parallel system by also in the framework of their own rejecting the democratic system. This religion. Some people of all religions think made Naxalism a serious challenge to that since they belong to a particular India’s internal security. religion, they have no influence in politics. The movement was mainly located in They begin to believe that they are being West Bengal. Later the movement spread treated unjustly. They hold the idea that to East Godavari in Andhra Pradesh, government is partial against their religion. parts of Vishakhapattanam, Karimnagar In such a condition, they become too in , Adilabad, Bastar, sensitive about their religion and their Rajnandangaon and Sukma in co-religionists. If anybody speaks about Chhattisgarh, Gadchiroli, Bhandara and the people of their religion or insults the parts of Chandrapur in Maharashtra, religious symbols knowingly or Balaghat and Mandala in Madhya Pradesh unknowingly, riots break out because of and Koraput in . In order to this kind of thinking. Hundreds of innocent maintain their influence, the Naxalites people are killed. Public property worth established an organisation called People’s crores of rupees is damaged. Public Liberation Guerilla Army (PLGA). This peace is destroyed. Due to the bitter conflict is still going on. memories of the riots, people are estranged

12 from each other and mutual trust receives achieve progress in other areas like a setback. education, health and culture. The States Trust between people is the basis of which have not developed in this manner coexistence. If trust breaks, social unity remain backward in education and civic receives a blow. How can national unity amenities. The opportunities of be achieved without social unity? Hence development available to people in it is necessary that we all counter this developed States are not possible for religious communalism with all our people in backward States. They are strength. For this we should mix with harassed by problems of education, people of different religions. We should backwardness, unemployment, poverty, accept the good practices and ideas of etc. They begin to think that they are each other. We should be able to look at being cheated; they are being kept away and understand our economic and social from the benefits of development. Because problems rationally. We should not mix of this, the understanding between States these questions with religion. We should is broken. This in turn has a negative search for the economic, political or impact on national unity. The economic historical reasons that are responsible for imbalance that has endangered this disturbing religious harmony. This is the understanding needs to be set right. Our only way to put an end to communalism government makes efforts in that direction. and strengthen national unity. Regionalism can affect developed as well as undeveloped States. The people Regionalism of developed States begin to believe that Regionalism means having excessive they are superior due to their superior pride about one’s region. It is one thing history and culture and hence they have to introduce oneself as a Bengali or a developed that much. Then they begin to Marathi person. But if I think that because look down upon the people of I am a Bengali or a Marathi, I am underdeveloped regions. They are not superior to others from other provinces; it willing to share the benefits of development can be termed as excessive regional pride. with the backward States. On the other The love for one’s province turns morbid hand, the people from backward areas due to this kind of an excessive regional need to arouse their regional identity to pride. It is natural to feel love for one’s organise themselves. For this, they try to province, but it should not become unnecessarily glorify local traditions and abnormal. culture to prove their uniqueness. This leads to regionalism. It endangers national Regionalism thrives on regional unity. The evil of regionalism can be imbalance in development. In the post- tackled by reducing the imbalance in independence period, some States achieved development. more progress, while some States remained backward. For example, States like We have studied a few challenges that India is facing. Apart from these, Maharashtra, , Punjab, Tamil there are several problems like Nadu developed economically and overpopulation, cleanliness, agriculture industrially; whereas States like Odisha, and the problems of the farmers, poverty, Bihar, Assam, remained undeveloped housing and food. We are trying to economically and industrially. Economic overcome these and move forward. We development and reforms are the are progressing steadily. In the next foundation of progress. As a result, the chapter, we shall learn about progress in States that develop economically can also the economic field. 13 Exercises 1. Write briefly. (2) We should fight communalism with (1) Which demands were put forward all our strength. through the ‘Anandpur Sahib 4. Write the full forms. resolution’ by the Akali Dal? (2) What can we do to end communalism? (1) MNF (2) NNC (3) PLGA (3) When does regionalism become strong? Projects 2. Explain the following concepts in your 1. Make a chart of States / Union own words. Territories and their Capitals. Identify (1) Communalism (2) Regionalism them on the map of India given above. 3. Give reasons. 2. Get information on Manipur, Meghalaya, Tripura and Sikkim from (1) It became necessary to carry out the the internet. ‘Operation Blue Star’.

14 4 Economic Development

We are going to study India’s For mixed economy to run smoothly economic policy in this chapter. That there is a need for coordination between includes a study of the mixed economy, the private sector and the public sector. five year plans and their successes and This system aims at maximisation of failures, nationalisation of banks, 20-point production and popular participation on a programme, mill workers’ strike and large scale. An effort has been made in especially the New Economic Policy of this system to bring together the good 1991. aspects of both the capitalist and the Mixed Economy : Brainstorming socialist systems. A mixed economy about the kind of economy we would cannot ignore the profit motive, adopt after independence started much entrepreneurship, discipline, time bound before India got independence. Our Prime planning, etc. Minister Pandit Nehru adopted the middle A mixed economy also naturally path rather than taking recourse to any tends to give priority to national interest. extremes. Some countries had adopted Long term development is stressed upon capitalism, while some had adopted with priority. The industries like defence, socialism. Each type of economy had its scientific research, education, roads, own advantages. railways, waterways, sea port and airport In a capitalist system, the means development require huge capital of production are privately owned. In a investment but the returns in these areas socialist economy, the means of production are delayed. Not many private industrialists are owned by the State in the name of are keen to invest in these areas. In such the society. A mixed economy works both a situation, the government has to take in the private and the public sector. In the initiative. order to achieve economic development of Thus, India adopted the mixed modern India, we gave preference to a economy model and five year plans and model of ‘mixed economy’. We can see started off on its path of development. three parts in this kind of economy : The industrial policy of 1973 increased (1) Public Sector : The industries in the speed of development. Priority was this sector are completely under the given in this policy to control the influence control and management of the of heavy industries, industrial families government. For example, production of and foreign industries and remove the defence equipment. imbalance in regional development. The (2) Private Sector : The industries in government focused on the development this sector are owned by private of small scale industries and cottage industrialists. Of course, the government industries. Government also started paying supervises and controls them too. For more attention to the cooperative sector. example, consumer goods. Five Year Plans (3) Joint Sector : In this sector, some The colonial power had exploited India industries are owned by private economically. The country faced severe industrialists, while some are run under problems like poverty, unemployment, government management. population growth, low standards of living, 15 low productivity of agriculture and industries First Five Year Plan (1951-1956) : and backwardness in the fields of knowledge, The expenditure in this plan was primarily science and technology. Planning was on agriculture, social development, essential to solve these problems. irrigation and flood control, sources of India established the Planning energy, rural and small industries, heavy Commission in 1950 with Prime Minister industries and minerals, transport and Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru as its Chairman. communication, education and health. It formulated India’s five year plans This plan consisted of measures to lay that included rural and agricultural the foundations of planned economic development, balanced industrialisation, development. provision for a minimum standard of Second Five Year Plan (1956-1961) : living and economic development This plan had ambitious goals of consistent with democratic ideals. It industrialisation. Iron and steel industries focused on people’s participation and at Durgapur, Bhilai and Rourkela; individual development in the formulation Chemical fertilisers plant at Sindri; rail and implementation of the five year plans. engine factory at Chittaranjan; factory of Fundamental Principle of planning : railway bogies at Perambur; Ship building A general principle of planning is the factory at Vishakhapattanam and other proportionate distribution of the resources heavy industries were set up in the Public of a country and the appropriate use of Sector. Huge dams like Bhakra- Nangal, the human resources to fulfil the needs of Damodar, etc. were built to make water the people. available for agriculture. It led to increase in the national income. Goals of Plans The general goals of the economic planning of India are as follows: (1) Increase in the national income. (2) Bring about rapid industrialisation by focusing on the basic industries. (3) Bring about an increase in agricultural production so that the country becomes self-sufficient in food grain production. (4) Use the human resource in the country optimally by making increasing employment opportunities available. (5) Remove the inequality in earnings Bhilai Steel Plant and wealth. Third Five Year Plan (1961-1966) : (6) Maintain stable prices of commodities. This plan was aimed at bringing about a (7) Bring the growth in population under balance in industries and agriculture. The control by family planning. other goals of the plan included increase (8) Improve the standards of living by in national income, heavy industries, eradicating poverty. development in transport and mineral (9) Develop social services. industry, alleviation of poverty and to (10) Make the economy self-sufficient. expand the opportunities for employment.

16 After the third five year plan, three During the fifth plan, it was not one year plans were implemented (1966 possible to achieve the goals of removal to 1969). This was a period of intense of poverty and increase in employment. famine. Due to the invasion by China and In the 1977 general elections, the war with Pakistan, the government had to Congress Party was defeated. The Janata focus on defence rather than development Party came to power. The new government related tasks. Also the famine required ended the fifth plan towards the end of the government to undertake measures to March 1978 and started the Rolling Plan tackle the effects of famine. All these from April 1978, but it failed. In 1980, issues stressed the Indian economy greatly. general elections were held for Lok Fourth Five Year Plan (1969-1974) : Sabha. The Congress party came to The intentions behind setting the goals of power. The Congress government closed this plan were that India should become the system of the Rolling Plan and again self-reliant, government should develop started planning like before. the basic industries, increase the speed of Sixth Five Year Plan (1980-1985) : economic development and pay attention This plan also stressed upon alleviation to establishing a socialistic pattern of of poverty and employment generation. society. 14 major banks in the country This plan had the following objectives : were nationalised. This plan did not significantly increase the growth rate in succeed as expected. The economy had to the economy, reduce the rate of poverty bear the burden of the Bangladesh War. and unemployment, shape and implement The expenditure over the refugees had to a population policy so that people adopted be borne as well. The Indian economy the small family norm voluntarily and suffered due to the pay raise of government thus keep the population under control. and railway servants and rise in the prices The following programmes were of petrol in the international markets. implemented in the sixth five year plan : Fifth Five Year Plan (1974-1979) : Integrated Rural Development This plan was designed with the goal of * Programme (IRDP). making India economically self-sufficient by alleviating poverty. The objectives of * Rural Landless Employment Guarantee the Fifth Plan were as follows : increase Programme (RLEGP). the national income, make large scale * National Rural Employment employment available, supply education, Programme (NREP). nutritious food and drinking water, to * Salem Steel Plant. make facilities of medical treatment available in rural areas, to supply Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-1990) : electricity and means of communication, This plan laid stress on food, employment implement social welfare schemes on a and productivity. The objectives of the plan wide scale, bring about the development included : Development, modernisation, of agriculture, increase the basic industries, self-reliance, social justice, improving the purchase food grains and other life techniques of production, to achieve an sustaining goods by monopoly purchase yearly increase in national income of 5% and make them available to the poor at and increase food grain production. reasonable prices through a public The following programmes were distribution system. started in this plan :

17 * Jawahar Rojgar Yojana * India In this plan, the progress of Awaas Yojana * Scheme of 10 lakh communication system and service sector wells. was achieved as per the expectations. The Seventh plan proved to be There was a growth in the fields of important from the point of view of construction and communication. employment generation. Nationalisation of Banks Eight Five Year Plan (1992-1997) : During the tenure of Prime Ministers This plan gave a lot of scope to the Pandit Nehru and Lal Bahadur Shastri, private sector. banking was a monopoly of the private The plan had the following features : sector. These banks represented different to maintain the rate of growth in national industrial groups. The Directors of these income at 6.5%, to control the growth of banks were working towards developing population, to encourage the programme industrial sector and increasing its profits. of family planning, to remove illiteracy In order to stop this, the government by expansion of primary education. nationalised the ‘Imperial Bank’ in 1955 The following programmes were and it got converted into State Bank of started during this plan : India. This Bank opened several branches Rozgar Yojana all over the country in a short while and * played a major role in development. * Mahila Samriddhi Yojana * Rashtriya Samajik, Arthik Sahayya Yojana Background of Nationalisation : * Midday Meal Scheme * Indira Mahila India had adopted a mixed economy after Scheme * Ganga Kalyan Scheme independence. Nationalisation of banks During the eighth plan, the importance was essential to cover the deficits if they of the private sector grew. This plan is a occurred while implementing different reflection of the liberalisation and free schemes. Also the profits of these banks market policy adopted in 1991. Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-2002) : Do you know ? This plan focused on agriculture and rural development. The objectives of this plan Prime Minister Indira Gandhi were : to increase the rate of growth of nationalised 14 banks on 19th July the economy, create healthy competition 1969. These include : Allahabad in the infrastructure sector, give a new Bank, Bank of Baroda, Bank of direction to industrial policy for ensuring India, Bank of Maharashtra, Canara foreign investment. Bank, Central Bank of India, Dena The following schemes were started Bank, Indian Bank, Indian Overseas during this plan : Swarna Jayanti Shahari Bank, Punjab National Bank, Rozgar Yojana, Bhagyashree Child Syndicate Bank, United Bank of Welfare Policy, Rajrajeshwari Mahila Kalyan Yojana, Swarnjayanti Gram India, United Commercial Bank Swarozgar Yojana, Jawahar Gram (UCO Bank), Union Bank of India. Samruddhi Yojana, Antyodaya Anna In 1980, six more banks were Yojana, Pradhanmantri Gram Sadak nationalised. Yojana, etc.

18 would come into the government treasury once they were nationalised. Along with this, the policy of developing small industries and pharmaceutical industries had to be implemented. Lal Bahadur Shastri undertook the experiment of the Green Revolution in order to overcome food shortages and drought. During the tenure of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, ‘Congress Forum for Socialist Action’, a group in the Congress party inspired by socialist ideas made a demand for nationalisation of commercial banks. Even Textile Mill the Communist Party supported this came to be known as or ‘town demand. of mills’. 20-Point Programme : Prime Minister In the 1980s, the increasing unrest Indira Gandhi announced the 20-point among workers was due to the economic programme on 1st July 1975 and resolved conditions in other sectors. In some to make efforts towards rapidly becoming industries the wages of the workers were a developed nation. The main provisions increasing. They were also getting more of the 20 point programme are as follows : amounts as bonus. They were getting more (1) Land ceiling for cities and facilities than the textile mill workers. agricultural land, equal division of wealth, minimum wages for workers, increase in Do you know ? water conservation schemes. (2) Workers’ participation in industry, Mahatma Jotirao Phule’s associate national training scheme, freeing bonded Narayan Meghaji Lokhande’s efforts labour. resulted in the weekly Sunday holiday for mill workers from 1st January 1882. (3) Prevention of tax evasion, economic crimes and smuggling. In the Diwali of 1981, the workers (4) Regulation of prices of basic expected to get a bonus of 20%. The necessities, improvements in the public Rashtriya Mill Mazdoor Sangh, which was distribution system. negotiating with the employers, agreed (5) Improvement in the textile industry upon 8 to 17% bonus without taking the by developing handloom sector, waiving workers into confidence. The cut in the loans for weaker sections, housing, bonus proved to be the cause of unrest. communication facilities, making Some workers went to Dr Datta Samant. educational equipment available to They asked him to accept their leadership. schools. Workers of 65 mills came together and Issues of workers : The first textile Dr Datta Samat led the strike. On 18th mill was started in Mumbai on 11th July January 1982, two and a half lakh workers 1851 by Kawasjee Dawar. Eventually, went on a strike. Girangaon mills stopped mills started in , Paral, Bhaykhala, running making it seem like Mumbai’s Shivdi, Prabhadevi and . This part heart stopped throbbing.

19 13 textile mills. Appointment of arbitrators Do you know ? did not help to resolve the issue. New Economic Policy : The year The working class has contributed 1991 is very important in the history of culturally as well through folk theatre, modern India. After the 10th General folk art and literature. Anna Bhau Elections, P. V. Sathe, Shahir Amar Sheikh, Shahir Narasimha Rao Sable were popular for their programmes became the aimed at public education. Poets like Prime Minister Narayan Surve, Namdev Dhasal, etc. of India. With portrayed the real life of the workers Dr Manmohan through their poems. Singh as Finance The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Minister, he Barrister A. R. Antulay set up a committee P. V. Narasimha Rao adopted the new to solve this issue. Later Babasaheb economic policy of linking India’s Bhosale became the Chief Minister of economy with the global economy. For Maharashtra State. He insisted that as per this, fundamental changes were brought law, he would talk only with the Rashtriya about in the Indian economy. Indian Mill Mazdoor Sangha. Dr Datta Samant economy was brought in tune with the demanded that the law be revoked. global mainstream. In the beginning, the striking workers During this period, Indian economy received help from their native villages. was in a crisis situation. Before the P. V. It was also not very difficult for them to Narasimha Rao government took charge, help each other. They set up departmental Chandra Shekhar was the Prime Minister. committees and distributed food grains, During his tenure the rate of inflation assistance in the form of funds, etc. The was 17%. left parties had supported the strike. As Economic growth rate had gone down the strike dragged on, efforts were made by 1.1%. India had foreign exchange to split the striking workers' ranks. Even reserves only enough to last for imports as the strike completed 6 months, the for a week. It had become difficult to pay central government completely ignored it. back its loan and even give the interest The workers started a ‘Jail Bharo on it. In May 1991, the government had Agitation’. In September 1982, one and a tried to control the situation by selling half lakh workers took a march on the some of its gold reserves and by Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra mortgaging some. Before the Chandra State. It didn’t help at all. The strike Shekhar government, the V. P. Singh completed a year. This was the first strike government had incurred a liability of to have gone on for a year. In this period, over 10 thousand crore rupees on the about one and a half lakh workers became economy by waiving off the loans of all unemployed. farmers. The Proportion of internal loans As polyester had come into greater of central and state governments together demand than cotton cloth, the sale of mill to the gross Domestic Product was 55%. cloth had already got affected. The mills In 1980-81 foreign loan was 2350 crore moved from Mumbai to in Gujarat. dollars. It increased to 8380 crore dollars The Central government nationalised in 1990-91. At this time, India had foreign

20 exchange reserves of only 100 crore organisation had the following objectives : dollars. This also had the background of to free trade between countries, to put to the increased oil prices due to the invasion an end all those discriminatory laws, of Kuwait by Iraq. It became difficult for restrictions, rules and policies that are India to raise a loan. Even the non- hurdles in the way of international free resident Indians started withdrawing their trade, and to regulate global trade with deposits in foreign currency from India. the help of a formal multi party Remedies : mechanism. P. V. Narasimha General Agreement on Tariffs and Rao appointed Trade (GATT) existed at the international Dr Manmohan level before the World Trade Organisation Singh as Finance came into being. It regulated commerce. In Minister in order India there were opposed, extreme views to find a way out about the World Trade Organisation. Yet of this situation. Dr India decided to take its membership. The Dr Singh undertook many corrective provisions of the World Trade Organisation measures. The situation began to change. are regarding grants, import-export, foreign He removed the restrictions on foreign investment, agriculture, technology and investments. He restricted the licence services. The sectors of electricity, water system to 18 industries. In view of the transportation, education and health rapidly increasing losses in the public sector commercialised since India became a industries, he opened up the public sector member of the World Trade Organisation. for investment by private industries. In As per the various reports of the World order to bring the share market under Trade Organisation, India has made a control, he established the Securities and considerable improvement in different areas Exchange Board of India (SEBI) in 1992. like reduction in the below poverty line National Stock Exchange was (BPL) population, decline in infant mortality, computerised. He gave priority to remove availability of facilities regarding drinking the spectre of recession. water and waste water management. Foreign Investment in India grew India signed the South Asian during the first tenure of Dr Manmohan Preferential Trade Agreement (SAPTA) Singh as Finance Minister. India could along the lines of the World Trade recover the gold mortgaged with the Bank Organisation. India removed the import of England. The government got the restrictions on several commodities for support of the capitalist class as well as SAARC countries. India also gave the middle class. As the government discounts on import duties. India opened opened up the telecom sector, mobile phone services started all over the country. up the insurance sector to private and Dr Manmohan Singh signed the agreement foreign investment. with the World Trade Organisation and In this way, we have learnt about launched the policy of privatisation, the journey of India’s economy. We have liberalisation and globalisation. come a long way from mixed economy World Trade Organisation : In to globalisation. In the next chapter, we 1995, India became a member of the are going to study India’s progress in World Trade Organisation (WTO). The other fields.

21 Exercises

1. (A) Choose right option and write the (B) Explain the concepts. sentence. (1) Mixed Economy (1) On 19th July 1969 ...... major banks (2) 20-point Programme in India were nationalised. (a) 12 (b) 14 (c) 16 (d) 18 3. (A) Give reasons. (2) ...... declared a 20 point (1) Independent India opted for mixed programme. economy. (a) Pandit Nehru (b) Lal Bahadur (2) Banks were nationalised in 1969. Shastri (c) Indira Gandhi (d) P. V. (3) Mill workers went on strike. Narsimha Rao (B) Answer the following questions in 25 to 30 words. (B) Identify the wrong pair and rewrite (1) Which programmes were started in the the corrected one. 8th five-year plan ? (1) Kavasaji Davar - Iron and Steel (2) Which projects were started in the 2nd factory five-year plan ? (2) Dr Datta Samant - Leadership of mill workers Projects (3) N. M. Lokhande - Holiday for mill workers (1) With the help of the internet, get the (4) Narayan Survey - Depiction of lives of following information about the World workers through poems Trade Organisation - logo, member countries, aims, programmes, etc. 2. (A) Complete the following chart. (2) Visit a nationalised bank / branch and get to know about the work of Five- nationalised banks. year Duration Purposes plan First ...... Agriculture, Social development Second 1956-1961 Industrialisation Third ...... Elimination of inequality, increasing the opportunities for employment, increase in national income ...... 1969-1974 Scientific research, health and family planning Fifth ......

22 5 Education

In this chapter, we shall review the main stages and schemes in the Do you know ? development of the educational system in After the formation of Maharashtra India. We shall take into consideration State in 1960, the government took the primary, secondary as well as higher decision to implement a common state- education and besides, research institutes wide curriculum for Stds I to VII. in some representative areas. This will Principal Sayyad Rauf of S.T. College, give us an idea of the educational system Mumbai was assigned the task of throughout the country. preparing the draft of this curriculum. The first Census of independent India in 1951 revealed the extreme complexity In 1994, this scheme was expanded and intractability of the educational issues and provision was made for one additional in the country. In the first Census, the classroom and for appointing one more literacy level was 17%. It rose as shown teacher in schools with an enrolment of below. more than 100 students, with priority Census Year Literacy given to girls’ schools, schools with a 1971 34% majority of scheduled caste and tribe 1981 43% students and schools in rural areas. It was also made binding upon the State 1991 52% government to appoint female teachers to 2001 64% fifty percent of the posts in schools. Again Improving this percentage was a in 1994, the District Primary Education serious challenge for the government of Programme (DPEP) was started with the India. Several remedial schemes were put objective of universalisation of primary in place to deal with it. education. It was implemented in seven Primary education : Primary States including Maharashtra. The plan education refers to the schooling given to envisaged 100% attendance in primary children in the 6 to 14 year age-group. schools, arresting student drop-out, In 1988, the central government started a education for girls and for the physically scheme for the spread of primary education handicapped. It included programmes such and to improve educational standards. It as research on and evaluation of primary is known as Operation Blackboard. The education, alternative education, creating government made funds available to help societal awareness, etc. The ‘mid-day improve the standard of the schools and meal’ scheme was started in 1995 to to fulfil minimum educational needs such provide proper nourishment for students. as at least two proper classrooms, toilets, one of the two teachers to be female, Can we achieve this ? a blackboard, maps, laboratory apparatus, In 1991, became a fully a small library, a playground, sports literate State. What steps must be equipment, etc. This scheme helped taken to achieve 100% literacy in the primary education system to gain Maharashtra as well ? some momentum.

23 was found difficult to implement it all Do you know ? over the country.

Tarabai Modak began work in the Do you know ? field of education in Bordi and Kosbad. She started Anganwadis for Adivasi The Maharashtra State Board of children. She worked hard to bring in Secondary and Higher Secondary the ‘learning by doing’ method, to start Education was established on the st kuranshalas (meadow schools) and to 1 of January 1966 at Pune. This spread vocational technical education. Board conducts the school leaving examinations of Std X and Std XII. Anutai Wagh established an The Board also publishes a periodical institution at Kosbad for the progress called ‘Shikshan Sankraman’. of Adivasis in Thane district. It is known as the Kosbad Project. She The : In 1964 started crèches, nurseries, primary a Commission was appointed under the schools, adult education classes, Chairmanship of Dr D. S. Kothari. balsevika training schools, etc. for the Dr J. P. Naik made valuable contributions education of Adivasis. to the work of this Commission. The Commission also Secondary education : After recommended the independence, 10+2+3 pattern for Education Minister secondary, higher Maulana Abul Kalam secondary and Azad decided to bring university education. about fundamental This system was changes in the field implemented from of education. The 1972. The University Education Commission also Commission was set Dr D. S. Kothari suggested a uniform up for this purpose. national system of education, the inclusion Maulana Azad This Commission of the mother tongue, and English recommended the appointment of a in education, as well separate Commission for secondary as continuing education. Accordingly, in 1952-53, the education, adult Mudaliar Commission was appointed. At education, education that time, the pattern of education by correspondence consisted of 11 + 4 years for the first and open universities degree or of 11+1+3 years. to make education trickle down to the The work of the Commission : The lowest rungs of Commission studied secondary education, society. It also the nature of the curriculum, medium of recommended J. P. Naik instruction, teaching methodology and increased provision in the government’s made certain recommendations. This budget for expenditure on education of Commission proposed the concept of neglected sections like the scheduled Higher Secondary Education. However, it castes and tribes.

24 Maharashtra government adopted the studies for post-graduate education, 10+2+3 pattern in 1972 and conducted establishing new universities. After the the first Std X Board exam in 1975. advent of television in India, it initiated Objectives of education according the ‘Countrywide Classroom’ programme to the Kothari Commission which is telecast by on behalf of the Commission. Modernisation of Education Do you know ? Social and Securing and The Art Department was strengthening of national democracy Objectives Integration established in 1965 in of Maharashtra, to frame the policy Education for Art Education and for its implementation by institutes of Education and Nurture of social, art. This Department undertook Productivity moral, spiritual the responsibility of organising values the drawing grade examinations Higher education at school level. Education in the post-independence era : After independence, in 1948, the National Council of Educational Central Government Research and Training (NCERT) : This appointed the body was established in Delhi on the University Education 1st of September 1961. Its main objective Commission whose is to help the Central Government in Chairman was matters of school education in the context Dr Sarvapalli of a comprehensive policy and in Radhakrishnan. Its implementing educational schemes. The functions included NCERT was given the responsibility of financial grants, the educational research and development, standard of the training, extension, educational Dr Sarvapalli universities and their programmes, restructuring of school Radhakrishnan co-ordination. curriculum and textbooks. It has played a Method of functioning : The central role in designing school curricula Commission accepted the Five-Year Plans and textbooks with the cooperation of the method. It began to sanction and disburse Central Board of Secondary Education grants to the universities on behalf of the (CBSE). It provides guidance and government. The Commission undertakes cooperation in the area of primary and planning of university education, co- secondary education to the state ordination of syllabii, giving primacy to governments. It has been involved in national needs through education and the designing workbooks and handbooks for planning and implementation of various teachers, in teacher training, in developing schemes of higher education. It has done teaching-learning techniques and valuable work in establishing university conducting talent search examinations at development councils, centres for advanced the national level.

25 SCERTs were established in all States The ‘Primary Education Curriculum on the lines of the NCERT. 1988’ was prepared on the basis of the The Maharashtra State Council of plan of action designed at the national Educational Research and Training was level for the effective implementation of established in Pune. This institute performs the National Policy on Education 1986. various functions such as improving the standard of primary education, in-service Do you know ? training of teachers, training in the areas The Competency based Primary of syllabii and evaluation, vocational Education Curriculum 1995 : Even guidance for students after Std X and Std as the Primary Education Curriculum XII exams and other educational functions. 1988 was being implemented, a This institute is known as the academic Committee was formed at the national authority. It brings out a periodical called level with Dr R. H. Dave as its Jeevan Shikshan. Chairman, to determine minimum levels of learning. The Dave Committee Do you know ? developed charts of minimum levels of learning in language, mathematics and The Maharashtra State Bureau of environmental studies up to Std V. Textbook Production and Curriculum The charts showed the sequence of Research (Balbharati) was established learning of the competencies meant in Pune on 27 January 1967. for each class. Balbharati prepares textbooks for Use of a satellite : In 1975, India school children. Textbooks are made met with success in its attempt to use a in eight languages, namely, Marathi, satellite for the purpose of education. Hindi, English, , Kannad, Sindhi, Eknath Chitnis, a scientist with ISRO, Gujarati and Telugu. ‘Kishor’, a played an important role in it. monthly magazine for children, is also published by Balbharati.

National Policy on Education 1986 : According to this policy, certain changes of a fundamental nature were brought about in primary, secondary and higher secondary education in keeping with the changing needs of society. Under this policy, a common core curriculum was framed for all States. The expectation is that, by this means, all students in India ‘Edusat’ Satellite will get equal educational opportunity. SITE (Satellite Instructional Television There is scope in the national curriculum Experiment) was undertaken for for individual States to bring in flexibility educational purposes under the leadership in accordance with their cultural, of the Space Applications Centre at geographical and historical needs. Ahmedabad. The concept of satellite

26 education came out of this experiment. thousand curricula of various branches. It America had helped India in this provides facilities for education through programme. The programme helped to 58 training centres in the country and 41 make provisions for a good standard of centres in foreign countries. education in rural areas. Research institutes - science Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) : This Open In the post-independence period in University was established with the 1950, the Council of Scientific and objective that the stream of education Industrial Research (CSIR) was established should make its way into every average with the objective to promote scientific research in the country and to take the household of the country. The United benefits of the research to all the people. Nations had declared 1970 as the Research began in fields like physics, International Education Year. In the same chemistry, pharmaceuticals, food year, a seminar was organised in New processing and mining. In order that Delhi on the subject of Open University industry benefits from this research, by the Government of India Departments contracts were signed with industrial of Education and Social Welfare, institutes. That helped to reduce our Information and Broadcasting, University imports and save foreign currency. This Grants Commission along with UNESCO. institute also motivated fundamental The idea of establishing an open university research. The Laboratories of the Council evolved in this seminar. also played an important part in bringing In 1974, the government appointed a back to the country students who had committee under the chairmanship of gone abroad for higher education. P. Parthasarathy and the Open University The achievements of the CSIR include took shape on 20 September 1985 in making the ink used for marking voters’ accordance with its recommendations and fingers during elections, medicines for suggestions. It was named after Prime malaria, elephantiasis and tuberculosis, Minister Indira Gandhi. water purification technology, reduction in the time required for bamboo production. Find out : It also used DNA fingerprinting for the The first time in India, conducted a genetic Maharashtra Mukta Vidyapeeth was study of the Adivasis of the Andamans established in Nashik in 1989. Find and proved that those tribes are 60,000 out about this open university with years old and developed the earthquake the help of the Internet. early warning system. Those who are unable to get a college It has also played an important role education in the formal way are given in the use of neem as a pesticide, use of concessions in eligibility criteria, age and turmeric for healing wounds and in the other conditions for admission to this case of the patents for varieties of rice. university. In 1990, the IGNOU started The CSIR has prepared a digital an audio-visual distance education encyclopaedia of Indian traditional programme through Akashvani and knowledge and made it available in eight Doordarshan. It conducted more than one international languages.

27 Mathematics : The ‘National Institute into IITs. The Soviet Union, America, for Research in the Mathematical and Germany and the UNESCO all extended Physical Sciences’ in was help to set up these institutes. established in 1962. It encouraged the The IITs in India were given the highest level of research in mathematics. status of deemed Universities and BTech Computers : In 1969, we made the and MTech courses were started there. first indigenous computer named the ISIJU Admission through entrance exams, computer as this was achieved by the nominal fees and reservations for students Indian Statistical Institute and Jadavpur are the special features of the IIT University working together. In 1974, institutions. In the decade from 1970 to Tata Consultancy Services, (TCS), 1980 a large number of IIT students obtained an American contract in the began to leave for foreign countries area of software production and that was causing the Brain Drain crisis. However, the beginning of the software industry in this situation changed after 1990. IITs India. Computers also helped to step up were also established at Guwahati (Assam) the speed of scientific research. in 1994 and in Roorkee in 2001. In 1987, America refused to allow Indian Institute of Management : India to get a supercomputer. The Rajiv As high quality engineers were graduating Gandhi government decided to develop a from the IITs, the Centre and the Gujarat supercomputer indigenously. In 1988, the government started the Indian Institute of Central Government established the Centre Management to mould skilled managers. for Development for Advanced Computing Harvard Business School in America (C-DAC) in Pune and in 1991 the Centre helped to set up IIM Ahmedabad. Other under the leadership of Dr Vijay Bhatkar IIMs have been set up at Kolkata, developed the Param-8000 supercomputer. Bengaluru, Lucknow, Kozhikode, Indore Bhabha Atomic Research Centre and Shillong. (BARC) : This institute has conducted valuable research in the fields of nuclear Do you know ? physics, solid state physics, spectroscopy, Systematic training in any aspect chemical and life sciences. It also started of film making is given at the Film a school to train scientists for setting up and Television Institute of India. nuclear reactors. Facilities were made available for Engineering imparting scientific training at this Institute in all aspects of film-making Indian Institute of Technology such as direction, editing and acting. (IIT) : India’s first IIT was set up at This Institute inherited the legacy of Kharagpur in West Bengal in 1951. The the Prabhat Film Company of Pune objective of this institute was that higher and became famous all over the world. and advanced education in all branches of engineering should be available in National Institute of Design : This India and meet the country’s needs. The institute was established in Ahmedabad in engineering colleges at Powai, , 1961 for the purpose of imparting training Kanpur and New Delhi were converted in industrial design. Courses in basic

28 design, graphic design, product design These institutes have the responsibility and visual communication were started in of conducting research on various diseases, 1963-64. The work done by this institute developing tests and standardisation of includes designing of the transistor radio medicines. and the calculator and the logos of and the State Bank of India. Do you know ? Research institutes - medicine In 1969 the Central Council for In the post-independence period in Research in Indian Medicine and 1949, the Indian Council for Medical Homoeopathy was established to Research (ICMR) was established for conduct research and bring about conducting research in the medical field. development in the Ayurvedic, It was given the responsibility of Naturopathy, Unani and Homoeopathy cooperating with universities, medical systems of medicine. In 1979, this colleges, government and non-government institute was dissolved and replaced by research institutes and giving them three others, namely, the (1) Central guidance and financial support for research Council for Research in Unani Medicine activities. Twenty-six centres were started (2) Central Council for Research in in different parts of the country for Homoeopathy and (3) Central Council research on various diseases. Their for Research in Yoga and Nature Cure research has made it possible to control in accordance with their respective tuberculosis and leprosy. clinical methodologies. The All India Institute of Medical Cancer Research : The Advanced Sciences (AIIMS) was established to give Centre for Treatment, Research and further impetus to advanced education Education in Cancer is a branch of the and research in medicine. It was given . It functions as the the responsibility of undergraduate and national centre for treatment, research postgraduate courses in medicine. Colleges and education in relation to cancer. for undergraduate and postgraduate education in most branches of medicine, Research institutes - agriculture good research facilities and well-equipped In India, research in agriculture had hospitals are the significant features of begun as early as 1905. The Indian this institute. The institute also provides Agricultural Research Institute was given medical treatment to the common people the status of a University in 1958 and at nominal rates. It has established special work began in departments such as colleges for training in nursing, and super- development of the agriculture sector, speciality centres for treatment of disorders research, well-equipped laboratories, soil of the heart, brain and eyes. For further science, agricultural sciences, economic development of the medical field, the botany and other departments. Research Medical Council of India was restructured also began on wheat, pulses, oilseeds, in 1958 and was entrusted with the task vegetables and many other problems. Its of determining criteria for quality of most significant achievement is the medical education, its supervision and fundamental research it has conducted on inspection. the methods of taking multiple crops in

29 a year, which has been of great benefit In the next chapter, we shall study to farmers. laws related to women, women’s This Institute maintains a library at contributions and the role of the its head office in Delhi which is the government with respect to other weaker biggest agriculture-related library in the sections of society. country.

Exercises

1. Choose the right option and rewrite 3. Explain the following statements giving the sentence. reasons for your answer. (1) The scientist who developed the (1) The District Primary Education Param-8000 supercomputer - Programme was undertaken. (a) Dr Vijay Bhatkar (2) The NCERT was established. (b) Dr R. H. Dave (3) The farmers were benefited by the (c) P Parthasarathy Indian Agricultural Research (d) None of the above Institute. (2) The magazine Jeevan Shikshan is 4. Write notes. published by the following institute - (1) Indira Gandhi National Open (a) Balbharati (b) University University Education Commission (c) MSCERT (2) Kothari Commission (3) The educational institution called (3) Bhabha Atomic Research Centre IIT is famous for education in the (4) Balbharati area of - 5. Answer the following questions in (a) Agriculture (b) Medicine detail. (c) Skilled managers (d) Engineering (1) Which programmes were included in 2. Do as directed. the Operation Blackboard scheme? (1) Complete the table below with (2) What role do the agriculture schools/ details about individuals in the colleges play in the development of education field and their work. agriculture? (3) Describe with examples the progress Individual Work that India has made in the field of First education medicine. minister of India (4) Write a note on the curricular and Chairman of the co-curricular activities conducted in University Education your school. Commission Prof Sayyad Rauf Project Kosbad Project Organise a Science Exhibition in your school. Include some activities in it to (2) Obtain information about the National raise awareness about ‘water purification’. Council of Educational Research and Training, from the internet, and present it in the form of a timeline.

30 6 Empowerment of Women and other Weaker Sections Women had participated extensively Manifestation of woman power : in the freedom struggle. Women have also Women, who have to face the brunt of made important contributions in all fields scarcity of in the post-independence period, too. That supplies and rising is what we will study in this chapter as prices, gave a also the laws enacted for women and other show of their weaker sections. strength as an organised entity in 1972. Under Know this. the leadership of Mrinal Gore Number of women per one thousand men the socialist leader Mrinal Gore, women in Mumbai No. Year of Census Number of women participated in a demonstration which 1. 1951 946 came to be known as the laatne morcha 2. 1661 941 (the rolling pin demonstration). 3. 1971 930 Commodities like oil, ghee, rava, maida, 4. 1981 934 would become scarce just as Diwali was 5. 1991 927 near at hand. Kerosene had become very 6. 2001 933 expensive. Women came together Find out the reasons why the number brandishing their rolling pins and took part of women per one thousand men in the in the demonstration. This movement met population has been decreasing. with success and the public got a glimpse of the united power of women. When we study the condition of The Chipko movement : Another we realise that the roots show of constructive woman power was of several of the problems they face lie in seen during the Chipko movement in 1973. the mentality of men. Even in the twenty- Trees from the forests in the foothills of first century, we have not been able to rid the Himalayas were to be cut down for ourselves of this male-centred mentality. commercial purposes. Chandiprasad Bhat made use of woman and Sunderlal power in the Bhoodan Movement which Bahuguna had he had started placing his faith in Mahatma started a Gandhi’s philosophy. Women volunteers movement to carried the message of Bhoodan to all prevent this. parts of India. Women played a significant Women followed role in the Telangana Peasants Armed the strategy of Struggle which challenged the rule of the holding hands and nizams and the feudal system. As their encircling each region became free from bonded labour, tree. As their women also found freedom from this method consisted torment. of protecting the Sundarlal Bahuguna

31 tree by embracing it, villages. The movement spread to the entire the movement came State and the government had to adopt a to be known as the strict policy against the sale of alcohol. Chipko movement. International Women’s Year : The Women took part in United Nations had declared 1975 as the it in large numbers. International Women’s Year. The three Women had a big aspects of this programme were peace, role to play in the development and equality between men agricultural economy and women. In 1975, the government of of this region. Gaura India constituted the Gaura Devi Devi was the activist Committee on the who created this awareness among the Status of Women and women with the help of Sudesha Devi and appointed Dr Phulrenu Bachani Devi. Guha as its Chairman. Anti-liquor movement : In 1992, in A comprehensive Andhra Pradesh, a movement was started survey was conducted against the drinking of alcohol. It received of several issues such a good response in other States too. When as the social position the head of the household dies an untimely of women, their status, death due to addiction to alcohol, the family the consequences of Dr Phulrenu Guha faces a serious crisis which affects women the constitutional provisions made for the most. Due to alcoholism, they have to women as also education of women and deal with extreme sorrow and poverty. This its percentage, their progress due to movement got the support of the anti-arrack education, difficulties faced by working movement in Andhra Pradesh. women, the position of women with respect As a result of a government policy, to work /livelihood, their wages (relative to arrack (a locally produced alcohol) dealers men’s wages), the female-male ratio, birth set up shop in every town and village. The and mortality rates and the role of women. poor labouring people began to get addicted Taking into consideration this entire to alcohol. At the same time, a literacy background, a State-wide conference for programme was being run in the villages women was held in 1975 organised by of the State. The Sitama Katha (Sita’s the Stree-mukti Sangharsha Samiti. Women story) was narrated as a part of this from all walks of life / regions participated programme. It was a story about Sita who in it. The Samiti published its manifesto creates awareness among the people of a in 1978. The policy of a struggle against village and gets alcohol to be banned from discrimination on the basis of gender, caste the village. In 1992, three youths of and varna was adopted.This gave rise to Dubuganta village of Nellore district in a collection of songs called Streemuktichi Andhra Pradesh drowned in a lake, in a Lalkari, a street play called Mulgi Jhaali state of inebriation, and died. At this Ho by Jyoti Mhapsekar and a periodical instance, the women of the village came called Prerak Lalkari which became their together and forced the closure of arrack mouthpiece, and other such programmes. shops. The report of this news in the local In 1977, groups like the Streemukti Andolan newspapers had its effect on many other Samiti established by Soudamini Rao in

32 Pune, Bayaja a fortnightly, as also Stree played an important role in critical analysis Uvach, Maitrin and Stree Anyayavirodhi and in developing a vision on women’s Manch in Aurangabad, Mahila Dakshata issues. Samiti in Kolhapur, Mahila Hakka in Laws for women : The law enacted Nashik and Nari Prabodhan Manch in in 1952, recognises women’s right to Latur were formed. Anti-dowry protection alimony and their share in the father’s committees were formed all over property. Her right to streedhan was Maharashtra. A conference to protest recognised. Polygamy was made illegal against oppression of women was organised and women, just like men, got the right to in Dhule city. sue for divorce. It was a law that took Vidya Bal’s periodicals, Nari Samata one step forward concerning women’s Manch, and Milun Saryajani, as also the issues over the following decade. The work of the Samajwadi Mahila Sabha and Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961 made both the Krantikari Mahila Sanghatana were of giving and taking of dowry a cognizable great help in dealing with women’s issues. criminal offence. This dismantled the The Employment Guarantee Scheme in dowry tradition by its roots and further Maharashtra also helped to empower encouraged the social movement. The law women. alleviated the distress to women caused by Pramila Dandavate established the the undesirable tradition of dowry. The Mahila Dakshata Maternity Benefit Act which gave women Samiti in Delhi in the right to get leave from work at 1976. Branches of the time of child-birth also came into force the Samiti came up in 1961. in the States of Awareness against the dowry Andhra Pradesh, tradition : Even after the enactment of the Tamil Nadu, Kerala, anti-dowry law, incidents like ‘Woman Odisha, Madhya burns to death as sari pallu catches fire Pradesh, Uttar while cooking’ and ‘Woman slips into well Pradesh and Punjab. while washing clothes, drowns and dies’ Pramila Dandawate The Communist continued to be reported. Investigations Party established the Akhil Bharatiya still revealed dowry to be the most frequent Janavadi Mahila Sanghatana in 1980. cause of such deaths. The role of the Efforts were made to start branches of this police, the administration and judiciary Organisation in all parts of India. The were highlighted. This created greater Sanghatana started a struggle against awareness. As a result, the Dowry issues like dowry, female foeticide, Prohibition (Amendment) Act came into domestic abuse. Research on women‘s force in 1984. In 1988, 2209 women died issues was undertaken at various levels. victim to the dowry tradition. In 1990 the Women’s Studies Centres were started at number of dowry deaths was 4835 and in the first women’s university, the Shrimati 1993, it was 5377. These numbers will Nathibai Damodar Thakersey (SNDT) impress upon you the seriousness of the Women’s University, Mumbai, and at Tata issue. Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, Family Courts (1984) : Family courts Savitribai Phule Pune University and were established to resolve conflicts arising Shivaji University, Kolhapur. These Centres

33 out of differences within marriage and Reservation for Women : The 73rd domestic problems as well as issues such and 74th amendments to the Constitution as alimony, single parenthood, separation, provide for reservation of one-third of the care of children and ownership which are seats for women in Gram Panchayats, all related to the family situation. These Panchayat Samitis, Zilla Parishads, family courts give priority to mutual municipalities and municipal corporations understanding over witnesses and evidence as well as for the posts of Sarpanch, and to counsellors over lawyers. Emphasis Chairman and Mayor. Maharashtra and 15 is on resolving issues quickly but justly. other States have reserved 50% seats for Trial involving alimony (1985) : A women. This provision provides women fixed amount paid to a married woman the opportunity to participate in the for her upkeep by the husband who has business of the community. divorced her, is called alimony. In the case In the post-independence period, the of Mohammad Ahmed Khan vs Shah accepted the principle Bano Begum, the Supreme Court gave the of equality of men and women. Hence, verdict that Shah Bano Begum had the women got the important political right to right to alimony. However, religious vote. Women got equal rights to education organisations protested vociferously against and work on par with men. Inhuman the verdict. As a result, the ‘Muslim practices like sati, dowry and polygamy Women’s Act’ (Protection of rights on were banned by law. Women’s right to sue divorce) was passed by Parliament. for divorce was recognised. They got a The Commission of Sati (Prevention) lawful share in property. In local self- Act : On 4th September 1987, Roop Kanwar, government bodies, seats were reserved for a married woman, committed sati. She did women so that they would have their just not do this of her own free will; she was coerced into doing so. Committing sati, Do you know ? glorifying the practice of sati were all illegal acts. The women activists and Women Chief Ministers in India journalists, Meena Menon, Geeta Seshu, Sucheta Kripalani (Uttar Pradesh), Sujata Anandan, Anu Joseph and Kalpana (Odisha), Jayalalitha Sharma investigated the case. In 1998, the (Tamil Nadu), (Uttar government passed the Sati (Prevention) Pradesh), Vasundhara Raje (Rajasthan), Act with very stringent provisions. (West Bengal), Protection of Human Rights Act : In Rabdi Devi (Bihar), Anandiben Patel 1993, this law was enacted to prevent (Gujarat), Sheila Dixit (Delhi), injustice to men and women. The National Mehbooba Mufti Sayeed (Kashmir), Human Rights Commission was also Uma Bharati (Madhya Pradesh), formed for this purpose. In some States, the Rajendra Kaur Bhattal (Punjab), State Human Rights Commission was also (Delhi), Shashikala formed on the same lines. This law which Kakodkar (Goa), Sayeeda Anwar deals with collective oppression, the social Taimur (Assam), Janaki Ramachandran conditions of divorced women, women and (Tamil Nadu), are all women who have secure work places, played an effective role in mitigating injustices to women. led their States as Chief Ministers.

34 Adivasis who live in remote parts of the Do you know ? country also face several difficulties. As they have lived far away from the progress A demonstration was held in New made in modern times, they are York on 8 March 1857. It was the first economically and socially backward. Even demonstration by working women and though their conditions have seen some its demands were for fewer working improvement in recent times, they do not hours, proper remuneration, provision have any means of livelihood other than of crèches, etc. On 8 March 1909 agriculture and forest produce. Modern women went on strike for the very farming implements have not yet reached same demands. That is why, this day them. Hence, their income from agriculture was declared as the Women’s Struggle is very small. Besides, their fields are on Day at the Women’s Socialist hillsides and not fertile. They are International, a conference held in malnourished due to insufficient and poor Denmark. The year 1975 was observed as the International Women’s Year and quality of diet. Adivasis in remote areas in 1977, 8 March was declared as find it difficult to get medical attention in International Women’s Day by a time. For all these reasons, there is a need resolution passed in the General to give special protection to Adivasis. Assembly of the United Nations. In the Indian Constitution, Adivasis have been enumerated as Scheduled share of political power. We see today that, Tribes. They are getting given due to these provisions, women have begun representation in law boards, education, to get education and to earn. Also, due to government service, etc. ideas of women’s liberation, women are Nomadic and De-notified Tribes : developing a sense of self. They have begun Castes and tribes that move from place to to participate enthusiastically and with place for a livelihood, are included under determination in all fields of education, earning money, administration, politics, Nomadic Tribes. They live by rearing etc. animals and engaging in some other occupations. The British had declared Scheduled Castes : In the post- some of them as criminal tribes. In the independence period, our Constitution Law of 1871 to curb crimes, some of the adopted the values of freedom, equality, main groups were mentioned as criminal fraternity and social justice. In accordance tribes and their occupations and movements with his, the practice of untouchability was banned by law. Untouchability was were banned. removed by the 17th paragraph of the This unjust law was repealed in the Constitution and this class was included post-independence period. And the curbs in the Scheduled Castes. In view of the on these tribes were lifted. They were educational and social backwardness of included under De-notified Tribes. Special these castes, they were given reservations efforts are made by the government for in education as well as jobs to facilitate the purpose of their social and economic their development. development. These tribes have been given Scheduled Tribes : Just like the representation in educational institutions Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled Tribes or and the government sector.

35 Minorities : In any society, a group have the right to protect and conserve their of people of a particular religion, language language, culture and traditions. For this or race who are few in number are termed purpose they have the right to set up a minority. As there are various religions, separate educational institutions. The sects and languages in our country, we see government implements various schemes great cultural diversity. There is variation for their progress. in cultural traditions, too. In order to In the next chapter, we shall learn preserve their cultural traditions and about the progress that India has made in develop their own language, the the field of Science and Technology in the Constitution gives the citizens certain post-independence period. educational and cultural rights. Minorities

Exercises

1. Complete the statements by choosing 5. Explain the following statements with the proper option. reasons. (1) In 1992, a movement against drinking (1) The women’s liberation movement alcohol was started in began. (a) Maharashtra (b) Gujarat (2) The Prohibition of Dowry (c) Andhra Pradesh (d) Uttarakhand (Amendment) Act was enacted in 1984. (2) In 1975, the government of India (3) The practice of untouchability was formed the Committee on the Status banned by law. of Women under the chairmanship of (4) The Constitution gives cultural and (a) Dr Phulrenu Guha educational rights to minorities. (b) Uma Bharati (c) Vasundhara Raje 6. Answer the following questions in 25 to (d) Pramila Dandavate 30 words. (1) Describe the Chipko movement. 2. (B) Identify the wrong pair and rewrite (2) Write a note on the Protection of the corrected one. Human Rights Act. (1) Saudamini Rao - Stree-Mukti Andolan Samiti 7. Answer the following question in detail. (2) Vidya Bal - Nari Samata Manch Explain with examples how the united (3) Pramila Dandavate - Mahila strength of women can bring about Dakshata Samiti constructive changes in various fields. (4) Jyoti Mhapsekar - Women’s Commission Projects 1. Obtain some information about the work 3. Make a concept chart : of the Mahila Sabhas in rural areas. Laws related to women. 2. Prepare a portfolio about women who have 4. Explain the concepts : achieved notable success in various fields. (1) Alimony (2) Minority 3. Obtain some information and write a note about Women’s Micro - credit Groups.

36 7 Science and Technology

In this chapter, we shall study India’s Heavy Water Projects was set up to carry achievements in the areas of science and out research on manufacturing heavy technology. Also, we are going to learn water within the country. It was later about the important institutions in the renamed ‘Heavy Water Board’. areas of science and technology and their contribution. Let’s Find Out ! Indian Atomic Energy Commission : 28th February is celebrated all India’s first Prime over the country as ‘Science Day’. Minister Pandit What activities do you run in Jawaharlal Nehru your school on this day ? wanted to nurture a scientific temper Dhruva Nuclear Reactor : In 1985, and bring about the a completely Indian made nuclear reactor nation’s progress. called Dhruva was started at Trombay From this near Mumbai. The Dhruva nuclear reactor perspective, he set uses as fuel. At this center, 350 up the Indian Atomic radioactive substances are produced. They Dr Homi Bhabha Energy Commission are used in industry, agriculture and on 10th August 1948. Dr Homi Bhabha medicine. was appointed as the first Chairman of Nuclear Power Corporation of India the Commission. The objectives of the Ltd. (NPCIL) : This Company was set up commission were to produce electricity in 1987 to generate electricity from atomic from atomic energy, increase the yield of energy. The objective of the company is food grains and make them last longer, to master and develop the technology to set up the technology for achieving this generate safe, cheap and environmentally and develop nanotechnology. In 1956, the profitable power and make the country Department of Atomic Energy set up self-sufficient. ‘Apsara’, a nuclear reactor functioning on Nuclear tests atomic energy. In 1969, an atomic power station was First nuclear test at Pokharan : set up at Tarapur. A Reactor Research India successfully Centre was set up at Kalpakkam in Tamil performed her first Nadu to successfully use for nuclear test at generating atomic power. The role of Pokharan in th reactors is important in developing atomic Rajasthan on 18 power. May 1974 in consonance with the Factories manufacturing the heavy policy of using water needed for the generation of atomic nuclear energy for power were set up at , Talcher, peaceful purposes Tutikorin, Kota, etc. An institution called Dr Homi Sethna

37 and for self- assured that there would be no first use sufficiency. The of nuclear weapons by India. But the reason why India USA imposed economic sanctions on took this decision India immediately. was China’s nuclear Missile development capability and Pakistan’s desperate Prithvi : In efforts to acquire 1988, India nuclear weapons successfully tested Dr with China’s help. the missile Prithvi Dr Homi Sethna, the chairman of the and in 1989, the Indian Atomic Energy Commission and missile Agni. The Dr Raja Ramanna, Director of the Bhabha entire world took Atomic Research Centre played a major note of India’s role in conducting this nuclear test. Prime programme of Minister Indira Gandhi took the decision developing nuclear of carrying out a ‘nuclear explosion’. Dr APJ Abdul Kalam missiles indigenously. Pokharan was chosen on the basis of the Integrated Guided Missile required criteria for the location of the Development Programme (IGMDP) was nuclear tests : far away from human conceived by and carried out under the settlement and no ground water reserves. leadership of Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. Defence Research and Development organisation (DRDO) undertook the task Do you know ? of building the missiles. In 1974 when India carried out her Prithvi-1, a surface to surface ballistic first nuclear tests at Pokharan, the missile was given to the Army, Prithvi-2 U.S.A. refused to give India the technology for defence related fields Do you know ? such as space research, communications and missile development. As a result, In 1958, Defence Research and India adopted a policy of developing Developement Organisation (DRDO) its own missile development programme was established under the Department without depending upon the U.S.A. of Defence of the government of India. Thus, India joined the rank of nations The objective of this organisation was like the U.S.A, the U.S.S.R, France, to make India self-sufficient with respect to means, equipment and weapons China and Germany who had their own required for defence. After 1983, this missile programmes. organisation developed several missiles

th under the leadership of Dr A.P.J. Abdul Second Nuclear Test : On 11 May Kalam. Dr Kalam has made a great 1998, India carried out its second nuclear contribution in the production of missiles. test to prove its nuclear preparedness. Dr Kalam is known as the father of Three tests were done on this day. One India’s missile programme. He is also of them was of the Hydrogen Bomb; refered to as the ‘Missile Man’ of India. Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee

38 was given to the Air Force while Prithvi-3 related project, Indian Space Research was given to the Navy. Prithvi had the Organisation was established on 15th capacity to carry nuclear weapons of August 1969 in order to carry out further 500-1000 kg. Prithvi could travel a space research. The headquarters of distance of 150-300 km due to the nuclear ISRO are at Bengaluru. ISRO activated ballistic missile. the space station at Sriharikota in Agni : In order that China and Andhra Pradesh for launching our satellites Pakistan get an idea of India’s missile in space. strength and India’s borders remain secure, Bhaskar-1 : India launched remote Agni-1 was tested. This military missile sensing experimental satellite Bhaskar-1 had a range of 700 km. Later Agni-2 and from the Soviet Union in 1979 in order Agni-3 were also produced. to observe various things on the surface Akash and Nag missiles : In 1990, of the earth by remote sensing technology. the missile Akash was developed to fire This remote sensing technology would be from land into air. This missile has a useful for India’s development by regarding capacity to carry 720 kilogram explosives water bodies, mineral deposits and at supersonic speed and a range of 30 forecasting weather. The photographs kilometres. The missile Nag was made in taken with the help of this technology order to destroy the tanks of the enemy. about the bowels of the earth, environment It is of the ‘fire and forget’ type. India and forests were important. Another area has militarily become secure due to the in which the information from this satellite production of missiles. was useful was oceanography. In 1981, Space research : In 1961, Indian ‘Bhaskar-2’ was launched from Soviet National Committee for Space Research Union. (NCSR) launched India’s first research APPLE (Ariane Passenger Payload rocket from Thumba Equatorial Launch Experiment) : The first completely Center in Thumba in the State of Kerala. indigenously built satellite by ISRO in th In 1969, our indigenously built rocket India, APPLE was launched on 19 June Rohini-75 was successfully launched. The 1981 from the French Guiana. ‘APPLE’ next stage was the successful launch of was beneficial in the field of education. the first Indian satellite Aryabhatta in The objective of providing emergency 1975 with help from the Soviet Union. telecommunication services was successful. This success proved that Indian Indian National Satellite (INSAT) : scientists can indigenously build and In August 1983, the satellite INSAT 1-B launch a satellite. Indian scientists were was launched in space. Because of this confident that they could acquire the satellite, a major revolution came about technology for sending a message from in the areas of telecommunication, the Earth Station and to assess the television, radio, weather forecasting and working of the satellite. space research in India. Due to INSAT, 207 Akashwani or Radio stations could Indian Space Research Organisation be connected to each other. This (ISRO) : After the success of the basic mechanism was also useful for search programme in space research and rocket- and rescue of people caught in some

39 disaster like a shipwreck or an air plane for international telecommunication service. crash, for forecasting weather, to look for Pincode : From 15 August 1972, the and follow cyclones or storms, in the Post and Telegraph Department started the fields of telemedicine and educational six digit Pincode system in the country. institutions. The telemedicine service The Postal Index Code was intended to enabled the population from remote areas bring efficiency in distributing the mail. In to get advice and treatment from expert this system the country was divided into doctors. Public Primary Health Centers in nine regions. The first digit of the Pincode villages have been connected with indicates the region, the second digit superspecialty hospitals through INSAT. indicates the Sub-region, the third digit Technological progress : A factory shows the main disbursement district while manufacturing railway engines, the remaining three digits show the location Chittaranjan Locomotive Works was set of the local post office. For Maharashtra, up at Chittaranjan in Bardwan District in 40, 41, 42, 43, 44 are the first two digits. West Bengal. Steam engines, electric In 1986, the speed post service was started engines and engines running on diesel to send postage rapidly. were manufactured here. The first diesel International Subscriber Dialling engine was manufactured at the Diesel Telephone Service (ISD) : In 1972, Locomotive Works at Varanasi. India Overseas Communication Service was started exporting railway engines to Sri established in Mumbai for the management Lanka, Bangladesh, Tanzania and of international telecommunication service. Vietnam. In 1976, the International Subscriber Telex service : The Department of Dialled Telephone Service was started to telecommunications under the ministry of connect Mumbai and London directly on Communications started the telex service phone. Alongside the telephone service, in 1963 to transmit typed messages from services like telex, teleprinter and radio one part of the country to another rapidly. images were started. In 1986, Videsh In 1969, the telex service started in Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL) took a Devanagari script in Delhi. Later it spread big leap in this field. Before that, all over the country. This service began Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited to be used in different fields. With the (MTNL) was a public sector company for rise of internet after 1990, the significance giving telephone service in big cities. In of this service reduced. the 1990s, Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited Satellite Communication Centre : In held the distinction of being the main order to establish satellite communication internet service provider in India. The with the help of an artificial satellite, a contribution of in this field domestic satellite communication earth is significant. station was established in 1967 at Jodhpur Mobile : On 22nd August 1994, the Tekra near Ahmedabad. This made it easy mobile phone service started in India. At to train scientists and technicians in setting this time a mobile handset cost Rs.45,000 up and running an Earth Station within and calling was at ` 17 per minute. By the country. In 1970, a centre was 1990, many private companies came in established at Aarvi near Pune, equipped this field. This made the service cheaper.

40 Let’s discuss. Do you know ? Find out about the various changes that have taken place in Konkan Railway : Konkan mobile phone technology. Discuss its Railway started in 1998. There are advantages and disadvantages. several records of technology to the credit of Konkan Railway which Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited stretches over the four States of (BSNL) : In 2000, the telecommunication Maharashtra, Goa, and department was restructured. The Kerala over a distance of 760 responsibility to make policy decisions kilometres. There are 12 tunnels on was retained with the Telecom Department this track. The 6.5 km tunnel at and Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited was Karbude is the longest tunnel. There established to actually provide the services are 179 big and 1819 small bridges to consumers. Along with the telephone on this track. Out of these, the 2065.8m service, cellular phone, internet, broadband long bridge on River Sharavati near services were also made available. Honnawar is the biggest. The 64m tall bridge on River Panval near Ratnagiri Oil and Natural Gas Commission is India’s tallest bridge. For avoiding (ONGC) : In 1956, the Oil and Natural accidents on tracks that are prone to Gas Commission was established to landslides, there are sensors fitted to search for the deposits of mineral oil and the railway engines. natural gas and to increase their production. After Digboi in Assam, In order to bring efficiency, accuracy mineral oil deposits were found in and coordination in the reservation system Ankleshwar area in Gujarat. Later, in rail travel, computerised reservation mineral oil and natural gas deposits were system was started for the first time in found in the gulf of Khambhat in Gujarat. Delhi in 1984. In the same year, the In 1974, the Oil and Natural Gas Metro was started in Kolkata. Commission started digging an oil well in In this way India has been making ‘Bombay High’ area with the help of progress in the fields of science and Russian scientists by a drillship called technology. New inventions have been ‘Sagar Samrat’. From 1975, mineral oil made. India is an important 21st century and natural gas began to be extracted nation, which has always used technology from there. Later, more than 8500 oil for establishing peace in the world. India wells and 33 natural gas wells dug is making all these advancements in order eventually in this area began to contribute to be the foremost among nations in the 38% of the total mineral oil production 21st century. in the country and met 14% of the In the next chapter, we shall learn country’s demand for crude oil. about the progress India has made in the Railways and Technology : The fields of commerce and trade. technology adopted by railways has a big role in the history of modern India.

41 Exercises

1. (A) Choose the right option and rewrite (B) Identify the wrong pair. the sentence. (1) Prithvi - surface to surface ballistic (1) ...... was named as the first missile Chairman of atomic energy (2) Agni - surface to underwater commission. ballistic missile (3) Akash - from surface to air (a) Dr Homi Bhabha (b) Dr Homi attacking missile Sethna (c) Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam (4) Nag - anti-tank missile (d) Dr Raja Ramanna (2) ...... was the first completely indigenous communication satellite made by ISRO. (a) Aryabhatt (b) Insat 1 B (c) Rohini-75 (d) Apple

2. (A) Prepare a timeline of the progress of India in science and technology. 1961 to 1970 1971 to 1980 1981 to 1990 1991 to 2000

1961 2000

India’s first Restructuring of successful Rocket the Department of launch Telecommunications

(B) Explain the following concepts. 5. Write in brief. (1) Space research (1) Which of the everyday services are (2) Telex service influenced by the satellite technology ? (2) Why is Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam 3. Explain the following with reasons. called as the ‘Missile Man’? (1) Pandit Nehru established the Atomic (3) How one can do computerised Energy Commission. reservation for rail travel ? (2) India decided to conduct nuclear (4) Write the key features of Konkan tests. Railway. (3) USA imposed economic sanctions on India. Projects 4. Write the answers in 25 to 30 words. (1) With the help of the internet find (1) Write about nuclear test. information about ‘Thumba (2) For which sector was Bhaskar – 1 Equatorial Launch Centre’. satellite expected to be useful? (2) Visit a nearby radio / television centre and get more information about it.

42 8 Industry and Trade

In this chapter, we are going to gather some information about industry and trade Do you know ? in India in the post-independence period. ‘Mega cluster’ is a scheme that After India became independent, the helps weavers through self-finance Industrial Finance Corporation of India groups and non-governmental was established in 1948 with the purpose organisations. Help is given in the of making available long term loans to form of raw material, design banks, industrial projects. Similarly the Industrial development of technology and Development Corporation was established welfare of the weavers. in 1954 in order to bring about greater development of the industrial sector. Hand sculpting : This is a labour Some industries in India intensive craft. Sculptors got employment due to the capacity of the craft to absorb Textile industry : The textile industry more craftsmen, small investment, more forms 14% of the total industrial profits, preference to exports and possibility production. of earning more foreign exchange. Several It includes the powerloom and the cities have market mechanisms like ‘Dilli handloom industries. The handloom Haat’ which enables the craftsmen from industries are labour intensive. According rural and urban areas to get a market for to the ‘Textile Committee Act 1963’, a their wares. Textile Committee has been established. Automobile industry : India is one This committee sets the quality standards of the major producers of vehicles. for textiles manufactured for sale in the Vehicles are exported to 40 countries from internal market as well as for export. India. The automobile industry is called Silk industry : This industry functions the ‘sunrise sector’ in India. India’s under the . The tractor industry is the biggest in the world. research about the species of the silkworm One-third of the tractors manufactured and mulberry trees is done in the Seribiotic world-wide are produced in India. Tractors Research Laboratory at Bengaluru. This manufactured in India are exported to industry is primarily in the States of Turkey, Malaysia and several countries in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal Africa. and Jammu and Kashmir. Now it is being Cement industry : The role of spread in States with predominantly tribal cement industry is important in the populations. development of housing and infrastructure. Jute industry : India is the top This industry is one of the most ranking country in jute production. India technologically advanced. India is currently is a major exporter of jute products. We an important producer of cement in the get cloth, sack cloth and ropes from jute. world.

43 Leather industry : It is a big industry Agriculture is practised in different in India. It is primarily export oriented. seasons in India. Many varieties of crops Salt industry : India is one of the are grown. Jowar, wheat, rice, pulses and top producers of salt in the world. The oilseeds are mainly produced. Along with annual production of salt in India is 200 it, cotton and sugarcane are processed to lakh tons. The production of iodised salt manufacture cloth and sugar respectively. is 60 lakh tons. Agriculture also includes the production Bicycle industry : India is a leading of fruits and vegetables. Nowadays, producer of bicycles in the world. Bicycles industries processing these fruits and are made in the States of Punjab and vegetables have come up. Agriculture Tamil Nadu. The main centre of bicycle fulfills man’s basic needs. In order to manufacturing in India is Ludhiana. India encourage farming, loans are given to exports bicycles to countries like Nigeria, farmers through rural banks and Mexico, Kenya, Uganda and Brazil. cooperative institutions. Study visits, agricultural outdoor trips and farmers’ get- Khadi and village industry : The togethers are organised through the Khadi and Village Industries Commission Panchayat Samitis to bring about was established to give impetus to improvements in agriculture. Tools and industrialisation in rural areas. The main implements, seeds and fertilisers are also objectives behind the establishment of the supplied. The farmers are given training corporation were to develop the traditional regarding soil testing, nursery of fruit industries, handicrafts, cottage industries plants, pisciculture, poultry, cattle and goat and to encourage industries that use the rearing, dairy farming, etc. Guidance is material and human resources available given to farmers by a district level training at the local level and make the villages institute. Financial help is given to build self-reliant by creating employment there. warehouses for storing the farm produce. Agriculture : In India, agriculture is India is rapidly becoming independent practised using traditional and modern in food grain production and farming methods. Many agricultural tasks are techniques. Modern techniques like drip performed using bullocks. Similarly, irrigation, organic farming are used for machines are being used in different tasks farming. like ploughing, sowing to harvesting, Policy of the Central Government : threshing, etc. In the fourth five year plan, focus was The major occupation in India is placed on paper industry, pharmaceutical agriculture and other tasks based on industry, motor-tractor industry, leather agriculture. Agriculture and animal goods, textile industry, food processing husbandry are practised in villages. industry, oil, colour, sugar industries, etc. Seventy percent of Indian society depends According to the Industrial Licensing upon jobs related to agriculture and Policy of 1970, all those factories requiring agricultural production. In this industry an investment of more than 5 crore rupees the participation of women is equal to were to be included as heavy industries. that of men. The big industrial houses and foreign

44 companies were allowed to invest in Corporation. Sale of curios and the hotel heavy industries that were not reserved industry thrives in tourist places. for the public sector. As a result of this In some places, there are guides who policy, by the end of 1972, 3 lakh 18 give information to tourists about that thousand small industries were registered area. Sometimes when vehicles don’t with the government registration office. reach the destination in some remote and Mineral wealth : The availability of difficult to reach tourist places, the local the minerals, iron and coal plays a major people help the tourists in return for a role in the industrial development of the fee. Employment opportunities are country. We have adequate stores of iron, generated out of these needs. manganese, coal and mineral oil in our Import-export or foreign trade : country. When planning started in 1951, the import Forest resources : Government has of industrial goods and raw material reserved some forests for the industries required for production increased, India’s based on forests. The task of conservation imports included machines, iron, mineral of the forests is done by the central oil, fertilisers, medicines, etc. government, the State government and by India also gave impetus to exports the local people. Forests are necessary for after independence in order to gain the raw material for industries like valuable foreign exchange. India’s exports construction, paper, newsprint, silk, included tea, coffee, spices, cotton matchboxes, medicinal herbs, honey, textiles, leather, footwear, pearls, precious lacquer and raw material needed for paint. stones, etc. Fisheries : Fisheries include sea Internal trade : India’s internal trade water fish and fresh water fish found in takes place via railways, waterways, rivers, canals, ponds and lakes. roads, airways, etc. Ports like Mumbai, Harbours have been built or old Kolkata, Cochin and Chennai are harbours have been redeveloped, fish seed important. Commodities like coal, cotton, incubation centres and fishing industry cotton textiles, rice, wheat, raw jute, iron, training centres have been provided for steel, oilseeds, salt, sugar, etc. are included the growth of this industry. in internal trade. Tourism : India has a rich cultural Due to the development of industries, heritage. There are places of worship of the standard of life in the country different religions, pilgrimage centers, improves. Many opportunities for confluences of rivers, forts, caves, etc. all employment become available. On the over our country. Tourists from our whole, it helps in the progress of the country as well as from abroad travel in country. India throughout the year. The facilities In the next chapter, we shall see how for tourists to stay, travel, etc. are the life of Indians has been changing. provided through the Tourism Development

45 Exercises

1. (A) Choose the right option and 2. (A) Create a concept picture based on rewrite the sentence. the chapter. (1) In 1948, Industrial Finance (1) Industries in India. Corporation of India was formed for (2) India’s imports and exports. ………. . (a) better development of the industrial (B) Explain the following concept. sector. (1) The internal trade of India (b) making available long term loans to 3. (A) Explain with reasons. industrial projects. (1) The tourism industry has developed (c) generating employment a lot in India. (d) determining the quality of finished (2) The quality of life and standard of goods. living of Indian citizens is increasing. (2) ………. industry in India is called as the ‘Sunrise Sector’. (B) Write answer in 25 to 30 words. (a) Jute (b) Automobile (c) Cement (1) What efforts are made by our (d) Khadi and village industries government to promote agricultural (3) The major responsibility of the industries? textiles committee is ………. . (2) How is employment generated in the tourism sector ? (a) Production of cloth (b) (3) Which industries in India are based Determining the quality standards of on forests ? cloth (c) Export of cloth (d) Generate (4) Write a short note on leather industry employment for people in India. (4) ………… is the major Indian city in the production of bicycles. 4. Complete the table. (a) Mumbai (b) Ludhiana Goods imported in (c) Cochin (d) Calcutta India Goods exported B. Identify the wrong pair and rewrite from India the corrected one. (1) Industrial Finance Corporation of Projects India - makes long term loans (1) Collect pictures of a few successful available for industrial projects. entrepreneurs. (2) Industrial Development Corporation - development of industrial sector. (2) From among the things we use in (3) Textiles Committee - welfare of our daily life, identify those that are weavers. locally manufactured from those that (4) Khadi and Village Industries are imported. Prepare a chart. Commission - promotion of industrialisation in rural areas.

46 9 Changing Life : 1

So far, we have studied the period became the trend in every field of life. from the year 1961 to 2000. The speed of The following box shows how even change in the twentieth and the twenty- machines were affected. first centuries has been tremendous. Human life is changing rapidly. Things which we Do you know ? could not have even imagined earlier, are During the British era, there were now a part of reality. four kinds of compartments in the In ancient and railway train – the first, second, inter medieval periods, and third class. Nominal facilities for religion was an the passengers travelling by third class important part of a and the negative attitude towards them person’s identity. was almost a symbol of the Indian Now, modernisation social hierarchy. In the 1978 Railway has posed some Budget, Madhu Dandawate put an end challenges before all to this third class. Later two trains Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar religions, be it were started which had no class Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, divisions, namely, ‘ Express’ Jainism, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism or on the Pune-Mumbai route and ‘Gitanjali Judaism. Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar brought Express’ on the Mumbai-Kolkata route. about a sea change in our traditional Thus began a series of minor and mindset. He brought it about through the major changes in the society. Now, medium of the Indian Constitution. anyone can go into a restaurant irrespective According to our Constitution, all of his religion, race, caste or gender. In Indians are equal before the law, and fact, we see boards outside the restaurants they cannot be discriminated against on welcoming all. the basis of religion, race, caste, gender Another very significant change or place of birth. All citizens have the during the post-independence period is the right to freedom of speech and expression, right to express opinions against the freedom to assemble peacefully without government. Earlier, there were limits on arms, freedom to form associations, expressing any opinion against political freedom to move, to live and settle down rulers. Now Indian citizens can register anywhere on Indian territory and to their protest against the policies of the practice any occupation. Indian citizens government through newspapers, speeches living anywhere in India enjoy the right or other media. to nurture their language, script and The Institution of the family : culture. During the pre-independence period, the These provisions in the Constitution institution of the family was an important shook the foundations of the caste system. identifying feature of Indian society. India It helped to make the practice of vocations was known all over the world as the running in the family obsolete. Change country of joint families. However, the

47 wave of globalisation has now given an services as well as medical care available impetus to the system of nuclear families. to rural people, the tribals and the poor Social welfare : The objective to was an objective of the Sixth Five Year establish the welfare state has been plan. Efforts were made towards helping incorporated in the Constitution itself. people maintain good health by giving India is the first country in the world to recognition to Unani, Homoeopathy, do so. The social welfare programmes Ayurveda and Naturopathy in addition to aim to make opportunities for full-time Allopathy. employment, health care, education and Progress in the medical field has development available to all Indian made the life of Indians relatively free of citizens. Indian society is riddled with health concerns. In 1962, the first large scale economic, social, educational successful open heart surgery was and cultural inequalities. However, it is performed under the leadership of Dr N. necessary that opportunities for Gopinath at Christian Medical College development reach women, children, the Hospital at Vellore in Tamil Nadu. Hence, differently abled, the scheduled castes and it is no longer necessary to go abroad for tribes as well as other minorities. This such treatment. was the greatest challenge facing the Similarly, the invention of the ‘Jaipur government during the post-independence Foot’ has transformed the lives of the period. That is why, on 14th June 1964, disabled in India. Before 1968, if a person the government of India constituted the lost a leg in an accident, he had to suffer Ministry of Social Welfare. Under this for the rest of his life. In order to remedy ministry various programmes are the situation, Dr Pramod Sethi designed implemented for nutrition and child- and manufactured artificial limbs, noses development, social security and social and ears, with the help of the skilled protection, women’s welfare and craftsman Ramchandra Sharma. development. A similar arrangement exists The artificial body parts manufactured at the state level too. with the help of the Jaipur foot technology Scheduled Castes and Tribes : have made it easy for the differently According to the 1971 Census, 22% people abled to walk bare-foot on rough surfaces, in India belonged to scheduled castes and run, go cycling, work in the fields, climb tribes. Laws were enacted so that they got trees, and even climb mountains, etc. educational scholarships, and They save on the expenses on shoes as representation in Parliament as well State there is no need for footwear on these Assemblies. Some seats are also reserved artificial limbs. They can bend their legs for them in Government services. at the knees and sit cross-legged. These Public health : The Constitution of feet are also convenient while working in India states that the primary duty of the water or wet conditions. government is to raise the people’s Kidney transplant : Since this standard of living, to ensure proper surgery can now be performed in India, nutrition and to improve public health. doctors have succeeded in saving patients’ The Ministry of Health and Social Welfare lives. Such surgeries were not so common at the Centre helps the state governments in India till 1971. But in 1971, it was in this regard. To make primary health successfully performed at the Christian

48 Medical College hospital at Vellore in rural areas, job opportunities in cities and Tamil Nadu. Dr Johny and Dr Mohan the resulting migration. To reduce the Rao transplanted the kidney donated by strain on cities, it is necessary to make a living person into the patient’s body. jobs available in villages, achieve a Nowadays, patients from underdeveloped balance in economic development, control countries come to India for such surgeries. the expansion of metros and provide Test-tube baby : Right from early necessary services and facilities in both times, having a baby is considered to be of the urban as well as rural areas. utmost importance in the Indian family Rural Area system. The support of ‘test-tube baby’ A village is a permanent settlement technology has been available to childless of farmers near the land they themselves couples since 1978. It was under the tilled, either individually or collectively. supervision of Dr Subhash Mukhopadhyaya Villages came into existence when farming that the experiment of the test-tube baby began. Villages in India are thinly was successfully carried out at Kolkata. populated. A dense cluster of houses This was the first successful attempt at surrounded by farmland is a unique artificial conception. A girl named Durga feature of the Indian village. A settlement was born. This technology helped to solve smaller than even a village is called a the problem of childless couples who hamlet. Compared to the urban community, wanted children. the village community is very small. Immunisation : Before 1978, every Villages are not uniform across India. year, six Indian infants out of every 10 There are differences based on regional who were born faced fatal health problems in the very first year of their birth. The and physical features. immunisation programme was taken up Post-independence period : Keeping to overcome the threat of polio, measles, in mind the goal of rural development, tetanus, TB, diphtheria, and whooping the collective development scheme has cough. The ‘pulse polio’ immunisation come into force. Plans were made for programme started in 1995 has improving farming technology, increasing controlled polio. the area of irrigated land, extending educational facilities, enacting the laws Urbanisation for land reform under this scheme. It also Urbanisation is a process of the aimed at increasing agricultural produce concentration of population in a city or as well as expanding the means of urban area. Increasing population is one transport, health services and scope for major reason for urbanisation. A few education in the rural areas. It was other factors affecting urbanisation are decided to give priority to economic air, water and the economic as well as development in villages. The government social organisations necessary for undertook this work through the medium community life. of Gram Panchayats which included the In the context of post-independence people from all castes and tribes. To India, the increase in urban population is achieve this, the Gram Panchayats, also due to factors such as reduction in Panchayat Samitis and Zilla Parishads the mortality rate, industrialisation, were empowered with more authority. unavailability of means of livelihood in

49 Changing economic life : Earlier, scheme. For example, ‘Zilla Parishads’ every village was economically self- were established in 1962. Nutritious diet sufficient. A majority of the villagers scheme was launched in 1970-1971. The were dependent on farming. Farm produce State also started ‘Rural Water Supply used to be distributed among artisans as Scheme’ for sinking wells and providing payment for their work. Now this situation piped water. By 1971, 1677 small dams has changed. Rural areas are engaged in had also been built. agriculture and occupations ancillary to Rural electrification : Electricity is farming while urban society is engaged essential for the development of rural in non-agricultural production and the areas. Automatic pumps are needed to service sector. water the fields. Electricity is needed to Rural Development : In 1961, 82% of preserve perishable food items such as India’s population resided in villages. In milk, eggs, fruits and vegetables, to run 1971, the percentage was 80.01%. So far, fertiliser projects and for fans and TV and the rural area has shouldered the for lights for studying at night. During the responsibility of providing food grains and first five year plan, electricity had been other raw material to urban areas, supplying Rural and Urban societies during labour to the industrial sectors of the city, Pre-globalisation period and taking care of natural resources. There Rural Community Urban Community are three major challenges with reference Priority to farming Priority to non- to rural development, namely, bringing and ancilliary agricultural about economic development, developing vocations (jobs) production and facilities to meet social needs and finally services bringing about a change of attitude in matters concerning society, culture and Small in size, Large in size, ways of thinking. It is equally necessary to homogeneous in heterogeneous in expedite irrigation projects and bring about terms of language, terms of languages, land reforms. culture and cultures and tradition. traditions Social needs and facilities : It is necessary to give priority to facilities for Elementary kinds Large industries, public hygiene and health-care. Even of vocations; trend production for today, the rural population faces problems of sending global related to year round provision of drinking villagers to cities consumption, water, toilets, open drainage, narrow rather than accommodating roads, inadequate electrification and lack accommodating outsiders. of facilities for medical treatment. There outsiders in rural is a lack of good quality educational occupations. facilities from primary level to higher Larger proportion Less proportion of education, centres for recreation and of vocations vocations running libraries. That is why it is necessary to running in the in the family. give special attention to rural areas. family. The collective development scheme Priority to the Family secondary, had an important place in all the first head of the priority to four five year plans of the government of family and to the individuals. Trend India. The State of Maharashtra registered family as an towards - nuclear remarkable achievements under this institution. Joint families. family system. 50 provided to three thousand villages in as ‘Vidya Niketan’ in Satara, Aurangabad, India. By 1973, it reached 1,38,646 Nasik and Chikhaldara. Their purpose is villages. From 1966, it was decided to to provide the best quality education to supply more electricity for pumps and intelligent and meritorious village students borewells. ‘Rural Electrification living in unfavourable conditions. As per Corporation’ was established in 1969. the recommendations of the Kothari ‘Rural Electrification Co-operative Commission, Agriculture Universities were Societies came into being in the States of also started at Rahuri, Akola, Parbhani Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, and Dapoli in Maharashtra. In recognition Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh. of the work done in the field of education, Industrial development : A UNESCO awarded its international prize ‘Village Industries Planning Committee’ for the spread of literacy to Maharashtra was formed to help the development of in 1972. industry in rural areas. By 1972, 1,06,000 In this way, overcoming the obstacles persons got employment under this scheme. at the beginning of post-independence The government of Maharashtra has period, India began to develop and make also started residential highschools known progress. In the next chapter, we shall learn more about the developments in other fields. Exercises

1. Choose the proper option and rewrite (4) Changing economic life the completed statements. 4. Give reasons. (1) The first open heart surgery under (1) The campaign for pulse polio the leadership of Dr N Gopinathan immunisation was taken up. was successfully performed in the (2) The Rural Water Supply scheme was city of started. (a) Chennai (b) Vellore 5. Answer the following questions in 25- (c) Hyderabad (d) Mumbai 30 words. (2) is known as the father (1) Which kinds of discrimination does of the ‘Jaipur foot’. the Constitution prohibit? (a) Dr N. Gopinathan (2) What is the aim of the social welfare (b) Dr Pramod Sethi programme ? (c) Dr Mohan Rao (3) What are the challenges facing rural (d) None of the above development ? 2. Identify the wrong pair and rewrite 6. Write a brief review of the significant the corrected one. events in the field of public health in (1) Dr N. Gopinathan – open heart India. surgery Project (2) Ramchandra Sharma – a skilled Interview a senior person in your craftsman (3) Dr Subhash Mukhopadhyaya – test neighbourhood to find out about the tube baby following points. (4) Dr Mohan Rao – polio - Changes in the structure of houses - Change in farming and agriculture 3. Explain the concepts : - Availability of vehicles (1) The Institution of family (2) Jaipur foot technology (3) Urbanisation 51 10 Changing Life : 2

In this chapter we shall look at the The English language has been changes that have taken place in the gaining ground in India due to the process fields of language, sports, theatre and of globalisation which began after 1990. films, newspapers and television. English is becoming the language of Language : Hindi, Assamese, Bengali, livelihood, as it opens the doors to Gujarati, Kannad, Kashmiri, Malayalam, multiple job opportunities. Moreover, Marathi, Odiya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Indians are at the forefront in learning Telugu, Urdu, Konkani, Manipuri, Nepali English. However, it is necessary to ensure that this process does not endanger and Sindhi are the official languages in the very existence of regional languages. India. These Indian languages also have dialects, but their number is now on the Let us search ! decline. Timely steps should be taken to Let us gather some information nurture them, otherwise we will lose an about dialects of Maharashtra with the important part of our heritage. help of various tools. (Encyclopedia, Nevertheless, Hindi, which has reached Google, Wikipedia, research articles) everywhere through the medium of Hindi Sports : During the pre-independence movies, has served to unite the country period, only a few selected games were by language. known to people in general. Some sportspersons changed this situation. This enhanced the status of both - the sports, Do you know ? and the sportspersons. For example, Geet Given below is a list of the Sethi achieved global excellence in snooker, languages of Nagaland in 1961 and a variation of billiards. He won the national the numbers of people using them. championship of billiards for teenagers at the age of 15. Later, he went on to win Angami-33766 Sema-47439 national and international championships. Lotha-26565 Eo-55904 At the global level, he won the amateur Rengma-5786 Chakhesang-339 billiards competition thrice, and the Kheza-7295 Sangtam professional one five times. His success Sangtam-15508 Pochuri-2736 made the game popular, and newspapers Chang-11329 Konyak-46653 began to report news about billiards. Thus Yimchunger-10187 Phom-13385 he made a new field available to rising Zeliang Semi-6472 Khiamniungan-12434 sportspersons in India. Kuki-Chiru-1175 Liangmai-2969 It was in 1983, that the Indian team Tikhir-2468 Makuri-769 won the World Cup for cricket, under the captainship of Kapil Dev. It was a historic The consequence of this variety victory. Cricket instantly won great was that Kohima radio station had to popularity across the country. In the same make its broadcasts in 25 languages year, Sunil Gavaskar broke the earlier which included English, Hindi, Naga record of maximum centuries in test dialects and 16 Naga languages. cricket. In 1985, India won the ‘Benson

52 and Hedges’ World Championship of foreign languages are now translated. cricket. As a During the screening of English movies, a result, cricket short Hindi translation now appears on the came to be played screen as sub - titles. Hindi movies now in all States to a compete with ‘global’ movies as they have lesser or greater reached every nook and corner of the world. extent, but at the We see a reflection of politics, social cost of indigenous events, industry and technology in the Indian games. A movies. Movies which were 3-4 hours long few movies were Sunil Gavaskar are now of only one or one and a half also produced around the theme of cricket. hours. Moreover, the concept of one screen Live telecasts of the full five days or one and one cinema hall has given way to day of the matches also became available. multiplexes. The days of a movie running India had been participating in Asiad for 100 weeks in one cinema hall are over. and Olympic Now one movie runs in thousands of games. At the cinema halls in India and abroad Olympics of year simultaneously. This development has 2000, Karnam changed the economy of movies. Production Malleshwari won a of movies has attained the status of industry. medal for weight- The industry now employs crores of people. lifting. She was the The movie industry in regional languages first Indian woman is also thriving. Karnam Malleshwari to win a medal at Newspapers : The changing lifestyle the Olympics. India’s representation began has had its effect on newspapers and other to rise in various Olympic games such as mass-media, and they in turn have hockey, badminton, tennis, swimming, influenced individual as well as community weightlifting and archery. life. During early post-independence period, Theatre and films : Theatre and newspapers had multiple objectives. In this films are important aspects of Indian life. period, the newspapers were expected to Early plays were very long, sometimes not only give the news of daily events, but running through an entire night. Now, the also give impetus to industry and commerce form, technique, duration of plays have by printing advertisements. Newspapers all changed. People from different walks functioned with the following objectives : of life take part in the dramas. But shape public opinon, direct it towards ‘musicals’ have now declined in constructive work, at times lead the latter, importance and political and social carry on the task of public education, keep subjects have replaced the earlier a watch over the government machinery, mythological and historical themes. etc. Earlier, newspapers were black and The age of black and white movies has white. With the changing times, colour been succeeded by the age of coloured printing became common. movies. In the field of entertainment, the Earlier, newspapers were thought to be place of Hindi movies is incomparable. the mouthpieces of the taluka or district. Now movies reflect contemporary themes. Now they have to face tough competition Film shooting locales have moved abroad. from the State level newspaper chains. But So, viewers can now see many different on the whole, newspapers are now becoming places in foreign countries. Movies in more active. Their scope has enlarged to 53 include raising funds for drought affected war. At this stage the world of Indian and flood affected people, helping news channels changed completely. In meritorious students from lower income 1998, STAR (Satellite Television Asia groups to go for higher education and Region) a private media house entered organizing or sponsoring cultural India, and the uninteresting, monotonous programmes. This is how newspapers have and propagandist news telecasts of the now become on inseparable part of our early period underwent a sea change. lives. The language, the technique of Television : Television came to India presentation, studios equipped with the during the post-independence period. latest technology and the use of OB Earlier it was black and white. Now it is (outdoor broadcasting) vans have expanded coloured. Earlier it was limited to some the scope of Indian T.V. channels still selected programmes and fixed time-slots. further, and brought in transparency and Gradually its scope was enlarged to include variety. Now, every nook and corner of educational programmes, news bulletins, the country is connected. This has had a detailed reporting of the tours of the great impact on politics. In short, the President and the Prime Minister. During whole country started changing. the telelcast of Ramayana and Mahabharat, So far we have studied the history of a majority of the people used to sit glued modern India. Next year, we will study to the television set. These serials proved how to make use of this subject in the the popularity of this medium. Then in practical world. We shall see how history 1991, CNN channel showed to the entire can be a part of daily life, and not just world a live visual reporting of the Iraq a thing of the past.

Exercises

1. Choose the proper option and rewrite 3. Give reasons for the following statements. the completed sentences. (1) Cricket began to be played all over (i) India won the cricket world cup India, to a greater or smaller extent. under the captainship of . (2) The economy of movies is changing. (a) Sunil Gavaskar (b) Kapil Dev 4. Answer the following questions in 25- (c) Sayyad Kirmani (d) Sandip Patil 30 words. (ii) The language is gaining (1) Why is it necessary to keep alive the importance in India due to the process dialects of Indian languages? of globalisation. (2) Elaborate upon the changing form of (a) Punjabi (b) French newspapers. (c) English (d) Hindi (3) Which changes have taken place in the medium of television? 2. Complete the information in the following table. Projects 1. Important languages in India (1) With the help of the internet, collect information about Dadasaheb Phalke 2. Players who have won medals at and make a list of persons who have the Olympic games been honoured with the Phalke Award. 3. Childrens’ movies that you have (2) Organise an essay competition in your seen school on ‘Newspapers, the fourth pillar 4. Names of channels telecasting of Democracy’. various news bulletins 54 POLITICAL SCIENCE

INDIA AND WORLD Contents

No. Chapter Name Page No.

1. Post World War Political Developments 57

2. India’s Foreign Policy 65

3. India’s Defence System 72

4. The United Nations 77

5. India and Other Countries 84

6. International Problems 91

We shall study as Political Science the subject that was taught as Civics till Std 8th. As we did in Civics, we are going to study our political life in Political Science, too. This study will now be broader and in greater depth. Just as political life includes local government, Constitution, the fundamental rights and directive principles in the Constitution, it also includes the governmental system, administration, policy-making, democracy and different movements. The decisions and policies of the government and the exercise of authority by government makes an impact on the life of common people. Political Science studies all these aspects scientifically and analytically. You will be able to grasp political developments, various streams of thought and political processes better with the study of Political Science. This understanding will help you in achieving excellence in any field that you are working in.

55 Competencies

S.No. Units Competencies 1. Political Developments • To realise that an arms race endangers international peace. after the Second War • To be able to analyse the global developments in the post-Cold War era. • To become familiar with the response given to globalisation by India. • To discuss the interdependence of different countries in the context of globalisation. 2. The Progress of India’s • To be able to explain the meaning of foreign policy. Foreign Policy • To respect the objectives of foreign policy. • To be able to explain India’s foreign policy with the help of different events. • To develop an understanding of the fact that India has always given priority to international peace and security. 3. India’s Defence System • To understand the nature of India’s defence systems. • To be able to classify the functions and military of paramilitary forces. • To be able to explain the concept of human security. • To have an understanding of the challenges to internal security. • To be able to prepare a research paper by studying one of the challenges (to India’s internal security) 4. United Nations • To be able to tell that the United Nations is an important global organisation. • To elaborate on how the United Nations protect world peace. • To develop an understanding that peace is essential for the development of all nations. • To be able to explain the need to reform the United Nations Security Council. 5. India and Other Countries • To be able to explain the impact of India’s geographical location on India’s internal and foreign policy. • To realise that India should have friendly relations with neighbouring countries. • To analyse the organisations that have come up for regional cooperation. • To be able to take stock of the changes in the economic and trade relations of India with other countries. 6. International Problems • To cultivate the idea that every human being in the world Challenges is entitled to human rights. • To know how human rights are protected through the Indian Constitution and laws. • To develop sensitivity about the fact that the degradation of the environment is a global problem. • To be able to explain who are refugees.

56 1 Post World War Political Developments

Let’s revise ! the international system, i.e. today’s global system. In the Civics textbooks till now, we have studied local self-government I wonder .... institutions, India’s Constitution and our political system or governmental structure. * What is the difference between the In this class, we are going to study interdependence between individuals India’s relations with the world. You must and that between nations ? have understood world geography through * Is there such a division like rich the study of geography. You must have countries and poor countries ? become familiar with the global historical * Just as a country is governed by a events through the study of history. Now Constitution, is there some kind of through the study of political science, we a Constitution at the global level ? are going to study India’s relations with * Who enjoys the supreme position in the world and some major global issues. an international system ? We are dependent on different persons, institutions and organisations in the society International Relations through for different reasons and for different Foreign Policy : Every nation has policies facilities. Our social life is interdependent about its internal dealings, as also about and mutual cooperation has a very its relations with other nations. Such a important place in it. Just as it is true policy is called foreign policy. We are about individuals and society, it applies going to study India’s foreign policy in to different nations as well. There are detail in the next chapter. many independent nations in the world like India. Some exchange and interaction Let’s do this. goes on between them constantly. These independent States also enter into treaties Collect newspapers for a month with each other. A system of all these and take cuttings of news about independent, sovereign States comes up. different foreign countries. Classify the We call it international system. Let us get news on the basis of the points given to know some features of this international below and put up an exhibition. system. (a) The visits to our country of Interdependence : All the countries persons holding important positions of the world are dependent on each other in other nations. for one reason or the other. However big, (b) Treaties signed between our prosperous or developed a nation may be, country and other countries. it can never be self-sufficient about all its (c) An international conference needs. Even big nations have to depend convened in our country. upon other big and small nations. Thus, (d) Events with respect to our interdependence is an important feature of neighbouring countries

57 Background : The world in which Europe collapsed and new nations came we live today has been shaped through into being. many events and developments. Hence we Many European countries had their need to go back to history in order to colonies in the continents of Africa and understand today’s world. We know that Asia. Movements for independence started two world wars were fought in the last in these colonies. These movements century. These were the most important challenged the hegemony of the European events in the world in that century. The nations. world completely changed because of League of Nations was established them. New currents of thought emerged. after the First World War to establish Let us understand what else happened peace. But it did not succeed at preventing due to these world wars. war. Autocratic regimes came up in First World War : The First World Germany, Italy, Spain and other countries. War was fought between 1914 and 1918. All these developments culminated in the Major countries of Europe took part in it. Second World War. Europe had a very central place in the international or global system at that time. The war caused a tremendous loss of life and property. The countries which joined the war suffered tremendous economic losses. Even the countries which did not join the war were impacted by the war. The economies of the victorious as well as the losing countries collapsed. Countries involved in the First Indian Soldiers on a battlefield in the First World War World War Think and Write. Allied Powers Central Powers The autocratic dictatorial regime of Britain, France, Germany, Austria- Hitler came up in Germany. What would Russia, Italy, Hungary, Ottoman have happened had the democratic America Empire, Bulgaria. traditions been strong in Germany ? What At the end of the First World War, precautions should we take in order to all the nations felt that such a war should prevent the rise of autocratic regimes ? not happen again and some measures need to be taken to achieve that end. An What is your opinion ? international organisation called the The League of Nations was League of Nations was established out of established to prevent war, but it failed this thinking. It became an important to avoid war. What measures should platform to solve international disputes the League have taken to prevent war ? and carry out negotiations. The main responsibility of the League of Nations Second World War : The Second was understood to be to avoid war. World War was fought between 1939 and After the First World War, major 1945. It proved to be far more destructive changes came about in Europe and outside than the First World War. Not only was Europe. For example, earlier empires in it more widespread compared to the First

58 59 World War, but also more advanced that it seemed that a war would erupt any technology was employed in this war. time. The concept of Cold War is used to Countries which took part in the Second describe the condition where there is no World War once again faced a situation actual war, but there are such tensions in of economic crisis. the circumstances, that they may be responsible to cause war. In this period, Let’s write … America was already a super power, but The Second World War was the Soviet Union also tried to become a fought between 1939 and 1945. What super power by making nuclear weapons events were unfolding in India during and by increasing its military might. The this period? struggle for power, arms race, differences What was the effect of the Second in ideologies, attitude of checkmating each World War on India ? other by strategies and counter-strategies Countries involved in the Second gave rise to the Cold War. World War Effects of the Cold War Allied Powers Britain, France, • Creation of Military Organisations : Australia, Canada, New During the Cold War, both the super Zealand, India, Soviet powers created military organisations. Union, China, America The respective super powers took up Axis powers Germany, Japan, Italy the responsibility of the security of the America played a major role in the countries joining the military Second World War. It had manufactured organisations led by them. NATO nuclear weapons. In order to end the war, (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) it dropped two nuclear weapons on two was a military organisation under the cities of Japan - Hiroshima and Nagasaki dominance of America, while the - on 6th and 9th August 1945 respectively. Warsaw Pact was a military The Second World War ended with the organisation under the command of the defeat of Germany in Europe and of Japan Soviet Union. in Asia. Among the many events that took place in the world after the Second World What is your opinion ? War was the beginning of the Cold War. * Is there any correlation between the 1945 to 1991 is the long period of the advances in technologies and world Cold War. Let us take stock of a few peace ? changes in this period. * How can technology be used for human welfare ? Cold War : America and the Soviet Union, who were allies in the Second • Bipolarisation of the World : During World War became competitors as soon the Cold War, most countries of the as the war got over. The cooperation world joined either of the two super between them gave way to rivalry. This power blocs. Such a division of the rivalry occupied a period of 40-45 years nations of the world in two groups is of international politics. There was no bipolarisation. The scope of the Cold open war between these two countries; but War increased due to this. The sphere there was such tension in their relations, of tension spread.

60 Let’s do this ! soon, both the super powers realised The Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) that the arms race may endanger was an important event in the cold war international peace. Hence efforts period. Find out more about this event. towards arms control and disarmament also happened during this period. • Creation of Regional Organisations : Do you know ? Developing nations created regional The communist revolution took organisations at the regional level in place in 1917 in Russia and the order to ensure mutual cooperation in Soviet Union came into being. In a the context of the super power rivalry. short while, the Soviet Union came They felt that economic development up as a super power in international was more important. European countries politics. But there were extreme came together and formed the European differences between America and the Economic Community, while the South Soviet Union. For example, East Asian countries (, o The U.S.A was a democratic State, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, advocating capitalism, while the Philippines, etc.) established the Soviet Union advocated socialism Association of South East Asian Nations and a one party authoritarian system. (ASEAN). Both the super powers wanted to • Non-alignment : In the period of the expand their own dominance in the Cold War, while the world was becoming world. America wanted to spread bipolar, there were some countries capitalism, while the Soviet Union wanted to spread socialism. which did not want to join the super power rivalry. Such nations decided to o Both countries started making stay out of the cold war rivalry. Their efforts to pull smaller countries into policy is known as Non-alignment. their respective blocs in order to increase their hegemony. As a Non-alignment was an important result, Europe was ideologically movement during the Cold War. divided. Western European countries Non-aligned Movement : The Asian joined the bloc led by America, and African countries, which became while Eastern European countries independent after the Second World War joined the bloc led by Soviet Union. supported the idea of non-alignment. This These super powers espoused the movement started from 1961 under the policy of extending military and leadership of India’s Prime Minister economic help to the countries in Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, President of their respective blocs. Yugoslavia Marshall Tito, President of • Arms Race : The super powers started Egypt Gamal Abdal Nasser, President of producing arms on a large scale to Indonesia Dr Sukarno and Prime Minister outsmart each other. There started a of Ghana Dr Kwame Nkrumah. rivalry to make more and more Evaluation of the Non-aligned destructive weapons and to acquire the Movement : The Non-aligned Movement technology required for the same. But has opposed colonialism, imperialism and

61 racism. It has encouraged the resolution and Glasnost (Openness). Due to these of international disputes by peaceful policies, the control over the media means. India led this movement under the reduced. Important changes took place in guidance of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. political and economic spheres. i.e. these India continued to actively support the spheres were restructured. This gave movement afterwards as well. Even after impetus to democracy. the end of the Cold War, the importance (3) As the East European countries of the movement has not reduced. under the influence of the Soviet Union The non-aligned movement is based adopted the capitalist and democratic on eternal principles of humanism, global paths, the regimes there changed. peace and equality. It has inspired the (4) The Soviet Union disintegrated less developed countries to come together. and several new nations were created out It has encouraged the resolution of of it. Russia was the biggest country in international disputes by peaceful means. the Soviet Union. While taking a firm stand on disarmament, fostering human rights, the non-aligned Why so ? movement put forth the problems of poor, undeveloped countries firmly. This NATO still exists, but its nature movement made a demand of a New is no longer military. Find out the International Economic Order (NIEO). countries that are members of Summarising briefly, the significance NATO. of the non-aligned movement has not reduced even if the cold war is over. It Suggest a word. inspired the less developed countries to When there is only one super power come together. It brought several new and several countries are dependent streams of economic and social changes upon it, such an international system is into international politics. It gave these called a unipolar system. The division countries the confidence to assert themselves of nations between two super powers is with self-respect in international politics. called bipolarisation. End of the Cold War : The Cold War that had dominated international When many countries emerge as politics since 1945 came to an end. It super powers in the international system, was an important event that happened what can that system be called ? towards the end of the last century. There were many reasons for the end of the Write an essay on the topic cold war, as given below : ‘Futility of War’. Some points have been given below to help you. Discuss (1) The Soviet Union adopted the them. policy of opening up the economy. The State loosened up its control of the * Any problem can be solved by economy. discussion and negotiations. (2) The then President of the Soviet * Problems cannot be solved by war. Union implemented * War puts a spanner in the wheel the policies of Perestroika (Restructuring) of development.

62 Post-Cold War World relations between countries became more open. As been mentioned before, capital, The Cold War came to an end with labour, markets and information began the disintegration of the Soviet Union, circulating globally. The give and take of which till then had been a super power. ideas among people all over the world As a result, major changes took place in grew. Due to the revolution in information world politics. For example, technology, different events and America remained the only super developments began to be known power in world politics. everywhere. The boundaries between A conducive atmosphere prevailed for nations did not remain as sacrosanct as the growth in trade and economic they were before. All these processes are relations between and among nations. together called globalisation. Just as Capital, labour, market and information globalisation has brought us benefits, it circulated throughout the world. Ideas has also caused losses. For example, as spread freely as well. the economies of different countries got As all nations of the world decided to linked with each other, trade increased, give priority to trade relations, the economic unification grew, plenty of idea of giving ‘aid’ to other nations products became available in the markets; fell behind. Instead, efforts began to but (at the same time) the gap between be made to establish economic the poor and rich nations did not reduce. relations. The description of a country In this chapter, we studied the global which was opposed to another has developments from 1945 onwards. We now changed from ‘enemy nation’ to understood the world in the Cold War ‘rival nation.’ period, the arms race and the efforts at The responsibility of the United disarmament. We also learnt about the Nations has increased. The United meaning of Globalisation. In the next chapter, Nations now had to take more concrete we shall study India’s foreign policy. steps to maintain global peace and security. Find out and participate ! Environmental protection, fostering of Find out about any two global human rights, gender equality and organisations that work for protecting management of natural calamities now the environment. If you agree with acquired a global dimension. their objectives, find out about What is Globalisation ? : After the opportunities for participation in some end of the Cold War, trade and economic of the activities.

Exercises

1. (A) Choose the right option and rewrite the sentence. (2) The main responsibility of the (1) A system of independent and United Nations - sovereign States - (a) to avoid war (a) Political system (b) independence of colonies (b) International system (c) improving the economics of (c) Social system different nations (d) None of these (d) disarmament 63 (3) The Cold War eneded with this 5. Write brief answers. event (1) Compare the First World War and (a) Establishment of the United the Second World War with the help Nations of the following points : (b) Disintergration of the Soviet Points First Second Union (c) Creation of Military World World Organisations War War (d) Cuban Missile Crisis 1. Period 2. Involved nations 3. Impacts (Political 2. Explain with reasons whether the and Economic) following statements are true or false. 4. International (1) The League of Nations was Organisations established after the First Cold War. established after (2) The world became unipolar due to the War the Cold War. (3) The policies of Mikhail Gorbachev (2) What were the factors responsible gave an impetus to democratisation. for the end of Cold War ? (3) What major changes occured in 3. Explain the following concepts. global politics after the end of the (1) Cold War (2) Non-alignment Cold War ? (3) Interdependence (4) Bipolarisation (5) Globalisation Projects (1) Explain with examples how different 4. Give your opinion on the following nations in the world are dependent topics. on each other. (1) What measures should the League of Nations have taken to avoid the (2) Discuss in your class what you Second World War ? intend to do to inculcate the idea of ‘Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam’ in the (2) Non-alignment was necessary during society. the Cold War. (3) Human welfare was neglected due to the Cold War. (4) Which countries can come up as super powers as competitiors to America in the present times.

64 2 India’s Foreign Policy

What are we going to learn in this National Interest: We have briefly chapter ? understood what foreign policy means. We have got introduced to the National interest and foreign policy are international system and its nature and closely connected to each other. National the cold war in the last century and its interest is fostered through foreign policy. effects. We shall now get introduced to Therefore, before studying foreign policy other related issues. Thus, we shall learn further, we need to understand the meaning about the meaning of foreign policy, and significance of national interest. factors that make an impact on it and the National interest implies the means nature of India’s foreign policy. through which the independence and sovereignty of our country can be Foreign Policy safeguarded. National interest also includes Meaning and Importance : All efforts to achieve our economic countries are members of the international development and to take steps towards system. We have already studied that increasing our national power. When none of these countries is completely self- decisions are taken after giving a careful reliant and hence there is mutual thought to what is beneficial and good interdependence in the international for our country, we say that we are system. Only this interdependence should nurturing our national interest. In this not be of benefit to a few countries. sense, the following factors are included Efforts need to be made to ensure that it in the national interest of any country. benefits every nation. Each country has Defence, i.e. the protection of our to decide the nations with which it should country’s independence, sovereignty be friendly, in which bloc it should and integrity is the highest national participate or what position it should take interest. in international relations. Such decisions Economic development is also an should be made thoughtfully. The important national interest. An theoretical framework in which such economically weak nation will not be decisions are taken is called foreign able to maintain its independence. policy. Every sovereign and independent Hence economic development is country decides its own foreign policy. understood to be an important national Hence in the discipline of international interest, next only to defence. politics, which studies the international National interest and Foreign Policy : relations between nations, foreign policy Foreign Policy is drawn up to foster the has an important place. national interest of defence and economic development. National interest is Do you Know ? considered to be the goal and foreign When we have to study a country, policy is considered to be the means to it is necessary to understand its achieve it. Goals of nations change with Constitution and its foreign policy. changes in conditions and time. Accordingly, national interest also changes.

65 These changes are reflected in the foreign by raising questions about the same. policy. Therefore, foreign policy is always Federal political systems have to dynamic. take into account the inclinations of the constituent States while shaping foreign Let’s discuss! policy, because the affairs in neighbouring Even though some changes nations affect constituent States. For happen in the foreign policy due to example, events in Sri Lanka may affect changing circumstances and times, Tamil Nadu and those in Bangladesh foreign policies of some nations are may affect West Bengal and the based on some eternal principles. North-east Indian States. For example, India’s foreign policy is based on values like international Why should this be done? peace, human rights and security. What provisions should be included The peace and stability in the in the foreign policy to achieve neighbouring countries is as important these values according to you ? as that within our own country. Hence, India has to take efforts to Factors influencing Foreign Policy : create democracy in neighbouring Foreign policy decides what kind of countries. relations to have with which country in the international system. But several (3) Economy : In modern times the factors affect foreign policy while it is economic condition of any country has being decided. acquired great importance in deciding (1) Geographical Location : You foreign policy. As a result, the economy must have seen the globe or map of the impacts foreign policy in two ways : world. You can see the geographical (1) Foreigh policy is shaped by the location of any nation from that. Some need to establish economic relations with countries are far away from other other countries, import-export, participation countries, while there are several in world trade, all aimed at strengthening neighbouring countries around some the economy of the country. countries. Some nations have a long coastline, while some have plenty of (2) In today’s world, the issues of mineral wealth. In sum, the size, economic security are as important as population, topography, coastline, national security. A country is recognised availability of natural resources, all these to be powerful in proportion to the factors need to be considered while economic security is enjoys. Countries deciding the foreign policy of any country. having a strong economy are less (2) Political System : In a democratic dependent on others and they can have political system, the nation’s parliament an independent foreign policy as well. plays a major role in evolving foreign (4) National leadership: The policy. When different aspects come up President, the Prime Minister, the Foreign for discussion in parliament, the opposition Minister, the Defence Minister, the Finance parties try to regulate the foreign policy Minister and the Home Minister have a 66 decisions about foreign policy are taken Do you agree ? If yes, why and if not, why not ? Write in detail. by the Prime Minister and the Minister for External Affairs, the administrative In order to increase the economic machinery helps to arrive at that decision. power of the nation, instead of The administrative officers collect focusing on alleviation of poverty, information needed to shape the foreign efforts should be made to increase policy, analyse it and give appropriate the wealth and the buying capacity advice based on it. The National Security of the people. Advisor also completes this task. role in deciding foreign policy. The What will you do ? persons holding these positions try to You are working as Foreign maintain the continuity in foreign policy Secretary. The Prime Minister is and to improve upon it. For example, going on a visit to China. As Foreign Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru contributed the Secretary from the Ministry of policy of non-alignment to India’s foreign External Affairs, what topics will policy. Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee contributed a great deal to you suggest the Prime Minister for improving Sino-Indian relations. discussion ?

India’s Foreign Policy : Complete the list. Complete the list by writing the After taking this preliminary information about foreign policy, we shall contribution made by the following now get to know more about India’s leaders. For example, Lal Bahadur foreign policy. Shastri : Tashkent Agreement India got independence in 1947 and (a) Indira Gandhi : from then onwards we started shaping (b) Rajiv Gandhi : our foreign policy independently. The Directive Principles of State Policy have (c) Atal Bihari Vajpayee : laid down guidelines about how to shape Name the Prime Minister who foreign policy. Art. 51 among the followed these policies? Directive Principles of State Policy lay (a) : Look East down the broad framework for foreign policy. According to it, India should give (b) : Efforts to increase priority to safeguard international peace Foreign Direct and security, and resolve our international Investment problems and disputes by peaceful means. The objectives of our foreign policy (5) Administrative Factors : Ministry should be to maintain friendly relations of External Affairs, Foreign Secretary, with other nations and respect Embassies in different countries, international law. India’s foreign policy Diplomatic officers, etc. are the till now has been developed in this administrative factors involved in creating framework. foreign policy. Even though the final

67 Promote international peace position and gave priority to global peace and security. and security. Three things influenced Maintain just and honourable India’s foreign policy in this period. relations between nations. (1) We made an effort to understand Art 51 Foster respect for all international events and developments of the international law and treaty Indian independently, without any pressure from obligations in the dealings Constitution any power. Peace has always been a of organised people with central feature of India’s foreign policy. one another. (2) The threats from China and Encourage settlement of international disputes by Pakistan were also taken into account. arbitration. (3) One more feature of India’s foreign policy at this time was the Some more objectives of India’s insistence on self-reliance. Foreign Policy are as follows : In the beginning, India decided to While maintaining friendly relations * improve relations with countries in Asia. with neighbouring countries, ensure Efforts were taken to cooperate with that the defence and security of India Asian countries in order to achieve is not affected. Not to compromise development and to keep our independence about the geographical boundaries of intact. This concept of regional the nation. development later expanded to include * Protect the unity and integrity of the Africa as well. But some Asian-African country. countries participated in the military pacts * Protect the interests of India’s citizens led either by America or the Soviet living in other countries. This Union. This stopped the process of responsibility is fulfilled by the Indian regional development. After this, countries embassies there. of Asia and Africa, which did not * To establish economic and commercial participate in these military pacts supported relations with other countries for the concept of Non-alignment. Peace and achieving economic development of freedom became the fundamental principles India. of Non-aligned policy. A review of India’s Foreign Policy : In this period, India had to face conflict We shall take a review of India’s Foreign with neighbouring countries. Wars happened Policy in two stages. The period from between India and Pakistan over the independence to 1990 can be considered Kashmir question in 1947-48 and 1965. In as the first stage. Second stage would be the third war, that happened in 1971, from 1990 till date. Pakistan broke apart and independent Bangladesh was created. India’s Foreign Policy : Early Phase In the decade of the 1970s, there Prime Minister Pandit Nehru shaped came about some stability in India’s India’s foreign policy in the early period. foreign policy. India had risen as a He opposed colonialism through India’s powerful regional power in South Asia. foreign policy. He took an internationalist By conducting nuclear tests in 1974, India

68 had also proved her nuclear capability. Second Stage : 1991 till date From 1980, however, some changes began to take place. In order to increase * India’s foreign policy became more cooperation among South Asian countries, comprehensive and dynamic in the South Asian Association for Regional second stage. In the post-cold war Cooperation (SAARC) was established. period, the priority no longer remained India initiated a dialogue to improve to political and military relations. relations with China. India also started Several other dimensions like economy, interaction with America for cooperation trade, education and technology got in the field of security. included in foreign policy. After 1991, India reduced the government controls First Stage : 1947-1990 over the economy and adopted the free * India adopted the policy of non- market policy. Naturally, there was an alignment in the context of the cold increase in trade with neighbouring war. As a result, priority was given countries. Our share in world trade to maintaining friendly relations with increased. Efforts began to be made to all nations and to taking the help increase the rate of economic growth. required for development from different Can you find out ? countries. Due to the policy of non- * What is the meaning of economic alignment, India could get aid from growth rate ? both the super powers. * Prepare a chart of the economic * There was a lot of stress on improving/ growth rate of India, Nepal and strengthening India’s defence. The Bhutan. technology required for this was * In the decade after 1990, our relations imported. Soviet Union, France and with the South Asian countries like Germany helped India in this matter. Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, etc. In this period, India had to face some became stronger. Our trade exchange challenges. These included the conflict with Israel, Japan, China and European with Pakistan, creation of Bangladesh Union increased. and conflict with China. * India began to participate in India proved her nuclear capability organisations at the international and by conducting nuclear tests in 1974. regional levels more than before. For example, G-20 and BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa). Contribution of Pandit Nehru to India’s Foreign Policy : His stand was that India should independently understand the global or international affairs. He followed up with the policy of peace. Brics : Logo

69 Let’s do it ! Do you know ?

There are a lot of similarities Nuclear Weapons are extremely between India and America. For destructive. Hence, it is necessary to example, both are democracies. Find make consistent efforts so that they are more such similarities and prepare a never used. Two treaties have been project on it. made to stop the spread of nuclear weapons. (1) Nuclear Non Proliferation * Our relations with America Treaty (NNPT) (2) Comprehensive strengthened. Mutual trust grew. India’s Test Ban Treaty (CTBT). The status rose in the international conditions of both these treaties are of community. benefit to big nuclear powers and they * India’s nuclear policy is an important put unfair restrictions on developing part of India’s foreign policy. You must countries, hence India has not signed have studied the meaning of nuclear either of these treaties. energy and its uses in subjects like History, Geography or Chemistry. Having understood the importance of Let’s do it ! nuclear power, India undertook the nuclear energy programme immediately The number of countries making after independence. For this we nuclear weapons is growing. Prepare established the Department of Atomic a statement from your class to stop Energy and the Indian Atomic Energy the proliferation of nuclear weapons. Commission. The first Chairman of the Try to get it published in a newspaper. Indian Atomic Energy Commission was Dr Homi Bhabha. Even through electricity generation was the main India is now a country which has purpose behind the programme, it also nuclear weapons. We have accepted the aimed at creating military capability. role of a responsible nuclear power. India As a consequence of this, India has been consistently supporting efforts conducted her first nuclear tests in 1974. for disarmament, because it is India’s India built nuclear weapons and position that there should be peace and conducted nuclear tests in 1998. We security in the world. have also made missiles carrying Having taken a survey of foreign nuclear weapons and the Air Force and policy in this way, we are going to study the Navy have been enabled for carrying India’s defence system. them. Exercises

1. Choose the right option and rewrite (a) enhance military capacity the sentence. (b) conduct nuclear tests (1) This was the main objective behind (c) to stop the proliferation of establishing the Indian Atomic nuclear weapons Energy Commission - (d) production of atomic energy

70 (2) The following is now the objective 4. What is your opinion about the fact of all the nations of the world - that world peace is threatened due to (a) atomic development nuclear preparedness ? (b) economic development 5. Answer the following questions in brief. (c) nuclear test (1) On what principles is India’s foreign (d) security system policy based ? (3) The ...... is an important aspect of (2) Who has contributed to improving India’s foreign policy - Sino-Indian relations ? (a) free economic policy (3) Write the objectives of India’s (b) interdependence foreign policy. (c) non-alignment 6. Prepare the following concept map. (d) nuclear development (4) India conducted nuclear tests in 1974 at - (a) Shriharikota Factors affecting (b) Thumba Foreign Policy (c) Pokharan (d) Jaitapur 2. Explain with reasons whether the following statements are true or false. Project (1) Pandit Nehru contributed towards Find some information about the countries improving Sino-Indian relations. with whom India had trade relations in (2) Atal Bihari Vajpayee took lead in ancient times. improving relations with Pakistan. 3. Explain the following concepts. (1) India’s Foreign Policy (2) National Interest (3) World Peace

71 3 India’s Defence System

Let’s Revise ! responsibility is to be keep the security systems always well-prepared and ready. In the last chapter, we studied India’s This is called as National Security. foreign policy. We have now understood that the primary national interest of a Can you tell ? country includes defence from foreign aggression and internal unrest and keeping Can you tell some examples of the borders safe. For this, every nation complementary and contradictory creates a defence system at the national national interests in the context of India and our neighbouring nations level. India has also created such a system. In this chapter, we are going to Ways to safeguard National Security understand its nature and study the challenges it faces. National Security is closely connected with geography, because national What is National Security ? security is more likely to be endangered The international system is made up by nations who are geographically of sovereign nations. Even if they closer. A nation must assess the threat cooperate with each other, sometimes to its geographical boundaries and the there are conflicts between these sovereign source of that threat. nations. There are disputes between In order to keep this threat at bay, nations over boundaries or sometimes the nation has to increase its military conflicts emerge between them over water might. The nation has to use modern sharing. Some other reasons for conflict technology to predict the threat, to could be: not following the terms of build weapon systems and modernise international treaties, constantly competing and update the defence forces. against each other and influx of refugees Resolving conflict by taking recourse from neighbouring countries. Whenever to war in order to safeguard national such a conflict of interests arises between security brings internal peace into nations, it is sought to be resolved by danger. Hence, some nations try to get compromises and discussions. But when the support of other nations to manage such efforts are not enough to resolve the the threat to their national security. conflict, a nation may even think of war. When a nation attacks another and Think and suggest. challenges the sovereignty of the latter, it All countries are not at par endangers the security of the nation. Such with respect to military might. In challenges are created due to the military such a situation, what needs to be power of aggressive nations. In any done to implement a policy of arms situation, a nation’s first duty and control ?

72 Do you agree ? is the world’s seventh largest. Its Chief is known as the General. The Chief of Nations enter into arms races with others in an effort to increase their Navy is known as the Admiral, while the military might. Arms race leads to Chief of the Air Force is known as Air further increase the sense of insecurity. Chief Marshall. These three chiefs are This sense of insecurity further increases appointed by the President. the threats to National Security. In order to avoid these dangers, we need arms control, not an arms race. The Army Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow: Every nation should try to resolve international conflicts peacefully and by means of negotiations. For that, the dialogue and exchange between nations should increase. The more the The Navy interdependence between nations, more will peace and security be strengthened. Because of this, different platforms and mediums will be available for discussions and negotiations for the purpose of increasing international cooperation. Nations will try to avoid The Air Force wars out of fear of economic losses. 1. What message do you get from the above passage ? 2. How will the dialogue between Find out so as to understand more… nations increase ? What is a military regime? Does 3. What is the relationship between democracy exist in such regimes? economic losses and war ? The President of India is the supreme commander of the defence forces. The India’s Security System : India’s defence forces cannot take any decisions security system includes the Army, the about war or peace without the consent of Navy and the Air Force, the three forces the President, because the latter represents that defend the country. The responsibility the civil power. In a democracy civil of protecting the geographical boundaries leadership is considered superior to military is on the Army, whereas the Navy protects leadership. the coastline. The Air Force is in charge Many measures are taken so that all of protecting India’s air space. The three defence forces in India’s security Ministry of Defence controls all the three system are adequately modernised. For forces. The Indian Army is very big. It this, some research institutions have been

73 set up. Many training institutes have also to maintain law and order. been set up in our country to train the The Rapid Action Force performs the personnel of all ranks of our defence task of bringing people’s lives to normalcy forces, so that they can perform their task by moving in quickly in incidents of competently. For example, the National threat to National Security such as bomb Defence Academy (NDA) at Pune and blasts or riots. the National Defence College (NDC) at The National Cadet Corps (NCC) has Delhi, etc. been established with the purpose of Paramilitary Forces : There are instilling among students the love of Paramilitary Forces to help the defence discipline and military training. Boy and forces in India. They are neither completely girl students from schools and colleges military forces nor completely civil forces. can join the NCC. Hence, they are called paramilitary forces. Home Guards : This organisation Their main task is to help the defence was established in the pre-independence forces. The Border Security Force, Coast period. Citizens can join the Home Guard Guard, Central Reserve Police Force, and assist in the defence of the country. Rapid Action Force are some of the Any citizen, man or woman, between the paramilitary forces. ages of 20 to 35 years can join the Home The paramilitary forces are responsible Guards. for the security of important locations like This force has the following tasks : railway stations, oil depots, water Maintain public security, supply of milk, reserves, etc. water and other essential services during Similarly, they play a role in riots or strikes, to regulate traffic, to help management of disasters, whether natural people at the time of natural disasters or man-made. The responsibility of like floods, earthquakes, etc. protecting the country’s international Challenges to India’s security borders during peace time also rests with the paramilitary forces. Right from the time of independence, Pakistan and China have tried to The Border Security Force performs threaten India’s National Security. tasks like creating a sense of security in There are several disputes between the minds of people living in areas near India and Pakistan. For example, the the border, preventing smuggling, Kashmir issue, disputes over river patrolling the border, etc. water sharing, the problem of infiltrations, dispute over the border, The Coast Guard has been created to etc. India has continually tried to protect India’s oceanic borders. The Coast solve these issues through discussion Guard carries out tasks like protecting the and negotiations. (You will study fishing occupation within Indian maritime Indo-Pakistan relations in chapter 6.) borders, preventing smuggling along sea India and China are important routes, etc. countries in Asia. In 1962, we have The Central Reserve Police Force had to go to a war with China. As helps the administration in various States China is trying to establish its own

74 hegemony over countries that are Challenges to Human Security India’s neighbours, there are tensions in Sino-Indian relations. There is also (1) The biggest challenge to human a dispute between India and China security is that of terrorism. Terrorism over their borders. targets common, innocent people. It aims at creating terror or fear in their minds, India’s security is not only threatened so that they begin to feel insecure. Thus, by outside powers, but also from in order to protect human security, it is within. It is not just the difference necessary to put an end to terrorism. between external security and internal security that is important anymore. Discuss. Religion, regionalism, several Do you think that only a democratic rebellious movements based on form of government can maintain ideology, race-ethnicity and economic human security ? inequality are creating instability. For Which points will you present in a example, the Naxalite movement is a discussion ? threat to India’s internal security. What efforts could be made at the Terrorism is the biggest challenge to level of the family for ensuring India’s internal security. It is a global human security ? problem and India is making efforts (2) Pollution and other changes in the to end terrorism. environment have threatened human life. Human Security Diseases like AIDS, chikungunia, swine In the post-Cold war period, the flu, ebola have presented a big challenge. concept of national security changed and Protecting human beings from such became broader. National Security is not diseases is also considered as a factor of just the security of the country but also human security. of the people living in it, because security What do you think ? is ultimately for the people. Hence, human Increasing violence in society is security refers to human-centric thinking. endangering human security. What In human security, it is expected that kind of peace processes should be human beings should be protected from created so as to prevent violence all sorts of dangers and they should be from growing ? given the opportunities of education, health and development. In this chapter, we have studied The concept of human security also India’s defence system. We have also includes the idea that a conducive tried to understand the change in the environment should be created for concept of security from national security everybody to live a respectable life by to human security. overcoming illiteracy, poverty, superstition, In the next chapter, we shall study backwardness, etc. human security the United Nations, an international necessitates the protection of the rights of organisation. We shall understand what minorities and weaker sections. efforts it makes to ensure human security.

75 Exercises

1. Choose the right option and rewrite 4. Give your own opinion about : the sentence. (1) Which of the forces related to (1) The ...... of India is the India’s security would you like to Commander-in-Chief of all the join ? Why ? Defence Forces. (2) Give your views on the policy : (a) Prime Minister ‘Atoms for Peace’. (b) President (c) Defence Minister 5. Answer the following questions in brief. (d) Governor (1) What are the threats to national security ? (2) The ...... has the responsibility (2) Write the functions of the Border of protecting the coastline. Security Force. (a) Army (b) Coast Guard 6. Do as directed. (1) Complete the table about security (c) Border Security Force forces. (d) Rapid Action Force Name Name (3) The ...... has been established of the of the Functions Chief with the purpose of instilling among Security Present students the love of discipline and Force Chief military training. Army (a) Border Securty Force (BSF) Admiral (b) Central Reserve Police Force Protection (CRPF) of India’s (c) National Cadet Core (NCC) air space (d) Rapid Action Force (RAF) 2. Explain with reasons whether the following statements are true or false. (1) It is necessary to end terrorism to ensure human security. Challenges in (2) Every nation creates a strong security front of India’s Security system system for itself. (3) There are no issues of dispute between India and Pakistan.

3. Write short notes. Project (1) The functions of the Rapid Action Force Arrange a Seminar in your school on (2) Human Security ‘the Challenges in front of India’s (3) Home Guard Security’.

76 4 The United Nations (UN)

What are we going to learn in this establish an international organisation chapter? The United Nations, an was prepared. At San Francisco in international organisation was established America, representatives of fifty countries to ensure peace and security at the drafted the Charter of the United Nations international level. In the present chapter, after discussions. As soon as the war got we shall study its objectives, principles, over, the Charter was signed on 24th structure and role in securing peace. October 1945 and the United Nations was The United Nations: A Background established. The United Nations is an international organisation of sovereign Two world wars were fought at the nations. start of the twentieth century. Life and property were destroyed on a large scale in these wars. As a result, the League of Can you tell ? Nations was established after the First Did India participate in the World War and the United Nations was conferences during the Second established after the Second World War World War ? out of a realisation that there has to be a mechanism to establish world peace. Which day is celebrated as United The League of Nations did not succeed Nations day ? at all. But after the use of the nuclear weapons in the Second World War, the The Objectives of the United Nations idea took root that such destructive wars The United Nations is the world’s should be stopped and that it is the largest international organisation. In the collective responsibility of all nations to beginning, only 50 countries were members do so. The United Nations was established of the United Nations. Today, this number after the Second World War to instill this has gone up to 193. All these member understanding among all nations. nations come together on the platform of Chronology of the establishment of the United Nations. The United Nations the United Nations has its own definite objectives. Briefly, the United Nations takes up all necessary The Atlantic Treaty was signed measures for establishing international between Prime Minister of England Sir peace. Winston Churchill and American President To establish friendly relations among Franklin D Roosevelt during the Second nations. World War on 14th August 1941. According to this treaty, a decision was taken to set To enhance international security by up a permanent mechanism to establish solving international disputes. international security after the Second To safeguard and foster human rights World War was over. Detailed discussions and freedom. followed on this decision in two Along with these, the United Nations conferences among allied powers in 1944 also aim at enhancing economic and 1945 and a draft of the treaty to cooperation at the international level.

77 All member countries are bound by Can you answer the following duty to respect the diplomatic privileges questions ? of sovereign nations, not to attack other countries and abide by international law Can the United Nations intervene and treaties. militarily if there is a serious The United Nations is an organisation threat to international peace ? created by the coming together of What steps have the United Nations sovereign nations. Naturally, it is based taken to foster human rights and on certain principles or rules. They are freedom ? briefly stated as follows :

Principles of United Nations Structure of the United Nations : 1. All member nations will have the The United Nations Charter describes the same status. There is no discrimination structure and functioning of the among nations based on geographical organisation : size, economic or military power. The United Nations has six main 2. All member nations of the United organs: Nations should respect the freedom (1) General Assembly (2) Security and geographical unity of other Council (3) Economic and Social Council member nations. (4) International Court of Justice 3. All member nations should solve their (5) Trusteeship Council (6) Secretariat international disputes and mutual differences by peaceful means.

United Nations-General Assembly 78 Apart from these six major organs, The headquarters of the United there are many affiliated organisations Nations are at New York. English, of the United Nations that help it in French, Russian, Spanish, Chinese and its functions. They are called specialised Arabic are the official languages of agencies. Working in specific areas, the United Nations. they help different nations in those areas. The following are some of these Security Council : There are 15 important agencies : International members in the Security Council. Of Labour Organisation (ILO), Food and them, five are permanent members, while Agriculture Organisation (FAO), World ten are non-permanent members. The non- Health Organisation (WHO), World permanent members are chosen every two Bank (WB), International Monetary years by the General Assembly. America, Fund (IMF), United Nations Children’s Russia, England, France and China are Fund (UNICEF), United Nations permanent members of the Security Educational Scientific and Cultural Council. They have the veto power. For Organisation (UNESCO). any decision to be taken, the assent of General Assembly : All the member all five permanent members and four countries are members of the General non-permanent members is necessary. If Assembly. The position and status of all even one of the five permanent member the countries, whether they are rich or uses his veto i.e. gives a negative vote, poor, big or small, is the same. Every year the decision cannot be taken. the General Assembly meets in its session Functions of the Security Council from September to December. During the session, the General Assembly discusses (1) The main responsibility of the Security important issues like environment, Council is to maintain international disarmament, etc. The decisions in the peace and security. The Security General Assembly are taken by majority. Council may suggest one among the These decisions are in the form of following alternatives in situations of resolutions. Thus, the General Assembly international conflict : end / resolve only passes resolutions; it does not make conflict and make efforts to establish laws. The significance of the General peace, impose economic sanctions or Assembly lies in being a platform for take a decision of military action representatives of member nations to come against the aggressor nation. together and discuss and make policy (2) To prepare policies for arms control decisions on issues of global importance. (3) To play a joint role along with the Functions of General Assembly General Assembly in the appointments (1) To elect the non-permanent of the judges of the International members of the Security Council Court of Justice and of the United (2) To choose the United Nations Nations Secretary General. Secretary General and the judges of the Suggestions are being made to reform International Court of Justice (ICJ) in the Security Council and make it more consultation with the Security Council democratic. India is making efforts to get (3) To pass the annual budget of the the permanent membership of the Security United Nations Council.

79 Economic and Social Council : The Secretary General. He is selected by the main objective of this organisation is to General Assembly and the Security coordinate the economic and social policies Council. His tenure is of five years. of the United Nations. The Council has Functions 54 members. They are selected by the General Assembly. Each member has a (1) To call international conferences tenure of three years and each year, one- on global problems like climate change, third of the members are newly chosen. human rights, disarmament, etc. Decisions are taken by majority vote. (2) To organise the meetings of the General Assembly and Security Council Functions (3) To compile information (1) Initiate discussions at the global level (4) To supply information to the on issues like poverty, unemployment, media economic and social inequality and suggest policies to tackle these International Court of Justice : problems. International Court of Justice means the (2) Discuss issues like women’s questions, judicial branch of the United Nations. The empowerment of women, human International Court of Justice is located rights, fundamental freedoms, global at The Hague in the Netherlands. There trade, health related issues, etc. and are 15 judges in the International Court make decisions. of Justice. They are chosen by the General Assembly and the Security Council. Every (3) Make efforts to establish cultural and judge has tenure of nine years. educational cooperation at the international level. Functions (4) Coordinate the functioning of the (1) To settle the disputes between two or different organisations working in more member nations of the United association with the United Nations. Nations. Secretariat : The Secretariat has the (2) To interpret international law responsibility of carrying out the authentically. administrative tasks of the United Nations. (3) To advise the various organs or The chief of the Secretariat is the subsidiary bodies of the United Nations about legal issues. Let’s write ! * Write the names of United Nations International Criminal Court : Secretory Generals till now. The International Criminal Court is an * Is it necessary that the Secretary inter-governmental organisation and General should be a citizen of one an international tribunal. Its of the great powers/the big five ? headquarters are at The Hague in the * Are citizens of a particular country Netherlands. The International Criminal given priority for being Secretary Court has the jurisdiction to prosecute General ? individuals for international crimes of * Who is the current Secretory General genocide, crimes against humanity and and which country does he belong war crimes that are of concern to the to ? international community.

80 The Trusteeship Council : After the UNICEF is an affiliated Second World War, the territories that organisation of the United Nations. It were undeveloped were placed under the responsibility of the developed nations. works towards making nutritious food The latter were supposed to help bring and health care available to children. about the development of the trust Several workshops were organised in territories and once they attain India to find out measures to overcome independence from their colonies, help malnutrition among babies and establish democracy. The work of the children. Trusteeship Council is over as there are UNESCO, another affiliated no trust territories left. organisation of the United Nations The work of the Trusteeship works towards peace and security in Council ended when Palau got the world by promoting cooperation independence on 1st November 1994. between member countries in the fields Palau is an island in the Pacific of education, science and culture. ocean, 500 m. east of Philippines. United Nations and preservation Millennium Development Goals of peace The United Nations member nations The objective of the United Nations came together in 2000 and decided upon is to settle international conflict peacefully. the development goals for the new The United Nations Charter lays down millennium. Some of the important goals the ways and means to be employed to are as follows : achieve this goal. It includes appointing To eliminate poverty and hunger an intermediary acceptable to the nations involved in the conflict, use the legal To make the facilities of primary procedure, appoint an arbitrator to solve education available the dispute and if needed, to take recourse To bring about women’s empowerment, to military means and ensure that conflict reduce infant mortality rate will not occur again. In modern times, To take special care of the health of human security has been threatened by pregnant women terrorism, racist and religious conflict. As To fight diseases like AIDS, malaria, a result, the function of securing peace of etc. the United Nations has acquired a lot of To protect the environment and increase importance. the cooperation between developed and The United Nations makes efforts to developing countries ensure that violence does not erupt in A time period has been decided to strife-torn areas and normalcy is restored achieve these goals. as soon as possible by, for example, India has made considerable progress starting schools, creating awareness among in the direction of achieving the millennium the people about human rights, make development goals with the help of social, economic, political facilities UNICEF and UNESCO. available, conduct elections, etc.

81 establishing peace. The United Nations * Find out about the campaigns run takes up peacekeeping as one of the tasks by the United Nations to establish for safeguarding and fostering peace in peace in countries like Yugoslavia, the world. Following things are other Namibia, Cambodia, Somalia, Haiti, actions the United Nations may take Thailand, etc. supplementary to peacekeeping activities : * Make a list of names of member * Prevention of conflict and mediation countries, which are at the forefront * Actually establish peace in sending their troops for the United * Implement the measures of protecting Nations peacekeeping forces. peace * Peace-building The United Nations and India India had participated in the different Conferences that were held before the establishment of the United Nations. India has participated in bringing issues like decolonisation, disarmament, racial segregation on the United Nations platform. In 1946, India was the first country to raise the question of racism in the Indian Peacekeeping Forces United Nations. India has always led the discussions about the problems of United Nations Peacekeeping : The undeveloped and developing countries. peacekeeping activity of the United India has always sent her troops to Nations involves creating appropriate participate in the United Nations circumstances favourable for bringing peacekeeping forces. Not just that, India about permanent peace in strife-torn areas. has sent an all-woman peacekeeping force The peacekeeping forces help these areas as well. It is evident from the foregoing to progress towards peace. In conflict- analysis that India makes serious efforts ridden areas, security is provided and at to solve international conflicts by peaceful the same time, help is extended for means.

Exercises

1. Choose the right option and rewrite (2) This international organisation the sentence. conducts workshops in India on (1) This country is not a permanent remedial measures to tackle the member of United Nations Security problem of malnutrition among Council - children - (a) America (b) Russia (a) UNICEF (b) UNESCO (c) Germany (d) China (c) Trusteeship Council (d) Redcross

82 (3) The number of members of the (2) Show the chronology of the United Nations - establishment of the United Nations. (a) 190 (b) 193 1941 1944 1945 (c) 198 (d) 199 2. Explain with reasons whether the following statements are true or false. (3) Complete the following tree diagram (1) The United Nations General about the United Nations. Assembly is a platform to discuss global problems. United Nations (2) The status of all the member nations of the United Nations is not equal. Headquarters (3) A resolution can be passed even if China exercises its veto power. (4) India has played a major role in the work of the United Nations. Major Affiliated Organisations 3. Explain the following concepts. Organs (1) Veto (2) UNICEF Projects 4. Answer the following questions in brief. (1) Write the reasons for the (1) Compile some information about the establishment of the United Nations. projects implemented by the United (2) What is the role of the Peacekeeping Nations for the development of Forces of the United Nations. Children and Women. (3) Write the objectives of the United (2) Collect some information about the Nations. World Health Organisation. 5. Do as directed. (1) Complete the following chart giving information about the organs of the United Nations.

Number of No. Organ Functions members 1. United Nations General Assembly 2. United Nations Security Council 3. International Court of Justice 4. Economic and Social Council

83 5 India and other Countries

Let’s revise ! Let’s find out... In the last chapter, we studied the * With help of the map of South Asia given below, find out India’s United Nations and got to know about its neighbours, with whom India shares role in peacekeeping. We also got to her boundaries. know that India has always helped the * Find out which other of our United Nations in this task. In this neighbouring countries share chapter, we shall take a critical review boundaries with each other. of India’s relations with neighbouring countries. We will also understand India’s India and her Neighbours relations with some faraway nations. India’s position in Asia is geographically and politically important.

0 1000 I Kilometres R N A Kabul N AFGHANISTAN C H I NA Kathmandu N E P A L BHUTAN P A K I S T A N Delhi Thimphu

BANGLADESH A I N D IADhaka R A MYANMAR B L I A Naypyidaw A G N THAILAND N E Bangkok

B A N

S F D A

LAKSHADWEEP M O E A

N

Y A A (INDIA) (INDIA) N A D

N B I C O B A SI LANKAR R IS L A N Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte D Male S MALAYSIA MALDIVES I N D IAN O C EAN Putrajaya

India and other Countries

84 Afghanistan, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, the creation of Bangladesh, it also had Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal, Bhutan, the dimension of the Kashmir problem China, Maldives are India’s neighbours. to it. The Shimla Agreement in1972 The values of equality and mutual respect provided a new format to the interaction have a great importance in India’s foreign between India and Pakistan. In 1999, policy. India has established relations there was a conflict between India and with neighbouring countries on the basis Pakistan over the infiltration by Pakistan of these values. India is the biggest in the Kargil region. Even today the country in the Indian subcontinent. Kashmir question is the basic cause of Similarly, India is economically and conflict between the two countries. The technologically more advanced. It is thus nature of the conflict has changed and natural that India has a great influence this new type of conflict can be described among the South Asian countries. as terrorism. Both India and Pakistan conducted India and Pakistan nuclear tests in 1998 and that gave rise In 1947 India was partitioned and to new concerns in this region. Many two independent countries, India and countries feel that these two nations Pakistan, were created. should not get locked in nuclear conflict. India-Pakistan : Indo-Pak relations One more issue in Indo-Pak relations is are influenced by three main factors : the border dispute in Sir Creek area. (1) Differences in the world views of Both countries have made efforts to both the countries establish a dialogue with each other; but (2) the Kashmir question and considering the way in which Pakistan is supporting terrorists against India and is (3) Nuclear rivalry between the two engineering terrorist activities in India, all countries efforts at establishing dialogue are proving India and Pakistan have totally to be unsuccessful. different world views. In line with the India-China : The conflict between Indian world view, India opposed the India and China is connected to two military alliances of the Cold War and issues : (1) Border issue and (2) Status of tried to solve the Indo-Pak conflict Tibet bilaterally. The Shimla Agreement of The Border dispute between India 1972 was based on this principle. On the and China is related to Aksai Chin area other hand, Pakistan tried to maintain and the Macmahon line. China claims relations with the Islamic world and that the area south of Aksai Chin and China and entered into a military Macmahon line (Arunachal Pradesh) is agreement with America. Chinese Territory. China is not willing to Pakistan considers Kashmir as the agree that Macmahon Line is an biggest hurdle in establishing relations international border. India made several with India. The first Indo-Pak war took efforts to sort this border dispute by place in 1965 over Kashmir. The means of dialogue. But it has not met Tashkent Agreement was signed in with much success. In 1962 China 1966, but nothing much came out of it. attacked India. Even though the 1971 war was about

85 Tibet was traditionally autonomous. and technology and build schools, health But when China was stepping up its facilities and irrigation projects. military control in Tibet, Dalai Lama Bangladesh : Today’s Bangladesh is took asylum in India. This issue has been the erstwhile East Pakistan. When Pakistan responsible for the conflict between the was created, it had two parts : West and two countries. East Pakistan. There was linguistic The threat to India’s security is difference between them. There were other increasing due to the friendship between political conflicts as well. The movement China and Pakistan, supply of weapons to liberate Bangladesh emerged out of from China to Pakistan and also transfer this. This movement tried to free of missile and nuclear weapons technology. Bangladesh from the dominance of West The increasing friendship between China Pakistan. India helped Bangladesh in its and Pakistan and increasing influence of freedom struggle. Bangladesh was formed China over India’s other neighbours is a in 1971. Some treaties were signed cause of concern for India. Even then, between India and Bangladesh about India has always made efforts to improve sharing river waters and some regarding relations with China. A joint executive the shared border, which put an end to group has been set up to solve the Sino- the conflict between them. Now trade Indian border dispute. When the rate of relations between the two countries are economic growth of both India and China growing. increased, the trade relations between both Sri Lanka : India has friendly the countries began to get strengthened. relations with the southern neighbour Sri Because of improvement in economic and Lanka. Political instability in Sri Lanka trade relations between India and China after 1985 was a result of the differences and a series of tripartite talks between between the and the Sri Lankan Russia, China and India, Sino-Indian Government. At that time India had sent relations are improving slowly. Even a peacekeeping force to help the Sri though the border dispute is not completely Lankan government. Friendly relations resolved, it has taken a back seat and with Sri Lanka are important from the relations in other areas have become more point of view of security in the Indian important. Ocean. India and other neighbours Nepal : Nepal and Bhutan are landlocked countries surrounded by Afghanistan : There is a lot of mountainous terrain. Their boundaries are political instability in Afghanistan. The linked with India and China. The dominance of the terrorist organisation foundation of friendship between India Taliban is responsible for this. India has and Nepal was laid with Indo-Nepalese extended help to bring peace, security and Friendship Treaty in 1950. According to stability, curb violence and establish a this treaty, Nepalese citizens can not only democratic government. Similarly, India enter India, but they are also permitted is also helping Afghanistan in to take up government jobs and carry on reestablishing communication facilities trade in India. The year 1990 marked the that have got destroyed due to war, build beginning of Nepal’s transition to roads, cooperate in the fields of science democracy. Nepal is dependent upon

86 India for economic progress, basic region. India will be able to import facilities, food related needs, trade and natural gas from Myanmar. energy needs. India sent a lot of help to Maldives : India’s relations with Nepal at the time of the 2015 earthquake. Maldives have been friendly right from Bhutan : India bears the responsibility the beginning. This small nation to the of the defence of Bhutan. Bhutan has a South of India is dependent on India for huge source of water. India has cooperated a lot of reasons. Trade relations have in the project to produce hydel power on been established between the two since a large scale using this source. 1981. India has helped Maldives in the Myanmar : Myanmar is India’s door development of basic facilities or to the South East Asian countries. South infrastructure, health and communication. Asia, Middle Asia and South East Asia From 2006 onwards, cooperation in the will be connected with each other with military field also started between the two the rail and roadways that are being countries. They have entered into treaties developed in this area. This will help with respect to cooperation in space increase trade and other exchange in this research, conservation of historical objects and tourism. Similarly they have decided Do you know ? to cooperate in the area of fighting against terrorism. Myanmar and Aung Sang Su Kyi : Aung Sang Su Kyi is credited with India and America having established democracy in India and America are two powerful Myanmar after a long drawn struggle nations who have democratic political against the military regime there. She systems. Right from the beginning, has been awarded the Nobel Peace America was India’s most important Prize. trading partner. Many Indians went to South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation : SAARC is a regional organisation established by the South Asian countries in 1985. The aim of this organisation is to encourage economic cooperation between South Asian nations and thereby achieve the development of the South Asian region. The organisation of SAARC is a platform for South Asian countries to come together and discuss common questions and interests. Some common interests of South Asian countries are alleviation of poverty, development of agriculture and technological revolution. Some treaties were signed on the SAARC platform to make it easy for South Asian countries to trade with each other. As a part of this, it has been decided that South Asia should be made into a free trade area. For an equitable development of South Asian nations, a treaty about forming South Asian Free Trade Area was signed and South Asian University was established. * What was the purpose behind establishing the organisation SAARC ? * How many member nations are there in SAARC today ? * What are the common interests of South Asian Countries ?

87 America for education or work. Due to and Russia of today have always shared the presence of these non-resident Indians, friendly relations. In 1971, the Indo-Soviet the cultural, social and economic relations Treaty of friendship and cooperation was between America and India have been signed between them and it gave great increasing. After the end of cold war, the impetus to cooperation between the two military relations between India and countries in defence and technology. The America have increased on a large scale. Soviet Union has also given economic After India accepted free market economy, and military help to India on a large the speed of economic progress slowly scale. increased. It resulted in further When the Soviet Union collapsed, strengthening the trade relations between India tried to establish relations with India and America. Russia. Due to the political and economic When India conducted nuclear tests problems in Russia, relations did not in 1998, there was tension in the relations improve much. After 1996, Indo-Russian between the two countries. Many rounds relations began to improve slowly. India of discussions took place after that to and Russia have jointly built projects improve the relations. Through these related to production of military equipment, rounds of talks, America came to believe production of mineral oil, etc. that India will use its nuclear weapons with responsibility. This completely India and European Nations transformed the Indo-American relations. There are trade relations between The Civil Nuclear Agreement signed in European nations and India. Especially 2005 that was approved by the U.S. Germany and France invest on a large Congress in 2008 was an important scale in the field of technology in India. landmark in Indo-American relations. In Apart from this India gets the technology the last five years, cordial relations of of production of weapons from European cooperation in different areas have developed between India and America. nations. India is a major exporter in the fields of engineering and information technology. Both have the objective of Do you know ? firmness on free trade. India and European In 2005, the India-U.S. Civil- nations are cooperating in other areas as Nuclear Agreement was signed by Dr. well. Several treaties have been signed in Manmohan Singh, the then Prime the fields of climate change, clean energy, Minister of India and George W. Bush defence production, disaster management, Jr. the then American President. In security of air space and terrorism. This 2008 the International Atomic Energy cooperation is very important from the Agency (IAEA) gave its approval to point of view of India’s development. the deal. Because of this deal, it became possible for India to get nuclear Let’s find out ... technology from other countries as well. * When was the European Union established ? Find out more about the European India and Russia * market and European currency. India and the erstwhile Soviet Union

88 India and the Continent of Africa Joint naval exercises are carried out between the navies and coast guards of India has consciously taken steps to both the countries. build cooperation between India and the continent of Africa. Having close relations India and South East Asia with Africa will be beneficial from the India has had very cordial relations point of view of both. Many countries in with South-east Asian nations like Africa are developing rapidly. India has Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, shown its readiness to help in the all- Philippines, Thailand, Myanmar, Vietnam, round development of African youth. Laos, Cambodia and Brunei. After 1991 India has also agreed to give economic India changed its economic policy and help and even grants to bring about adopted a free market economy. After development in different areas like that, the trade relations with South-east technology, agriculture, tourism, etc. Asian nations have grown. The policy of India’s energy needs can be fulfilled by increasing trade with South-east Asian the energy rich countries like Egypt, nations is known as the ‘Look East’ Nigeria, Angola and Sudan. India is policy. After 2014, this policy was made making efforts to increase trade with further more active. It is nowadays known Africa. as the ‘Act East’ policy. The Summit Conference of India and India and West Asia : The West Africa was held in 2015 and the Asian countries are primarily suppliers of representatives from all 54 African nations oil and natural gas. India has traditionally attended it. In this conference, discussions had relations with these countries. India were held on many global issues, for depends upon the oil coming in from west example, climate change, terrorism, piracy, Asia. India imports oil from Iran, etc. Baharein, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and India and the Indo-Pacific area United Arab Emirates. We get modern technology for agriculture and defence The Indo-Pacific area includes equipment from Israel. Also, many Indians countries like Japan, Australia, New live in Israel for their jobs or businesses. Zealand and the South-east Asian nations. They also make a major contribution to All of these have close trade relations our economy. with India. Many companies there have The main objective of India’s foreign invested in India. Treaties have been policy is to maintain friendly relations signed between India and Australia about with all nations and help each other so social security, extradition of criminals, as to bring about development of India the mission against smuggling of drugs, as well as other nations. terrorism, art and culture. Japan cooperates with India in basic facilities, economic We have taken stock of India’s cooperation, information technology, relations with the main countries in the atomic energy and railways. Japan has world. In the next chapter, we shall study agreed to extend cooperation and some important international or global technological help to India in the issues. development and security of coastal areas.

89 Exercises

1. Choose the right option and rewrite 4. Write short notes : the sentence. (1) Shimla Agreement (1) The country that has a free (2) Indo-Nepalese friendship treaty international border with India - (3) Machmahon Line (a) Pakistan (b) Bangladesh (4) Indo-Afghanistan Relations (c) Nepal (d) Myanmar 5. Answer the following questions in brief. (2) The countries that have tensed (1) Explain the background of relations with India - cooperative relations between India (a) Pakistan and China. and America. (b) Nepal and Bhutan (2) Give some information about the (c) Myanmar and Maldives efforts taken by India for the (d) Afghanistan and America. establishment of democracy in neighbouring countries with (3) Factors that have an influence on examples. the relations between India and (3) What is the role of South Asian Pakistan - Association for Regional (a) Difference in the world view of Cooperation ? both the countries. (b) Kashmir issue 6. Give your own opinion about : (c) Nuclear Rivalry (1) What remedies would you suggest in (d) All of the above order to reduce the tensions in the relations between India and 2. Explain with reasons whether the Pakistan ? following statements are true or false. (1) India has an important position (2) Do you agree with the statement : among the South Asian countries. ‘Hurdles are created in the way of (2) Sino-Indian relations are friendly. internal development due to tense (3) India sent a peacekeeping force to relations of India with neighbouring help the Sri Lankan government. countries.’ Explain with reasons. 3. Complete the following chart. (3) Do you think that strong healthy relations of India with America are No. Treatise/Exchanges Countries conducive to India’s economic 1. India-Pak development ? 2. Macmahon Line Projects 3. India- Bangladesh (1) Obtain some information about the 4. Import of foreign tours of the President and natural gas the Prime Minister. 5. India-America (2) Find out about ‘Youth Exchange’ 6. Infrastructure programmes of different countries. development, communication, health 7. India-Africa

90 6 International Problems

Let’s revise ! of citizens’ rights. Till the last chapter, we studied the Rise of the concept of human rights sovereign States in the international in international relations : After the system, India’s foreign policy and India’s United Nations was established, the defence system. We also studied the Universal Declaration of Human Rights objectives of the United Nations. In this was prepared. It was adopted in the chapter, we are going to study some United Nations General Assembly by a th important international problems. Some majority vote on 10 December 1948. problems are not restricted to any one Later, in 1966, the United Nations General country. They affect many countries and Assembly adopted the International eventually all the countries of the world. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights These problems that affect the whole (ICCPR) and the Internal Covenant on world are called international problems. Economic, Social and Cultural rights In order to solve these international (ICESCR). These two covenants are a problems, all nations need to make joint part of International Law. Member Nations efforts. In this chapter, we shall therefore of the United Nations are bound to study problems related to human rights, observe them. environment and terrorism. Even the Human rights include the important questions of refugees are now assuming rights to life, food, clothing, shelter, global proportions. Hence we shall education and health. The State has consider this issue as well. to see to it that these rights are Human rights : The concept of available to everybody. human rights has emerged from the concept of natural rights. Natural rights The question of human rights was are those rights that we are endowed with raised in United Nations General Assembly because we are born as human beings. In on several occasions during the Cold War the same vein, human rights are those period. Racial segregation in Africa was rights that are necessary for living as a said to be against human rights and hence human being and as a constituent of society. The American and the French it was decided to boycott the regime Revolutions proclaimed Liberty, Equality, there. Freedom for colonies and insistence Fraternity and Justice as Human rights. on the democratic system could be cited The idea that in order to realise these as examples of the same. In modern rights, a democratic form of government times, problems like struggle against is essential was strengthened. After that racism, border disputes, terrorism are several European nations adopted jeopardizing human rights on a large democratic constitutions and governments. scale. Apart from this, the concept of This brought limits on the authority of the human rights has broadened due to several State. The main responsibility of the State issues of global nature like contagious came to be understood to be the protection diseases, the threat to environment, natural

91 disasters, etc. Human rights today also this law, the National Human Rights include goals like protection of the Commission and the State Human Rights environment and sustainable development. Commissions were established. The Human Rights Commission is responsible Do you know ? for taking cognizance of the complaints regarding violation of human rights and There are 30 articles in the United take appropriate action regarding such Nations Declaration of Human Rights. violation. There are a few articles about civil rights. Similarly there are provisions Can you tell ? of economic rights like right to work Who is the Chairman of the and equal pay for equal work. It is National Human Rights Commission of expected that member nations should India currently ? extend civil rights to citizens. Just like the United Nations Declaration of Secure environment : In the present Human Rights, on 20th November times, the concept of Human Rights has 1959, a Declaration of the Rights of become broader and it is increasingly the Child was proclaimed. being accepted that a secure environment is an important Human Right. At the Human rights and India : In the international level, the awareness and Indian Constitution, human rights have need of saving the environment was been given the place of Fundamental expressed in 1970. The experts studying Rights. The constitution gives the the environment believed that due to responsibility of the protection of the industrialisation on a large scale and the weaker sections like women and minorities increasing need for energy has endangered to the government alongside that of the the environment. These activists celebrated Fundamental Rights. In 1993, the Human the first Earth Day on 22nd April 1970. Rights Protection Act was passed. As per Chemical fertilisers and pesticides used in agriculture, sound pollution due to vehicles, radiation from nuclear reactors, oil Let’s do it ! leakages or leakages of chemical gases make the environment unsafe and create A few issues have been given here. various problems. Classify them into two groups : National and international issues. As a result of this awareness, the question of environmental safety began to Empowerment of weaker sections be discussed at the international level. After the wave of globalisation that Lack of public hygiene Terrorism started in 1990, the interdependence among nations increased and therefore a Traffic Jam Privatisation of economy need for nations to cooperate with each other emerged. The threat to the Secessionism Violation of human rights environment caused by pollution or by leakage of oil or gas does not remain Thinning of Ozone layer Poverty, illiteracy restricted to one nation. Also, its effects are long term. It becomes necessary for

92 nations to act with each other’s consent due to their long term effects, while some and cooperation in order to deal with problems are inherently of a global nature. these effects. Stockholm to Paris Conference The visible effects of the decline of environment are extinction of species of In order to discuss the immediate and plants and animals, decrease in the long term problems related to the fertility of soil, water shortage, fluctuation environment and to find solutions on in the proportion of rainfall, global them, a United Nations Conference on warming, drying up of rivers and lakes, human environment was called at pollution of rivers and seas, incidence of Stockholm from 5th to 16th June 1972. newer diseases, acid rain, thinning of the In this conference, it was stressed that ozone layer, etc. Even if some of the it is the responsibility of all nations to effects are restricted to particular nations, cooperate to overcome pollution. these problems reach global proportions, The developing nations feel that the developed nations are more responsible for the decline of the environment and they should take the responsibility for stopping the decline. Even today the developing countries take the same position. Another feature of this conference was that the non-governmental organisations working in the field of environmental protection were also present. The issue of the protection of the Conservation of environment : a legacy common global wealth was raised. A consensus emerged that it was the responsibility of all the nations to Let’s do it ! protect these resources. It was after this conference that the Give examples of environmental * United Nations created the United problems that are restricted to one Nations Environment Programme nation. (UNEP). Many international treaties about environment were signed after this Let’s do it ! conference. Several rules were made about the protection of environment. Find out about the Paris Conference and compile some information about Environmental movements started on a the following details : large scale at national as well as at the international level. Non- Number of participating nations * governmental organisations also * Topics for discussion assumed a bigger role in the decision * Issues raised by India. making process at international conferences regarding the environment. 93 The next stage was the environmental Terrorism is organised and planned conference at Rio in 1992. In this violence. conference, the idea of sustainable Terrorism has made a deep and long development was stressed. Different term impact on international politics. In treaties regarding bio-diversity, climate the last two decades, terrorist conflict change due to green house gases, appears to have intensified in different protection of forests, etc. were signed. countries. Terrorist conflict is different In 1997, the conference at Kyoto laid from traditional war. Traditional war is a down the protocols for the developed conflict between two or more sovereign countries for preventing climate change. States. In such wars, the geographical These were applicable for 15 years. boundaries between nations acquire After this, a conference on climate importance, i.e. national security is change was held at Paris in November connected with geographical boundaries. 2015. An appeal was made in this On the other hand, in the case of terrorism, conference that all nations should make terrorist groups can cause violence in any concerted efforts to stop climate change part of the world from anywhere in the and global warming and that the developed world. The aim of a terrorist attack is not countries should help the developing to endanger the geographical boundaries, countries to acquire the technology to but to challenge a regime in a country or achieve these goals. refuse to acknowledge the existence of the State. This means that due to Do you know ? increasing terrorism, the internal security of a country is threatened in addition to Oceans, deep seabeds, atmosphere, its external security. outer space, genetic resources are In order to curb terrorism, it is included in the global resources. Since imperative that the security mechanisms this wealth of resources belong to all of different nations should work in a the nations of the world, it is expected concerted manner. that all nations should look after it. Find out ! Terrorism : This is a major problem * Why are many people from Syria of our times. Several countries in the becoming refugees ? world are facing this problem. No nation * From which other countries are is capable of countering terrorism entirely swarms of refugees coming ? on its own. Hence terrorism is considered to be a global problem. The problems of the refugees : People who have to leave their motherland What is Terrorism? against their wishes or are forced to go Terrorism is spreading fear and terror to other nations, seeking refuge or for in a society by using or threatening to security are called as refugees. People use violence against common and innocent become refugees due to torture or people for achieving political goals. for belonging to a particular

94 race or religion, due to war or a disaster, Once the refugees reach a safe place, etc. In such situations people are forced they have new challenges. They need to to leave their own country and seek find work, a place to live and other shelter in another country. problems of a day to day nature. If the Before the Second World War, the language and culture in the other nation Jews were tortured in Germany. Their are different, then adjusting to that poses citizenship and property was confiscated. difficulties. There is no assurance that the Due to this, the Jews became refugees. In people in the nation which gives shelter 1971, the people in East Pakistan turned to the refugees will accept them. On the refugees and came to India seeking refuge contrary, as the number of refugees due to political and . increases, the strain on the economy of In the last few years due to the war-like the host nation increases. A shortage of essential goods is created; there may be an increase in crime or even inflation. The locals may lose their jobs; a problem of law and order may crop up. Many such problems may emerge. Due to these problems, many nations are not ready to give shelter to refugees and to resettle them. In 1951, some provisions were made regarding the question of refugees at the international level. One such provision United Nation’s aid to refugees was that the refugees will not be forcefully situation in Iraq and Syria, a lot of people sent back to their country against their are leaving Syria as refugees. We can wishes. Similarly an office of the High cite many such example of refugees. Commissioner of the Uinted Nations has When people of any country are been established to solve their problems. forced to leave their own country as If all nations safeguarded and fostered refugees, they have to face many problems. human rights, exploitation and violence The most important problem is to decide would reduce. All people will be able to where to go? And will that nation give achieve their own development safely and us shelter? These are the questions that securely. Human rights can be more they face. Secondly, they have to also effectively implemented if the environment take along with them other members of is safeguarded and if terrorism is their family. It involves a lot of physical completely wiped out. No group of people and emotional stress. Apart from this, will have to become refugees. For this, there are problems caused by natural all nations have to come together, elements like heat, rain, storms, as well cooperate with each other, take concrete as shortages of food, sickness, an enemy action and bring about actual change. in pursuit, etc. In this process many Next year, we shall study how India people loose their lives. has progressed in this direction. 95 Exercises

1. Choose the right option and rewrite 4. Prepare the following concept map the sentence. Causes Visible Effects (1) Which among the following is an 1. 1. international problem ? 2. 2. (a) Border dispute between 3. 3. Maharashtra and Karnataka 4. Environmental 4. (b) Kaveri water sharing question Degradation (c) Problems of refugees (d) Naxalism in Andhra Pradesh Remedial Measures (2) Which among the following rights 1. are not included in human rights ? 2. (a) Right to work 3. (b) Right to information 4. (c) Children’s rights 5. Write your own opinion about : (d) Equal pay for equal work (1) Explain India’s position in establising (3) Which among the following days is human rights. observed on an international level ? (2) Narrate the effects of terrorism and (a) Teachers’ Day suggest remedies to control it. (b) Children’s Day Projects (c) Earth Day (1) Find out about the State Commission (d) Flag Day for Protection of Child Rights with 2. Explain with reasons whether the the help of you teachers. following statements are true or false. (2) Find out about the the Great Sparrow (1) It is necessary that all the nations Campaign in China and the Chipko should cooperate in order to find Movement in India. remedies on environmental degradation. (3) Write your opinion on whether big (2) Sino-Indian relations are friendly. dams cause problems. (4) Write a Report of how the Earth 3. Complete the following chart. Day was observed in your school. (1) Human Rights (2) Degradation of the Environment (3) Terrorism

96 HISTORY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE STANDARD NINE

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