: The Rise of Communism in the USSR

Table of Contents FROM YOUR DIRECTOR-GENERAL ...... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. FROM YOUR CHAIR ...... 3 FROM YOUR CRISIS DIRECTOR ...... 4 COMMITTEE DESCRIPTION/INTRODUCTION ...... 5 SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF ANIMAL FARM ...... 6 CHAPTER ONE ...... 6 CHAPTER TWO ...... 6 CHAPTER THREE ...... 7 CHAPTER FOUR...... 7 CHAPTER FIVE...... 8 CHAPTER SIX ...... 9 CHAPTER SEVEN ...... 10 CHAPTER EIGHT ...... 11 CHAPTER NINE ...... 11 CHAPTER TEN ...... 12 HISTORY OF THE USSR ...... 13 THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION ...... 13 THE RUSSIAN CIVIL WAR ...... 14 THE RISE OF STALIN ...... 14 STALIN’S FIVE-YEAR PLAN ...... 14 THE GREAT PURGES ...... 14 WORLD WAR II ...... 15 THE TEHRAN AND YALTA CONFERENCES ...... 15 CHARACTERS ...... 15

Princeton Model United Nations Conference 2019 1 Animal Farm: The Rise of Communism in the USSR

FROM YOUR DIRECTOR-GENERAL

Dear Delegates, It is my privilege to welcome you to the Princeton Model United Nations Conference. My name is Justin Curl, and I am honored to be your Director General of Crisis Committees this year. I am a sophomore in the Computer Science Department with certificates in Statistics & Machine Learning and Engineering Management Systems. On campus, I am a member of the Model UN Team, the Princeton Debate Panel, and a volunteer for the Mercer County suicide hotline. This is my second-year staffing PMUNC, I was a crisis director for the Joint Crisis Committee last year. I had a wonderful experience last year and am excited to be back again staffing PMUNC this year. I am from Los Angeles, California. I am not excited for the cold that awaits us all come November, but luckily, we have the heat of lively competition and new friendships to warm our hearts at PMUNC. I first joined the lovely activity of Model UN in college, and I have had an amazing experience competing on the college circuit. I hope you do not let the thrill of competition to distract you from the chance to learn something from your fellow delegates and building strong friendships. Crisis committees are a unique opportunity to form relationships with the 12-15 other students in committee. These committees will push you to creatively combine your long-term strategy with short-term events, spinning each update to your advantage. Success in crisis will require delegates to think critically and quickly to persuasively respond to constant crises coming out of the back room. Constantly balancing the goals of individual delegates with the success of the entire committee, delegates in crisis represent Model UN and politics at its best. This year we have an excellent slate of topics lined up, including a committee analyzing Orwell’s Animal Farm in the context of the USSR, another addressing Venezuela’s humanitarian crisis, and another responding to 9/11 among others. Both myself and my chairs have been working all summer to lay the foundations for the best PMUNC experience possible. Please read through the background guide, start thinking about your arc, and get ready to have an amazing weekend of fun at PMUNC.

All the best, Justin Curl

Princeton Model United Nations Conference 2019 2 Animal Farm: The Rise of Communism in the USSR

FROM YOUR CHAIR

Welcome, delegates! My name is Maya Mishra, and I’m a sophomore planning on concentrating in Ecology & Evolutionary Biology with certificates in Global Health & Health Policy as well as Planets & Life. (Not public policy-- shocker!) This is my second PMUNC, and my sixth year of MUN. I’ve served on Press Corps from Chicago to Washington, D.C., and was the Managing Editor of the newspaper of The Hague International MUN in 2018. (Read: I’m not huge on parliamentary procedure.) I can’t wait to meet you all! I’m from Indiana, so you could say that I know a thing or two about farms. Our farm, however, will be a little more interesting than most. As a menagerie of barnyard animals, you’ll navigate through ’s take on the Russian Revolution, led by your trusty guide, the ghost of /Vladimir Lenin/me. We’ll delve into the historical period as well as explore the literary classic. Please make sure to read (or re-read) Animal Farm before arriving, with special attention paid to your animal’s role. (I promise it’s really not that long.) For those of you with roles that we created, think about how your animal might fit into the narrative. What might they think about key events in the book, and what could they do to protect their interests? Remember, the book (and the history itself) is a guideline rather than a timeline. Do some research about your animal’s historical parallel if you’re not sure where to go next in crafting your crisis arc. Your English teachers also may be able to help. A well-prepared delegate is a successful delegate. Feel free to email me if you have any questions, comments, or really good historically relevant Tweets ([email protected]). While cultural dress isn’t appropriate for MUN, animal ears or noses are encouraged. I can’t wait to see where you all will take our version of Animal Farm.

Four legs good; two legs bad! Maya

Princeton Model United Nations Conference 2019 3 Animal Farm: The Rise of Communism in the USSR

FROM YOUR CRISIS DIRECTOR

Dear Delegates, My name is Hannah and I’m so excited to be your crisis director for this PMUNC! I’m a sophomore from Massachusetts planning on studying economics, and I also hope to pursue certificates in sustainable energy and Latin American studies. I didn’t do MUN in high school, but this is my second year staffing PMUNC and I can’t wait to be back! Fun fact: Maya and I actually became close friends through PMUNC; many beautiful friendships have blossomed through PMUNC, and I hope you all enjoy meeting fellow delegates this weekend! As Maya mentioned, you should be reading Animal Farm (or our summary if you really don’t have the time, but please try to read the book!) as well as our background guide to prepare for the committee. Use the book as a starting point, and start thinking about different crisis arcs your character could undergo. Think about the intentions of both your character in the novel, as well as their allegorical counterpart. Use these intentions to motivate your crisis arcs. Most importantly, come prepared but also be ready to flexible! I’ll be coming in every so often to sow the seeds of discord in your arcs. I’ll also be sending out tweets to update you on various happenings both on and off the Farm. Feel free to email me with any questions ([email protected]). Good luck and I can’t wait to meet all of you!

Best, Hannah

Princeton Model United Nations Conference 2019 4 Animal Farm: The Rise of Communism in the USSR

MANOR FARM TO ANIMAL FARM AND BACK: THE RISE OF COMMUNISM IN THE USSR

Committee Description/Introduction

George Orwell, born Eric Arthur Blair, is an English novelist, essayist, and critic best known for his works Animal Farm and 1984. Few people knew Orwell by his original name, and he saw his own change in name as a representation of his shift from the British establishment towards literary and political rebellion.1 Orwell grew up in a lower middle class family, but received scholarships to attend prestigious British boarding schools. However, following his secondary education he went to Myanmar (then Burma) serve in British administration in the Indian Imperial Police. Orwell later felt ashamed in his role as he realized the Burmese people were being ruled against their will by the British.2 These experiences were formative in his turn against the establishment, and he later wrote about these experiences in his autobiographical sketches. In Animal Farm and 1984, Orwell explores the evolution and roles of dictatorships. Animal Farm is meant to parallel the Russian Revolution and its subversion by Josef Stalin. 1984 depicts a dystopian police state which Orwell meant to serve as a warning against the “twin menaces of Nazism and Stalinism.”3 In both these works, Orwell crafts rich political allegories. Through allegory, authors compose multidimensional works which allow them to represent specific morals in their work. Furthermore, as readers, we are granted insight into their viewpoints and thought process on specific issues. Allegory is meant to draw connections between two disparate objects. In Orwell’s case, he has depicted an entire narrative to portray a prolonged historical event, the Russian Revolution. Here, we are able to see the Russian Revolution not simply as a historical event, but also a prolonged story. By choosing to make this crisis committee about Animal Farm rather than the Russian Revolution, we hope you are able to engage with the notion of a narrative. As you work through your character’s arcs, think not only about your action in that moment, but what you are trying to achieve in your arc as a whole. We hope that Animal Farm serves only as a bouncing off point for you, and that you study both the novel and the history closely, in order to craft your own narratives over the course of the weekend.

1 https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Orwell 2 Ibid. 3 Ibid.

Princeton Model United Nations Conference 2019 5 Animal Farm: The Rise of Communism in the USSR

He also encourages unity among CHAPTER TWO SUMMARY AND all the animals: “And among us Old Major dies, and over the animals let there be perfect unity, ANALYSIS OF next three months, the other pigs perfect comradeship in the struggle. take charge in planning the rebellion. ANIMAL FARM All men are enemies. All animals are We meet our porcine leadership: comrades (4-5).” This represents the Snowball (Leon Trotsky), a Marxist-Leninist view of unity in the CHAPTER ONE charismatic and intelligent young pig; working class, despite the differences (Josef Stalin), a more tacit After Mr. (Czar Nicholas between people. Following a but forceful leader; and (the II) falls into a drunken sleep, all the disturbance created when the dogs Pravda/propaganda), who can animals of Manor Farm gather in the chase off some rats that have come convince any animal of anything. barn, having been called by Old to listen, the animals vote that wild These pigs condense Old Major’s Major (Vladimir Lenin). Old Major is creatures are indeed comrades. The teachings into the principles of the oldest boar on the farm, and wild creatures, in this case, represent Animalism, and convince the other extremely well-respected. He says people outside Russia. This reflects animals into supporting it during that he wants to share a dream he had Lenin’s desire to see a world in which frequent meetings. Mollie the cart- with the other animals. the proletariat of all nations have horse (the bourgeoisie) asks whether When the animals are gathered, united, and the Communist rebellion there will be sugar and ribbons after Old Major first reflects on the quality has spread to all countries. the rebellion. Snowball tells her that of life on Manor Farm: “Our lives are Old Major cautions against these things are symbols of miserable, laborious, and short...The becoming like Man, and lays out oppression. life of an animal is misery and slavery: tenets that the animals will come to One of the pigs’ main obstacles this is the plain truth (3).” He live by: “And remember also that in to convincing the other animals to denounces Man as the root cause of fighting against Man, we must not join the revolution is Moses the this suffering: “Man is the only come to resemble him. Even when Raven (the Russian Orthodox creature that consumes without you have conquered him, do not Church). Moses is Jones’s tame bird, producing...Yet he is the lord of all adopt his vices. No animal must ever and spreads rumors to the other the animals. He sets them to work, he live in a house, or sleep in a bed, or animals about a fantastical land called gives back to them the bare touch money, or engage in trade. All Sugarcandy Mountain, in which all minimum that will prevent them the habits of Man are evil. And, their suffering will come to an end. from starving, and the rest he keeps above all, no animal must ever The pigs denounce this as mere for himself (3).” This represents tyrannise over his own kind. Weak or fantasy, but many of the animals still Lenin’s take on Marxism, with the strong, clever or simple, we are all believe in the idea. bourgeoisie and royals profiting off brothers. No animal must ever kill While Moses stirs up dissent, the exploitation of the proletariat. any other animal. All animals are (the proletariat) and Clover Old Major tells the animals that equal (5).” emerge as the pigs’ “most faithful he dreamed of a time when animals Finally, Old Major teaches the disciples (9)” and help persuade the are free, well-fed, and happy. He animals the song “Beasts of England,” other animals to support Animalism believes that this dream can only be an anthem that describes a time when and the revolution. achieved by rebellion against humans, the animals are free of Man’s tyranny, The rebellion begins when the echoing Marxist calls for the and the whole farm sings it together animals are left unfed for over a day. overthrow of the bourgeoisie: “Only several times. Mr. Jones hears the A cow breaks into the store-shed, get rid of Man, and the produce of uproar, and fires shots into the barn and all the animals eat from the bins. our labour would be our own...Why, wall, dispersing the meeting. Mr. Jones and his men, hearing the work night and day, body and soul, for the overthrow of the human race! commotion, begin to whip all the That is my message to you, comrades: animals, but they fight back and the Rebellion (4)!” men flee the farm. Mrs. Jones also slips off of the farm. The relative

Princeton Model United Nations Conference 2019 6 Animal Farm: The Rise of Communism in the USSR

randomness and ease with which the The pigs milk the cows, and the milk various committees, which is rebellion occurs is reflective of the mysteriously vanishes. relatively unsuccessful, and also 1917 February Revolution, in which teaches them to read and write. Some Nicholas II was forced to abdicate by CHAPTER THREE animals quickly become literate, protestors in the streets after his while others, like Boxer, content attempt to quash them with the The pigs direct the hay harvest, themselves with only a few letters. military failed. A provisional which is a huge success. It is faster Snowball also reduces the Seven government was established, but than the norm by two days, and is the Commandments into “Four legs quickly faltered and was overthrown biggest harvest the farm has ever good, two legs bad” for “the stupider by the Bolshevik Revolution, which seen. Boxer is admired as the farm’s animals (18).” The sheep bleat this established Communism in the best and hardest worker: “I will work maxim incessantly and USSR. Orwell rolls the February and harder” is his motto. However, the enthusiastically. Bolshevik Revolutions into one rest of the animals are as much a part When two of the dogs have animal rebellion in this case. of the harvest as him: “Nobody stole, puppies, Napoleon takes the young Reveling in their newfound nobody grumbled over his rations, dogs as soon as they are weaned, and freedom, the animals run around the the quarrelling and biting and makes himself responsible for their borders of the farm together. They jealousy which had been normal education. They are not seen again. fling Jones’s instruments of cruelty features of life in the old days had At the end of the chapter, the rest of (bits, dog-chains, whips etc.) down almost disappeared (16).” However, the farm finds out that the pigs are the well or into a rubbish-fire. Mollie frequently shirks her work, consuming the milk and windfallen Snowball also burns the ribbons, and the donkey (see apples. While there are initially some considering them again as a sign of character guide for parallel) seems rumblings about this, Squealer Man’s oppression. Napoleon then unchanged by the rebellion. convinces the rest of the animals that serves a double ration of corn to all The animals decide there is to be the pigs are eating the apples and the animals, and they sing “Beasts of no work on Sundays. Instead, they milk to preserve their health out of England” seven times. hold a ceremony with their flag, selflessness, in order to protect the The next morning, the animals which is green with a white hoof and other animals’ welfare. He uses an delight in the farm that now belongs horn painted on it. “The flag was argument that no animal can contest: to them, and take a hesitant tour of green, Snowball explained, to “Do you know what would happen if the farmhouse. Mollie is reproached represent the green fields of England, we pigs failed in our duty? Jones for admiring herself with a ribbon in while the hoof and horn signified the would come back! Yes, Jones would the bedroom mirror. The farmhouse future Republic of the Animals come back (19-20)!” is to be preserved as a museum, with which would arise when the human race had been finally overthrown no animal ever living there. CHAPTER FOUR The pigs reveal that they have (17).” This flag parallels the hammer learned to read and write. They paint and sickle on the USSR’s flag. News of the Rebellion spreads out “Manor Farm” from the gate and Sundays are also the time for the across the county, as Snowball and replace it with “Animal Farm.” weekly Meeting, where resolutions Napoleon send out flights of pigeons Snowball then writes the Seven about the farm are put forth and to “mingle with the animals on Commandments of Animalism on debated. Snowball and Napoleon neighbouring farms, tell them the the barn wall: “Whatever goes upon quickly emerge as polar opposites in story of the Rebellion, and teach two legs is an enemy. Whatever goes these debates. Every meeting ends them the tune of Beasts of England upon four legs, or has wings, is a with a singing of “Beasts of England.” (21).” friend. No animal shall wear clothes. The pigs go on to study “necessary We are introduced to No animal shall sleep in a bed. No arts” for the farm’s operation, Pilkington’s Foxwood (Winston animal shall drink alcohol. No animal including blacksmithing and Churchill/Franklin Delano shall kill any other animal. All animals carpentering (17). Snowball tries to Roosevelt, the West), “...a large, are equal (13).” organize the other animals into neglected, old-fashioned farm, much

Princeton Model United Nations Conference 2019 7 Animal Farm: The Rise of Communism in the USSR

overgrown by woodland, with all its class citizens, which were bolstered plans, and find themselves waffling pastures worn out and its hedges in a by foreign support from the West. back and forth depending on who is disgraceful condition (21).” The speaking. This reflects a key other neighboring farm is Pinchfield CHAPTER FIVE difference between their historical (Nazi Germany) which is “...smaller parallels, Stalin and Trotsky. Stalin and better kept. Its owner was a Mr. Mollie continues to shirk her believed in Communism in one Frederick [Adolf Hitler], a tough, work, and is observed allowing one nation, while Trotsky believed in a shrewd man, perpetually involved in of Pilkington’s men to stroke her worldwide revolution. lawsuits and with a name for driving nose. She eventually runs away and At the Meeting at which the hard bargains (21).” returns to the service of Men in animals are to vote on the windmill, Both neighbors resist the idea of exchange for ribbons and sugar, Snowball mounts an impassioned the Rebellion and spread rumors that representing how many bourgeois defense of his pet project, while the animals were “perpetually Bolsheviks fled to the West after the Napoleon says very little. Snowball fighting among themselves and were Rebellion. has the animals convinced in his also rapidly starving to death (21).” Snowball and Napoleon’s favor when Napoleon calls on a force After discovering that the animals are differences become more acute, both of dogs (the secret police), who chase not starving, “It was given out that during the Meetings and outside of Snowball off the farm. The dogs are the animals there practiced them. Snowball is better at speeches, recognized the puppies that he had cannibalism, tortured one another but Napoleon builds support by previously taken to be reared. with red-hot horseshoes, and had canvassing and getting the sheep to As the animals watch in shock, their females in common. This was bleat “four legs good, two legs bad” Napoleon cancels the weekly what came of rebelling against the at key points of Snowball’s speeches. meetings and declares that all laws of Nature, Frederick and Snowball is all about technology and decisions will be made by a Pilkington said (22).” knowledge. He wants to build a committee of pigs, over which he will Despite this counter-rhetoric, windmill, which he says will make the preside. He gets rid of all debates and animals all over the countryside rebel animals’ lives easier and more votes. in various small ways and the tune of comfortable. The animals marvel at The animals are troubled, but Beasts of England is everywhere. his plans, but Napoleon remains nobody can mount a coherent The humans are generally wary and aloof. Snowball says that the defense except four young pigs, who spooked. windmill will be hard work, but once are quickly silenced by some One day, Jones and his men, it is built, the animals will only need menacing growling from the dogs. with support from Frederick and to work three days per week. On the The sheep then break into a round Pilkington, attempt to retake the other hand, Napoleon wants the “four legs good, two legs bad” that farm, but Snowball has planned for farm to concentrate on food lasts so long that any chance of this. His brilliant military tactics production, saying that if they slack, discussion disappears. handily drive off the humans again. they will starve. Each animal has a Squealer is “sent round the farm Mollie goes to hide in the barn campaign slogan and a following. to explain the new arrangement to instead of fighting. Snowball and Benjamin is the only animal that does the others (31).” He convinces them Boxer are given the distinction not take a side in the debate. that Napoleon has taken power “Animal Hero, First Class” for their The two pigs are also divided on purely out of selflessness. Even when bravery in what is now known as the the issue of the farm’s defense. Snowball’s heroic role in the Battle of Battle of the Cowshed. The gun that Napoleon says the animals should the Cowshed is brought up, Squealer Jones dropped in his haste to flee is get weapons and train themselves on emphasizes that loyalty and discipline set up at the base of the flagstaff, and their use, while Snowball says that are more important than bravery, and will be fired on significant days. This they should stir up rebellion on all says that if Napoleon is not followed, battle parallels the Russian Civil War, the other farms so that there is no Jones will surely come back. None of fought between the Bolsheviks and a need to defend themselves. The the animals can argue with this point, loosely-allied group of mostly upper- animals can’t decide between the two as usual.

Princeton Model United Nations Conference 2019 8 Animal Farm: The Rise of Communism in the USSR

The skull of Old Major is Boxer, whose strength seemed equal is avoided by most of the other disinterred and placed in a position to that of all the rest of the animals animals. of honor. The animals must parade put together. When the boulder Squealer makes a round of the past it reverently each Sunday. began to slip and the animals cried farm and reassures the animals that Napoleon announces that the out in despair at finding themselves no resolution against trade was ever windmill is to be built after all. He dragged down the hill, it was always passed, and attributes the rumors to sends Squealer to tell the other Boxer who strained himself against “lies circulated by Snowball (36).” He animals that it was Napoleon’s idea the rope and brought the boulder to reminds them that there is no written all along, and that Snowball had a stop (34).” record of any such resolution. stolen the plans from him. Squealer Even when conditions are tough, The human beings outside the says that Napoleon had spoken the animals fall back on the fact that farm still hate Animal Farm more against the windmill in order to get they are better off than they were than ever, and believe that the rid of Snowball. The dogs that are under Jones: “The animals were not windmill will be a failure and the with him growl threateningly. badly off throughout that summer, in farm will go bankrupt. However, spite of the hardness of their work. If they now call Animal Farm by its CHAPTER SIX they had no more food than they had proper name rather than Manor had in Jones’s day, at least they did Farm, and have “dropped their The animals “[work] like slaves” not have less. The advantage of only championship of Jones (37).” There for the entire year (34) but remain having to feed themselves, and not are rumors that Napoleon will do happy, as they know that the fruits of having to support five extravagant business with either Pilkington or their work come back to themselves, human beings as well, was so great Frederick, but never with both. rather than Man. After the animals that it would have taken a lot of The pigs move into the work sixty-hour weeks during the failures to outweigh it (34).” farmhouse. Again, the animals spring and summer, Napoleon The farm becomes short of vaguely remember passing a announces that the animals will also certain items that cannot be resolution against this, but Squealer work “voluntary” shifts on Sunday produced on the farm, such as again convinces them that this is not afternoons, or will have their rations paraffin oil, nails, string, dog biscuits, the case. The pigs eat in the kitchen cut in half. The harvest is slightly less and iron for the horses’ shoes. and sleep in the beds. One of the successful than the previous year’s, Napoleon announces that Animal horses, Clover, thinks she and several fields are left unsown Farm will trade with neighboring remembers one of the because they were not ploughed early farms for these items. They will first Commandments ruling against beds, enough. sell hay and wheat, but Napoleon but one of the goats reads that the The animals find all the says they may need to sell eggs as well. Commandment inscribed on the materials they need to complete the “The hens, said Napoleon, should barn wall only rules against sleeping windmill, but at first can’t figure out welcome this sacrifice as their own in a bed with sheets. Squealer, passing how to break up the stone they need. special contribution towards the by, again convinces them that it has They then use gravity: “The animals building of the windmill (36).” The always been this way, and, as usual, lashed ropes round [the huge animals are leery of this, refers back to Jones: “You would not boulders], and then all together, cows, remembering that they passed have us too tired to carry out our horses, sheep, any animal that could resolutions not to trade with humans duties? Surely none of you wishes to lay hold of the rope-- even the pigs after the Rebellion. But the dogs see Jones back (38)?” sometimes joined in at critical growl and the sheep break into “Four The food stores for the winter moments-- they dragged them with legs good, two legs bad!” and any are “none too plentiful (39)” but the desperate slowness up the slope to murmurs are silenced. Mr. Whymper animals are happy and proud of the the top of the quarry, where they (nations doing business with the progress they have made on the were toppled over the edge, to USSR) is introduced as the farm’s windmill, with the exception of shatter to pieces below...Nothing intermediary with the outside world. Benjamin. However, after a violent could have been achieved without He visits the farm every Monday, and storm, the flagstaff is blown down

Princeton Model United Nations Conference 2019 9 Animal Farm: The Rise of Communism in the USSR

and the windmill collapses. so that their eggs smash on the floor. Squealer says that Napoleon has Napoleon attributes the destruction Napoleon retaliates by stopping the stated it, Boxer reverts to his maxim of the windmill to Snowball and hens’ rations. Nine hens die before of “If Comrade Napoleon says it, it pronounces the death sentence on the rest capitulate, and “it was given must be right.” him. Napoleon declares that they will out that they had died of coccidiosis Napoleon assembles the animals immediately begin rebuilding, and (43).” The hens’ rebellion parallels a few days later and sets his dogs on will build throughout the winter. the rebellion that Stalin faced from the four young pigs that had wealthy peasant farmers who protested earlier. Three of the dogs CHAPTER SEVEN opposed the collectivization of their also make for Boxer, but he sees farms. They were likewise brutally them coming and pins one. Despite the bitter winter, the quashed. Napoleon orders him to let it go. The animals carry on building the Snowball is rumored to be pigs confess to being in league with windmill with thicker walls this time. hiding on either Foxwood or Snowball and have their throats They are always cold and usually Pinchfield, while Napoleon debates ripped out by the dogs. The hens hungry. Though Squealer makes the farm to which he should sell who incited the rebellion also inspiring speeches, the animals draw some timber. “It was noticed that attribute their resistance to Snowball more strength from Boxer’s unfailing whenever he seemed on the point of appearing to them in a dream, and work ethic. coming to an agreement with are also killed. Many other animals The animals face near-starvation Frederick, Snowball was declared to confess and are killed on the spot, in January. Napoleon aims to conceal be in hiding at Foxwood, while, when paralleling Stalin’s Great Purges, this fact from the outside world by he inclined toward Pilkington, which killed and exiled any resistance spreading rumors via Mr. Whymper. Snowball was said to be at Pinchfield to his rule. On his weekly visits to the farm, he (43).” Meanwhile, everything that Afterwards, the animals huddle “overhears” sheep remarking about goes wrong on the farm is attributed together on the hill. Boxer resolves to ration increases and is shown storage to Snowball-- from upset milk-pails approach the situation by working bins filled with sand but topped with to broken eggs. Napoleon harder. Clover thinks that “These grain and meal. investigates the farm, claiming he can scenes of terror and slaughter were Napoleon’s strict plans sniff out Snowball’s scent. not what they had looked forward to represent Stalin’s failed Five Year In the evening, Squealer declares on that night when old Major first Plans, which aimed to move the that Snowball has sold himself to stirred them to rebellion (48),” but USSR into rapid industrialization, Frederick, who plans to attack the still, “There was no thought of but ended up contributing to farm. Even more shocking, Squealer rebellion or disobedience in her mind. widespread famine. Stalin similarly tells the animals that Snowball was in She knew that, even as things were, concealed this failure from other league with Jones the entire time, they were far better off than they had nations. which was proved by documents he been in the days of Jones, and that Napoleon himself rarely appears left behind. The animals, even the before all else it was needful to in public anymore, issuing all his unfailingly-supportive Boxer, think prevent the return of the human orders through other pigs, mostly they remember Snowball’s heroics at beings (48-49).” Squealer. Squealer announces that the Battle of the Cowshed, even The animals mournfully sing the hens must surrender their eggs to bringing up that he was wounded. “Beasts of England,” but Squealer fulfill a contract he has made to sell But Squealer says that the bullets approaches and tells them that the 400 eggs per week to pay for grain purposefully only grazed him, and song is now abolished, as it is no and meal. graphically describes Snowball longer necessary now that the The hens raise an outcry to fleeing at a key moment in the battle, Rebellion is complete with the purge. this, remembering that they were whereas Napoleon heroically bit promised during the Rebellion that Jones’s leg. Boxer says that he does they would not have to give up their not believe that Snowball was a eggs. They fly up to the rafters to lay traitor in the beginning, but when

Princeton Model United Nations Conference 2019 10 Animal Farm: The Rise of Communism in the USSR

CHAPTER EIGHT The wheat crop is full of weeds, Squealer declares this Battle of as Snowball had apparently mixed the Windmill a victory, and even Some of the animals think they weed seeds with the seed corn. The Boxer asks, “What victory (59)?” remember one of the animals are told that Snowball had However, once they see the flag Commandments saying that no never received “Animal Hero, First flying and ceremonial gun firing, and animal should kill any other animal. Class,” but had simply spread the hear Napoleon’s congratulations, However, upon checking the barn legend that he had. In fact, he had they change their minds. Every wall, the Commandment is read as been “censured for showing animal is given an apple. Napoleon “No animal shall kill any other cowardice in battle (55).” bestows a new military honor upon animal without cause (51).” The animals finally finish the himself. The Battle of the Windmill The animals work even harder, windmill, and are extremely proud of represents the Pyrrhic victory that with longer hours. Every Sunday their efforts. the USSR faced during World War II. morning, Squealer reads lists of Napoleon suddenly announces The pigs get into a case of whisky. figures that say that food production that he has sold the timber to The next morning, Squealer is up, though the animals feel they are Frederick under a secret agreement. announces that Napoleon is dying. feeding no better than they did in He has broken off all relations with Napoleon decrees that the drinking Jones’s day. Foxwood and sent insulting of alcohol is to be punishable by Napoleon is only rarely seen in messages to Pilkington. Snowball is death, but is somewhat better by the public, and is always preceded by a said to have been at Foxwood, not evening. Napoleon buys books on black cockerel who acts as a Pinchfield. The dealings over the brewing and distilling, and plans to trumpeter. It is announced that the timber represent Stalin’s decision on sow a small paddock, previously gun will also be fired on his birthday. with whom he should ally: Nazi intended for animals past work, with The other animals still revere him, Germany, to whom he is barley. and he is given credit for “every diametrically opposed, or the Allied One night around twelve, there successful achievement and every Powers. When the latter pact fell is a huge crash. Squealer is seen stroke of good fortune (52).” A through, Stalin signed a sprawled beside a broken ladder in poem and a portrait of Napoleon are nonaggression pact with Hitler. the barn where the Seven inscribed opposite the Napoleon has demanded that Commandments are painted, with a Commandments on the barn wall. Frederick pay in cash, and the paintbrush and a pot of paint. Napoleon is still negotiating animals file past the piles of money. Nobody can understand this, but over the timber with Frederick and However, several days later, Benjamin nods knowingly. The Fifth Pilkington. Frederick is more anxious Whymper tells Napoleon that the Commandment is later read to be to get it, but won’t offer a reasonable banknotes were forgeries. Napoleon “No animal shall drink alcohol TO price. Napoleon finally arranges to pronounces the death sentence upon EXCESS (61).” sell the timber to Pilkington and Frederick. Frederick and his enter into a regular business followers attack the next morning. agreement with Foxwood. CHAPTER NINE Heavily armed, they drive the animals Meanwhile, rumors of an impending back, and manage to blow up the Boxer’s injuries from the Battle attack from Pinchfield abound, and windmill. Pilkington, with whom of the Windmill are a long time in the animals are terrified of the Napoleon had attempted to reconcile, healing, but he insists upon working cruelties that Frederick is said to sends back a note saying “Serves you anyway. As he and some other practice on his animals. Napoleon right.” This parallels Hitler’s breaking animals are nearing retirement age, says “he had never at any time of the nonaggression pact to invade there is much discussion about the contemplated selling the pile of the USSR. The animals, seeing the pension. timber to Frederick; he considered it windmill gone, attack the men Rations are again reduced, beneath his dignity, he said, to have ferociously, enduring heavy losses except those of the pigs and dogs. dealings with scoundrels of that but driving them away. Squealer continues to read out description (54).” figures that prove that life is better

Princeton Model United Nations Conference 2019 11 Animal Farm: The Rise of Communism in the USSR

than it was in Jones’s day. “Truth to declare that Snowball was openly surgeon, who had not yet painted the tell, Jones and all he stood for had leading the human forces at the old name out (69).” almost faded out of their memories. Battle of the Cowshed, and the Napoleon holds a small They knew that life nowadays was wounds the other animals remember ceremony in Boxer’s honor and harsh and bare, that they were often were, in fact, inflicted by Napoleon’s announces a memorial banquet in his hungry and often cold, and that they teeth. honor. On the day appointed for the were usually working when they were Moses the Raven reappears on banquet, a grocer’s van makes a not asleep. But doubtless it had been the farm, telling his usual stories delivery, and that night there is a worse in the old days. They were glad about Sugarcandy Mountain. The tremendous sound of singing and to believe so. Besides, in those days pigs declare that these stories are lies, cavorting from the farmhouse. No they had been slaves and now they but allow him to remain on the farm pig stirs before noon the next day. were free, and that made all the and allot him a gill of beer a day. This The pigs have somehow found the difference, as Squealer did not fail to symbolizes the alliance Stalin made money to buy themselves another point out (63).” with the Russian Orthodox Church case of whisky. Four sows produce thirty-one to better keep the lower classes in young pigs, all fathered by Napoleon. their place. CHAPTER TEN They are discouraged from playing Boxer is working harder than with the other young animals. ever, though he also seems weaker Years later, most of the animals “About this time, too, it was laid than ever. Eventually he collapses alive before the Rebellion have died. down as a rule that when a pig and while at work, and finally allows No animal has actually retired, any other animal met on the path, the himself to look forward to his despite several being past the other animal must stand aside: and upcoming retirement. Squealer retirement age. Several more animals also that all pigs, of whatever degree, declares that Boxer will be sent to the have been purchased, including new were to have the privilege of wearing animal hospital in Willingdon for horses, who blindly accept green ribbons on their tails on treatment. In the meantime, Boxer everything they are told about Sundays (63).” remains in his stall and takes Animalism. The farm has two new The farm is still short of money, medicine which the pigs have sent fields, purchased from Pilkington, a so more hay and potatoes are sold, from the medicine cabinet in the finished windmill, and several more and the egg contract is increased. farmhouse. buildings and other improvements. Rations are again reduced and In the middle of the day, The windmill turns a handy profit in lanterns in stalls are forbidden to Benjamin summons all the animals to milling corn, but does not fulfill its save oil. The pigs, on the other hand, watch a van take Boxer away. While original purpose of generating seem to be putting on weight. all the animals wish him farewell, electrical power for the barn. One day, the animals smell a Benjamin reads the lettering on the Napoleon says that “The truest warm, rich scent, which does not side: “Horse Slaughterer and Glue happiness...lay in working hard and turn out to be the warm mash they Boiler, Willingdon. Dealer in Hides living frugally (72).” hoped for. It is later announced that and Bone-Meal (68)” and declares The pigs and dogs, however, all barley would be reserved for the that they are sending Boxer to the number many and live richly, though pigs, with a ration of beer daily for knacker. The animals cry for him to they do not produce any food by each pig. escape, but he cannot. A few days their own labor. The other animals There is a great increase in songs, later, it is announced that Boxer has are generally hungry, with their speeches, and military processions. died at the hospital. Squealer says quality of life more or less unchanged The sheep silence any complaints that his last words were “Napoleon is over time. But they never give up with “Four legs good, two legs bad!” always right.” He also sets the hope, and always remember that they Animal Farm is proclaimed a animals’ minds to rest by saying that live on the only farm in the country Republic, and Napoleon is “The van had previously been the run only by animals. unanimously elected its President. property of the knacker, and had One day, Squealer leads the Freshly-discovered documents been bought by the veterinary sheep to a secluded corner of the

Princeton Model United Nations Conference 2019 12 Animal Farm: The Rise of Communism in the USSR

farm, where he teaches them a new meeting between Stalin, Churchill, many more revolts, especially from song. Shortly after, the pigs are seen and FDR, at which the Western the industrial workers, and this walking on their hind legs in a powers shower territorial rewards period of dissent came to be known procession. Napoleon carries a whip. and support on Stalin for his aid as the Revolution of 1905. In order The sheep break out into their new during WWII. to dissolve the Revolution, Nicholas slogan: “Four legs good, two legs A great uproar goes up when issued the October Manifesto, which better!” Napoleon and Pilkington both play made a number of promises: “to Benjamin and Clover go to the the ace of spades. “The creatures guarantee civil liberties (e.g., freedom farm to find that the Seven outside looked from pig to man, and of speech, press, and assembly), to Commandments have been painted from man to pig, and from pig to establish a broad franchise, and to out, and a single statement now reads man again; but already it was create a legislative body (the Duma) "ALL ANIMALS ARE EQUAL / impossible to say which was which whose members would be popularly BUT SOME ANIMALS ARE (79).” elected and whose approval would be MORE EQUAL THAN OTHERS necessary before the enactment of (75).” any legislation.”4 While the October The pigs now all carry whips, HISTORY OF THE Manifesto ended this Revolution, it subscribe to newspapers, and are USSR did not solve the regime’s problems. installing a telephone in the An undercurrent of unrest farmhouse. Napoleon and his remained in Russia after the Bloody favorite sow wear clothes around the Sunday massacre and the Revolution farm. Neighboring farmers are THE RUSSIAN of 1905. Czar Nicholas II and his invited to tour the farm, and that government then made a series of evening, the other animals hear loud REVOLUTION decisions that exacerbated that laughter and singing from the The Russian Revolution, unrest, proving disastrous for the farmhouse. The pigs and other paralleled by the Rebellion in Animal government and fatal for Nicholas farmers are playing cards. Pilkington Farm, was actually comprised of two himself. First, Russia entered the declares that the time of mistrust revolutions that occurred within First World War in support of its between Animal Farm and the other months of each other in 1917. The allies, despite the fact that “imperial farms is over, and that “the lower first was the February Revolution, Russia was no match for animals on Animal Farm did more which deposed Czar Nicholas II, and industrialized Germany” 5 . The work and received less food than any the second was the Bolshevik Russians sustained the heaviest animals in the county (76-77).” Revolution, which instituted casualties of any nation in the war, Napoleon also makes a speech, Communism. and those left alive were saddled with declaring that the custom of animals Russia’s industrial boom at the the burdens of food and fuel calling each other “Comrade” will be turn of the 20th century was shortages, as well as wartime inflation suppressed, and the old skull which accompanied by squalid city running rampant through the they parade past each Sunday has conditions for workers, wars, and economy. been reinterred. The white hoof and food shortages. Hundreds of When Nicholas left the capital horn on the flag have been removed, protestors against these of Petrograd to take charge of his making the flag a plain green. The circumstances, comprised of laborers forces, his wife, Czarina Alexandra, name of the farm will revert back to and peasants, were mowed down by assumed a greater degree of control Manor Farm. This final dinner Czar Nicholas II’s troops during the over the government. Already parallels the Tehran Conference, a Bloody Sunday Massacre of 1905. unpopular due to her German roots, Bloody Sunday was followed by

4 5 https://www.britannica.com/event/Octob https://www.history.com/topics/russia/ru er-Manifesto ssian-revolution

Princeton Model United Nations Conference 2019 13 Animal Farm: The Rise of Communism in the USSR

she fired many elected officials under THE RISE OF STALIN of Five-Year Plans. These Plans the guidance of her most trusted targeted different areas in aiming to Both Joseph Stalin (Napoleon) advisor, Grigory Rasputin. Rasputin make the USSR into a major world and Leon Trotsky (Snowball) played exerted a great degree of influence power: “The first Five-Year Plan key roles in the Russian Civil War, over Alexandra, and by extension the focused on collectivizing agriculture but it was the latter who received the Romanov family and the rest of the and rapid industrialization. majority of the prestige. Lenin government, as he claimed to be able Subsequent Five-Year Plans focused became concerned about Trotsky’s to cure her hemophiliac son. In 1916, on the production of armaments and growing power, and enlisted Stalin to Rasputin was murdered by nobles military build-up.”8 shore up Lenin’s power. In seeking to end his thrall over the During the first Five-Year Plan, completing that task, however, Stalin government (read more about his wealthy farmers called kulaks, forced also built up his own base of power interesting death here). Faith in the to give up their land to in the Party. When Lenin began to government was at a low: collectivization, rebelled and were mistrust his up-and-coming protégé, “Government corruption was brutally quashed. Orwell represents it was already too late: Lenin was rampant, the Russian economy this with the hens’ failed resistance, physically weak after a stroke, and remained backward and Nicholas smashing their eggs on the floor Stalin was able to isolate him until he repeatedly dissolved the Duma, the instead of giving them up to be sold. died. Trotsky, Stalin, and two other toothless Russian parliament The smashing of the eggs itself-- a Party members came to shared established after the 1905 revolution, loss of food-- reflects the results of power after Lenin’s death. While when it opposed his will.”6. collectivization of agriculture: a drop Trotsky and the other leaders were in productivity that led to the Great educated and intellectual, Stalin was Famine of 1932-33. Though his THE RUSSIAN CIVIL WAR more in touch with the common nation was starving, Stalin took great people, and commanded more Lenin faced his first major steps to conceal this fact from the support from the average Party challenge as a ruler soon after coming outside world, just as the pigs spread member. A rift grew: Stalin to power: civil war between his Red the notion that Animal Farm is denounced the other two Party Army and the opposing White Army, productive and happy through Mr. leaders and opposed Trotsky’s view comprised of a weak alliance of Whymper. on the nature of Communism. While groups opposed to communism, including “monarchists, capitalists Trotsky believed there should be a and supporters of democratic global Communist revolution, Stalin THE GREAT PURGES socialism.”7 This is paralleled in the advocated for advancing During the Great Purges of the novella by the Battle of the Cowshed. Communism in their single nation. 1930s, Stalin attempted to forcibly The White Army forces were Eventually, Stalin’s power base grew remove any opposition to his rule bolstered by foreign aid from the so great that he was able to drive from both the Party and from the West, just as Jones and his men are Trotsky out and establish himself as Soviet Union as a whole. According supported by Frederick and the sole leader of the Soviet Union. to HISTORY, “...an estimated Pilkington. Due mostly to the lack of 600,000 Soviet citizens were cohesion in the White Army, the Red STALIN’S FIVE-YEAR PLAN executed. Millions more were Army emerged victorious in 1923, deported, or imprisoned in forced Stalin was unquestionably a fierce and the Soviet Union was established. labor camps known as Gulags.”9 and bloody dictator in his attempts to During the Purges as well as his bring the Soviet Union up to speed regime as a whole, Stalin also in an industrialized world via a series controlled all of the country’s media,

6 Ibid 8 9 Ibid. 7 Ibid https://www.history.com/topics/russia/hi story-of-the-soviet-union#section_2

Princeton Model United Nations Conference 2019 14 Animal Farm: The Rise of Communism in the USSR

painting himself as a benevolent and World War II also turned the USSR heroic ruler even while causing the into a global superpower, and CHARACTERS deaths of millions. revitalized the Communist Party, allowing communism to dominate WORLD WAR II Eurasia following 1946. OLD MAJOR / LENIN Stalin’s and Adolf Hitler’s (CHAIR) infamous 1939 non-aggression pact THE TEHRAN AND YALTA CONFERENCES The oldest and most respected initially allowed the Soviet Union to boar on the farm, Old Major take control of several neighboring Stalin participated with the convinces the other animals to rise nations. However, Hitler quickly Allies in both the Tehran and Yalta up against their human oppressor, broke the pact, catching the Conferences, always with an eye to Mr. Jones (who represents Czar unprepared Soviets off-guard and expand Soviet influence in the world. Nicholas). making progress towards Moscow. The Tehran conference came in the The Soviets were saved by their midst of World War II. Here, the brutal winter and scorched-earth Soviets agreed to help the Allies NAPOLEAN / JOSEF STALIN defenses, though not without launch war against Japan, and in A leader of the revolution, you significant losses. While the exchange, “Roosevelt conceded to are able to seize power through your German’s were armed with highly Stalin’s demands for the Kurile secret force of dogs. You rule the trained troops and refined equipment, Islands and the southern half of farm with an iron fist (hoof?) and use Hitler also underestimated the Sakhalin, and access to the ice-free propaganda and brute force to number of reserve troops the Soviets ports of Dairen (Dalian) and Port maintain control over the rest of the 10 had. The sheer number of reserves Arthur (Lüshun Port) located on the animals. While Orwell modeled sustained the Soviet army, until Liaodong Peninsula in northern Napoleon after Stalin, he can also be November 1942, when the Soviets China.” 11 Furthermore, Stalin was thought to represent political tyrants finally surrounded the German Sixth able to gain further concessions on in general, taking his name from the Army in Stalingrad. From here, the the Eastern front, regaining land in infamous eighteenth-century French Soviets were able to push the Poland, and was later able to solidify general. Like most authoritarian Germans back, and by 1945 they had control in Eastern Europe through leaders, you will take any measure to helped to capture Berlin and ensured later conferences. maintain your power... the Allies victory. At the ]Yalta Conference in While the mere population of 1945, Stalin promised to Roosevelt SNOWBALL / LEON the USSR was a factor in the Soviet and Churchill to establish elections in victory, the Soviets were also able to Eastern Europe. However, he later TRATSKY overcome the Nazis through the reneged on these promises and set up One of the leaders of the dedicated efforts of the Soviet people governments controlled by the revolution, you are an extremely and the investment from the Soviet Union throughout the intelligent pig who stays true to the Communist Party. Throughout the region.12 These broken promises led Old Major’s ideals and wants to Second World War, the Soviets to the rapid degeneration of Soviet- advance the farm. Your divergent maintained production of food, American wartime cooperation and ideals on how to bring economic weapons, and equipment. Although gave way to the Cold War. prosperity to the farm and more-mild the cost for the Soviets was high, temperament put you in conflict with costing them ultimately 26.6 million Napoleon. lives, with 11 million being soldiers,

10 11 12 https://www.history.com/topics/world- http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/ https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937- war-ii/yalta-conference wwtwo/soviet_german_war_01.shtml 1945/tehran-conf

Princeton Model United Nations Conference 2019 15 Animal Farm: The Rise of Communism in the USSR

VALENTINA, LEADER OF BENJAMIN THE DONKEY / SQUEALER / PRAVDA, THE THE HENS / WEALTHY SKEPTIC PROPAGANDA MACHINE PEASANT FARMERS You are as intelligent, if not Your way of speaking can You and your hens are strong more intelligent, than the pigs, yet convince any animal of anything, believers in the original foundations you choose to take a sideline role in and you do just that as Napoleon’s of Animalism established under Old the revolution and the events that mouthpiece. You often work behind Major. You are excited about having follow. While most animals know of the scenes to gaslight the other control over your own eggs after the your intellect, you are generally animals and paint Napoleon as a revolution, and are a strong distant and inscrutable, occasionally hero. Your role in “educating” the contributor to the overall well-being providing key insights at turning sheep is critical to maintaining of the farm. You are outspoken, and points. There are differing Napoleon’s control over the farm. with the collective egg-laying power interpretations of your historical However, use your power wisely, of the hens behind you, you are not analog, including the aged population and you may be able to paint any afraid to take on other animals-- even of Russia, the Menshevik animal or human as a hero. pigs. intelligentsia, and the Jewish population of Russia. You may choose any of these or a combination LAIKA, CAPTAIN OF THE MOLLIE THE MARE / thereof for your role in committee. DOGS / SECRET POLICE BOURGEOISIE As captain of the dogs, you You are a reluctant participant in MR. WHYMPER / NATIONS enforce Napoleon’s laws and are the revolution, as you were a special DOING BUSINESS WITH fiercely loyal to him, having been favorite of Jones’s and enjoyed a raised by him from puppyhood. You comfortable life under his rule. You THE USSR and your force work to root out any are vain and overly concerned with You capitalize on the animals’ form of dissent on the farm and sugar and ribbons, and long for a revolution to serve as a broker suppress it, often publicly and return to your life of luxury. You between them and the rest of the brutally. You are extremely smart, avoid work and seldom pull your fair human-controlled world. You are and have the powers of intimidation share. interested primarily in money, and and force over the other animals-- though you know the dark side of even the other pigs. MOSES THE RAVEN / what happens on the farm, you choose to ignore it, and help spread PATRIARCH OF THE the vision of Animal Farm as a BOXER THE HORSE / RUSSIAN ORTHODOX perfectly functional community to PROLETARIAT CHURCH the wider world.

You are the backbone of the You used to be Jones’s pet, but workforce on the farm, and you soon turn to an alliance with MR. FREDERICK / ADOLF extremely well-respected by the other Napoleon. You tempt the rest of the HITLER animals. Your motto is “I will work animals with the promise of a harder,” and, while you aren’t the faraway land called Sugarcandy You own a farm that neighbors smartest animal, you are very loyal to Mountain. As you represent the Animal Farm, and are fearful of the Napoleon. You avoid much of the Russian Orthodox Church, this revolution spreading to your own politicking on the farm, choosing represents Marx’s and Orwell’s animals. You are wary of Animal Farm and its leadership, but still instead to rally others into their work conception of religion as the opiate by your dedicated example. However, of the masses, distracting the animals willing to do business with it for your the changing conditions on the farm from the conditions they live in. personal gain. You are mortal instill doubts in even your loyal mind. enemies with Mr. Pilkington. However, you always put your own

Princeton Model United Nations Conference 2019 16 Animal Farm: The Rise of Communism in the USSR

self-interest first, and are willing to BLUEBELL THE DOG / THE https://www.history.com/topics/ru backstab and deal-break to get what POWERFUL PROLETARIAT ssia/russian-revolution you want. You are the mother of part of https://www.youtube.com/watch?v the secret police force, and you =KOK1TMSyKcM MR. PILKINGTON / possess all the same attributes that make them powerful-- teeth, Russia in WWI: CAPITALIST LEADERS https://www.history.com/topics/ru CHURCHILL AND intelligence, and loyalty. Though you have these powers, you don’t realize ssia/russian-revolution ROOSEVELT it, and you don’t make an effort to History of Communism in Russia: You own another neighboring stop the pigs’ rise. What would https://europe.unc.edu/iron- farm, but are much more amicable to happen if you took control of your curtain/history/communism-karl- communicating and doing business own strength? marx-to-joseph-stalin/ with Animal Farm, though you are also wary of the revolution spreading MS. GREEN / SMALLER Stalin: to your animals. You despise Mr. EASTERN EUROPEAN https://dailyhistory.org/How_Josep Frederick and are suspicious of h_Stalin_became_the_leader_of_the anyone who deals with him, though, NATIONS _Soviet_Union in the end, you are a forgiving person. You aren’t present in the book, https://www.history.com/topics/ru but you represent the interests of some smaller farms in the area. You ssia/joseph-stalin MINIMUS THE POET / don’t love the idea of your animals PROPAGANDA ART getting more power on your farms, You are a clever pig who excels but you can see the benefits of at creating poems and songs. Your joining with Animal Farm. However, artistic flair is recognized by neither Mr. Frederick nor Mr. Napoleon, and you use your talents Pilkington want you to link your to write works that praise him and his collective power. How can you play rule over the farm. At times, your these three powers against each other words can capture the imaginations for the benefit of your farms? and minds of the other animals. Your goal is to convert all forms of expression into ways to support RESOURCES Napoleon.

LAIKA, CAPTAIN OF THE Below are the resources we consulted, DOGS / SECRET POLICE and some short (and not so short) As captain of the dogs, you articles that may be of interest to you. enforce Napoleon’s laws and are Some more reading (and a video!) on fiercely loyal to him, having been the Russian Revolutions of 1905 and raised by him from puppyhood. You 1917: and your force work to root out any https://www.history.com/this-day- form of dissent on the farm and in-history/bloody-sunday-massacre- suppress it, often publicly and in-russia brutally. You are extremely smart, https://www.britannica.com/topic/ and have the powers of intimidation Duma-Russian-assembly and force over the other animals-- https://www.britannica.com/event even the other pigs. /Russian-Revolution-of-1917

Princeton Model United Nations Conference 2019 17