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Redalyc.Frugivory in Echinopsis Chiloensis (Caryophyllales: Cactaceae)

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Redalyc.Frugivory in Echinopsis Chiloensis (Caryophyllales: Cactaceae) Revista Chilena de Historia Natural ISSN: 0716-078X [email protected] Sociedad de Biología de Chile Chile CARES, ROCÍO A.; MEDEL, RODRIGO; BOTTO-MAHAN, CAREZZA Frugivory in Echinopsis chiloensis (Caryophyllales: Cactaceae) Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, vol. 86, núm. 4, 2013, pp. 489-491 Sociedad de Biología de Chile Santiago, Chile Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=369944187011 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative FRUGIVORY IN ECHINOPSIS CHILOENSIS 489 REVISTA CHILENA DE HISTORIA NATURAL Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 86: 489-491, 2013 © Sociedad de Biología de Chile NATURAL HISTORY NOTE Frugivory in Echinopsis chiloensis (Caryophyllales: Cactaceae) Frugivoría en Echinopsis chiloensis (Caryophyllales: Cactaceae) ROCÍO A. CARES*, RODRIGO MEDEL & CAREZZA BOTTO-MAHAN Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile *Corresponding author: [email protected] Seed dispersal is a critical segment of the life year study that indicates young individuals cycle in plants. It involves fruit consumption height grow on average (± SE) 2.44 ± 0.4 cm and seed deposition on sites where year-1 during years with average rainfall (Cares environmental conditions are appropriate for et al. 2013). germination and seedling establishment (Stoner Currently, there is no published information & Henry 2008, Casado & Soriano 2010). Seed about frugivory and seed dispersal of E. dispersal involves the action of mammals, birds, chiloensis. In this study, we report the results of reptiles and insects, where seeds are often fi eld observations carried out during January adhered to the body of animals or ingested and of 2013 at the Reserva Nacional Las Chichillas dispersed through defecation (Stoner & Henry (31º30’S, 71º06’W). This reserve is a protected 2008). Dispersal is a crucial process in semiarid area located ~60 km east from the Chilean environments as it provides seeds a chance to Pacific coast. The climate of the study site establish in safe sites. Although frugivory is a is of a semiarid Mediterranean-type with widely studied mechanism in several types of most rainfall concentrated between June and environments, there is scarce information for August (di Castri & Hajek 1976). Mean annual arid and semiarid habitats (Jordano 2000). In precipitation is 185.0 mm, with ample variation this report we present data on the magnitude of across years, alternating between long droughts frugivory by different consumer taxa on cactus and unusual years of high rainfall seemingly fruits in a semiarid Chilean ecosystem. associated to El Niño events (di Castri & Hajek Echinopsis chiloensis (Colla) Fried & Rowl 1976, Jaksic 2001). The vegetation consists on is an endemic columnar cactus species widely thorny shrubs (Luebert & Pliscoff 2006) and distributed in north-central Chile that inhabits columnar and spherical cactus species (Medel mainly equatorial-facing slopes in semiarid 2000, Medel et al. 2002, Hoffmann & Walter environments (Medel 2000, Cares et al. 2013). 2004). The blooming season of E. chiloensis extends In this study, we considered a species from early September to mid-November, and to be a fruit consumer when it ate, pecked the fruiting season from mid-October to late or removed totally or partially the pulp of a December or mid-January (Medel 2000). This cactus fruit. Feeding events were instances species presents arborescent growth with when an animal was observed performing basitonic structure, with more than one trunk at least one of the activities indicated above near the base (Medel 2001). In spite of being (Casado & Soriano 2010). Field observations a dominant species in semiarid environments, indicate that fruits of E. chiloensis ripe and scarce information exists on its demography open on the cactus branch without drop by and growth. Hoffmann (1989) suggests that abscission (Figure 1A). To identify the bird natural regeneration may be difficult and species involved in frugivory, we performed growth rate can be extremely low, which is observations early in the morning from 7:00 consistent with previous fi ndings from a three- to 10:00, during 13 consecutive days (total 490 CARES ET AL. Conomyrma goetschi (Goetsch & Menozzi 1935) (Fig. 1B) and Solenopsis gayi (Spinola 1851) (see also Medel & Vásquez 1994), with 19 and fi ve feeding events, respectively. Even though fruits of E. chiloensis remain on the cactus branch after opening, two mammal species, the rodent Octodon degus (Molina 1782) and the fox Lycalopex culpaeus (Molina 1782), were observed consuming fruits of this cactus species. It is likely that rodent species remove pulp and/or whole fruits directly from cactus branches by using horizontally oriented spines to climb, and foxes lick pulp of ripe fruits from low-heighted cactus individuals. Because these field records do not allow quantitative observations, wild rodent species were collected with folding wire mesh live- animal-traps (24 cm × 8 cm × 9 cm; FORMA: Products and Services, Santiago, Chile) baited with rolled oats and provided with cotton bedding to test for fruit consumption under captivity conditions. Overall, 300 traps per night were set during fi ve days, and checked every morning. Captures included 46 Phyllotis darwini (Waterhouse 1837), 35 O. degus, 12 Abrothrix olivaceus (Waterhouse 1837) and two Abrocoma bennetti (Waterhouse 1837). At noon, all captured rodents were fed with ripe fruits of E. chiloensis. All the species tested consumed Fig. 1: A) Ripe and dispersed fruits of Echinopsis chi- the fruits excepting A. bennetti that rejected loensis on the top of a cactus column. B) Conomyrma goetschi carrying a seed of Echinopsis chiloensis. consistently the offered fruit (percentage of effective feeding: O. degus: 24.5 %, P. darwini: A) Fruto maduro y dispersado de Echinopsis chiloensis en 9.6 % and A. olivaceus: 4.3 %). Regarding fox la punta de una columna del cactus. B) Conomyrma goetschi transportando una semilla de Echinopsis chiloensis. species, evidence of fruit consumption by L. culpaeus based on the analysis of feces taken in different areas of the Reserve. A total of 48 complete fecal samples were collected, and 32 sampling effort = 39 hours). Specifi cally, 142 of them contained large amounts of seeds of cacti with at least one open fruit were scanned E. chiloensis (mean ± SE: 18221 ± 2435 seeds with binoculars (10 × 25). Only the Chilean per fecal sample). Additionally, it is worth to mockingbird Mimus thenca (Molina 1782) was mention that E. chiloensis seeds were found in detected picking the fruits of E. chiloensis (total the stomach content of one individual of the = 12 feeding events). Regarding ant species, marsupial Thylamys elegans (Waterhouse 1839), preliminary observations revealed that ant whose carcass was found in the study site, and activity was concentrated from 17:00 until dissected and analyzed in the laboratory. dusk; therefore observations were carried out In summary, fi eld observations, no-choice between 17:30 and 20:00 during 13 consecutive feeding test and circumstantial evidence days (total sampling effort = 32.5 hours). On allowed identifying the fruit consumers of E. the average (± SE), 8.9 ± 1.6 cacti with open chiloensis, specifically during the peak time fruits/day were checked for ant presence, of the fruiting season (January). Frugivorous from which 2.1 ± 0.3 exhibited ants. Two species included one bird species (M. thenca), ant species were recorded feeding on pulp four mammal species (O. degus, P. darwini, A. and transporting seeds from the open fruits, olivaceus and L. culpaeus), two ant species (S. FRUGIVORY IN ECHINOPSIS CHILOENSIS 491 gayi and C. goetschi), and one marsupial species CONAF IV REGIÓN (1996) Plan de manejo Reserva (T. elegans). Although several bird species Nacional Las Chinchillas, IV Región. Ministerio de Agricultura. have been previously recorded in the study site DI CASTRI F & ER HAJEK (1976) Bioclimatología de (CONAF 1996), only M. thenca was observed Chile. Ediciones Universidad Católica de Chile, consuming fruits of E. chiloensis. This result Santiago. GUZMÁN-SANDOVAL J, W SIELFELD & M FERRÚ might be due to particular climatic conditions (2007) Dieta de Lycalopex culpaeus (Mammalia: in the previous year, where the intense drought Canidae) en el extremo norte de Chile (región de during 2012 translated into low bird diversity Tarapacá). Gayana 71: 1-7. HOFFMANN AE (1989) Cactáceas en la fl ora silvestre in the study site in the summer season of 2013. de Chile. Ediciones Fundación Claudio Gay, For this reason, we cannot rule out that other Santiago, Chile. bird species belong the frugivorous guild of E. HOFFMANN AE & HE WALTER (2004) Cactáceas en la fl ora Silvestre de Chile. Ediciones Fundación chiloensis. It is likely that repeated sampling Claudio Gay, Santiago, Chile. across years complete the spectrum of bird JAKSIC FM (2001) Ecological effects of El Niño in species consuming fruits of E. chiloensis. terrestrial ecosystem of western South America. Ecography 24: 241-250. According to our fi eld observations and no- JORDANO P (2000) Fruits and frugivory. In: Fenner choice feeding test, the frugivorous guild of E. M (ed) Seeds: the ecology of regeneration in chiloensis is diverse and not restricted to only plant communities: 105-155. C.A.B. International, Wallingford, England. one taxon. The fact that E. chiloensis depends LUEBERT F & P PLISCOFF (2006) Sinopsis bioclimática on a generalized frugivorous assemblage for y vegetacional de Chile. Editorial Universitaria, seed dispersal conveys a clear advantage for Santiago, Chile. MARTÍNEZ DV, JR RAU & FM JACKSIC (1993) cactus recruitment. As birds, mammals, and Respuesta numérica y selectividad dietaria de ants have different patterns of habitat use, zorros (Pseudalopex spp.) ante una reducción de they provide a range of opportunities for seed sus presas en el norte de Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 66: 195-202.
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