th MONTHLY ISSUE DECEMBER - 2019 57 EDITION Vanik’s Current Affairs Banking | Railway | Insurance | SSC | UPSC | OPSC | PSU Abiy Ahmed (PM) D. Queloz M. Mayor Akira Peebles Yoshino Physics Goodenough M. Stanlui Chemistry Peace Esther Duflo Peter Colga Tokarczuk (2018) Michael Kremer Handke A. Banerjee Gregg Semeza (2019) Economic G. Kaelin Peter J. Ratclife Literature Physiology/Medicine BANKING STUDY MATERIAL (35nos.) SSC STUDY MATERIAL (50nos.) EDITOR Mr. Pramod Padhi ASSOCIATEEDITOR Jyoti Prakash Routray Satabdi Sagar Mohanty Tapas Ranjan Behera Prafulla Kumar Dwibedi " ADVISORS G. Khatua and Team R & D BOGDGH] PUBLISHINGMANAGER Smrutiranjan Chhatoi DESIGNING&LAYOUT Message Vijaya Maharana from Director Dear Students, Hardwork never goes in vain. This has again been manifested by the PUBLISHER : recent results of SBI-PO, IDBI-PO & ICICI BANK-PO qualifiers Subrat Kumar Chhatoi from VANIK. 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Subrat Kumar Chhatoi ¨¨¨¨ VANIKPublications Corporate Office : 1441, Opp. IOCL Petrol Pump, CRPF Square, Bhubaneswar-751015, Contact : 8093083550 Visit us at : www.vanikpublications.com, E-mail : [email protected] &217(17 3DJH 0DMRU,VVXHV RIWKH0RQWK 3DJH 0&4RQ &XUUHQW$IIDLUV 3DJH (FRQRP\ 3DJH 0&4RQ '%DQNLQJ 66&5DLOZD\ 3DJH 3DJH 0&4RQ 1DWLRQDO1HZV &RPSXWHU 3DJH 6SHFLDO0&4 3DJH 5HFHQW*RYHUQPHQW 'HYHORSPHQW'6FKHPHV RQ%DQNLQJ$ZDUHQHVV 3DJH 3DJH %LODWHUDO 6WDWH1HZV 3DJH $ZDUG 3DJH 3HUVRQLQ '+RQRXU 1HZV 3DJH 3ODFHLQ 3DJH 6SRUWV 1HZV 3DJH 3DJH 3DJH 3DJH 'HIHQFH 6XPPLW 3DJH 3DJH %RRN' 3DJH &RPPLWWHH :KR·V:KR $XWKRU 3DJH 0LVFHOODQHRXV 3DJH $EEUHYLDWLRQ 3DJH 'DWH' 3DJH 2EVHUYDWLRQ MAGAZINE FOR THE MONTH OF DECEMBER 2019 MAJOR ISSUES of the Month 1 NOBEL PRIZE The will of the Swedish scientist Alfred Nobel In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank established the established the five Nobel prizes in 1895. Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences The Nobel Prizes are a set of recognition given in Memory of Alfred Nobel. in the fields of Chemistry, Literature, Peace, Who selects the Nobel Laureates? Physics, and Physiology or Medicine by The In his last will and testament, Alfred Nobel Nobel Foundation. specifically designated the institutions The Nobel Foundation is a private institution responsible for the prizes he wished to be established in 1900, has ultimate responsibility established: for fulfilling the intentions in Alfred Nobels The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for will. the Nobel Prize in Physics and Chemistry, The prizes in Chemistry, Literature, Peace, Karolinska Institutet for the Nobel Prize in Physics, and Physiology or Medicine were first Physiology or Medicine, awarded in 1901. Page| 3 MAGAZINE FOR THE MONTH OF DECEMBER 2019 The Swedish Academy for the Nobel Prize in NobelPrizeinChemistry2019 Literature, and The 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry has been jointly A Committee of five persons to be elected by the awarded to John B Goodenough, M Stanley Norwegian Parliament (Storting) for the Nobel Whittingham and Akira Yoshino for the development Peace Prize. of lithium-ion batteries. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences was Through their work, this years Chemistry given the task to select the Laureates in Economic Laureates have laid the foundation of a Sciences starting in 1969. wireless, fossil fuel-free society. While the five Nobel Prizes are based on a fund In the early 1970s, Dr. Whittingham developed set up from the wealth bequeathed by Alfred the first functional lithium battery. Nobel, the Economic Prize is based on a Dr. Goodenough doubled the lithium batterys donation received by the Nobel Foundation in potential, creating the right conditions for a 1968 from Sveriges Riksbank. vastly more powerful and useful battery. NobelPrizeinPhysics2019 Dr. Yoshino succeeded in eliminating pure lithium from the battery, instead basing it The Nobel Prize for Physics has been awarded to James wholly on lithium ions, which are safer than Peebles for theoretical discoveries in physical pure lithium. This made the battery workable cosmology, and Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz for in practice. discovering an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star. James Peebles: Theoretical discoveries in The result was a lightweight, hardwearing battery that could be charged hundreds of times physical cosmology before its performance deteriorated. Peebles developed a theoretical framework The advantage of lithium-ion batteries is that about the cosmos and its billions of galaxies they are not based upon chemical reactions that and galaxy clusters since the mid-1960s. break down the electrodes, but upon lithium The importance of the cosmic radiation during ions flowing back and forth between the anode birth of the Big Bang was realized by him. and cathode. James Peebles also interpreted traces from the The lithium-ion batteries have reshaped energy infancy of the universe and discovered new storage and transformed cars, mobile phones physical processes. and many other devices in an increasingly The results showed a universe whose just five portable and electronic world. percent of content is known, the matter which constitutes stars, planets, trees and us. The NobelPrizeinPhysiology/Medicine rest, 95 per cent, is unknown dark matter and 2019 dark energy. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2019 was This is a mystery and a challenge to modern jointly awarded to William G. Kaelin, Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe, physics. and Gregg L. Semenza, for their discoveries on how Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz : Discovery cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability. of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star. The discovery by scientists aims to identify the It was the first discovery of an exoplanet (a molecular machinery that regulates the activity planet outside our solar system, orbiting a solar- of genes in response to varying levels of oxygen type star in our home galaxy, the Milky Way). and understand how underlying cells adapt to The discovery of exoplanet 51 Pegasi b, started such variations in oxygen supply. a revolution in astronomy. Gregg L. Semenza was awarded the Prize for 51 Pegasi b is a gaseous ball comparable with the discovery of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) protein. Jupiter. This protein is responsible for switching genes Ever since 4,000 exoplanets have been found in on and off in response to low oxygen levels in the Milky Way Galaxy. the cells. Page| 4 MAGAZINE FOR THE MONTH OF DECEMBER 2019 Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe (Professor at Oxford For instance, they found that in India, despite University), earned his share of the Prize for immunization being free, women were not discovering a mechanism common to all cells bringing in their children for the vaccination of the human body. shot. The two economists Abhijit Banerjee & When oxygen levels are low in the cells, this Esther Duflo decided to give them a bag of mechanism signals the kidneys to produce pulses free to women who brought their babies more red blood cells, which carry the vital for vaccination. This freebie policy soon spread molecule throughout the body. and the rate of immunization shot up in the William G. Kaelin (Professor at Harvard region. University) received the Prize for his work The field-work based approach that these investigating a genetic syndrome called Von economists have presented has revolutionized Hippel-Lindaus (VHL) disease. the field of development economics and made He found that the gene behind VHL encodes it more relevant in policymaking. for a protein that seems to prevent cancer, and In this way, the experiment-based approach of was implicated in its response to low oxygen the three laureates has transformed the levels. developmental economics and turned it into a This discovery was eventually tied to HIF-1 and flourishing field of research. gave potential understanding to treat a range The trios experimental research methods have of conditions like cancer, diabetes, and benefited more than five million Indian coronary artery disease. children, who are part of remedial tutoring The scientists focused on developing drugs that programmes in schools. could treat diseases by either activating or Esther Duflo has become the second woman to blocking the bodys oxygen-sensing machinery. win the prize after Elinor Ostrom of the USA (in For example, the oxygen response is 2009). She is also the youngest ever to win the confiscated by cancer cells which stimulates the prize. formation of blood vessels to help themselves grow. NobelPrizeinLiterature2019 This work by scientists has paved the way for Austrian writer Peter Handke bagged the 2019 Nobel new strategies to fight anemia, cancer, and Prize for Literature, and Polish author Olga Tokarczuk other diseases. was named the winner for 2018. Last year, the Swedish Academy (Stockholm), NobelPrizeinEconomicSciences which awards the annual Nobel Prize for 2019 Literature, called off the ceremony owing to The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences for allegations of sexual misconduct within the 2019 was jointly awarded to Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Academy.