The Dynamics of Polish Patriotism After 1989: Concepts, Debates, Identities
CEU eTD Collection
Doctoral School Politicalof Science, Public Policy andInternational The dynamics of Polish patriotism In partial fulfillme submitted to concepts, debates, identities Prof. Prof. Balázs Trencsényi nt theof requirements the for degree of Doctor of Philosophy Dorota Szeligowska Budapest, Hungary
Prof. LeaProf. Sgier Central European University Supervisors: Relations 2014 by
after 1989
:
CEU eTD Collection appropriate where except person, other reference. bibliographical of intheform made is acknowledgement any by published and/or written an in degrees, other any for accepted materials no contains thesis this that declare hereby I Declaration
y other institutions. The thesis contains no materials previously previously materials no contains thesis The institutions. other y ii
Dorota Szeligowska 30 2014 30 June
CEU eTD Collection eie ad ae eeie iprat ocps Priual, icsin oe the over discussions Particularly, concepts. important redefined have and regime, ex editorialists andacademics, havediscussed politicians during such debates intellectual Poland, in 1989, After concepts. political key of essence the discuss elites political Duri Abstract and concepts political of meaning the over contestation entire the grasp to order politic of history and theory, political applied to indebted is approach The discussed. was patriotism of meaning Władysław Jerzy Stróżewski, Środa, etc.). Szacki,Magdalena Dari Cichocki, A. (Marek future for and peace of times the for adapted patriotism of formula new desirable dwa the debated have allegiances ideological various of intellectuals important other many ojczyzny, “Dwie essay significant (Two his patriotyzmy in Lipski, Józef Jan intellectual left dissident a by proposed patriotism, civic of idea the on built statement This Romantic of critical Poland, Old illusions of legacy democratic the of features archaic the from free patriotism a developed: be must patriotism Polish of kind new “a that since 2 re its or patriotism of concept tensively the legacy of the communist regime, and the nature of the new democraticnew the natureof the regime, and communist the of tensivelylegacy the g ai sca cags sc a dmcai tasto, oh nelcul and intellectual both transition, democratic as such changes, social rapid ng 5 years.5 hs eerh rjc aaye a ubr f ulc eae i wih the which in debates public of number a analyzes project research This suggested Walicki Andrzej ideas of historian renowned the 1990, in Already bt o es rtcl f Rmn Dosis eso o pltcl realism.” political of version Dmowski’s [Roman] of critical less no but ,
fatherlands, two patriotisms),” published in 1981. Since 1989, 1989, Since 1981. in published patriotisms),” two fatherlands, usz Gawin, Jerzy Jedlicki, Marcin Król, Wojciech Król, Marcin Jedlicki, Jerzy Gawin, usz al thought, using the methods of conceptual history. In history. conceptual of methods the using thought, al - eiiin ae curd ih soihn frequency astonishing with occurred have definition iii
Sadurski, - wing CEU eTD Collection icrnc esetvs f oiia lnugsdsore ad hi cniuu or useinpoliticaldiscontinuous arguments. continuous their and languages/discourses political of perspectives diachronic b to interpretation, of work The concepts. counter and concepts of chains broader constellations, specific in concepts situating of elements, contextual the theinfluenceauthorial alsoto but of attempts and changes and concepts of use The morphological. and contextual textual, threefold: is analysis the change, conceptual London: The 2 13 1996), 1 despite not has closure discursive However, a concept, the of monopolization polarized. at attempts conservative increasingly became gradually debate the on later ground middle and a solution find compromise to attempted 2000 to prior discussions While allegiance. of nature the and definition the of aspect ‘love’ the discussing for openings different offered events’ definition the of the aspect towards ‘country’ discussion the pushed transformation economic and the political to social, linked uncertainty the transition democratic the of decade first the in how intellectual tothefoundations linked preoccupations ofa democratic regime. of and change, regime of juncture critical the at community political of construction dev earlier to it linking 1989, after Poland in thought and culture political sphere, public the for concept this of importance the explain to possible it makes concept relevant th over
Reinhart Koselleck, Koselleck, Reinhart Michael Freeden, Freeden, Michael lpet. h aayi cnrbts o bte udrtnig f h re the of understanding better a to contributes analysis The elopments. e meaning of patriotism, and why and how patriotism is made into a politicallya into made is patriotism how whyand and patriotism, of meaning e Starting from the d the from Starting contestation the of nature the debates, these of dynamics the Understanding - 139.
MIT Press, 1985), 155 1985), Press, MIT
Ideologies and political theory. A conceptual approach conceptual A theory. political and Ideologies Futures past. On the semantics of historical time historical of semantics the On past. Futures
efinition of patriotism as ‘love of one’s country,’ I show show I country,’ one’s of ‘love as patriotism of efinition
- 191. e complete, needs to address both synchronic and and synchronic both address to needs complete, e
te bet f h algac. ae ‘discursive Later allegiance. the of object the , n hi maig s o ol de o individual to due only not is meaning their in iv n h qet o te ocpul definition, conceptual the for quest the in
(Cambridge, Massachusetts and and Massachusetts (Cambridge,
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, Press, Clarendon (Oxford:
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are still available, and continue to be to continue and available, still are - ig r liberal or wing CEU eTD Collection Robert Sata, for having a fast and efficient answer to any question. I would like to like would I question. any to answer efficient and fast a having for Sata, Robert a as serving and mygratof Much point. some atsuccessful end along, a to come all would it believe thereme making research, my being for my check reality a for and compass of Trencsényi, jungle Balázs the to through goes cuttinggratitude with help ver often thorough and entangled, sometimes and patient her for Lea Sgier and project my of phases initial the in support his for Dimitrijevic Nenad thank would I support steady their t it Without make supervisors. not probably my thank to want I all, of First Acknowledgments less painful. the making for McCollam Shane and 2008/2009, Board SU Ádám the thank also must I so home, cohort, entire my to thanks Big flatmate. a atof matchperfect this me finding for Hoffer like Budapest in feel me made Bodolai Bori f Broadhead, Stearns and Gregulska, Jagoda Kiss, Agi Reich, Orsi Jibladze, Elene Moles, Andres Cerda, Susana to Thanks hugs. earnest the and nights, movie the for Szalai András to go thanks big My fun. and enjoyable less th be not would experience PhD proof this Manolova efficient most and kindest the been has and friend, good very a became stalker’ ‘academic an from who Löblová, Olga to last the in schedule tight my with Jan advance: me help Zubrzycki,Geneviève Joanna Janowski. Kurczewska, Maciej to order in thoughts an their research my my discuss to during time their meet took to who and pleasure conferences, at a or had studies I whom those to towards want n I appreciation will but my process, I express writing thesis CEU. the in at advice PhD with me a provided new who do everyone ever to me with inciting working for Mink for Georges excitement genuine thank to his want also I career. academic an towards me inspired bystudents, of generations who, professor first the deeply I’m milestone. this attain to me helped doctoral my of years initial the in studies. Fund Visegrad International the of support the I thesis. this of edgeslinguistic the polishing with help precious his for Writing, Academic of Centre the from Harbord John thank I want to thank all my friends who have been there all the time, and put up put and time, the all there been have who friends my all thank to want I and me inspired have who researchers and teachers all thank to like would I
Budapest will always feel like homeIBudapest like tome and tobe back feel always hope will soon. o the end of this long and sometimes and long this of end the o
years, without too many complaints. My love goes love My complaints. many too without years, bose arguments. Last, but not least, my endless endless my least, not but Last, arguments. bose vi
- edr hv ee hd Wtot Divna Without had. ever have I reader also want to recognize the importance of importanceof the recognize to want also Mamo, Tato, itude goes to Kriszta Zsukotynszky and Kriszta goesto itude indebted to Hans to indebted e same, and it would surely be much be surely would it and same, e - enr ülr Jan Michlic, Joanna Müller, Werner or laughs and talks, and walks. and talks, and laughs or dziękuję Wamdziękuję zawszystko!
- bumpy road. I want to to want I road. bumpy first year of the PhD PhD the of year first - ot be able to thank thank to able be ot Dieter Klingemann, Dieter d share d
CEU eTD Collection
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, Accessed January 10, 2014. 2014. Accessed , January10, 3
CEU eTD Collection TABLE TABLE CONOF ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ABSTRACT DECLARATION contents Table of 3.1.3 3.1.2 3.1.1.2 3.1.1.1 3.1.1 3.1 CONTEXTUALIZATION OF 3 2.2.2.4 2.2.2.3 political thought 2.2.2.2 2.2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.1.3 2.2.1.2 2.2.1.1 2.2.1 2.2 2.1.3 2.1.2 2.1.1 2.1 2 1.3 1.2 1.1 1 ABBREVIATIONLIST OF LIST OF FIGURES
CHAPTER THREE CHAPTER TWO CHAPTE
T M T O T T
HEORETICALFRAMEWORK HEM THEORETICAL AND HEIMPORTANCEOFTHE HEOFPATRIO CONCEPT I A H P P P P T UTLINEOFTHETHESIS ETHODOLOGY NTELLECTUALSPOLI AS UBLIC DEBATES ANDSO DEBATESUBLIC ATRIOTIS OBJE ATRIOTISM AN AS OBJE ATRIOTISM AN AS EXTUAL NALYSIS OF ELITENALYSISOF ISTORY OF POLITICALISTORYOF Constitutional patriotism Republican ‘patriotism of liberty’ processThe of selection of articles: the description of specific debates natureThe of outlets from which the data body wasselected The strategy of source selection for the analysis of the concept of patriotism in Operationalization of the unit of analysis The contestability ofpolitical concepts and the work of interpretation Morphological analysis Textual
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PPENDIX PPENDIX
8
CHAPTER EIGHT 2010: A A T 2005 2000 1998 1997 1992 ......
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the (communist)SecurityOffice – –
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oij Śiai Zrdi przeciwko Zbrodni Ścigania Komisja the Alliance ofDemocraticLeft
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O Central in regimes communist the swept that changes political the 1989, In a hoeia lvl te con the level, theoretical a n Chapter One Chapter
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Ibid. Jan Tomasz Gross, “Poland: from civic society to political nation,” in in nation,” political to society civic from “Poland: Gross, Tomasz Jan Robert Brier, “The roots of the “Fourth Repu “Fourth the of roots “The Brier, Robert It was notably the case of Jan Józef Lipski and Adam Michnik. Michnik. Adam and Lipski Józef Jan of case the notably was It - pnn o te icrie il i gnrl ad f ht eae t nation to related that of and general, in field discursive the of opening sadn o Pls ntoho sod gis ahrns f mr civic more a of adherents against stood nationhood Polish of rstanding
thus rcrig otsain vr h cnet f aroim ihn nme of number a within patriotism of concept the over contestation recurring A
2 re
While some authors expected the civic option (already proposed by some bysome proposed (already option civic the expected authors some While - ase, and different political languages still clash in the contestation over contestation the in clash still languages political different and ase, enabl 3
in the 1980s) to triumph in the new democratic context, democratic new the in triumph to 1980s) the in Geschichte und Geschichte ing
ould replace an ethnic one, but that the regime transformation would allow allow would transformation regime the that but one, ethnic an replace ould 1
the contestation concerning key concepts previously distorted previously concepts key concerning contestation the fostered an open discussion about topics that were previously were that topics about discussion open an fostered
23, no.1 23,
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(2009) neighbor blic”, Solidarity's Cultural Legacy to Polish Politics,” Politics,” Polish to Legacy Cultural Solidarity's blic”, h county’s the 2
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crucial to understand how and why why and how understand to crucial and the entire European Union. It is It Union. European entire the and
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oeg, utrl r historical or cultural foreign, :
577. Michal Kopeček, “Human rights rights “Human Kopeček, Michal Eastern Europe in revolution in Europe Eastern
me a true polity within polity true a me triotism, a triotism, hood and and hood - 4 religious
this has this , CEU eTD Collection ulc sphere public understood broadly a in patriotism of concept the of embedding strong a of context weapon. political a into turned 2.2) section in (introduced debates, transformation democratic the during Poland in debates heavily a for tools conceptual lasting provided em developments intellectual prior whether conclude 5 the of heritage the allegiance, national of questions the to relationship their and positions ideological different of mapping intellectual an provide can arguments and public in use debates, their political of mechanisms the of and patriotism of understandings different of analysis critical A 1989. after concepts key and (discourses), languages the evolution of interpretation novel a providing sphere; public Polish the for patriotism of the boundariestheoretical ofprevious reflection. p new a of formulation the in resulted patriotism of concept the redefine to elites intellectual of willingness the and transition democratic analysis the perspective, wider sphere public Polish broader the on exerted dynamics what and debated been Poland
T otional period of the national mourning ofthe national period otional cut he . Answering these questions can questions these Answering at looks study present The - off of analysis is 2010 and the debate that occurred following the Smolensk crash, Smolensk the following occurred that debate the and 2010 is analysis of off h rsac adess h qeto of question the addresses research The held held f h cutys oiia clue itleta lnsae pltc, its politics, landscape, intellectual culture, political country’s the of ,
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- etn diy wel ad otl publications monthly and weekly daily, setting tudying help
of patriotism was contested, and the concept the and contested, was patriotism of discuss 3
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in order to to order in In these these In . In a a In . the in CEU eTD Collection independence and sovereignty: during the partitions, when the country disappeared disappeared country the when partitions, the during sovereignty: and independence w it speaking, Historically debates. public of feature important an been always has patriotism of concept the Poland, In 1.1 democracy. n the regime, communist 16. 9 patriotism) 8 7. 2006), Myśli Politycznej, Ośrodek (Kraków: ideas) historyof the by performed 1795), 1793 (1772, partitions 7 three of sequence Empire, Russian a after exist to ceased country 6 that patriotism of conceptualization new a developing suggested Walicki Andrzej element oftheP historical a providing 3, Chapter in discussed further for acontextualization better understanding inquestion. ofdebates be will as nation, allegian of object its of or concept, the of meaning the of change of disappearance the to country lead one’s of love ‘the as understood patriotism, not did partitions the during reference territorial centuri two past the of most for domination foreign under been has which patriotism fervent its by marked nation a is] “[Poland paradox: historical politics about thinking practical of “school years,from the map for 123
The expression ‘partitions of Poland’ is used to describe the period between 1795 and 1918 when the the when 1918 and 1795 between period the describe to used is Poland’ of ‘partitions expression The Stanisław Gomułka and Antony Polonsky, Polonsky, Antony and Gomułka Stanisław Kloczkowski, Jacek ez Sak, O orei patriotyz potrzebie “O Szacki, Jerzy
After the collapse of communism, patriotism remained a strong, structuring, strong, a remained patriotism communism, of collapse the After g sometimes was patriotism reasons, other and this For , discourse The importance ” Znak
the kingdom of Prussia and the Habsburg Austria. the Habsburg and ofPrussia kingdom the
563 (2002). 563 olish public discourse.1990, the eminent public olish of historian Already ideas in Patriotyzm Polaków. Studia z historii idei historii z Studia Polaków. Patriotyzm
6 tr o te oiia cmuiy ad y extension, by and community, political the of ature
of the concept of patriotism throughworld wars two
u wg rże Dfeet eak aot h ne for need the about remarks (Different różne uwagi mu Polish paradoxes Polish s motn i te onr’ fgt for fight country’s the in important as 4
, ” 7
r “hlspy f life” of “philosophy a or .
’ Its survival can be linked to the to linked be can survival Its ’ (London, New York: Routledge, 1990), 1990), Routledge, York: New (London, ,
and under communist rule.andcommunist under (Patriotism of Poles. Studies from the the from Studies Poles. of (Patriotism
randiloquently called a called randiloquently for for Polish es.”
ce
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T e ak f a of lack he 8
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CEU eTD Collection disappeared) or for the future. the for or disappeared) peace of times for suitable intellectual Other and realist): Romantic (republican, traditions patriotic historical main three the beyond go would (1981). 409 13 12 times) good in patriotism dobrych(About 11 10 opponent by they implyingarearchaic that or outrightwrong. moder as idea her frame to seeks debate called be should patriotism to approach which of question understanding an reach to order conceptual and semantic the of of entanglement that consideration, another yet light to brings national of name the by called be rather should it patriotism, of variants undesirable, yet possible, the of one as megalomania national described Lipski While megalomania. national and nation devel be to needed 1981. in patriotism of types two between opposition dichotomous a discussed who Lipski, Józef Jan as such ki a as seen be can
Marcin Król, Król, Marcin patriotism in traditions threePolish “The Walicki, Andrzej Jan Józef Lipski, “Dwie ojczyzny, dwa patriotyzmy (Two fatherlands, two patriotisms),” patriotisms),” two fatherlands, (Two patriotyzmy dwa ojczyzny, “Dwie Lipski, Józef Jan It is also called ‘patriotism in good times’, e.g. Wojciech Sadurski, “O patriotyzmie w czasach czasach w patriotyzmie “O Sadurski, Wojciech e.g. times’, good in ‘patriotism called also is It
after 1989, among after 1989, etrs f h dmcai lgc o Od oad ciia o Rmni ilsos bt o less no but illusions, Romantic of realism.” ofpolitical version Dmowski’s of[Roman] critical critical Poland, Old of legacy democratic the of features n “a
ew kind of Polish patriotism must be developed: a patriotism free from the archaic archaic the from free patriotism a developed: be must patriotism Polish of kind ew
Patriotyzm przyszłości Patriotyzm these two concepts two these s responded to the call for a new patriotic ‘formula’ that would be would that ‘formula’ patriotic new a for call the to responded s nd of continuation of the initial reflection of dissident intellectuals dissident of reflection initial the of continuation of nd pd i hs pno) o n gone i uciia lv o the of love uncritical in grounded one to opinion) his in oped,
13
ism. T ism. He opposed a modern and civic version of patriotism (which patriotism of version civic and modern a opposed He
both 11
12
intellectual and political elites. Usually, when someone someone when intellectual political elites. Usually, and his treatment of nationalism as a variant of patriotism of variant a as nationalism of treatment his
(Patriotism of of (Patriotism isfr s h tra t ntoa svriny had sovereignty national to threat the as (insofar These recurring calls for a re a for calls recurring These of the concept of patriotism itself patriotism of concept the of , , uh mv am t dsrdt h ies f the of ideas the discredit to aims move a such n, ” . Rzeczpospolita
This entanglement This 5
the future) (Warszawa: Szklane domy, 2004). domy, Szklane (Warszawa: future) the , 29 September2004. 29 , , ” in ” Polis
will need to be addressed in addressed be to need will 10 h paradoxes h
‘ modern -
definition of patriotism of definition
. Furthermore, the Furthermore, . ’
, op. cit., cit., op. 39. , became
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CEU eTD Collection democratic transition, more concentrated intellectual exchanges provided for the the for provided exchanges intellectual concentrated more transition, democratic been has di patriotism of concept the 1989 after occasions, usual these from Apart 3 and 11 holidays:partitions) the of end the and 1918 in War World First the of end the commemorating national two of occasion the historical Roma (using literature and during historiography within particularly developed was and communism, history, Polish throughout thought philosophical and political of much that given surprising, not is This newspapers). which and politics besides spheres, cultural in the following chapters. empirical P 70 the for 2010 in Smolensk to Kaczyński Sprawiedliwość 2005 between policies history of ‘politics conservative the 2011; and aboutPolish books Gross’sTomasz of Jan publication wolności dis specific fathe as such concepts, related to connection in or (1998), individually patriotism of discussion olish officers by NKVD. All these debates will be introduced in detail and analyzed and detail in introduced be will debates these All NKVD. by officers olish cse wti a ubr f rae pbi dbts I te is dcd o the of decade first the In debates. public broader of number a within scussed rd
h cnet f aroim s lo togy rsn i bodr ulc and public broader in present strongly also is patriotism of concept The on Poland in place take regularly patriotism of meaning the about Discussions s xrse wti te dtras n op and editorials the within expressed is May (commemorating the adoption of the first Polish Constitution in 1791). in Constitution Polish first the of adoption the (commemorating May ) , ”
cursive events: the exhibition “ exhibition the events: cursive rprd n 00 y h rsn crl o cnevtv itletas the intellectuals; conservative of circle rising the by 2000 in prepared rland (1992) or nationalism (1997). Further debates were provoked by provoked were debates Further (1997). nationalism or (1992) rland , Law and justice) and Law , - 07 b te osraie oenet f PiS of government conservative the by 2007, ; or the crash of the plane carrying President Lech President carrying plane the of crash the or ;
Publizistik Publizistik 6 Heroes of our liberty ( liberty our of Heroes
th
niesr o te ay msar of massacre Katyn the of anniversary (intellect , th dpoe i te s the in deployed ’
oebr (Independenc November - d etos f opinion of sections ed - Jewish relations, in 2000, 2008relations, in 2000, Jewish ual journalism, ual Bohaterowie naszej Bohaterowie hr o public of phere publicystyka tcs or nticism
( rw i Prawo e Day, Day, e - setting , CEU eTD Collection over the past twenty years testifies to its importance among key political concepts, yet concepts, political key importanceamong its to yearstestifies twenty past the over recent a show examples these All cinematography. and production television in featured blogosphere, understood broadly the in discussed is it press; weekly or daily in literature, in only not appears patriotism philosophy. of field the within only not and arguments) 18 (2013). 17 Patriotism 16 writers. Polish renowned with15 Polishness about collectionof isainterviews It S.A. 2013). Agora 15 174 2002), Budapest, Collegium (Budapest: Wessely Anna 14 the to Resorting identity. national and community political society, individual, values its and regim new the of nature the about uncertainty the from results the transition, democratic of phase initial the in especially discourse, public in patriotism in interest the this struct of removal the 1989, After existence. nation’s the and sovereignty country’s ever an within developed identity collective Polish period, politi and symbolic of, exercise and for, quest their in actors political and intellectuals for meanings of variety a with filled be can o point starting definition its confused more the employed, is term the often more the
Di Magdalena Kania Magdalena Marcin Król, “History instead of philosophy,” in philosophy,” of instead “History Król, Marcin E.g. Dorota Wodecka, Wodecka, Dorota E.g. diłw itai, Bdei śicc rcry Aaig leig knights) sleeping (Awaking rycerzy śpiących “Budzenie Pietrasik, Zdzisław fferent theoretical approaches and definitions of patriotism will be presented in in willpresented be ofpatriotism definitions and approaches fferent theoretical cal power. uring element of threat of element uring
growth Under the partitions, during two world wars, and throughout the communist the throughout and wars, world two during partitions, the Under promine The , ” (PhD Diss., University of Uppsala, 2012). ofUppsala, Diss.,University (PhD ” , historicalof interest in reflection heroic and motives. and about the impact of the democratic transformation on the status of status the on transformation democratic the of impact the about and f this project is to accept that the concept of patriotism of concept the that accept to is project this f
- Lundholm, “Re Lundholm, nt presence of the word ‘patriotism’ in public discourse in Poland Poland in discourse public in ‘patriotism’ word the of presence nt
ooe n pl minowym polu na Polonez provoke
- Branding A Nation Online: Discourses on Polish Nationalism and and Nationalism Polish on Discourses Online: Nation A Branding d
insecurity in the matter of identity. I argue that that argue I identity. of matter the in insecurity , some of which can generate strong leverage leverage strong generate can which of some , 15
7 but also in satirical comic strips pu strips comic satirical in also but Intellectuals and the politics of the humanities the of politics the and Intellectuals
(The polonaise on the minefield), (Warszawa: (Warszawa: minefield), the on polonaise (The - 175.
14
Since 1989, the concept of concept the 1989, Since - present threat to the the to threat present 17
18 Chapter 3 Chapter ,
” is a vessel that that vessel a is
becomes. The becomes. Polityka . blished
51/52 , 16 , ed ,
or e . CEU eTD Collection goals interests. and de constructed, value heavily and discourse public the progressively that posit I then state. the and between(citizens) people relationship the of regimeand democratic the tr of years initial the in intellectuals, allowed patriotism of concept and history. between therelationship While twodiscipli these theory political both of field the to belongs 1989 since Poland in occur to continue that patriotism of concept the of meaning the about debates public of analysis The 1.2 traditions andwiderconceptual theoretical debates. and patriotic preceding of context broader the in situated be to need they rather expected; biogra and geographically historically, are concept the of (conceptions) constructs specific ends. to their to positions patriotism of concept ideological the use and other discussion the in enabling participate sphere, public the in available conceptualizations remain competing patriotism, ‘true’ of definition the over monopoly a claim progressively politicians and intellectuals landscape. conservative the if political even However, the of stabilization and crystallization the to corollary 2005, party conservative the of power to rise the after acute particularly spheres, political and public the of polarization growing the mirrors which monopolization), de called otherwise process (a definition its over exclusivity ansition, to discuss the legacy of the former regime, the desirable form of the new the of form desirable the regime, former the of legacy the discuss to ansition,
hcly eedn, and dependent, phically h ue f h cnet f aroim s akd y teps t gai at attempts by marked is patriotism of concept the of use The dissertation The theoretical and methodological fram various various - osrce ad re and constructed
actors turned the concept of patriotism patriotism of concept the turned actors
a
- osrce i odr o civ seii political specific achieve to order in constructed neutral usage of these conceptions cannot be be cannot conceptions these of usage neutral - laden laden 8
–
into a political weapon that they they that weapon political a into
ework ework of the nes seen sometimes is as – - otsain fxn or fixing contestation,
strongly embedded strongly Pi These ning ning S in in in
CEU eTD Collection hlspy n hsoy f da ta fcss n aoia txs Fr hs purpose this For texts. canonical on focuses that ideas of history and philosophy permeates,” it processes the and languages its subtleties, its patterns, its … thought) (or thinking political actual “the as theory political of definition a proposes Freeden Michael sciences. aspect, applied its in understood be will it project this in philosophy, moral or approach normative a with associated often is theory political controversial, “Introduction alternatives. its approaches, and as methods name Stears Mark and Leopold David which 23 22 Approaches and 21 Ste Marc and Leopold 20 IainHampsher Castiglioneand Dario in perspective,” comparative in thought’ 19 vocabularies.” on be should focus the approach,“scruti of broader terms within in located Hence, necessarily formations. are ideological concepts political key as it, constitute that concepts the of assembly the from resulting thinking political of (morphology) is newspaper debates, parliamentary Furthermore, thinking. political everyday of instances other and literature editorials, writings, political common) (more on focus b go yet texts, canonical the include must analysis the dimensions, meaning.” of units basic thought’s political are] [which through dimensio these of Both ideologies. is, that politics, about thinking of) forms (durable and politically, thinking dimensions: two distinguishes Freeden
Idem., 199. Idem.,199. Mark Philp, “Political theory and history,” in in history,” and theory “Political Philp, Mark And not on making recommendations to public policy or re or policy public to recommendations making on not And Michael Freeden, “Thinking politically and thinking about politics about thinking and politically “Thinking Freeden, Michael tfn oln, “ Collini, Stefan necessary iig h maig n vle f e trs n u cneprr political contemporary our in terms key of value and meaning the nizing language
, op. cit., 197. cit., 197. , op. co structural and aspect) (semantic meaning on both focus to 19 23
Postscript. Postscript. they meet in the territory of history of political thought. political of history of territory the in meet they In this sense, the historicization of key concepts and explanation of explanation and concepts key of historicization the sense, this In , verbal and written, and are structured through political political through structured are and written, and verbal , ars. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), 137 2008), Press, University Oxford (Oxford: ars.
op. op. 2. cit.,
Discipline, canons, and publics: the history of ‘the history of political political of history ‘the of history the publics: and canons, Discipline,
21 - Monk (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press University Cambridge (Cambridge: Monk
aig t itnt rm bo from distinct it making h Hsoy f P of History The Political theory, methods and approaches and methods theory, Political 9
ltcl Thought olitical covering traditions of political thought thought political of traditions covering 22
In order to grasp these two these grasp to order In , as a branch of the social social the of branch a as ” in ” .
h omtv political normative th Political Theory: Methods Methods Theory: Political
n ainl Context National in , ” in in ” ns are “expressed are ns eyond these and and these eyond ,
Political theory, theory, Political 2011), 2011), 20
, ed. David ed. , concepts Although study 287. nstraint
ed. ,
of it ,
CEU eTD Collection otsain ad ht hr ae las optn dfntos f hi meaning. their of definitions competing always are there that and contestation, are to open that their boundaries This means areas and indeterminate vague. deployed casePolish after 1989. the for explanation an such propose will research This politically. discussing of ways sophistic more a to contribute can time over meaning their in change possible and contestation the 24 ne change and contestation conceptual of study the meaning, their in changes and concepts of use discontinuous or continuous morphological. and contextual textual, c conceptual potential and their dynamics, and comparing sub different co the of meaning the about elites symbolical the of actors different among contestation episodesideational seemsPoland ofconcentrated appropriate,as constitute most these t of light the In actors. participating of strategies discursive the and context, specific a of constraints cultural and logical the both by conditioned is debate given a in meaning con given a of conception specific a promoting differently, them weigh and prioritize but concepts, same the use will ideologies and actors different Rather, all. for and “correct” ones concepts given imposetheirof meaning to attempt strands ideologicalDifferent
Freeden, Freeden, ncept. This will make it possible to focus on debates as units of analysis, analyzing analysis, of units as debates on focus to possible it make will This ncept. et cosn aog ifrn pasbe ns Te rup o oe specific one of triumph The ones. plausible different among choosing cept, i, h lniuia suy f ulc eae aot h cnet f aroim in patriotism of concept the about debates public of study longitudinal the his, In order to grasp the entire contestation over the meaning of political concepts political of meaning the over contestation entire the grasp to order In th which within languages the and concepts political characterizes Freeden Ideologies and political theory political and Ideologies (decontestation), but such a fixing of meaning cannot be achieved once achieved be cannot meaning of fixing a such but (decontestation), td nesadn o a ie scey is itr ad rcie, and practices, and history its society, given a of understanding ated
ag, he apcs f nlss ed o e combined: be to need analysis of aspects three hange,
, 13 , - 139. 24 10
d t epan h iprac o putting of importance the explain to eds -
periods of time. periods o a acrt ietfcto o the of identification accurate an For
as the as ey CEU eTD Collection with the aim of analyzing broadly underst broadly analyzing of aim the with arguments. political in use their and languages/discourses political of perspectives diachronic a complete, be to interpretation, of work concepts. counter their and concepts different of chains or combinations i.e. fields,semantic broader interactionwithin their or specificconstellation, a conceptsin 25 posit established previously the with these debates of discontinuities and continuities the understand to Furthermore, analysis. the within used body data empirical the of extent the and nature the describe also will analysi this for framework methodological and theoretical The aspects. (historical) diachronic and contextual) (more synchronic both tenets, ideological specific with and weapon political a as patriotism of concept D 1.3 debate. per sources of number comparable a repr and publications, of balanced profiles political different a provide to taken or was sensationalist Care from publications. than extremist rather newspapers, mainstream from coming field, intellectual the in topics and voices key identifying sources of array analy comprehensive were debates these of part were that texts written the mostly debates, public of number a on focused analysis the nature. that broader Given a of sources to also but thinkers, or texts canonical to given only
evelop Koselleck, Koselleck,
In terms of the composition of the data body used in the analysis, in analysis, the in used body data the of composition the of terms In
ing O
Futures past Futures utline of thesisthe
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, 155 - 191.
,
n providing and entails
analyz 11 lso needs to address both synchronic and and synchronic both address to needs lso ood political thought, preference was not not was preference thought, political ood
s will be discussed in Chapter 2, which which 2, Chapter in discussed be will s
ing
an explanation of the usage of the the of usage the of explanation an of the attempts at fixing its meaning its fixing at attempts the of os n srtge peet n the in present strategies and ions
h dbts bu is enn in meaning its about debates the e. h am a t gte a gather to was aim The zed. snain of esentation keeping 25
The
CEU eTD Collection the in culminate will that argument conclusion (Chapter 8). the of blocks building the construct will chaptersThese patriotism. conceptof the meaning of the debatesabout specificpublic 4 subsequent (Chapter Four chapters 3. Chapter in provided be will debates the of contextualization political and historical theoretical, relevant the battlefield, political and intellectual debates specific Two discussion. the of polarization the for pa conservative the and sphere political the to former the of left and philosophers conservative off to them hegemonic the by distorted previously concepts political key of allowingreadings new propose deliberative, and open was intellectuals of the nature among the discussion that exemplifying dominated, discussions of aspect ideational the will It patriotism. of nature changing the and patriotism, and nationalism between relationship the fatherland, of concept the respectively, about, debates initial enabled specific ordis and meanings persist, toemerge that moves crucial the determining contestation, of instances and actors, crucial of role the discuss also will It patriotism. of concept the of meanings different cont the of process the of mapping the make possible will This discussions. particular of dynamics the will as depth, in analyzed be will patriotism of concept the of conceptualizations main The aspects. thematic icial discourse. communist Chapter 5 will show how the emergence of new strong intellectual circles, of of circles, intellectual strong new of emergence the how show will 5 Chapter threeand transition, democratic the of decadethe first with deal will 4 Chapter present will chapters empirical The - ) il dac a aayi of analysis an advance will 7)
- wing intellectuals, and the increasingly strong ties strong increasingly the and intellectuals, wing 12 the debates both in their chronologicaland their in both debates the
appear. estation, and enable the decoding of decoding the enable and estation,
the empirical sources, from from sources, empirical the rty, laid rty, occurr ing the the
in 2000 in foundations show - 2002 how
CEU eTD Collection reinforce the case built in thepreviousreinforceconcerning in case built chaptertheprogressive the polarization Polish about Gross To Jan by books of publications the followed that debates the within patriotism an increasingly of opinions polarization public policies, willshowthe process of 2005 and values,and discourses concepts. provides also but actors, different by of public discourse. nations strong a l of Romantic return the of analysis and propose will chapter The massacre. Katyn 70 the of commemoration the to way their on board, on other people 95 and Kaczyński Lech President killing Russia, in Smolensk near 2010 in re consequent patriotism and patriotism, ethical and from constitutional differences and commonalities potential its patriotism’, ‘critical patriotism, conceptualization new a detail in discuss also will chapter The discussions. the of
patriotism patriotism . Taken together, t together, Taken Finally, of concept the over contestation the of analysis an feature will 6 Chapter ’ It will also provide the closure to the argument about the polarization of the the of polarization the about argument the to closure the provide also will It ’ a better understanding of Polish political sphere and disagreement over its over disagreement and sphere political Polish of understanding better a - . 2007 ’ nug, etrn sc dsusv toe a ‘w Plns ad ‘two and Polands’ ‘two as tropes discursive such featuring anguage,
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entails approach pastand tothepatriotism. national evaluate
decoding the mechanisms of the contestation the of mechanisms the decoding
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Philp, “Political theory,” 137 theory,” “Political Philp, Jan
analysis n
- Werner Müller uses the expression ‘applied political theory’ to describe his analysis of public public of analysis his describe to theory’ political ‘applied expression the uses Müller Werner
h h The 1
methodology methodology Two Chapter History of political thought political History of Theoretical framework which can be described as applied political theory. political applied as described be can which lectuals, unification and national identity national and unification lectuals, of debates over the meaning of patriotism patriotism of meaning the over debates of soy f da dnts a denotes ideas of istory
.
trrtto. nelcul itr cn e ecie a the as described be can history Intellectual nterpretation.
and investigating the thought of major theorists and theorists major of thought the investigating and –
Theoretical framework and and framework Theoretical n 14
- nenls apoc t ies exploring ideas, to approach internalist unification. Jan unification.
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For Stefan Collini, the history of political thought developed since 19th century at the intersection of of intersection the at century 19th since developed thought political of history the Collini, Stefan For Freeden, “What should “What Freeden, Müller, 137. theory,” “Political Philip, While political theory would be often assimilated with political philosophy, Michael Freeden rather Freeden Michael philosophy, political with assimilated often be would theory political While codn t Dro atgin ad an Hampsher Iain and Castiglione Dario to According g, r rvlto i udrtnig f ocps tkn it acut the account into taking concepts, of understanding in revolution a or nge, 16 rnfrain wt cnet, eosrcin f netos ad hnig h changing and intentions, of reconstruction interpretation.” contexts, with transformation, their for causes the and stability their of conditions the with arguments, of genealogy the with history “the i field the as understood be can thought political of history of discipline The Another country Another
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Castiglione, Hampsher Castiglione, Hampsher Castiglione, Collini argues that the study of history of political thought should pay due attention to the variety of of variety the to attention due pay should thought political of history of study the that argues Collini Alan Finlayson, “Rhetoric and the political theory of ideologies,” of theoryideologies,” the political and “Rhetoric AlanFinlayson, Michael Freeden, “The morphological analysis of analysis morphological “The Freeden, Michael James Farr, “Understanding conceptual change politically,” in politically,” change conceptual “Understanding Farr, James Quentin Skinner, Skinner, Quentin Michael Freeden, “Ideology, political theory and political philosophy,” in in philosophy,” political and theory political “Ideology, Freeden, Michael ctual, academic and national (political) cultures. Collini, “Discipline, canons, and publics,” 281. publics,” and canons, “Discipline, Collini, cultures. (political) national and academic ctual,
40 ed. Gerald F. Gaus and Chandran Kukathas (London Kukathas Chandran GausF. and Gerald ed. , ed. ed. , , n hs israin te nlss f h dbts bu te enn o the of meaning the about debates the of analysis the dissertation, this In . ” , ed. Michael Freeden, Lyman Tower Sargent, Marc Stears (Oxford: O.U.P, 2013), 115. 2013), O.U.P, (Oxford: Stears Marc Sargent, MichaelLyman Freeden, Tower ed. ,
24
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ulien Benda, Benda, ulien It can be noted that the debates about debates the that noted be can It Tomasz Zarycki, “Cultural capital and the political role of the intelligentsia in Poland,” Poland,” in intelligentsia the of role political the and capital “Cultural Zarycki, Tomasz codn t Cals uza ad yn O Lynn and Kurzman Charles to According Michael Freeden, “On European and Other Intellectuals,” in Intellectuals,” Other and European “On Freeden, Michael eata Dd, Wkzacuh, ązi sę Itlo, nt!, itriw ih ez Jedli Jerzy with interview unite!),” (Intellos, się łączcie “Wykształciuchy, Duda, Sebastian Jerzy Jedlicki, “Kłopoty z inteligencją (Troubles with intelligentsia),” intelligentsia),” with (Troubles inteligencją z “Kłopoty Jedlicki, Jerzy - - in dev Freedendi - 1929 , itself. itself. , January 20, 2009, edition. Polish 2009, 20, January , , July 11, 2009. July2009. , 11,
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triotism after 1989, the arguments of several of these prominent intellectuals, intellectuals, prominent these of several of arguments the 1989, after triotism Jarosław Gowin, “Wstęp: Poszukiwacze zniszczonej wspólnoty (Introduction: seekers of the the of seekers (Introduction: wspólnoty zniszczonej Poszukiwacze “Wstęp: Gowin, Jarosław it Keu cnlds ht post that concludes Kieżun Piotr a i Kraków’s in as l her political community. (“Konserwatyzm w cieniu apokalipsy (Conservatism in the shadow of of shadow the in (Conservatism apokalipsy cieniu w (“Konserwatyzm community. political her Publizistik Young conservative philosophers and historians, born in the 1960s, created the created born in the 1960s, historians, and Young conservative philosophers tion in the discussions, but also because of their influence on arguments of arguments on influence their of because also but discussions, the in tion . The field of fight is culture and memory that conservatives use to create symbols that bring bring that symbols create to use conservatives that memory and culture is fight of field The . 52
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Wojciech Sadurski, “Demokracja bez wartości (Democracy without values),” values),” without (Democracy wartości bez “Demokracja Sadurski, Wojciech Dariusz Karłowicz, and Marek A. Cichocki, “Teologi Cichocki, A. Marek and Karłowicz, Dariusz www.krytykapolityczna.pl www.teologiapolityczna.pl - ig ap, t ifr fo te b acnutn te ed o rmt deep promote to need the accentuating by them from differs it camps, wing - 2006). 2006). Krytyka Polityczna Krytyka
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The distinction, introduced by Freeden, between public and politically and public between Freeden, by introduced distinction, The
Methodology f patriotism, by placing it in the constellation of other political concepts; andconcepts; political other of constellation the in placing it by patriotism, f sources will focus on understanding and explaining the modification of the of modification the explaining and understanding on focus will sources 58 Liberte! Liberte!
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. The usage of conceptual history as a method of analysis, with its with analysis, of method a as history conceptual of usage The . s eoitd r otse. ilyo dsusd h connection the discussed Finlayson contested. or negotiated is 85
5.
Others have found commonalities in Koselleck’s and Foucault’s commonalitiesand Others inKoselleck’s have found
86
Indeed a number of insights from more discourse more from insights of number a Indeed
(London: Verso 1996), 107. 107. 1996), Verso (London:
83 a discourse, and in their recognition of agency in in agency of recognition their in and discourse, a
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37
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mnea obro er ee n ik elo Srthn n edn edreult: A equality: gender bending and “Stretching Verloo, Mieke and Meier Petra Lombardo, Emanuela
c t cnet ad lo eod prl cneta apoc, eiig the deriving approach, contextual purely a beyond also and context; to nce
inked Combining textual with contextual and morphological analysis allows us to go to us allows analysis morphological and contextual with textual Combining Lombardo, Emanuela by proposed approach an for true particularly is This 87 Operationalization of the unit of analysis Public source debates and selection
, If stretching and shrinking denote, respectively, the incorporation of new of incorporation the respectively, denote, shrinking and stretching If
ed. to other goals than originally foreseen, often at the expense of its its expense of at oftenthe thanoriginally foreseen, goals to other
E ’ maig n oh ycrnc n dahoi prpcie, n to and perspectives, diachronic and synchronic both in meaning t’s manuela Lombardo, Petra Meier and Mieke and Verloo Meier Petra manuelaLombardo, f h dbts a isacs f otsain vr h concept’s the over contestation of instances as debates, the of
s mtoooia cocs a hr dsuso o the of discussion short a choices, methodological ese The Discursive Politics of Gender Equality: Stretching, Bending and Bending Stretching, Equality: Gender of Politics Discursive The
38 patriotyzm
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Reinhart Koselleck, “A response to comments on on comments to response “A Koselleck, Reinhart J. G. A. Pocock, “C Pocock, A. G. J. il Åesrm Andersen, Åkerstrøm Niels many For Pocock suggests that one should dec should one that suggests Pocock (words), as each could contribute to understanding of the other the of understanding to contribute could each as (words), Kslek ugss that suggests Koselleck . The Meaning of Historical Terms and and Historicalof Terms Meaning The
(Bristol: The Policy Press, 2003), 37. 37. 2003), Policy Press, (Bristol: The
oncepts and discourses: a difference in culture? Comment on a paper by Melvin Melvin by paper a on Comment culture? in difference a discourses: and oncepts motn rpeettvs f oh h Gra ad Anglo and German the both of representatives important ,
it is not is it ; g f h cnet hne wti te rcs o conceptual of process the within changes concept the of ng 88
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becom patria
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Ball, “Political theory.” theory.” “Political Ball, 27. change,” conceptual “Understanding Farr, Quentin Skinner, “Language and political change,” in change,” political and “Language Skinner, Quentin ,
t., t., 7. doae suyn te itr o te use the of history the studying advocates
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Farr, “Understanding conceptual change,” 39. change,” conceptual “Understanding Farr, Arkady Rzegocki, “Katastrofa smoleńska z perspektywy doktryn politycznych (The Smolensk crash crash Smolensk (The politycznych doktryn perspektywy z smoleńska “Katastrofa Rzegocki, Arkady y ns h cet ielge ad otiue o oiia togt Conceptual thought. political to contribute and ideologies create who ones ly df Publizistik 95 , accessed on 2 April 2014. April 2 on accessed ,
neves eioil rils oiin rils sece, statements, speeches, articles, opinion articles, editorial interviews, Hence, it is necessary to study texts from these ‘mundane’ fields, to capturefields,these to ‘mundane’ from texts tostudy Hence, isnecessary it l etrrs. ie ta te an ulc eae i Pln wr and were Poland in debates public main the that Given enterprise. ble
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41
publicystyka - edn nwppr, hr te new the where newspapers, leading - 1 Sep 11 ebr 00 Aalbe online Available 2010. tember
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The title of a national daily daily national a of title The Gazeta Wyborcza Wyborcza Gazeta Other most Other codn t te nttt o Mntrn o te ei, h pit rs rmis h ms opinion most the remains press print the Media, the of Monitoring of Institute the to According
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Wirtualne media (Virtual media) media) (Virtual media Wirtualne 96 intellectual positions. positions. intellectual ie ta t that Given -
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from using the the using from circulation is circulation ca ublication. Its political profile is conservative, since mid since conservative, is profile political Its ublication. 98 n be considered major, although, major, considered be n
, comes from this fact. Adam Michnik remains its editor its remains Michnik Adam fact. this from comes , (GW) began publication on 8 May 1989, following the Round Table agreements. agreements. Table Round the following 1989, May 8 on publication began (GW) (respective ) or sports ( sports or ) aea Wyborcza Gazeta . f niiul ulctos a sre s poy o determinin for proxy a as serve can publications individual of
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ident intellectuals, and served as the voice of the Solidarity movement movement Solidarity the of voice the as served and intellectuals, ident Rzeczpospolita Rzeczpospolita Bogusław Chrabota is its editor isits Chrabota Bogusław - Solidarność etn oe i trs f ubr f utto i other in quotation of number of terms in ones setting not the sole determinant of a publication’s importance for importance publication’s a of determinant sole the not Przegląd Sporto Przegląd ly the second and fourth most widely sold dailies sold widely most fourth and second the ly . A newspaper of this name existed bo existed name this of newspaper A .
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). Readership figures can be found on the online online the on found be can figures Readership ).
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Arjun Appadurai, “Patriotism and its futures,” its and futures,” “Patriotism Appadurai, Arjun John Rawls, John virtue?” “Isa patriotism MacIntyre, Alasdair Stephen Nathanson, “Is patriotism like racism?” in in racism?” like patriotism “Is Nathanson, Stephen ow. eeoig nlec o lbrl oiia ad oa piooh, ptmzd by epitomized philosophy, moral and political liberal of influence developing
However, there are different potential objects of patriotic allegiance, patriotic of objects potential different are there However, category, try someto authors vague country’ seems a Given ofone’s that‘love theory Patriotism moral debates object in of and asan political philosophy
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5 , no.3 , , ed. Igor Primoratz Igor ed. ,
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Nathanson, “Is patriotism like racism?” like “Ispatriotism Nathanson, Mistake?” a “Is Patriotism Kateb, George gr rmrt, Ptits ad oaiy mpig h tran” in terrain,” the mapping morality: and “Patriotism Primoratz, Igor Igor Primoratz, Primoratz, Igor triotism as an expression of willingness not only to die and kill for one’s country, one’s for kill and die to only not willingness of expression an as triotism stance, maintains that there is no universal morality, but that morality can only only can morality that but morality, universal no is there that maintains stance, These two approaches, however, approaches, two These its concerns philosophy of field the in patriotism of discussion normative The 9
“ Patriotism, ( Pavković Aleksandar and Primoratz Igor eds. ,
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are not necessarily incompatible, and some and incompatible, necessarily not are 52
67, 67, , consulted on 16 March 2014. March 16 on consulted , a of Philosophy Philosophy of a r’ itrss bt o i an in not but interests, try’s 8 7 no.
anan ht ne specific under that maintain 4 (2000), 907. 907. (2000), 4 London: London: aroim Pioohcl and Philosophical Patriotism. moral terms it would it terms moral Ashgate, 2007), 18. 18. 2007), Ashgate,
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would primarily concern the uncovering of dark chapters of history, acknowledging history, of chapters dark of uncovering the concern primarily would past the of scrutiny critical The situation. future and present past, country’s the about i moral country’s the to commitment its of because duty, moral a be might patriotism ethical permissible, morally be best at can former the while that record. moral country’s a with concerned patriotism to approach ethical achievements and interest the with concerned patriotism, of 12 Müller, liberty discourse European of it out drove nationalism of language the when century, nineteenth the to prior existed had (…) patriotism 1995 Press, 11 91 Publishing,2006), Ashgate (Aldershot: Pavković Aleksandar and Primoratz Igor 10 virtues. civic of name the in good, common the of pursuit necessary the in claim good.” common the of love a republic, the in interest an liberty, citizens.” equal and free motivate to used been (of) republics to similar has more communities their make to together work to individuals (…) centuries the “over that patriotism republican of ‘patriotism a for argues civic He and virtue. liberty political of love the with but ethnicity, an or language a of love the with not synonymous is country one’s of love republican Viroli, Maurizio For 3.1.1.1 torepublican, it link or constituti well 20 during nationalism of compromise wrongdoings and retribution.
Viroli, Viroli, Igor Primoratz, “Patriotism: Worldly and Eth and Worldly “Patriotism: Primoratz, Igor Maurizio Viroli, Viroli, Maurizio - functioning polity. The most influential theories of patriotism developed recently developed patriotism of theories influential most The polity.functioning , Mle p Müller ’
Another country Another n h sd o pltcl theory, political of side the On (non ‘worldly’ these contrasts Primoratz For love country love of For Republican ‘patriotism of liberty’ ) , 16 , - 17. Jan 17. oints to it as a source of constitutional patriotism promoted by Jürgen Habermas. Habermas. Jürgen by promoted patriotism constitutional of source a as it to oints For love of country: an essay on patriotism and nationalism and patriotism on essay an country: of love For , 97. , - Werner Müller shares this opinion by sayi by opinion this shares Müller Werner . ” While Viroli wants to recreate it within his paradigm of ‘patriotism of of ‘patriotism of paradigm his within it recreate to wants Viroli While ” , 16. ,
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omntras Ti i a itrsig oiin gvn ht h rpbia and conflate republicanoften are and the related closely considered that are thinking communitarian given position, interesting an is This communitarians. discard and nationalists Viroli by promoted as history, or commitment. culture language, of bonds demanding irreplaceable a for roots the find the of common good.oncivic virtuessupposedtoresolve where stress is The the question to defense the to themselves committing passionately of capable are citizens base is it if claims, he survive, can liberty Political Müller, patriotism. ofconstitutional option possible “ the of direction the in went and “‘protective’ Theory Political 16 15 14 167. 13 could identity national democratic liberal German “a that insisted proponent, main the patriotism’ of paradigm the proposed Sternberger Dolf 3.1.1.2 human condition.” encourages liberty, their protects politi it if them, loves republic the if republic, their love can too citizens “modern because attachment, conditional of kind a be would it good a only perspective democ this In citizenship. of practice common a in grounded republic” the of ideal the to attachment the by sustained unity, “political a towards liberalism. with uneasiness common their of because
Ibid., 184. 184. Ibid., Viroli, Richard Dagger, “Communitarianism and republicanism,” republicanism,” and “Communitarianism Dagger, Richard codn t Jan to According
itrkrtet or Historikerstreit a priiain ad ep te t cp wt te nvtbe adhp o the of hardships inevitable the with cope to them helps and participation, cal
ratic government promoting justice can inspire ‘right’ kind of patriotism. Alas, patriotism. of kind ‘right’ inspire can justice promoting government ratic
For love country love of For Constitutional patriotism
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Hsoin’ eae i te mid the in Debate’ ‘Historians’ , 13. , ‘ purifying’ patriotism purifying’
54 . ” Müller also mentions post mentions also Müller ” Another country Another Verfassungpatriotismus,
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n picpe, u hs o e nepee i rlto t ntoa taiin a traditions national to relation in interpreted be to has but principles, and procedures abstract to due is Loyalty reference. of frameworks regional or national beings” human of community cosmopolitanism), “worldwide in the (as culture to national nor a to nationalism), neither due is Allegiance nationhood. ethnic over rights democratic fundamental and constitution the of respect the privileges approach wi confrontation critical through elaborated be only or societies” multicultural increasingly for attachment civic of societies.” postwar divided, in deeply “abelonging it as form of proposed form attractive normatively “a as the in identity national 197 22 21 20 261. Polity,1989), 19 Cohen Joshua ed. Nussbaum, 18 Science 17 Müller. bydiscussed patriotism constitutional of interpretations robust more from account. th taking not as critical), and (neutralist interpretations its of two challenged has patriotism,’ ‘civic to with it replace attempt her in instance, for Laborde Cécile culture. (national) from allegiance abs alleged its on based criticism, differently, by open b identification unreflective even or “unconditional which in socialization, political anti even or nationalist histories. ecomes replaced by dynamic and complex processes of identity formation formation identity of processes complex and dynamic by replaced ecomes
Laborde, “From constitutional “From Laborde, constitutional 15. patriotism,” ofconstitutional origins “On the Müller, Jürgen Habermas, Habermas, Jürgen Jan Quoted in Cécile Laborde, “From constitutional to civic patriotism,” patriotism,” civic to constitutional “From Laborde, Cécile in Quoted Martha C. Nussbaum, Nussbaum, C. Martha - 207 - Werner Müller, “Three Objections to Constitutional Patriotism,” Patriotism,” Constitutional to Objections “Three Müller, Werner
32 (2002), 592. (2002), 32 . Müller suggests that constitutional patriotism has initially been seen as a ‘poor’ substitute for substitute ‘poor’ a as seen been initially has patriotism constitutional that suggests Müller . h cnet f osiuinl aroim a be sbet o extensive to subject been has patriotism constitutional of concept The 21 19
In the end, however, she fails to explain how civic patriotism would differ would patriotism civic how explain to fails she however, end, the In n h Gra cs, osiuinl aroim a spoe t b non be to supposed was patriotism constitutional case, German the In
The New conservatism: cultural criticism and the Historians’ Debate Historians’ the and criticism cultural conservatism: New The 18
- postwar divided Germany, but its renaissance in the 1990s has also depicted it depicted also has 1990s the in renaissance its but Germany, divided postwar
ended political andlegalended learning processes.”
yet constitutional patriotism does not seek to cut itself off from off itself cut to seek not does patriotism constitutional yet Ptits ad ompltns, in cosmopolitanism,” and “Patriotism -
ainls, n t pt n cet n h ne fr deliberate for need the on accent an put to and nationalist, for to civic patriotism.” to Bost
on Review on e particularities of national cultures enough into into enough cultures national of particularities e rc nurlt o wliges o eah political detach to willingness or neutrality tract
(Boston 55
: Beacon Press, 1996), 4. 1996), Press, : Beacon
h h nto’ past.” nation’s the th o lv o country? of love For Constellations
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Social psychology offers a number of typologies of patriotism, un patriotism, of typologies of number a offers psychology Social 3.1.2 praisesubscribes toa history, butrather criticalapproach toit. attachme strong a shows it because patriotism, legal with either associated be cannot patriotism constitutional failure tounderstand very its ofitscritics premises. co of proponents the of eyes the Patriotism,” versusConstructive 26 of Political Science Journal American 25 2004). 24 (2009). 96 XXV, 23 whichpatriotism, does immediately not comparative a callapproach. for blind and approaches superiority, national of feelings inducing Other nationalism, between differentiate well. as clause second the on insist would a patriot wrong,” constructive or right country, “my sentence: this of clause first the only use would patriot blind a While right.” set be to wrong if and right, kept be to right, if wrong: or for righ country, “My Senator Senate: American the the to remarks his byin Schurtz, Carl Wisconsin, 1872, 29, February on pronounced sentence a by illustrated often is patriotisms constructive and blind between difference The others. against d to leading potentially nation, the to loyalty uncritical an denote would patriotism blind while values, universal transgresses it that believes one if nation, one’s towards attitude critical a to linked be would patriotism Constructive anthem. blind and constructive symbolic, patriotisms. between differentiates approach basic One community. or group specific a to belonging of feelings and identification individual
Leonie Huddy and Nadia Khatib, “Americ Khatib, Nadia and LeonieHuddy Robert T. Schatz, Ervin Staub, and Howard Lavine, “On the Varieties of National Attachment: Blind Blind Attachment: National of Varieties the “On Lavine, Howard and Staub, Ervin Schatz, T. Robert J Justine Lacroix, Lacroix, Justine an -
Werner Müller, “Seven Ways to Misunderstand Constitutional Patriotism,” Patriotism,” Constitutional Misunderstand to Ways “Seven Müller, Werner
Patriotism as an object of study Patriotism study socialpsychology objectwithin of asan 25
Symbolic patriotism would convey pride in one’s nationality one’s in pride convey would patriotism Symbolic 'uoe n rcs Qe ptitse au patriotisme Quel procès: en L'Europe
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Political Psychology Political
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While in the field of social psychology the difference between nationalism (eagerness nationalism between difference the psychology social of field the in While 3.1.3 specific modelsof set and beliefs patriotic of understanding subjective the control to power political salient. particularly is it where regimes, Dani patriotism. 28 78. 2000), Publications, ethnic Eastern, ‘bad’ 27 its to it opposed and West, the in nationalism civic) and th mappingof spatial aproposed who Kohn, Hans by advanced was dichotomy this of examples known best the of One racism. and chauvinism aggression, by latter the country, one’s of love benign and inclusion nati ‘bad’ and ‘good’ between that (…).”nationalism appears‘patriotism’ as ‘Our’ it. for found is label, different a identity, new A alien. and surplus which irrational, nationalism, as presented not is nationalism “‘our’ move: discursive this summarizes impeccably Billig Michael oneself. in than else someone in nationalist ‘aggressive’) or (‘bad’ the see to easier is it that especially patriotism, connote negatively is nationalism of concept very approaches. the Often, aggressive and defensive between opposition an as them presenting feelings (positive patriotism towardscommunity) one’s straight seems and others) over nation one’s of superiority the for
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geographical opposition between ‘good’ and ‘bad’ nationalisms, maintains the ‘civic’ the maintains nationalisms, ‘bad’ and ‘good’ between opposition geographical history.” political common nation the of pre but the community, of not the ideology of an as atmosphere Enlightenment, the of in ideas universalist Europe, Western in counterpart its like “originated, mode of foundations the discussed Walicki Walicki. Andrzej by others among questioned been has distinction spatial This counterpart. 132. 1811), English Into Translated Orations, Select 32 31 Europe Central East Modern Early in Discourses Patriotic and Histories in period,” modern early the in Europe Trencsényi 30 88. 1989), DamePress, Notre 29 life.” my than me to dearer is “fatherland self of notion die. and live would citizen a or soldier a which for values all of symbol the Empire, Roman the Under city. one’s in pride and to attachment deep polis from derived ‘patriot’, word the patriotism conceptualhistoryTheof 3.1.4 idealconstitute differentiations conventional Such form. cultural a into evolved it context, historical tradi –
Ha Walicki Andrzej “ ay . it, Ptits, in “Patriotism,” Dietz, G. Mary ehi’ iie ad is o eosrt ta Pls ae lo xeine the experienced also have Poles that demonstrate to aims and divide, ‘ethnic’ patria, quae mihi vita mea multo multo mea vita mihi quae patria, nnah Arendt, nnah in f ii nto (ie hi Cnrl uoen egbr) bt ht de to due that, but neighbors), European Central their (like nation civic of tion . Being a patriot (even though the word the though (even patriot a Being .
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ntellectual patriotism history of
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traces its origins back to antiquity,withstarting to backorigins traces its ,
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Idem.
Composite States, National National States, Composite (Notre Dame (Notre (Leiden: Brill 2010), 2010), Brill (Leiden:
o. cit op. , patria - oiia folk political omd y a by formed : University of of University : - 124. 124.
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construction of national kingdoms and the institution of a tax for the defense of the the of defense the for tax a of institution the and kingdoms national of construction emo more a to return 12 the A in occurred patriot the virgins. of acceptance holy and saints martyrs, of figures by self the of idea The level. spiritual the to shifted sua local the towards one developed, allegiance double of kind a Empire, 36 35 mémoire de Leslieux by followed 34 33 18 in king, tyranta 18 the in Chri liberty. and honor faith, piety, self than other values where France, in occurred process similar A property. and rights constitutional liberty, king: the allegianc the over took principles crucial Other tyranny. against Englishmen the of rights the and liberty of defense the with associated became It 1688. of Revolution 17 the o end the at Britain Great in developed really ‘patriot’ term The countrymen. fellow French king.
Ibid. Ibid. “Patriotism,”112. Vincent, Trencsenyi, Zaszkalicky, “Towards an intellectual history of patriotism,” 25. ofpatriotism,” history intellectual an “Towards Zaszkalicky, Trencsenyi, n rnh te word the French, In ), the ( other more one to“the abstractRome public stian duties was developed. thus Patria
th 34 The word ‘patriotism’ itself entered the political discourse with other ‘ other with discourse political the entered itself ‘patriotism’ word The 16 late the in Subsequently, patriot a being of meaning the Christianity, of importance growing the With
century in the discourse of the radical Whigs, especially during the Glorious the during especially Whigs, radical the of discourse the in century
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century. While in late 17 late in century.While patriote
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, ed. ed. , and and th -
patrie century America it became opp became it America century Pierre Nora (Paris: Gallimard, 1986). Gallimard, (Paris: Nora Pierre patriotique
comes indirectly from Latin, via its Italian counterpart. counterpart. Italian its via Latin, from indirectly comes
. Philippe Contamine, “Mourir pour la Patrie. Patrie. la pour “Mourir Contamine, Philippe . 35
th th 36 nw ecpin f aroim once to connected patriotism of perception new A -
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government. r a through fulfilled be only could and monarchy despotic a with 18 the of beginning the scoundrel.” a of refuge last “the g patriotism could independence American of opponents the England, American opponents the its and patriots, declared were independence of partisans The domination). foreign embodied (who one British 39 Patrie.” la “Mourirpour patrie la “ Montesquieu or despotism)”; not and fake, considered he 38 that patriotism revolutionary as such. against patriotism American the against it directed Johnson though. clearly context original its of out taken is it ideas; patriotic of denigration as used often is It 37 reveres rights, constitutional defends who “one as patriot a of perception former The identification. emotional an as nationalism and loyalty institutional an as patriotism diff increasingly is it and occurred, has nationalism by patriotism of tradition republican the of replacement even or amalgamation growing a then, Since nation. the of embodiment the as state the perceived and loyalty, political patriotism” 19 the in discourse political of part significant a became nationalism (modern) as further, even patriotism sanctity ofproperty. and liberty, of love republic, free the as such principles, political and constitutional
Dietz, “Patriotism,”189. Dietz, A on dated and Boswell, Johnson, Samuelof biographer the by quoted is sentence This La ryr “ Bruyère
h eegne f nation of emergence The (In the monarchical government, the State exists independently exists State the government, monarchical the (In 39 38
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In consequence, patriotism became associated with a set of ideological,of set a with associated became patriotism Inconsequence,
th
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or a type of it, e.g. civic or “banal” or civic e.g. it, of type a or nationalism, as construct others patriotism, as describe would some what Nowadays, reality political the to according place.” stru centralized power” and corruption, to end an for agitates liberty, 43 42 41 40 ‘ of phase the (during state the for or occupation) and partitions (under state occupant the with fight the as characterized (1945 abroad from imposed regime communist partitions of (1795 years 123 during stateless was it however, Subsequently, centuries. 15 the between Europe Central in position powerful relatively a had having wit countrya is Poland 3.2.1 historical for contextualization the analysis debates. ofthese necessary the gives and importance crucial of be to proves lack, its of or statehood, patriotism crucial throughout of meaning the of interpretation the reason, this For history.country’s discoursethe of moments public of feature important an been has Patriotism 3.2 of national identity).
Rafał Matyja, “Przestrzeń powinności (The space of duty),” in ofduty),” space (The powinności “Przestrzeń RafałMatyja, Hwa Idem.,189 Billig,
- - Ji Shin and Michel Schwartz, “The duality of patriotism,” patriotism,” duality“The of Schwartz, Michel Shinand Ji 98, ne fo under 1918), 41 s hs nlss a son ptits hs et hnig ars tm and time “across changing kept has patriotism shown, has analysis this As Banal nationalism Banal
Statelessness question of statehood The hist h maig o trs uh s ptits’ n ‘aro’ ae changed have ‘patriot’ and ‘patriotism’ as such terms of meanings The
- 192. ed t b gone i a icrnc esetv. h qeto of question The perspective. diachronic a in grounded be to needs
40 orical importance of the concept of patriotism, and the
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f cuty a wl a i tms f a o peace. or war of times in as well as country, a of imperfect’ statehood, e.g. communist times). communist e.g. statehood, imperfect’ 42
(linking it to everyday ‘rituals’ of reproduction of ‘rituals’ everyday to it (linking 61
- 99. hs mmns ol be could moments These 1989). Patriotyzm Polaków Patriotyzm Peace Review Peace ggles against the outrages of of outrages the against ggles
- 15, n.4 (2003). n.4 15, 95, n wt a with and 1945), , op. cit., 244. 244. cit., op. , th
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Polish political culture. These structuring references include messianism, the fight for for fight the messianism, include references structuring These culture. political Polish consequence, cha became In progressively time that invaders. at developed templates potential Romantic and neighbors overpowering Russia, and Germany between squeezed being of fear eternal an by characterized be to came that understanding andof different its conceptualizations. ofpatriotism the on impact important an has statehood ‘imperfect’ and statelessness of period long sociology) 47 208. cit., qua later and uprising (Warsaw 46 in Europe,” 45 C. (London: Schöpflin George and 44 devel notion, territorial a from that patriotism of concept the for parameters religiousnessand ofPoles. identity the national sacralizing value, supreme a as fatherland the framed patriotism’ of ‘religion sense, with events historical tragic imbue to structures. instrumentarium state lacking for element and art over literature, realism.” triumphs imagination particular national the where in instances of full and is historiography, culture, “Polish influence, Romantic self political strong a and environment, hostile a in nation and language culture, Polish of survival the
Magd omn ais “oih ainl yhlge, in mythologies,” national “Polish Davies, Norman Lech Nijakowski, Nijakowski, Lech Dariusz Gawin, “Powstanie warszawskie a powojenne spory o kształt polskiego patriotyzmu patriotyzmu polskiego kształt o spory powojenne a warszawskie “Powstanie Gawin, Dariusz alena Góra and Zdzisław Mach, “Between old fears and new challenges. The Polish debate on on debate Polish The challenges. new and fears old “Between Mach, Zdzisław and Góra alena
hs te os f needn saeod osiue a rca cag of change crucial a constituted statehood independent of loss the Thus, understan in crucial is partitions of period The
44 (Warszawa: Wydawnictwo akademickie i profesjonalne, 2008), 83. 2008), i profesjonalne, akademickie Wydawnictwo (Warszawa: cause. European stories European
lo t ht ie te nelgnsa a etbihd s comp a as established was intelligentsia the time, that at Also 47
Polska polityka pamięci. pamięci. polityka Polska oatc oe cniu t ifune h cletv memory, collective the influence to continue codes Romantic - identification into ‘us’ versus ‘them’ catego ‘them’ versus ‘us’ into identification
, op. cit., cit., 222. op. , rrels about the form of Polish patriotism),” in in patriotism),” Polish of form the about rrels Hurst &Co. 1997), 141. &Co.1997), Hurst
Esej socjologiczny Esej 45 6 2
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46 Patriotyzm Polaków Patriotyzm , ed. Geoffrey Hosking, Hosking, Geoffrey ed. ,
n te resulting the and atrsi for racteristic oped in a in oped ensating Essay in in Essay , op. , CEU eTD Collection
eminent liberal historian of ideas Andrzej Walicki, close to the circle of older left older of circle the to close Walicki, Andrzej ideas of historian liberal eminent the by proposed one changes: these elucidate that accounts two referringto worth is it and toachange inthe mea allegiance, of nature the in transformation a to led statelessness of period long The 3.2.2 nation. re progressively was polity, multicultural 50 19 Res Publica contemporary their and patriotism Polish of traditions three patriotisms: (Three 49 51 (2008): 88 history (From projektu ideowego do idei historii “Od Mencwel, Andrzej aims. absolutist its neutralizing context, historical its in it placing by Marxism, 48 interc National ‘nationalism’ and ‘patriotism’ terms the uses articlehe his of of tradition realist the version to English the In nationalism). ‘integral’ as qualifies rightly he (that comes Democracy it when only nationalism to refers text his of version Polish the In work. his to also applies nationalism and patriotism terms the of use inconsistent and literature academic the both in invoked often ideal The nation. the of definition the of transformation patriotism of traditions contribution, and 1950s the in positions Marxist revisionist developed which ideas, of history of school Warsaw the of members the of one was Walicki 3.2.2.1 Andrzej Nowak. i revisionist wing
Walicki, Walicki, Andrzej Walicki, Walicki, Andrzej According to Andrzej Mencwel, Walicki str Walicki Mencwel, Andrzej to According
Trzypatriotyzmy Three patriotisms Andrzejof Walicki traditionsDifferent of Polish patriotism - 57 91). 91). ry patriotyzmy, Trzy .
Trzy patriotyzmy: trzy tradycje polskiego patriotyzmu i ich znaczenie współczesne znaczenie ich i patriotyzmu polskiego tradycje trzy patriotyzmy: Trzy
ntellectuals, and one proposed by a conservative historian of ideas of historian conservative a by proposed one and ntellectuals,
.
– ning of political concepts. In politicalning concepts. patriotism, of specific case of the
republican, romantic and realist realist and romantic republican,
50
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will). Republican patriotism stressed the need for all estates to act ‘for the sake of the the of sake the ‘for act to estates all for need the stressed patriotism Republican will). its of expression the was patriotism and only, gentry the of composed and formed was Republic, First the under partitions, the before even that claims Walicki republicanThe patriotic tradition different definitions ofthe nation. of help the with traditions patriotic different conceptualizes he because idei,” 54 1984). 53 1986). Interpress, Wydawnictwo 52 partition. third 1795, Narodów Obojga 51 to difficult was it as Insofar ours).” and freedom “ nations, of brotherhood the of name the fightin messianism, and nation (cultural) of idea Roma language. and tradition on based community, re its of for lack perspectives the and immediate country, the of dematerialization enduring the given but nation, a acquired and meaning. mystical idealistic, and secretive highly became patriotism Romantic subsequent The RomanticThe tradition of patriotism fall apart. fear the prompted state the of disappearance The country. the for service public of ethos the and collectivization archaic an rather but work, of ethos the of construction the or homel
Democracy of gentry, First Republic, alludes to the Commonwealth of Two Nations ( Nations Two of Commonwealth the to alludes Republic, First gentry, of Democracy nre Mnwl ik ti messiani this links Mencwel Andrzej Norman Davies, Davies, Norman Bogdan Suchodolski, Suchodolski, Bogdan
that, after the loss of sovereignty, the nation, understood politically, would also would politically, understood nation, the sovereignty, of loss the after that, 57 ikd o h nto, u i is legal its in but nation, the to linked
and, for the sake of the people.’ the of sake the for and, .
), Polish and Lithuanian created in 1569, by the Union of Lublin that existed until until existed that Lublin of Union the by 1569, in created Lithuanian and Polish ), er o Erp. Sot itr o Poland of History Short A Europe. of Heart
zee utr polskiej kultury Dzieje
53 sm with “missionary idea of nation.” Mencwel, “Od historii historii “Od Mencwel, nation.” of idea “missionary with sm
At first, i first, At - osrcin i sitd o vso o spiritual of vision a to shifted it construction, 52
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(Oxford: Oxford University Press Press University Oxford (Oxford: 51 Rzeczpospolita Rzeczpospolita
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victory boundtodegenerate it defeats makes intoacultand of national martyrdom. of lack and symbolic actions, heroic on of focuslove gestures, its that out points Walicki Poles. the among alive much very history.” in justice divine the in and the in being of feeling a “by powerlessness political for up made patriotism symbolical this Jedlicki, Jerzy For battlefield. the on fight of ethos the by replaced was gentry the of service public of ethos activity,the 125 1993), House Paragon Paul: Michener(St. Roger ed. in perspective,” European national of 57 maintenance and pre a as development, structures, economic the estatestowards all social broader into under wo ‘organic the The identity. integration particularly their classes, social for all of ones, education privileged of need the underscored thought, realist and 56 60. 55 Commonwealth, ofthecitizens Polish Lithuanians namely and Ruthenians. by promoted nation lost the reconstructing 19 this links Ajnenkiel Andrzej poly nat themselves call to preferred and differentiation), ethnic of product a as (seennation the of vision organic Endecja national a the interest, to faithfulness as patriotism defined It stances. nationalist exclusive “ 19 late the in emerged that patriotism of tradition realist the mentions Walicki Finally, realistThe tradition patriotismof praca u podstaw podstaw u praca
Jerzy Andrzej Ajnenkiel, “Nationality, patriotism and nationalism: the Polish case fro case Polish the nationalism: and patriotism “Nationality, Ajnenkiel, Andrzej Both of these ideas were developed during the partitions. ‘Work at basi at ‘Work partitions. the during developed were ideas these of Both th
- ce semantic and related to the love of one’s country, not of the nation. Historian nation. the of not country, one’s of love the to related and semantic Jedlicki, “Holy ideals and prosaic life prosaic and ideals “Holy Jedlicki, ntury in opposition to Romanticism, and drifted from the positivist program of program positivist the from drifted and Romanticism, to opposition in ntury ( nd is commonly associated with Roman Dmowski and his nationalist party, nationalist his and Dmowski Roman with associated commonly is nd aooa Democracja, Narodowa (work at basis)” and “ and basis)” at (work
rk Endecja oait, eas te prevd h tr ‘aroim a too as ‘patriotism’ term the perceived they because ionalists, ainlt, aroim ad ainls i Lbrl eortc Societies Democratic Liberal in Nationalism and Patriotism, Nationality, , statehood, ’ of more Romantic connotation, insisted on the need of common work of of work common of need the on insisted connotation, Romantic more of ’
excluded from its realm a large number of former former of number large a realm its from excluded th 57
century nationalism in Poland to a willingness of of willingness a to Poland in nationalism century
but also observes that the restrictive vision of the of vision restrictive the that observes also but 55 h National the
or the Devil’s alternatives Devil’s the or
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right, of faith in the meaning of sacrifice sacrifice of meaning the in faith of right,
- condition for the regaining of sovereignty. ofsovereignty. thefor regaining condition a responsible calculation of chances of chances of calculation responsible a - 126. 126. - Democracy)
(organic work)” (organic ,” in in ,” s , Te pooe an promoted They . ’ associated with positivist positivist with associated ’ Polish Paradoxes Polish m the mid the m
56
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authors have also presented their versions of historical transformation of patriotism in patriotism of transformation historical of versions their presented also have authors other used, and known widely most the of one is conceptualization Walicki’s While 3.2.2.2 combined, indifferent discursive sub sometimes are them to references and localization, political of strategy a as be perceived nowadays can traditions particular to reference the because important, remain in formulas?),” three captivity: Walicki’s59 to comparison 58 In culture. in rooted identity common a for fatherland, greater pushing the and power sovereign regain to struggle the of importance totransformprior the lossofindependent tothe partitions,had after itself stateho the from came republicanism developed of tradition, This level. regional the on activity and power of decentralization strength the that underscores He approach. as patriotism, of conse the to characteristic symbols, and vision memory, ideals, values, to subscribing certain republican the a of by and Republic characterized First the is of idealization account Nowak’s gentry). the with (associated com the and liberty, positive highlights It classification. Walicki’s arepatriotism independist republican, mo future achieve to how of visions of different confrontation a and thought political in stir a provoked statehood independent partitions, the during developed patriotism cont Nowak Andrzej Conservative Poland.
Zubrzycki, “We, the Polish nation.” the “We, Polish Zubrzycki, nre Nwk “osi aroym wie patriotyzm “Polski Nowak, Andrzej
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Patriotyzm Polaków Patriotyzm
–
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h lc o pro of lack The 3.2.3 myths totheque linked of number a of understanding better a for important are traditions these Furthermore time. over patriotism to approaches leading the be to believe they what of snapshots f to background political and social and nation of conceptions different do ojczyzny” old “miłośnika Polaków Patriotyzm staropolskiego an “Od (From Dzięgielewski, patrioty” Jan “sarmackiego Sarmatians. of tribe ancient the 63 62 61 an in nation, political depicted united the of cradle often the as manner, idealized is democracy, gentry’s the called also Republic, First The 3.2.3.1 below. our and purposes.” identity our origins, our of sense a us of give “sets which (…) as beliefs understood simplified be can that myths of perpetuation the to contributed and were traditions and heritage historical Poland’s of elements specific Rather, 1989. after Republic, Third the statehood, sovereign newly state strong no were pe Polish the by, supported than rather on, imposed were they that fact the to due them, to opposition in but institutions, state on based not developed “was identification national consequence, In state. the to commitment was which rathe powers subjugating the law, of fear of out of respected rule the on impacted also period This statehood. ‘imperfect’
The nation was su was nation The Davies, “Polish natio “Polish Davies, 222. fearsnew challenges,” and “Between Mach, old and Góra
Republicanism itsmythsStatehood and 62
nme o sc eeet, eae t statehood to related elements, such of number A pposed to be composed of gentry only, united in its myth of common descent from from descent common of myth its in united only, gentry of composed be to pposed , op. cit., cit., 21 op. , urther analysis. Both authors recognize that they provide mere mere provide they that recognize authors Both analysis. urther - state attitudes is another lasting impact of statelessness and and statelessness of impact lasting another is attitudes state nal mythologies,” 141. mythologies,” nal -
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eulc, h cnevtvs ugs ta i that suggest conservatives the Republic), in interest recent their axiom an is one) negative liberal, forward. put sufficiently not is it that complain who intellectuals, conservative the by rather rarely, relatively if even used, is republicanism to reference the 1989, After republicanism.’ of model ‘Polish reason this For feature. important most its as Polityczna Teologia 68 Polityczna 67 Fronda 66 Polaków 65 1958. October 31 on ofOxford University 64 values, thusputting closer it tothe political understanding ofthe nation. be would ‘society’ term of usage the while nation, the of understanding ‘ethnic’ the to closer it putting thus to language, and culture, ‘nation’ common term the of usage Polish the link can one nations, ‘civic’ and ‘ethnic’ th Using English. in used people’ ‘the the of example for concept as meaning same the convey not do they and problematic, been has usage linguistic and thought political Polish in concepts two these of existence ab debates the in recur will which ( society of concepts the between distinction The 3.2.3.2 tradition, andpresent away third anduniversalism. as it between nationalism conservati to republicanism to reference this tie to tries nation political decentralized the and good common the to reference strong invention. Western a as see they which society, civil to opposition in concept,
Bartłomiej Radziejewski, “Sarmacja “Sarmacja Radziejewski, Bartłomiej ray zgci “aroym rca tn (aroim n the and (Patriotism stanu racja a “Patriotyzm Rzegocki, Arkady Isaiah Berlin proposed this distinction in his lecture “Two Concepts of Liberty” delivered in the the in delivered Liberty” of Concepts “Two lecture his in distinction this proposed Berlin Isaiah ae A Cichocki A. Marek Marek A. Cichocki, “Powrót republikanizmu (The comeback of the republicanism),” republicanism),” the of comeback (The republikanizmu “Powrót Cichocki, A. Marek , 51 (2009). (2009). , 51
, op. cit., 285 cit., op. , , 12 August 2005. August 12 , 2005. Nation andNation society
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Poles constituted a strong nation but a weak society. weak a but nation strong a constituted Poles the that Norwid, Kamil Cyprian bard Romantic a by expressed ironically widespread, the question into cast belief The heritage. republican and political alsoits and society, of relevance partitions The powers. occupying the against fight the in reference cultural of framework a as importance its enhanced yet nation, the of non the when partitions, the since ever 35. 2012, Warsaw Defense, National in reality),” Polish in współczesny phenomenon the identifying at attempt patriotism: (Constitutional 70 planet),” the on nation but first Earth, on 69 opposed he sense which in integra multicultural, Dmowski's was state the of vision Piłsudski’s and Dmowski camps: their and politicians leading mentioned earlier two by structured was landscape political re Poland 3.2.3.3 the state nationalloyalties occurs, such that take precedenceover statist ones. dissociatio certain a state and ambiguous the remains of perception the statelessness, of heritage the from Resulting state. the with identified society, than valued more is culture, to link its of virtue by nation, the specificity a as described even be can and today persists society and nation the between distinction The bond. social the than highly char that ordinary(civil) life society. ina duties everyday to slogans and feelings national big preferring
“ Tomasz Słomka, “Patriotyzm konstytucyjny: próba identyfikacji zjawiska w warunkach polskich polskich warunkach w zjawiska identyfikacji próba konstytucyjny: “Patriotyzm Słomka, Tomasz Polska jest ostatnie na ziemi społeczeństwo, a pierwszy na planecie naród planecie na pierwszy a społeczeństwo, ziemi na ostatnie jest Polska
Since Romanticism, the national bond is considered stronger and valued more valued and stronger considered is bond national the Romanticism, Since long A The democratic heritage of Second the Republic - h Polaków ch emerged on the map of Europe in 1918, following the First World War. Its War. World First the following 1918, in Europe of map the on emerged - lasting distinction between nation and society has been conceptualized been has society and nation between distinction lasting ntoaim n esnils ve o te ain Ter political Their nation. the of view essentialist and nationalism l
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authoritarian nationalist the with camps, two the with coincide to started division the politics, of radicalization the and coup, the after However, camps. both across cut state) and (nation concepts caesura state. the of question the on also but nation, the of form the of question the on opposed only not were camps Piłsudski of exploration programmatic the Polaków in patriotism of question 72 of thought thepolitical 71 in fatherland the of vision the with concurred and identity, Polish of foundation Sov the the Kresy in born were whom of many intellectuals, older by upheld mostly was vision idealized This 1989. after transition democratic the of beginning the in especially democracy Polish of continuity the build to which on basis a as praised nostalgically grounded references. inheroic Romantic recon moral individual’s the for foundation a as perceived service), public of ethos the (and work through society the ‘healing’ of idea the promoted notably and position, civic more a to subscribed nat and nation, the with bond moral a was patriotism thought, Dmowski’s In patriotism. of visions respective
Krzysztof Kawalec, “Problem patriotyzmu w myśli politycznej Endecji (The problem of patriotism in in problem (The ofpatriotism Endecji w politycznej myśli patriotyzmu “Problem KrzysztofKawalec, Andrzej Chojnowski, “Kwestia patriotyzmu w poszukiwaniach programowych piłsudczyków (The (The piłsudczyków programowych poszukiwaniach w patriotyzmu “Kwestia Chojnowski, Andrzej , the Eastern lands of the Second Republic, lost after the Second World War to War World Second the after lost Republic, Second the of lands Eastern the , , h algdy eortc aue f h Scn Rpbi (1918 Republic Second the of nature democratic allegedly The
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, op. cit., cit., op.
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followers),” in in followers),” ’s position was also also was position ’s - 99 was 1939) Patriotyzm Patriotyzm Sanacja ,
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efficient way to obtain popular legitimacy. Their tactic of nationalist legitimization of legitimization nationalist of tactic Their legitimacy. popular obtain to way efficient deviation,’ ‘nationalist the of rejection official the despite nation the to referring way, nationalistic a in power their legitimize to tried legitimacy, popular strong any lacking communists, the After1945, 3.2.3.4 democratic nature( danger. 78 “patriotism 77 2001). Poland) in power communist Polsce w komunistycznej 76 niepodległość independence)? na się wybijały jak society. homogenous (Poland rzeczywistość i Dylematy a achieving of and lands, 75 ( 74 Society and Politics 73 d It War. World Second the in behavior their of and Poles, the of image of enjoyinga strong legitimacypeople. eyes inthe ofthe a remained and values, of dispensary a as position its maintained which nation’), ‘Catholic the of vision its (and Church Catholic the of influence counterbalancethe to aimed strategyTheir use. neutral more This traditions. a cumbersome very patriotic it made strategy past of heirs the as themselves present to attempt their in society and citizenship to references instrumentalized strongly also communists ( combination semantic references patriotic of use instrumental an on relied regime the Warszawa: Warszawa:
Brier, “The Brier, Snochowska Claudia After the war, the communists presented themselves as champions of the recovery of the Western Western the of recovery the of champions as themselves presented communists the war, the After nre Garlicki, Andrzej acn Zaremba, Marcin Maciej
73 In the field of historiography, the communists also promoted a specific self specific a promoted also communists the historiography, of field the In
” The grandeur of the nation during the War However, the process of debunking myths of the Second Republic and of its of and Republic Second the of myths debunking of process the However, ),” in ),” Spółdzielnia Wy Spółdzielnia Korkuć, “Komunistów “patriotyzm” instrumentalny (Communists’ instrumental instrumental (Communists’ instrumentalny “patriotyzm” “Komunistów Korkuć, roots of the “Fourth Republic,”” ofthe “Fourth roots
ed. Marcin Kula Marcin ed. Patriotyzm Polaków Patriotyzm
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(Warszawa: PWN, 1989), 1989), 473 PWN, (Warszawa: –
nati (Nations. (Nations. , op. cit., cit., op. - colonial Poland Poland colonial on state. Dilemmas and reality),” in in reality),” and Dilemmas state. on fter communism to recover these concepts for a a for concepts these recover to communism fter strong opponent to the communists in the sense the in communists the to opponent strong
63 ncoaim Ncoaitcn lgtmzca władzy legitymizacja Nacjonalistyczna nacjonalizm. , 196. 196. How were they created and how did they attain attain they did how and created they were How - 85. 72 rsya ese, “Polska Kersten, Krystyna coup
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war, depicting as it a discourse the of form canonical the war, the afterdecade first the in created, the to According Polish Jewish need. in others help to able but suffering, in united nation a as 81 if in obligingly memoryEurope,” postwar in and had Germans myth country: another is past “The that Judt, Tony lost.” conveniently got auspices) German under (i.e. war situation a of co uncomfortably the circumstance, advantage this (taking war In pasts. different two reasoning, of sorts two vocabularies, the moral Two possible). made unintentionally after ‘others’ to ‘us’ (however things of recollection different rather the and war, the in Germans by ‘us’ post the in countries European 80 116. aftermath Communist and Jews, Germans, 79 Jews Polish Polish of question that mentioning without war, cons camps concentration Nazi the the in exterminated of victims Polish 6 of of figure million the promoted communists the that given process, the in manipulated victimscentral the as Poles Krystyna category. made Kersten, thatwar thedominant thenation time. that during Poles by committed crimes possible concerning introspection painful any than occupation, German the of trauma the given memory, national Polish into incorporate
Góra and Mach, “Between old fearsnew challenges.” and “Between Mach, old and Góra Tony Judt underscores that t that underscores Judt Tony a Tms Gos “ tnld web tangled “A Gross, Tomasz Jan
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This vision reflected a broader trend, pointed out by influential historian influential by out pointed trend, broader a reflected vision This - American historian Jan Tomasz Gross, the communist historiography communist the Gross, Tomasz Jan historian American - eih eain drn o atr h wr o o anti of or war, the after or during relations Jewish
- his lack of painful introspection was a general approach used in many in used approach general a was introspection painful of lack his war years: “two sorts of memories thus emerged: that of things done to to done things of that emerged: thus memories of sorts “two years: war of the German occupation. The memory of Holocaust was Holocaust memoryof The occupation. German the of s, in ”
The politics of retribution in Europe in retribution of politics The : h pltc o rtiuin n uoe Wrd a I ad its and II War World Europe. in retribution of politics The nfusing recollection of things done by us to others during the the during others to us by done things of recollection nfusing ofotn seetps ocrig r concerning stereotypes confronting 1944].” 73 79
tituted half of it. It also made the made also It it. of half tituted : Princeton University Press, University Princeton : , op. cit., cit., op. elations between Poles, Poles, between elations 81 298.
similar) done by done similar) - eiim a Semitism,
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of war became a part of the ‘backbone of Polish identity.’ Polish of ‘backbone the of part a warbecame of Poles much how underlined discourse state official The freedom). people’s other (for suffering messianism, Polish of cliché Romantic people never didanything duri theJews violent against 1945. after taboo Jew 86 85 Wyborcza Gazeta 84 edition, Ca Polish rarely (though author an many led Catholic) has mythologies nations national of “Polish Christ the as Poland of myth 83 (Warszawa: otwarta anti 82 this time, same the At regime. oppressive unwanted, an of hostage Poland, of vision idealized the of love a as described be could patriotism This regime. the to opposition forbidden even unofficial, an was country by communist counterbalanced the of ‘love’ expressed officially and commanded The 3.2.3.5 Holocaust Jews. ofPolish Pol accusing re dramatically to historians first the among was Gross silence.’ of ‘conspiracy the overcome to and start to long took war the after and first the after censorship of liberalization certain a following 1980s, the in challenged be
This question will be further discussed in chapter 7 concerning the national mourning. This political political This mourning. national the concerning 7 chapter in discussed further be will question This Janowski, “Jedwabne Janowski, Joanna Tokarska Joanna Joanna B. Michlic, “Czy antysemityzm w dzisiejszej Polsce ma jakieś znaczenie znaczenie majakieś Polsce dzisiejszej w antysemityzm “Czy Michlic, B. Joanna Piotr Forecki, “Dlaczego Gross do Polaków nie dotarł? dotarł? nie Polaków do Gross “Dlaczego Forecki, Piotr tholicism as backward and frightening. Tony Judt, Judt, Tony frightening. and backward as tholicism - ish relations ish Semitism has any meaning in today’s Poland Poland today’s in meaning any has Semitism Solid
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had suffered, and how heroic they had been during the war. The memory memory The war. the during been had they heroic how and suffered, had es of being of es , ” , July , East European Politics and Societies and Politics European East
2008). 2008). - Rebis Bakir, “How to exit the conspiracy of silence? Social sciences facing the Polish the facing sciences Social silence? of conspiracy the exit to “How Bakir, 85 82
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Since then, the PiS and the PO have PO the and PiS the then, Since ; ” -
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Culture and National Heritage in the right the in Heritage National and Culture of Minister as Ujazdowski M. Kazimierz of role the to linked be can It significant. extre present accounts history.’ of ‘politics ideological and discourses promoting exclusionary and politics, in emotions using of consisting PiS, the of radicalization activi state in policies educational and cultural of importance increasing the to linked conservatism, neither 107 Interestingly, votes. of of5% the notthreshold pass did 8,91%. coalition, government the previous members of PSL 13,15%; coalition), 106 105 104 (1995 terms consecutive two for Minister inoffice consecutive for two terms. Prime first the became Tusk Donald and elections, parliamentary subsequent two won politicallandscapethe of stabilization demonstratedthe PSL. the with government a formed subsequently which PO, the to elections these lost PiS to decision Kaczyński’s following elections, parliamentary anticipated to leading procedure a motion in set PiS the of Council ( ( Uprising Warsaw of Museum the of creation participatedthe that in Critique, Political of Club Warsaw the from circle, intellectual conservative the of reflection the to and Marcinkiewicz Kazimierz 2001), Muzeum Polski Historii Warszawskiego Powstania Muzeum
Ost, Matyja, PO received 39,18% of the votes, PiS 29,89%, 29,89%, PiS ofthe votes, 39,18% received PO O eevd 15% f h vts PS 3,1; i ( LiD 32,11%; PiS, votes, the of 41,51% received PO 106 Klęska Solidarności Klęska
In terms of presidential mandates, Kwaśniewski held the country’s presidency country’s the held Kwaśniewski mandates, presidential of terms In Political the when 2007 August 11 until lasted government coalition PiS The h sm rsls ee eetd n h 21 elections, 2011 the in repeated were results same The Konserwatyzm po komunizmie po Konserwatyzm ty. 104
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and for the next two years two and for the theKaczyńskis next controlled bothbranches ofthe executive. Minister Prime as Marcinkiewicz Kazimierz replaced Jarosław brother twin his 2006 domination peculiar a of beginning the was elections presidential the in victory Kaczyński’s Lech 33%. to 36% round first the won Tusk that fact the despite 46%, to 54% Tusk beat Kaczyński K Lech and PO the for Tusk Donald were candidates important most two the 2005, in elections the kampanii,galeria.html?ticaid=112105&_ticrsn=3 http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/gid,13818633,gp 2005 October 14 on FM TOK in Kolenda Katarzyna and Wołek Tomasz Władyka, Wiesław Lis, Tomasz journalists, renowned 4 it).” buy will people ignorant the because it, with roll we but lie, 108 of their ancestors. deeds the for responsible held be should even or can grandchildren, even or children, commu the with parents, their of that or links, left and liberal the denigrating of strategy their in conservatives record. confi allegedlyhe which motives, electoral purely for it used but story, his in believe not did himself Kurski that testimonies even are There PO aforementioned the of construction the damaged also that suspicion he fact, this of proof conclusive any presenting Without Tusk’s that implied Kurski the of member a be to volunteered army.grandfather occupier’s the into forced been had citizens Ka and Pomeranian the in and Gdańsk, the from grandfather ‘the Tusk: Donald discredit to elections, of round second the to prior PiS, the of member a Kurski, Jacek
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tertcl n mtoooia faeok o te nlss f ulc debates of analysis public an present will chapters four next of The 1989. after Poland in analysis it addressing the for framework methodological and theoretical a constructed and patriotism of concept the discussed have chapters previous three The 4 this in analyzed debates the of content and occurrence the However, 2000s. the conservative many by up taken was 1989 after discourse patriotic of lack of accusation This concepts. and topics political and social important with extensively Publizistik to approach thepast regime democracy. transition thelegacyto and of the culture political to damages and deformations discursive its heritage, communist the with dealing of way a suggested intellectuals how showed and transformation, economic and social rapid of context the in held were debates manipu their of decades after (1998), patriotism and (1997), nationalism (1992), fatherland the concepts: political key of number a of re pluralist a on focused all Theychapter. this in analyzedbe will transition field, leadingpolarization. progressive toits discursive the dominanceover of assertion the for tool useful a become goals,andand democ the across discussed was patriotism of concept the how showing sources, empirical the
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o te osrcin f h apoc t te e raiy trs rm addr from starts reality new the to approach the of construction the how discuss will I ‘country.’ of question the concerned debates initial three these country,’ patriotism. concerning discussions later in upon built or invoked are and utterances, further for references of reservoir a constitute they that given overlooked, be not should debates c Nowak Orłoś, Herling (Kazimierz (Gustaw Europe rule Free Radio communist of commentators and Jeziorański Jedlicki), Jerzy Wolicki, Krzysztof (Drawicz, university’ Andrzej ‘flying underground the (Król, of professors Parli as 1976 well as in Stomma), of (Stanisław Constitution Member the in only changes the against 59” Drawicz), of “Letter among the count of We regime. signatories communist themthe to opposition democratic the in participated them of Many Niesiołows Stefan Król, war: the after or during born were three (only II War World the before born generation, older an to mostly belonged discussion this to participated who to only not referred authors Nowak mid Jan until by regularly article published were reactions The Król. to respond to intellectuals editor the publication, this After debate. the launched 1992 9, 1 of pages the on 1992 in place took debate first of meaning the over occurred that contestation patriotism of instances three on focus will chapter This 4.1 foster, butalso attempts theundesirable monopolization. ofits could it behaviors social desirable the pinpoints patriotism of nature transforming the of discussion the Finally, regime. of form democratic emerging the ground better to o in ones, national with values democratic link to intellectuals of willingness the conceptual the show to me Then allow will nationalism to community. relation/opposition in patriotism of the discussion and fatherland, the allegiance, of object
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age ht ih epc t te eiiin f aroim s te oe f one’s of love ‘the as patriotism of definition the to respect with that argue I ). Many of them were political emigrants who decided to leave Poland in opposition to the the to opposition in Poland leave to decided who emigrants political were them of Many ). patriotism debates about fatherland,the liberal nationalism and Laying strong
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Chapter 2) Chapter publications, three These intellectuals, in1998 published democratic two among letters of exchange an by constituted a was discussion third the and regime, with compatibility its and nationalism of question the to dedicated to post second the The in reality. communist form desirable its and fatherland, the of concept the was topic main of lack alleged the was leitmotivs its of evalu critical One reality. political new the of assessment moral critical a Herling between exchange the topics, philosophical and religious on 19 in published originally was humanist, non a and believer a between exchange This translation)). English for were dialogues ( Martini Maria Carlo Milan, example, of Cardinal all Italian 1999, an by In inspired Życiński. book, a Józef in Lublin, published of archbishop philosophers, Church esteemed 3 withinbroader analyzed will be other of number a on, Later debate. public of instance an and as here considered Radzik Ryszard Kłoskowska, Antonina Król, speciali Samsonowicz, Walicki, Henryk Andrzej Jedlicki, Szacki, Jerzy as such 2 in re started progressively forever commu the leave to a took decision they communism conscious the under While fatherland. the to relationship their of and position, their of characteristic important an as emigration described who themselves, emigrants by also debate, the1992 Nowak Kościałkowska, liberal and democratic of combination the about discussion the with particularly and Marci with case the was This on. later invoked often were debates initial these in intellectuals established of arguments the as transition, the of decade secondthe in held patriotism of meaning the debatesabout leanings. religious to restricted for necessarily not but outlets Catholicism, to closer as are and intellectuals, perceived be to continue and were They topics. philosophical and leading and sparking of reputation a had and
This dialogue on patriotism is is patriotism on dialogue This This thematic issue of issue thematic This National cultures at the grass the at cultures National , te tid o ok o ter daie vrin f onr, rm bod Atr 99 they 1989, After abroad. from country, of version idealized their for work to tried they ” hs tre icsin ae impor are discussions three These
ation of the communist regime during the democratic transition. the democratic during regime the communist of ation
strove , under communism under , - - evaluating their position. Antonina Kłoskowska, “An epilogue on emigration on epilogue “An Kłoskowska, Antonina position. their evaluating Znak eirńk, ymn Mry) Te ae ‘mgat ws com was ‘emigrant’ label The Marzys). Zygmunt Jeziorański,
included seven articles written by established historians and sociologists, sociologists, and historians established by written articles seven included zed in the question of nations and nationalism. This edition of of edition This nationalism. and nations of question the in zed one among five that writer Herling writer that five among one - public public root level root yonk Powszechny Tygodnik debates. Belief or non or Belief 95 in 95 Więź, nist state and not to go back to “something that was gone gone was that “something to back go to not and state nist k lc i 19, n teai eiin of edition thematic a in 1997, in place ok , idem. (Budapest: (Budapest: idem. , , to maintain their freedom, despite censorship, despite freedom, their maintain to , n Król’s article about the fatherland from 1992, 1992, from fatherland the about article Król’s n Corriere della sera della Corriere
3
concerning the evolving nature of patriotism.evolvingconcerning the natureof
90 tant for the understanding of broad public public broad of understanding the for tant
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f dsuso between discussion a of important debates on social, historical, social, on debates important CEU Press, 2001), 379 2001), Press, CEU , Znak . While the Italian exchange focused focused exchange Italian the While . - Grudziński led with one of the most most the of one with led Grudziński - Grudziński and Życiński included included Życiński and Grudziński -
believer, a Catholic and a secular secular a and Catholic a believer, and
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democratic transition. The period following the change of the regime was one of of one was regime the of change the following period The transition. democratic field of the contestation the patriotism. over meaning of intellectual the in diachronic actors leading a as intellectuals these From establish can debates. one perspective, later in reference a be also will 1998 in Grudziński a patriotism of qualification The Król. and Szacki Jerzy Walicki, Andrzej by 1997 in advanced nationalism, liberal values, inelimi even or keywords the of one becomes community of concept the how show will I Overall, 4.4). (Section behaviors social desirable on reflection advance to used was concept discu the Finally, 4.3). (Section values liberal and national together bringing by regime, democratic the for foundations strong and stable find to willingness the show will ( democracy and modernization of assessment the to related oppositions emerging ideological the of explanation an offer will spiritual reality the sovereign newly of a importance in fatherland the and fatherland the of form the about discussion ‘silenced’ decade ofthe first during transition. the were history and identity to related topics that right conservative the by later voiced regi democratic developing newly the for foundations solid constructing at aiming discussions intellectual of object the werepatriotism and nationalism fatherland, the of form the as such topics reasons, sli populist a of fear a by marked regime,thedemocraticnew of stabilization the about andfuture, the uncertaintyabout Section 4.2). The discussion about the relation between patriotism and nationalism and patriotism between relation the about discussion The 4.2). Section ssion about the nature and the transformation of patriotism will show how this this how show will patriotism of transformation the and nature the about ssion ah f h tre icsin wl b peetd n sprt s separate a in presented be will discussions three the of Each illus discussions These nable elements within the semantic field of all the concepts under under concepts the all of field semantic the within elements nable rt te aue f eae i te is yas f the of years first the in debates of nature the trate de or the return of nationalism. For this and other and this For nationalism. of return the or de me. These discussions testify against an argument argument an against testify discussions These me. s a ‘silent virtue’ proposed by Gustaw Her Gustaw by proposed virtue’ ‘silent a s 91
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yonk Powszechny Tygodnik newspaper the in discussion the of object main the was fatherland of concept The 4.2 also was community the characterizeda cruci as for Care nation. the concerning reflection of basis the as and fatherland, the of form desirable the as seen be to came community discussion: (2010). country sovereign newly a 4 the discussiontowards the dangers post that w it, of part a constitute should legacy its and Poland of Republic People’s the whether and fatherland, (spiritual) the of continuity of question the on focus The society. a or nation a as conceptualized there but fatherland, the of element essential an be to came community of concept the time, same the At spiritual. and public private, it, of definitions possible multiple were there rather discussion; the reflecting fatherland, of forms different considerationslevel allegiance. about andobject the ofpatriotic to linked were discussion this post new the to adapted definition, proposin and fatherland of concept the discussing of necessity the on insisted discussed whatfatherland/country form take the should aftercommunism.
For a comprehensive analysis of this debate, see Dorota Szeligowska, “Intellectuals and Fatherland in in Fatherland and “Intellectuals Szeligowska, Dorota see debate, this of analysis comprehensive a For
hr i n oe cle one no is There debate, the launched that article the In for for a strong democracy The reconstruction of
al characteristic al of patriotism. n 92 Tet atce authored articles Twenty 1992. in –
the debate about fatherland in Poland Poland in fatherland about debate the ar vision of the fatherland that would triumph in this this in triumph would that fatherland the of vision ar
a n areet n t fr, hte i sol be should it whether form, its on agreement no was as one of the key elements of the debate, re debate, the of elements key the of one as - the the communist reality. The most relevant aspects of of aspects relevant most The reality. communist
spiritual fatherland, a pre 92 -
communist societycommunist was facing. 4
h lbrl hlspe Mri Król Marcin philosopher liberal the
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Herling betweenfatherland) private distinction German the to compared be can image This belonging. common and similarities of basis the on compatriots with shared and big commo was former The 1.1). (Source fatherland common and private between differentiated Król 4.2.1 national of number a with country, multicultural a was Poland War, t World Second Prior fatherland. the of population the of transformation the with together terre their lost had they that felt who generation, older the from coming authors to reference nostalgic their of loss the as population, its of expulsion the and land, this of loss the felt and there born de this in involved authors of number A II. War World after Union Soviet for nostalgia generally ofa territory, combination referred his to 1.10) Source (Sobolewski, mine’ ‘something This them. of both to refer could but fatherland, common the or late private the either to linked necessarily not was and fatherland’ this in occasions of number a on back come to was which 1.17), Source (Orłoś, it of vision idealized the and country everyday existing, the between tension durable a establishing 1.7), Source (Porębski, als It 1.16). Source (Drawicz, home at
Mry, ore .) Te rnfrain f ertr ws fe discussed often was territory of transformation The 1.5). Source (Marzys, An important element in the domain of the private fatherlandrecurringthe domainwasAn importantoftheprivate elementthe in felt and up grew born, were people where place the denoted fatherland Private - Heimat Grudziński betweenand privateGrudziński public fatherland (Source 1.3). Private fatherland common versus nly described as small, local and friendly, while the latter was depicted as as depicted was latter the while friendly, and local small, as described nly Kresy
(e.g. Lem described Lem (e.g.
and (Eastern lands of the Second Republic) that Poland had lost to the to lost had Poland that Republic) Second the of lands (Eastern Kresy Vaterland
was more often found in the texts of emi of texts the in found often more was
(big, ideological fatherland), or to that proposed by by proposed that to or fatherland), ideological (big, Kresy o denoted the ideal vision of the fatherland fatherland the of vision ideal the denoted o 93
as his ‘true’ fatherland, Source 1.2). The The 1.2). Source fatherland, ‘true’ his as
r debates. What authors called ‘my ‘my called authors What debates. r tory and people.
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born in a specific place, and most of the time received their initial socialization there. socialization initial their received time the of most and place, specific a in born fath a had person every that to cultivate their traditionsSource andheritage(Porębski, 1.7). of number a reason, authors, that For Holocaust. the importantly, most and population, of transfers borders, of change the to due 1945, after disappeared who minorities, otocz ich pozwala im ile na 1.13) (Source ojczyzny tyle mają ogół na ludzie Nieprawda, podludzi. wręcz lub 6 5 had even relevance inthe broader discussion. th as topic, this on conflict in not were opinions The allegiance. emotional and individual of terms in important, fromgenuine developing feeling a allegiance of toit. post the in people, young to fatherland the of vision anachronistic old, an offering opinion, his in Furthermore, fatherland. the in inclusion limited cases, extreme in have, criteria national or ethnic view, his In of type this criticized reasoning, linked whichtoatt he opposition) democratic the of member then and Marxist, man.” a be not would imp and birth) of place a (i.e. fatherland a has everybody that stating between difference a is there However,
“ “ bez tego nie byłby człowiekiem byłby nie tego bez Słyszymy nieraz, że każdy ma jakąś ojczyznę, ci zaś którzy jej nie mają, są rodzajem ludzi niepełnych niepełnych ludzi rodzajem są mają, nie jej którzy zaś ci ojczyznę, jakąś ma każdy że nieraz, Słyszymy In short, both of these images of fatherland, big and small, were introduced as as introduced were small, and big fatherland, of images these of both short, In surrounding sub or damaged stated often was birthplace,it the as described fatherland the to comes it When “ subscribing to multicultural traditions of the fatherland, underscored the need need the underscored fatherland, the of traditions multicultural to subscribing We often hear that everyone has a fatherland and that those who do not have one are are one have not do who those that and fatherland a has everyone that hear often We
s
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The left The lying, in a strong communitarian vein, that “otherwise he he “otherwise that vein, communitarian strong a in lying, ey were to be on the question of spiritual fatherland, which fatherland, spiritual of question the on be to were ey . ” erland. It is commonsensical to say that everybody was was everybody that say to commonsensical is It erland. This
(Wasiutyński, Source 1.8) Source (Wasiutyński, - wing liberal Krzysztof Wolicki (formerly a revisionist a (formerly Wolicki Krzysztof liberal wing empts at a potential exclusion from exclusion the fatherland:empts at apotential
is not true, usually people have as much fatherland as their their as fatherland much as have people usually true, not is .” 6
- omns raiy wud discourage would reality, communist 94
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obnd raies o ufr o oes onr ad o ih fr t wt the with it, for fight to and country one’s for suffer to readiness a conservative combined a in community, of reconstruction the with o reconstruction the Król, For fatherland. spiritual for proxy a as treated be also can community a for values desirable about discussion The fatherland. spiritual of question the length at discussed who authors two the were Jan writer conservative the and 1.1) (Source Król 4.2.2 from of head Europe Free the Radio messages was he important notably most many and emigration, transported in regime who Warsaw” Government from the to Poland Courier occupied “The being for known 7 the and power,” enemy an by “enslaved country a was it him for because fatherland, Republi the People’s that this from deduced He fatherland. the to belonging as perceived not were regimes their and powers occupant the that and values, these to thanks possible only underlin He 19 the in Romanticism, of time the at i.e. partitions, the under developed values of question the to fatherland spiritual the of question the linked elab of Source(Stomma, 1.19). capable were who intelligentsia, the of role re this that and (re)defined, be to needed fatherland (spiritual) the that agreed They tradition. the deform would that constructivism alleged rejecting position this but fatherland, the of (re)construction of need the accept to people advised Król nation. the of existence the of aspects material to linked be to have necessarily not did that community’ as fatherland ‘(spiritual) to option the opposed He others. of life of way the of acceptance
Jan Jan
Nowak Nowak Spiritual Spiritual fatherland - Jeziorański d ht h sria o te prta fteln udr h priin was partitions the under fatherland spiritual the of survival the that ed - eirńk peetd mr cnevtv psto ad explicitly and position conservative more a presented Jeziorański .
o Pln cud o b tetd s n ntne f (spiritual) of instance an as treated be not could Poland of c
a a ebr f h Hm Am drn te eod ol Wr ad is and War, World Second the during Army Home the of member a was
- in - exile. After the war war the After exile. 95
f the fatherland had to go together together go to had fatherland the f he was actively opposing the communist communist the opposing actively was he h Pls scin f h Munich the of section Polish the Nowak
orating new ethical values values ethical new orating was not shared by others, others, by shared not was - Jeziorański - - liberal manner, which which manner, liberal th the be would definition of ‘national fatherland’ fatherland’ ‘national of
century (Source 1.9). 1.9). (Source century 7
Suc 1.9) (Source - based based CEU eTD Collection
to imply that the People’s Republic of Poland was not an incarnation of the Polish the of incarnation an not was Poland of Republic People’s the that imply to (respectively generation Kościałkowska),Nowak older and younger both from discussants of number a the by view to of point Due categorical a fatherland. such of criticism the of part as count not could and sovereignty country’s partition of time the to Poland of Republic People’s the compared He puppets.” “Soviet like behaved communists the question of thecommunity, form patriotic of democracy andallegiance. of wi distinction This orientations. political broader suggests and value is society a of or nation a of form the have should fatherland, the as such something, that saying Polish, In thought. political and language Polish in important ( nation of concepts the between distinction the chapter, previous the in discussed As society. a of or nation a of form the take should it whether discussion the prompted community the of reconstruction proposed The 4.2.3 1.10), construct showingto aninclusive willingness community. post excluding to lead could that approach drastic a such against protested authors of number A Wałęsa. Lech then including state, the of secret representatives highest communist the involving the services, of collaborators alleged of list a unveiling elites, political de ‘wild the lead to attempted Olszewski, Jan of government the mid In of moment. situation political the to reference with understood better be can heritages state, was butthatpart it not of fatherland hisspiritual (
The call for not excluding anyone from the fatherland and cultivating different different cultivating and fatherland the from anyone excluding not for call The Reconstruction of thecommunityReconstruction of - 92 noi airwc, iitr f neir n h conservat the in Interior of Minister Macierewicz, Antoni 1992 - Jeziorański later softened his point, and said he did not mean not didhe said and point, his softened later Jeziorański - omnss rm h omnt Sblwk, Source (Sobolewski, community the from communists s to conclude that this regime was a breach in the the in breach a was regime this that conclude to s 96
and thenaturepatriotism and of naród
Tomasz Nałęcz, and Janina Janina and Nałęcz, Tomasz ) and ) Source 1.20). Source 1.20).
society ( society - ll be important also for for also important be ll communization’ of the the of communization’
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ain s nation the with fatherland the collapse to culturalist willingness The positions. conservative a towards to linked was ideal pushing thus allegiance,religious with it fuse to tried and nation, the of understanding Romantic The 1.8). Source (Wasiutyński, countries other in occur not did mind their to which partitions, the under fatherland natio the of dissociation the regretted They nation. the of ideal Romantic świadomie, 8 of types two between distinction a proposed and Krystyna linguist discussion The conceptual a on focused natural. Kościałkowska, Janina writer the and nor Pisarkowa, simple neither was it thus values, of choice a was fatherland the of love him, For argument, that the insisted fatherlanda ofchoice: wasmatter emerging an revealed they rather contestation; of ideologicalthatopposition were positions to grow laterevenapart. the further in point this at all for and vi these of None 1.2). (Source society of benefit the for nation rooted a of ideal Romantic the of abandonment progressive a as interpreted he that Herling the over society for preference the contrast, In society. alone such In conditional. not and natural, was nation) (i.e. fatherland the of love that imply to one allow would move a Such identification. national strong for need a prompted reality
“ Jeżeli jesteśmy wolni, to wolność polega i na tym, że wyboru ojczyzny możemy dokonywać dokonywać możemy ojczyzny wyboru że tym, na i polega wolność to wolni, jesteśmy Jeżeli “If we are free, then freedom also implies that we can make a conscious choice of the the of choice conscious a make can we that implies also fatherland specific any to freedom not condemned we are and fatherland then free, are we “If of vein liberal more a in Król, patriotism, of nature the to respect With the on relied nation the with community the identifying of proponents The - an approach the nation was perceived as more lasting than the fatherland, let let fatherland, the than lasting more as perceived was nation the approach an post the of void ideological alleged the that idea the from tems Grudziński around the argument of the 20 the of argument the around Grudziński a nie jesteśmy na żadną ojczyznę skazani ojczyznę żadną jesteśmyna nie a
eln cniind y oa rls n b a by and rules moral by conditioned feeling 97 .”
(Source 1.1) (Source love: the emotional, unconditional unconditional emotional, the love: th
century political transformation transformation political century
.”
8 nation was construed by construed was nation
sions triumphed once once triumphed sions - communist n from the from n
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heart placethe lovereason.” ofbothand byheart love:by chosen contr 1.6), “a (Source was fatherland one’s that implied contrast in Kościałkowska, nature. unconditional reason against went it if even imperative, an was fatherland the of love that concluded and easy, was love no that underscored Pisarkowa reason. of love conditional rational, the and heart, the of love paradoksalna me 10 9 such ascountry: one’s values, ethical cat and a rational in perceived that and changing was patriotism of nature the that the describing one the spiritual with coherent is position this sense a In reality. political missionary and love unconditional of (worthy country their the to contributed It what. matter no fatherland of the love to imperative an felt and country, vision nostalgic a had often who emigrants, the among mostly debate this love quasi a implied It 1.9). (Source allegiance patriotic of nature the define to well the respect this in used Jeziorański
“
“ miejsce wybrane miłością. Miłością serca (…) i miłością rozumu (…)i miłością serca Miłością miłością. wybrane miejsce tafizyczne, albo ideowe. Zacierają się czynniki regionalne, materialistyczne. Wskutek tego tego Wskutek materialistyczne. regionalne, czynniki się Zacierają ideowe. albo tafizyczne, Coraz mocniej na plan pierwszy wychodzą elementy pojęciowe pojęciowe elementy wychodzą pierwszy plan na mocniej Coraz
of one’s country that can be associated with blind patriotism. It was present in in present was It patriotism. blind with associated be can that country one’s of rejection of the past regime, and the dissociation of the idealized vision of the of vision idealized the of dissociation the and regime, past the of rejection and the love of reason, also impacted on the discussion of patriotism. Nowak patriotism. of discussion the on impacted also reason, of love the and h dfnto o ptits] Te einl mtra, atr fd aa. In away. fade factors material, paradoxically regional, The patriotism]. of definition the elements conceptual “The and politician lawyer, liberal more The the of love the between and society, and nation the between opposition This
fatherland ofvalues,asnational of embodiment arather ethicalnature. than –
patriotyzm nabiera cech uniformistycznych.” cech nabiera patriotyzm grcl a, elcd h prl mtra ojcs f allegiance, of objects material purely the replaced way, egorical –
patriotism becomes uniform.” becomes patriotism
–
one could say metaphysical or ideational ideational or metaphysical say could one - known sentence “my country right or wrong” wrong” or right country “my sentence known 98
10
Publizist
(Source 1.19) (Source .” .”
– - Stanisław Stomma suggested Stomma Stanisław ibuting to the idea of its its of idea the to ibuting like commitment), from the the from commitment), like
( jeśli kto chce, można powiedzieć: powiedzieć: można chce, kto jeśli Kościałkowska, Source 1.15). 1.15). Source Kościałkowska, 9
–
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consequence consequence - obligatory –
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reactionary: sovereignty danger. also annulledStomma this Herling by manner a in critical out pointed (as danger of times in occur only could patriotism of expression patri of sense Romantic the from of framework away stepping suggested He it. of definition universal morea proposing referenceand national the from patriotism dissociating suggested then Stomma reakcji konserwatywnej jestprzejawem patriotyzmu 11 of sense make to order in opinion, his In Poland. of Republic People’s the knew only Se the of memories have not did intellectuals younger because democracy, resulting the and regime communist the concerning generations Nowak Second Republic,assessment and of the post the of traditions democratic past the concerned insights These regime. democratic the th about discussion The 4.2.4 approachcommunity’s liberal tothepast, critical ofthe position. and open an on based and values, moral for respect upon dependent love, positio traditionalist and conservative more be a of would characteristic love unconditional and emotional The community. the to commitment and love required the of nature the to and society, and nation between opposition
“ osraym e eatcnj neieci o ekj. ooyai sę a romantyc na się Powoływanie reakcja. to inteligencji elastycznej bez Konserwatyzm
- h qeto o te at d past the of question The t defining of patterns different all, in All of isan expression ofpatriotism sense without “Conservatism eirńk, h ipid ht hr ws cnlc o oiin between opinions of conflict a was there that implied who Jeziorański, democracy Emerging ideologicaldichotomies modernization towards and
e fatherland in 1992 included a number of elements related to related elements of number a included 1992 in fatherland e n open an -
Grudziński, Source 1.3), because the regaining of of regaining the because 1.3), Source Grudziński, - ts, utvtn te da ht h ms authentic most the that idea the cultivating otism, minded mcai taiin ws oty icse by discussed mostly was traditions emocratic a conservative reaction.” conservative
99 intelligentsia is reactionary. Invoking the Romantic Romantic the Invoking reactionary. is intelligentsia .” (Source 1.19) (Source .”
suggested that cultivating this idea thatcultivating wassuggested this - communist democratic communist transition. e ahrad a b lne t the to linked be can fatherland he cond Republic (1918 Republic cond
11
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ahrad a iiitd y rl wo a a ebr f h yugr generation. younger the Nowak of member a was who Król, by initiated was fatherland country. spiritual a for the values right the for search the of that given unfounded, seems accusation cause the to linked closely remained but emigrated, sometimes and reality, communist the for settle not did before, democracy the gen ‘older’ on the of members the insisted while fatherland, of continuity generation younger the regime, communist the under lives their he that poles two between opposition the to referred Romanowski Andrzej historian weaken could 1.4). it (Source nationalism) to lead view or nation, the to his allegiance (in fatherland the discrediting allegedly of language the to subscribing longer ofidealization thefatherland. no position, third a as seen be potentially could mind in country the of vision realist a with fatherland spiritual the reconstructing of idea the However, exceptionalism. defensive traditional and ‘warm’ and modernization to forward move liberal procedural ‘cold,’ not a between modernization of way third a propose did authors The sphere. public its and reality, communist post new the supposedlycharacterized that (Wolicki) values of sets or (Romanowski) ideal constructing at attempts subsequentits authoritarian drift. the given democracy, of ideal an as depicted be not should Republ Second the that fact the out pointed rightly their also She into biography. Poland spiritual of Republic People’s the incorporate to tried they that idea the to and generation young the to sympathy more showed instance, for Kościałkowska, - The conservative philosopher Ryszard Legutko accused the ‘neutralist’ liberal liberal ‘neutralist’ the accused Legutko Ryszard philosopher conservative The of number a by marked was transition democratic the about reflection The Jeziorański’s opinion was not widely shared even among older inte older among even shared widely not was opinion Jeziorański’s
- ye o opsd languages opposed of types 100
coup d’état coup A more liberal literary liberal more A eration, having known having eration, Nowak Lgto, poles (Legutko), -
Jeziorański’s of 1926, and 1926, of - dem llectuals. ocratic ocratic ic ic -
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expressing the willingness to put Poland on the track to development, but also also but development, to track the on Poland put to willingness the expressing values of sets two to referred Wolicki Finally, fatherland,impoverished thespiritual mind: tohis conveyed, both position, terms liberal exaggerated These an and normality.’ communitarian a of respectively, ‘ethics and gesture’ of ‘rhetoric called ‘europejskość co któ ‘normalności’, miłośnicy mają ojczyzny’ ‘duchowej wobec grzech mniejszy Nie (…) 12 predictable and realityafter the communis ‘normal’ a for wish the described (which ‘normality’ of concept the progress, achieve to how over conflict this In such. as democracy and Republic, divi a Indeed, 2000s). the in exploited strongly be to was which motive (a divided was nation Polish for achievingreforms. consequence negative have could modernization obtaining of way drastic any that suggest to and Poland, of situation historical and political the to adapted not as liberalism individualist and universalist leaning, ideological different anachronism.’ ‘warm to linked he that identity national of defense fierce a to associated one other copy to leading potentially
“ Postawa pierwsza redukuje patriotyzm do pustych formuł, do manifestacji i świętowania rocznic. rocznic. świętowania i manifestacji do formuł, pustych do patriotyzm redukuje pierwsza Postawa Furthermore, Wolicki implied that the antagonistic camps exemplified that the that exemplified camps antagonistic the that implied Wolicki Furthermore, of intellectuals by proposed if even dichotomies, abovementioned The ‘Eu than The (…) anniversaries of celebrations first “The . ropeanism’ ropeanism’ ’
in a b ntd vr h qeto o attd twrs h Third the towards attitude of question the over noted be can sion ”
[communitarian] position [communitarian] (Source 1.12) (Source
–
have the same sin towards ‘spiritual fatherland.’” ‘spiritual same towards sin havethe m) constitutesanofcontestation.accepted Wolicki axis that ing the West, thus producing ‘cold modernism,’ and the the and modernism,’ ‘cold producing thus West, the ing
hr a ubr f lmns Te tid o denigrate to tried They elements. of number a share s. In this sense, they proposed a moderate, third way third moderate, a proposed they sense, this In s.
reduces patriotism to void formulas, manifestations and and manifestations formulas, void to patriotism reduces [liberal] [liberal] 101
proponents of ‘normality’ ‘normality’ of proponents
–
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ahrad edd oehn mr ta te ocp o ‘omlt, embodying ‘normality,’ of concept the than more something needed fatherland rathe was ‘normality’ for search this then, him For community. political and commitment, mutual fatherland, to connected those notably questions, important more from reflection the deflected which topics, transit democratic the of years early the in that view his to ‘normality’ linked He concept. this of reading critical normality,” called often more now is “progress 13 common the promoting way, open an in community the conceptualized and rights, or 1.1) Source (Król values for respect upon dependent as country one’s of love the described 1.19), Source nat (Stomma, ideals Romantic the rejected 1.3), Source over Grudziński, society of cause the advocated who those contrast, In regime the of appreciation general. in critical liberalism of and democracy, Polish of form current the a of transformation, have to likely also were They nation. the to positively refer to tendency a had and position, conservative (Nowak unconditional as country one’s of love the perceived and 1.8), Source (Wasiutyński, religion in it grounded com of terms 1.4), in Source community the (Legutko, conceptualized identity national Polish strong a for need the underlined forward. put they conservative a or liberal that society) or nation a as either (seen communityof definitions specific a by approach to either approximated be can debate the in forward generatio inamoremodernization liberal vein.
“ postęp teraz nazywa się chętniej normalnością sięchętniej nazywa teraz postęp The ideological positions of the intellectuals did not differ much, either along either much, differ not did intellectuals the of positions ideological The a lns o aog emigrant along or lines, nal n hs es, hs wo doae te motne f h nation, the of importance the advocated who those sense, this In
ion Publizistik - r a sign of ‘abnormality.’ He underscored that the the that underscored He ‘abnormality.’ of sign a r Jeziorański, Source 1.9), were closer to the the to closer were 1.9), Source Jeziorański,
- non 102 . ”
(Source 1.13) (Source -
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allegedly focused on more ‘mundane’ ‘mundane’ more on focused allegedly mon descent and common culture, culture, common and descent mon 13
hl Lgto fee a more a offered Legutko while
the Romantic ideal of ideal Romantic the o (Herli ion ng - CEU eTD Collection
soitd ih cl mdrim ta cud uh epe o era t ‘warm to retreat to people assimilated anachronism,’ push could liberalism, that economic modernism’ purely ‘cold a with criticized associated He memory. and history common of perceive often is who Król, Even Wolicki). or (Legutko positions liberal and conservative both from criticized was that liberalism ‘minimalist’ the to identical not is position (Dr good Catholic progressive the of issue thematic a in articles seven of composed discussion real had concept this on reflection further 1997, In community. democratic constructed newly the for danger potential a be could nationalism that suggested Król 1992 In 4.3 democraticregime further was onliberal promptthe to reflection nationalism. new the for foundation stable a provide to how of question The community. the to it re the importanceof the on insisted position liberal moderate purely a one, a liberal between strongly a In and approach polity. traditionalist democratizing newly a in modernization achieve providedIn discussion an this reflectio intellectual short, spiritual fatherland (Source 1.9). the of borders the blurring a or 1.20), (Source 1989 in breakthrough spectacular a dangers the in pride of lack the of because happen could This transition. democratic of process the from disengage and Romantic forms, into retreat would people that transformation the of dangers the of one - ie nepnig, aey h ntoait ubrt i te Balkan the in outbursts nationalist the namely underpinnings, life
of transformation, such as those mentionedbyNowakthose as such transformation, of d as a pillar of Polish liberal thought, depicted the fatherland as a community a as fatherland the depicted thought, liberal Polish of pillar a as d awicz, Source 1.16), were closer to the liberal position. However, this liberal this However, position. liberal the to closer were 1.16), Source awicz, nationa Discussing liberal nationalism l and liberal values with an obsolete form of Romanticism. To his mind it was it mind his To Romanticism. of form obsolete an with
fatherland, provoked by a number of inherent inherent of number a by provoked fatherland,
103 - construction of the fa the of construction
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values on which democracy should be founded. One crucial point of the debate was was debate the of point crucial One founded. be should democracy which on values a to authors the led nationalism and patriotism of concepts the between distinguishing at attempt rendernationalism, to itaccessible and tothe broader intelligible public. could introducingend, come and burgeoning,academic toan the Western literatu monthly al but they controversy, intellectual so, an in only doing not engaged By theories. the of reading their propose and studies nationalism within controversy the of elements different retrace to them led nations of question Antonina Szacki, (Jerzy sociologists and Król) Marcin Jedlicki, (Jerzy ideas of historians Walicki), Andrzej Samsonowicz, (Henryk in debate 1997 the in participating intellectuals of numbera incited studies nationalism of development The 4.3.1 about nationsandnationalism. be will values national discussed and liberal together bringing at aimed that nationalism liberal of concept the Finally, nationalism. and patriotism of concepts the dissociating liberal overall Their subscribed. authors con most which to nation, of definition with liberal and society (civil) nation, about and the democracy, between compatibility the about discussion the evtv sac wl b frhr lcdtd n h aayi o te tep at attempt the of analysis the in elucidated further be will stance servative
The analysis in this section will first focus on the cultural and historical historical and cultural the on focus first will section this in analysis The the and nationalism, of and nation of theories different of discussion The Znak Theories of nation Theories of . This debate will first be placed in the context of broader academic debates debates academic broader of context the in placed be first will debate This . - ddress the crucial issue in the beginning of the democratic transition: the transition: democratic the of beginning the in issue crucial the ddress democratic ones.
was two was
Znak the potential of liberal nationalism to reconcile national values values national reconcile to nationalism liberal of potential the - fold: trying to answer the question whether the era of nations of era the whether question the answer to trying fold:
to convey it it convey to
to the public. The interest of these historians these of interest The public. the to 104
Kłoskowska, Ryszard Radzik Ryszard Kłoskowska, so in a political one, by using by one, political a in so
) in the in ) re on re on - CEU eTD Collection
develop into nations into develop The nations. to propensity of natural evolutionary, an emergence have humans the that holds account to primordialist respect with crucial is views modernist and (descriptiv and community democracy. andfor importance its nations of nature the on views their express to nations of theories of discussion the 15 2000). Macmillan, or 1998), recent of survey critical A Modernism: and 14 of idea the to citizenship linking members, its of culture or faith heritage, common by nation a defines It members. its of commonalities racial or ethnic the underlines dichotomycommon opposes most building. non between opposition an as seen the the while of intellectu or ideologues nationalist efforts the nations, from nations of of existence emergence the derive the would view of constructivist consequence a as nationalism sees em the of chain causal the of directionalitythe controversyis of point Anothersovereignty. and communities political of nature the to and individualism, modern of crystallization the to linked cultural and economic societies, modern of existence the from emergence their derives nations of account modernist The societies. traditional to related ancestry, common
Liah Greenfeld, LiahGreenfeld, For a thorough overview of different approaches to nationalism see Anthony D. D. Anthony see nationalism to approaches different of overview thorough a For Another distinction concerns the question of the nature of the nation. Here, the the Here, nation. the of nature the of question the concerns distinction Another empirical to belong studies nationalism the structure that controversies The Umut Özkirimli, Özkirimli, Umut
e) ande) philosophical considerations.
Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity to Roads Five Nationalism: . Nations, in this account, are perceived as based on kinship and kinship on based as perceived are account, this in Nations, .
ergence of nations and nationalism. A natural or historical view historical or natural A nationalism. and nations of ergence
conditions. In this view, the emergence of nations would be be would nations of emergence the view, this In conditions. hois f ainls: Ciia Introduction Critical A Nationalism: of Theories
als. Broadly speaking, these two approaches can be be can approaches two these speaking, Broadly als. ethnic to civic nations. The ethnic theory of nations theorynations ethnicof The nations. civic to ethnic - constructivist and constructivist views of nation of views constructivist and constructivist theories of nations and nationalism and nations of theories 105
14 (Boston: Harvard University Pres (Boston: Harvard
The between opposition primordialist
15
with the supporting the with
(New York: Palgrave Palgrave York: (New
(London: Routledge, Routledge, (London: Smith, s, 1992). s, Nationalism Nationalism
- CEU eTD Collection
Western culture, and label Easter label and culture, Western to nationalism civic link to efforts of case the notably is This realities. some denigrate ideal theoretical constitute territorial from citizenship It derives inclusiveness. nation’s the underscores approach this variant, exclusive ethnic, community. political a in participation voluntary of question li or civic The descent. common Taylor. Charles and Berlin, Ern Alter, Peter authors Balicki, Zygmunt The Ern representative. entirely Anderson, not Benedict but rich, relatively was It 20 http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nationalism 19 18 1965). Publishers, Transaction 17 16 on literature the nationalism, of developments recent the of review Their debate. specific the which interestingsee is to it nationalism, and liberal tryreconcile with political nationalism to morality. ye demanding, less to values, cultural of importance the stress that accounts communitarian comprehensive from range theories These nationalism. of theories different on focuses and sciences, nationalist aggressive normatively problematic.” and misleading empirically ambiguous, “conceptually as scholars nationalism other
Rogers Brubaker, RogersBrubaker, patriotism ‘constitutional or as patriotism described often are Purelyloyalties civic The review of literature on nations and nationalism was one of the objectives of that edition of edition that of objectives the of one was nationalism and nations on literature of review The E.g. Hans Kohn, Kohn, Hans E.g. Nenad Nenad ih epc t tee ees f hoeia cnieain aot ain and nations about considerations theoretical of tenets these to respect With moral The Miščević 20
ihy ocnrtd rud rtcl icsin f ret Gellner’s Ernest of discussion critical around concentrated highly Ethnicity W Ethnicity h Ie O Ntoaim A td I Is rgn Ad Background And Origins Its In Study A Nationalism: Of Idea The - “Nationalism , hlspia dbt oe ntoaim s ocre ls wt the with less concerned is nationalism over debate philosophical
t more plausible, liberal ones that question the cultural argument argument cultural the question that ones liberal plausible, more t e incidents that are present in the media or under study in social social in study under or media the in present are that incidents t Ge st
18 ithout Groups ithout - types that can also be used as labels in order to value or value to order in labels as used be also can that types llner, Leah Greenfeld, Jürgen Habermas, Bolesław Malinowski, Malinowski, Bolesław Habermas, Jürgen Greenfeld, Leah llner,
e st Renan, William G. Sumner, Eric Hobsbawm, John Dunn, Isaiah Isaiah Dunn, John Hobsbawm, Eric Sumner, G. William Renan, st
, ” n nationalism as ethnic, as nationalism n ea ter o nto, n otat fcss n the on focuses contrast, in nation, of theory beral tnod nylpei o Philosophy of Encyclopaedia Stanford , acce ,
(Boston: Harvard University Press, 2004), 5. 2004), University Press, (Boston: Harvard n pltcl rnils Tee approaches These principles. political and ssed on May 10, 2014. 2014. 10, May on ssed 106 ones the intellectuals use and to what end, in end, what to and use intellectuals the ones
17 icse te otiuin of contributions the discussed
which was dismissed by dismissed was which 19 16
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as he proposed question, this of understanding Polish main the beyond going nations, of question the pointe discussion, the initiating account, comprehensive his in Szacki, Jerzy sociologist, and ideas, of historian liberal The nationalism. liberal of theory a for case a build to tried also but nations, of origins and nationalisms and Nations romantycznych idei wkręgu głównie 22 21 reference, belinkedtoa becausemore would aggressive it nationalis ethnic any using of wary were debate this in involved authors the nation, of theory ethnic ga the to closer would as perceived be definition could theory cultural ethnic the while the Paradoxically, that however, say, to not is This 2.3). Source (Jedlicki, example its as point some at quoted was Republic First the of experience the if even nation, the of definition political purely a of proponents w There nations. political and ethnic between distinction the in way middle a as presented was nations of theory cultural the Interestingly, approach. natur constructivistthe to debate,opposedthe as in support intellectualgathered substantive and origins the concerning position historical the Overall, Support for the nation. of definitions different for denominator common a as introduced was community the definition the for reference the dominant However, one. only the as perceived be not should one, Romantic the nation, the of question the to approach Polish main the that suggested Szacki sense, this In
Ernest Gellner, Ernest Gellner, “ Zawiera bezpośrednią, lub pośrednią negację wielu poglądów, które które poglądów, wielu negację pośrednią lub bezpośrednią, Zawiera a iet r niet eain f ay supin ta we that assumptions many the circle mostlyin of negation indirect or direct “a
a cultural and historical approach
Nations and Nationalism and Nations
of Romantic ideas ideas Romantic of , 21
touched upon a numb a upon touched
–
skłonni jesteśmy uznać za oczywiste.” za uznać jesteśmy skłonni
(Ithaca: Cornell University University Cornell (Ithaca:
of the nation remains history and culture, and and culture, and history remains nation the of –
are prone to consider evident.” consider proneto are d to the fact that Gellner shed new light on light new shed Gellner that fact the to d 107
er of questions related to the nature the to related questions of er Press, 1983). Press, – –
initiated to those questions questions those to initiated wtajemniczeni w te kwestie kwestie te w wtajemniczeni ere virtually no strong strong no virtually ere (Source 2.1) (Source ther more support. support. more ther 22
m. o te nation the of e
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genuine and long lasting, it n it lasting, longandgenuine culture. national common, of universe post renowned by developed this On 2.5). (Source symbols and meanings common as defined she which community, a of consciousness the of emergence the to nations of emergence the linked who Kłoskowska, Antonina hymn intelektualistów mitem siępięknym mi wydaje narodu koncepcja okrzyk, sztandar, nazwa, symboliczne: ideological and birth, of 24 place this sense, a the In figuratively. termof to and geographically both linked space, national common fatherland a denoting fatherland, small between distinguished Ossowski broader 23 between level intermediary an at placed be would order, legal territory, differentord fromshared factors of number a community,on basedThis nation. of theories different for denominator common a constitute could community national reduc culture a and use of canon the of knowledge limited verya show would intelligentsia, technical the e.g. society, of spheres educated the from people even practice, in interesting, was theory Jedlicki notably authors, other While cultures. national two) than more rarely (but one than more to belonging of feeling a show and knowledge possess would individual an which in situation a denoting valenc national of theory Kłoskowska’s of contribution Theculture. national of assimilation of level the to refer would which valence, national to identity individual linked also Kłoskowska values.
“ Stanisław Ossowski, Ossowski, Stanisław wielu ludziom dla ludziom wielu ‘ ideological ideological h eivl itra Hny asnwc cnlddta h ocp of concept the that concluded Samsonowicz Henryk historian Medieval The beautif a rather be to seems nation slogan, banner, name, self own their for instruments national symbolical few very need people “many sociologist eminent the by detail in discussed was theory cultural The fatherland
celów ich duchowej samoidentyfikacji wystarcza bardzo ubogie instrumentarium instrumentarium ubogie bardzo wystarcza samoidentyfikacji duchowej ich celów ocyne narodzie i ojczyźnie O
on, h rfre t te oin f h ielgcl fatherland ideological the of notion the to referred she point, ’
anthem can be likened to the ‘spiritual fatherland’ discussed before. before. discussed fatherland’ ‘spiritual the to likened canbe ws o ics psiiiis f utrl polyvalence, cultural of possibilities discuss to was e eeded to be rooted and reflected in people’s behavior and and behavior people’sreflectedand rooted in be eededto
- war sociologist, Stanisław Ossowski, defined as the the as defined Ossowski, Stanisław sociologist, war ed symbolical instrumentarium: ed symbolical , and a stranger providing a contrast (…) the culturalist theory of of theory culturalist the (…) contrast a providing stranger a and , ul mythintellectuals.” ofthe ul , conceded that on the conceptual level, cultural level, conceptual the on that conceded , 23
(About the the (About –
108
h age ta fr ainl utr t be to culture national for that argued She i ktoś obcy dla kontrastu. (…) kulturalistyczna kulturalistyczna (…) kontrastu. dla obcy ktoś i
ahrad n te nation) the and fatherland .” (Jedlicki, Source 2.3 Source (Jedlicki, .” 24
ers: language, ers: )
- (PWN, 1984). 1984). (PWN, identification: identification:
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away from discussing the related question of nationalism. One could then say, that that say, then could One nationalism. of question related the discussing from away shy not did authors the and discussed, also were emergence their of circumstances the they placepolitical,’ of‘the the were placewere where the made. political decisions disappear,might thatnationsbecause thought authors the of Virtually nations. none of of permanence the about question initial the to linked was allegiance of levels multiple of question The communities. local narrower and communities, religious grupy własnej wobec negują zobowiązania otwarcie wszelkie którzy i nielicznych, narodowych stosunkowo narodowej.” podziałów tych znaczenie wyjątkiem z jakiekolwiek narodu członków paskudną, i wszystkich skrajną tyle natury na z formułą ideologię jest jako zaś bowiem “patriotyzm” nas u się traktuje ‘nacjonalizm’ narodowych, 26 25 concep the between distinction a of development the mind, his To 2.3). (Source patriotism and nationalism of theories developing and analyzing from scholars Polish prevent not did term neutral neutr a such of lack the that underscored necessarily not was nationalism of concept the of use the that claimed he allFirst of points. two on disagreedSzacki with Jedlicki philosophical useof theconcept, Szacki asinEnglish. underscored that or theoretical neutral, more a of possibility the and Polish, in nationalism term the quest the addressed nationalism of discussion The 4.3.2 advancing liberal nati ‘nationalist were they
Miščević “ polska praktyka językowa uniemożliwia w istocie uchwycenie wspólnych cech ogółu ideologii ideologii ogółu cech wspólnych uchwycenie istocie w uniemożliwia językowa praktyka polska nls) bt viig soito wt agesv ad nerl ainls by nationalism integral and aggressive with association avoiding but onalism),
belonging and of any bonds with one’s national community.” national with one’s bonds of any belongingand those of the exception the of with nation members all to applied be could it that formula general a as also such as It patriotism ideology. frames extreme and nasty necessarily a as nationalism treats it because ideologies, com capture to impossible it makes practice linguistic “Polish na of nature the of question the to space much gave discussion the While An attemptnationalism at from dissociating patriotism , “Nationalism.” , (Source -
conservative approaches, such as liberal approaches,conservative as nationalism. such 2.1) 2.1)
- minded’
25 ogólną, że można ją, w gruncie rzeczy, stosować niemal do do niemal stosować rzeczy, gruncie w ją, można że ogólną,
rare few who openly negate the meaningfulness of national national of meaningfulness the negate openly who few rare ie dsusn ad eeoig hois of theories developing and discussing (i.e. 109
ion of the negative connotation of connotation negative the of ion l n nls. eody he Secondly, English. in al 26
mon characteristics of national national of characteristics mon s f ainls and nationalism of ts
the era the tions, tions,
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national identity and national consciousness, not only to be understood as an an as understood be to self of agenda aggressive only not consciousness, national and identity national to related aspects different study and theorize to helping tool, analytical or descriptive natio of concept the of use the enable and deadlock conceptual under the same name. phenomena different potentially conflate to not order in important was patriotism etc.). civic; cultural; Enlightened; Romantic; (e.g. adjectives useofdifferent the by qualifications, 27 theories, c tonation/nationalist integrally linked patriotic thicker to closer those (e.g. ‘patriotism’ of label the under conducted are nation the to related questions on considerations and 2.2), (Source patriotism ‘benign’ considered always is of simple nationalism which in dichotomy a beyond concepts go to analysis the the enable Disentangling also would patriotism nationalism. and nationalism inciting of fear without identity o in authors, many to appealing was Nationalism B couldas beused analytically concepts. relevant Howe concept the 2.2). of (Source aspect pejorative and narrow its in use nationalism denoting B, Nationalism neutral and broad a denote would that A Nationalism capture definitionsto distinct proposed two different theuse aspectsofnationalism: of left the end, this To nation. the to related of issues studying concept for umbrella an the as namely relevance, that academic an had argument nationalism the promoted and nationalism, aggressive from
However, even if the concept of Nationalism A were broad enough, it would still require require still would it enough, broad were A Nationalism of concept the if even However, e, t s ifcl t evsg ta sc gnrc em a Ntoaim and A Nationalism as terms generic such that envisage to difficult is it ver, The idea of using the concept of nationalism in more neutral axiological terms axiological neutral more in nationalism of concept the using of idea The this overcome to strategies of number a forward put discussants The
- determination. As such, they tried to dissoc to tried they such, As determination.
rder to allow the study of nations and national and nations of study the allow to rder 110
- ig iea hsoin nre Walicki Andrzej historian liberal zing onsiderations).
extreme and simply opposed to opposed simply and extreme
aim s more a as nalism iate themselves iate 27
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territorialisation under the partitions. In consequence, he opposed the idea of calling of idea the opposed he consequence, In partitions. the under country’s territorialisation the of context the in Poland in nation the to connection its lost had that concept traditional a as it qualified he notion, territorial framing merely By a as 2.2). patriotism (Source state or territory specific a to referring patriotism, and Walicki focus. loyal and bonds of national on focusing concept a nationalism, between distinguished objects different them assigning by notably nationalism, and najzupełniej mylne!), że uczeni polscy nie zdają sobie sprawy z jakościowej różnicy między między różnicy jakościowej z sprawy sobie zdają nie polscy uczeni patriotyzmem.” tradycyjnym a narodowymi ideologiami nowoczesnymi że mylne!), najzupełniej 28 strongerallegiance types ofwere needed. Labeling ideology. nationalist that implied the traditional as and patriotism nations modern of emergence the with obsolete became that reference territorial traditional a to limited was patriotism level allegian state the of a question to patriotism relegate and nationalism), ‘aggressive’ or ‘integral’ not oriented,’ ‘nationalist and allegiance, of level dise the to willingness authors’ exemplify only not They significant. highly are maneuvers conceptual These qualitative differencenationalism andtraditional thus: modern patriotism, between a was there that implied also Walicki 3). Chapter (cf. tradition’ patriotic ‘Romantic discussed he where patriotism,” Polish of traditions “Three on work seminal his with contradiction in stands which patriotism, of name the by nationalism’ ‘Romantic
“ atpwne łw “ajnlz” łwm “patriotyz słowem “nacjonalizm” słowa Zastępowanie false!) that Polish scholars are not aware of a qualitative difference between modern national national modern between difference qualitative patriotism.” traditional and ideologies, a of aware not are scholars impressio Polish an that gives false!) ‘patriotism’ word the with ‘nationalism’ word the “[r]eplacing A number of strategies were used to create this distinction between patriotism patriotism between distinction this create to used were strategies of number A
ntangle the two concepts, but also rehabilitate the national the rehabilitate also but concepts, two the ntangle ce. This approach would imply that on the conceptual conceptual the on that imply would approach This ce.
28
t a nt dpe t te e raiy where reality, new the to adapted not was it - retd tikn (nesod s ‘nation as (understood thinking oriented’
111
m” sprawia ponadto wrażenie (skądinąd (skądinąd wrażenie ponadto sprawia m” (Source 2.2) (Source
n (which is is (which n
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cons o rv ter ifrne Te iea hsoin ez Jdik, n i anti his in Jedlicki, Jerzy historian liberal The difference. their prove to accounts nation even (or state th or fatherland the to relate could but nations, of theory the to linked be to have not state more a promoting of s be to notion, territorial a as understood patriotism, want not did but nationalism, of concept Romanticism. use during notwas in broad nationalism of theconcept 29 specific and balance provide to ones, big the alongside communities small maintain to need the it from derived He 2.7). (Source spiritual also but material, only not was differentiation ‘neutral’ between them. a achieving of difficulty the proving nationalism,’ ‘bad and patriotism’ ‘good between opposition grandiloquent relatively and stereotypical tw the a between distinction a make to from account historical of started he ‘monster While the hatred). and avoid complexes and national (implying people, nationalism’ young among ambition) and life spiritual ( patriotism mature of crystal the “trigger to how pondered He nations. between enmity inevitable of syndrome the to linked doctrine a was nationalism while it, of towards feeling a was patriotism affiliation that (collective) implied and commonsensical two was the between concepts distinction the view, his In 2.3). (Source ideology specific a to concept approach, anachronistic osadzi[ć]
Jedlicki criticized Jedlicki uperseded by the former, as to their mind patriotism would still have the value value the have still would patriotism mind their to as former, the by uperseded Finally, according to Samsonowicz, patriotis Samsonowicz, to according Finally, the of use neutral more a promoting of value the saw also authors Other
than nationalism and was used in a more general way, without being attached attached being without way, general more a in used was and nationalism than
rstł dojrzałego kryształ
Walicki’s proposition to ca to proposition Walicki’s
- tt) Sak, ore .) r hy eeoe mr historical more developed they or 2.1) Source (Szacki, state) cnee o te ahrad n tauig pcfc duties specific traducing and fatherland the on centered , 29 -
oriented allegiance. They either insisted that patriotism did patriotism that insisted either They allegiance. oriented nesoe ta ptits ws one a was patriotism that underscored
patriotyzmu ll the Romantics Romantics the ll 112
(upsdy nihn everyone’s enriching (supposedly ” m was a question of heritage that heritage of question a was m by the name of of name the by o concepts, he finished with a with finished he concepts, o
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link to the country. Hence, an approach contrasting the scale of the object of of object the of scale the allegiance todistinguish possible between make didnot it concepts eit thetwo contrasting approach an Hence, country. the to link the include to have necessarily not would and nature, in local be would with it fatherland, associated only were patriotism the if to However, correspond fatherland. would big(ger) nationalism while an fatherland, to small correspond the would to patriotism attachment that impression the gave he stated, clearly communitaria mild this In individuals. for landmarks instrumeod go różni i to wspólnoty 30 Anglo the in that statement the as such nations, on literature the from insights by incited was discussion the of question the exchange this This discussed. further societywas (nationalism) civil relationship and between nation in 1992, in fatherland the about discussion was theslowpacechange. changing, butcriticized ofthe situation this that suggested Król ones. civic everyday the to than values national big society, a as nothing but nation, a as big was Poland Norwid’s quoted who Król, by also recalled was chapter, previous the in explained nation, the to inferior as society of perception This nature. political and cultural, is it because superior is nation the that imply would it because paradoxical, as seen be can assumption underlying The between concepts confusion as nation,society such and that state tosuggest ongoing the to referred Kłoskowska culture. of community a
“ Naród poprzez swoją kulturę jest zbiorowością autoteliczną. Na tym polega jego charakter, jako jako charakter, jego polega tym Na autoteliczną. zbiorowością jest kulturę swoją poprzez Naród While the distinction between nation and society was already featured in th in featured already was society and nation between distinction the While on aut an is culture, its of virtue by “Nation, was toThean overwhelmingly national emotional bond as attachment pictured culture , and this differentiates it from an instrumental society.” instrumental itfroman differentiates this and , - Saxon literature many authors equated the emergence of nations nations of emergence the equated authors many literature Saxon
ntalnego społeczeństwa.” ntalnego
113 o - telic group. Its character of a community is based based is community a of character Its group. telic
(Source 2.5) (Source oit i ifro bcue f its of because inferior is society
that is, always more attached to attached more always is, that ruet vni tws not was it if even argument, n
30
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However, the potential combination of liberal democracy, linked to the civil society, civil the to linked democracy, liberal of combination potential the However, domain of incompatibilities: the Poland, in that be relationship underscored Walicki However, state. modern the the of to parallel transformation society, democratic civil, modern, a of creation the with almost seems nationalism and patriotism terms of conflation the case, thelatter In culture. to or norms political to attachment an as either understood patriotism, of definition the upon nation: the in membership and nationalism liberal patriotism, “Constitutional Ariely, Gal (e.g. patriotism’ ‘cultural call they what with nationalism liberal assimilate authors other while consequences, illiberal about brings can and terms in 33 1993). individual nationalism 32 Niemcz poglądem z w nacjonalizmu.” postacie wszelkie wyklucza obywatelskiego sprzeczne rażąco zwłaszcza to Jest (rozpowszechnionym obywatelskiego. społeczeństwa nowoczesnego kształtowania 31 best could which values, that argument Taylor’s Charles discussing by reflection solidarity and unity social guarantee would that values common for need potential a concerned discussion nationalism liberal of adaptability and nature possible of amount the about reflection n the community was debate this in elements key the of One 4.3.3 a democratic regime. nationa with
Interestingly, proponents of constitutional patriotism posit that liberal nationalism is a is nationalism liberal that posit patriotism constitutional of proponents Interestingly, iea nationalism Liberal “ Powstawanie homogenicznych społeczeństw narodowych pokrywa się w zasadzie z procesem procesem z zasadzie w się pokrywa narodowych społeczeństw homogenicznych Powstawanie
to an opinion (spread particularly in Germany and Poland) that the ideal of civil society society civil of ideal the that Poland) and Germany nationalism.” form any of excludes in the particularly (spread to opinion principle an in to correlated, be can societies society. civil modern a of ofcreation process national homogenous of emergence “The (or even cultural) cultural) even (or Liberal nationalism that would be be would that l values, was suggested as an option of constructing stable foundation for for foundation stable constructing of option an as suggested was values, l ee fr val dmcay wih rmtd h dsuso o the of discussion the prompted which democracy, viable a for eeded tween the ideal of civil society and nationalism would find itself in the in itself find would nationalism and society civil of ideal the tween a terzd y al ai, a b dfnd as defined be can Tamir, Yael by theorized as ,
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what kind, and with what aim. It can be observed that most of the liberal intellectuals liberal the of most that observed be can It aim. what with and kind, what of nationalism, of expressions some with compatible be could Poland) in construction above all national values: belong, they which to polity the with identification citizens’ for basis aprovide jedności. społecznej minimum niezbędnego osiągnięcie umożliwiających wartości, wspólnych istnienia również 35 ed. 34 apostasy of mark any or blame without wanted, they if community, the from exit easy allo should it and before), discussed asculture, of community a definedas was nation the if achieved be could this how unclear is it (but community national the into volunteers accept nationa should democracy liberal true a that suggested the Kłoskowska of vision open specific, a of direction the in discussion would helpfoundations lay to for established thenewly regime. stronger democratic liberal with values national reconciling that insist to authors the t insist to was equation this in nation the of inclusion the defending strategy The 2.2). Source (Walicki, community the to belonging of feeling the in construct could individual f stem liberal as position their of qualification earlier the confirmed conclusion This community. (national) from dissociated be not could democracy that believed di and theses not communitarian did Król) also but Walicki, Jedlicki, (Szacki, generation older the of
Charles Taylor, “Democratic exclusion (and its remedies?) its (and exclusion “Democratic Taylor, Charles “ zdolna do życia demokracja wymaga nie tylko zagwarantowania praw człowieka i obywatela, lecz obywatela, i człowieka praw zagwarantowania tylko nie wymaga demokracja życia do zdolna Alan Cairns (Montréal: Mc Gill Mc (Montréal: Alan Cairns rom the assumption that liberty was dependent on the feeling of sense that an an that sense of feeling the on dependent was liberty that assumption the rom hat it should be understood as a pluralist community. This approach allowed allowed approach This community. pluralist a as understood be should it hat
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choices. He further insisted that no one single group should usurp the right to embody to right the usurp should group single one no that insisted further He choices. Walic and convictions history’). their individuals, for of respect encompassed nation the ‘politics of conception conservative the within 2000s of half first the in challenged strongly be to inwas assumption (this intervene memory to linked not matters should state the democracy, liberal a in him, For class. political ref whichmemory,’ of ‘battles or politics), in values national using as defined he (that identity’of ‘politics ubiquitous the criticized Walicki 2.5). (Source “prawdziwych do należy ludności cześć jaka tym Polaków o wyrokować arbitralnie narodowych, wartości 36 liberali because reconciled, be could positions particularist (national) state less and pluralism more promoting memory, and identity of matters to applied also but economic, only libera that people convinced it that and nation, of understanding broad a and values democratic liberal together brought it that condition on Poland), in (even possible was nationalism liberal that was lines, these along conclusion, Walicki’s democrati the of beginning the of reforms economic the of harshness the for scapegoata as it usingof instead liberalism, referenceto ideological or intellectual positive a of development the requires This liberalism. political of development the and patriotism fixingits meaning. to reference the monopolizing at attempts have as debates, recent more in present attemp Indeed, nationalwho the values ‘real ordecide were: Poles’
“Wydaje się rzeczą oczywistą, że żadna żadna że oczywistą, rzeczą się “Wydaje , One of the most important conditions for such liberal nationalism to em to nationalism liberal such for conditions important most the of One Poles ‘real of ranks the to belongs population the of part which decide arbitrarily or values, national t obvious seems “It ” formułować nazbyt łatwo zarzuty zdrady i temu podobne. i temu zdrady zarzuty łatwo nazbyt ” formułować , ’ or formulate accusations of treason against their opponents, etc.” opponents, their against oftreason formulate ’accusations or ts at defining who belongs to the ‘real Poles’ have been very much much very been have Poles’ ‘real the to belongs who defining at ts
dirigisme hat none of the groups within the nation should aim at monopolizing monopolizing at aim should nation the within groups the of none hat
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nationalism. nation the of level the at placed still was taken, are ‘the decisions political where level that the political,’ fact the Król, For I. War World since law international the in enshrined a assumption liberal a as read be could light certain a under that nations the of relevance nation the of existence underestimate not should aspect, universalist its maintain liberal and practices, toconstructastronger inorder state attachment cultural between and values national and liberal between br a provide to tried significantly nationalism liberal of discussion thisThe confusion. to adds also ones, political in not and Poland, in in terms defined historical and mostly cultural is nation the that fact The problematic. increasingly becomes nation a becomes fatherland the when situation the in but fatherland, the towards allegiance as perceived is patriotism that fact the from comes confusi nationalism and patriotism The between established. easily be can concepts two these between distinction straightforward no that proves also which oppositions, ideological repeating up ended often they nationalism, and patriotism of concepts the between distinction a propose th on build to tried they While question. national the on influence possible its and Union European the on reflected also They democracy. a to foundation ensure strong could combination a such whether and combined, be could nationalism theoreticall whether on reflected they mind, in Poland with and Instead, Poland. in occur could nationalism aggressive of eruption an or separatisms of rise the as problems such that think to seem not did authors various the all, in All - tt, t fcs un t te ain tu dfeetaig t rm nation from it differentiating thus nation, the to turns focus its state, - tt ws nte agmn fr eeoig lbrl approa liberal a developing for argument another was state
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allegiance, and siding with more silent expression of political allegiance. Even if they if Even allegiance. political of expression silent more with siding and allegiance, 1981, in one Lipski by the presented to akin patriotism of types two between opposition an discussed authors Herling of The took exchange,concerning third thechanging ofpatriotism, nature 4.4 37 crowd a for need a been had there wars the during and partitions the under While changed. also patriotism of form required The general. of reach the pa claimed, he 1918, in independence regained Poland After society). to nation from change progressive a as 20 described he debate 1992 the the in (that century throughout patriotism Polish of change the to correlated consciousness, c a of sign a their also was vote) demonstrate to refusal (i.e. to fatherland the for failure responsibility people’s him, For 3.1). (Source mentality on regime people’s former the of influence lingering the by solely explained be not could opinio his In absenteeism. voters’ increasing the notably reality, social ‘warm to retreat a anachronism.’ provoke could values, national to reference and attachment and sphere, public the in patriotism of expression ‘loud’ a of lack the that thinkers conservative more by earlier voiced accusation the acknowledged they sense, this In behavior. civic inspire to fail could it charged, emotionally being not by i that risks inherent the to pointed also they civic, as latter the frame to tried
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Grudziński and a progressive Catholic bishop, Józef Życiński. The two two The Życiński. Józef bishop, Catholic progressive a and Grudziński in 1998 and constituted one of the five dialogues between the writer Gustaw Gustaw writer the between dialogues five the of one constituted and 1998 in Patriotism as silent virtue wieojczyzny
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it wentit against a loud because effect, positive a as virtue silent a into patriotism of transformation the depict to attempted He suspicion. and distrust skepticism, by marked became patriotism case the longer ex 3.1) (Source K (ocz narodem Boga przez umiłowanym z jest przemieszany swoistego powstania do końcu w się przyczynił common the 38 example, (for circumstances specific in valuable be also could some indeed bad, were behaviors (‘loud’) emotional all not that argued Życiński oneself. imply rather could but silence, actual mean ofspiritualbe experience, religiousnecessarilyIt associatedwith akind act. or not did could light, positive a in him by understood Silence, 1997. in Walicki by mentioned t in place takes often that appearances of game the to reflection deep this opposed Hesilence. in experienced best was and values, of sphere the in rooted be to needed patriotism of experience deep the Życiński, For hysteria). (that patriotism loud and silence between opposition from their civicvoting). the(e.g. fatherland duties towards and also EU he But the NATO. joining namely moment, that at track right the as perceived he what from away Poland led it because religion, with references national fusing language, Herling For
atolik spode łba patrzy na “obcych”, (…) w którym “polskość” jest wszechmiarą wszechrzeczy.” wszechrzeczy.” wszechmiarą jest “polskość” którym w (…) “obcych”, na patrzy łba spode atolik le ad quasi and alted “ Patriotyzm głośny, egzaltowany, romantyczny, zachłanny zachłanny romantyczny, egzaltowany, głośny, Patriotyzm Życiński’s response (Source 3.2) to Herling to 3.2) (Source response Życiński’s things.” ofall measure the where universe; the of Polish a kitschy God by loved is that of nation the with mixed kind is Church a of creation the to end the in patriotism greedy and Romantic, exulted, loud, “A
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iuto wt te ure bten ml Pls pltcl ate, ah f which of each parties, political Polish small between quarrel the with situation this illustrated He slogans. political (nationalist) of use loud the attacked frontally and translated basic for their hunger values. at experience a for collective, spiritual thatpeople showed specific passion moments, the that suggest to him led This moment). difficult a in together them brought that o announcement the after held Poles many that prayers 1956. waningafter started even its importance if in 1979, his death who it until led Piasecki, o of nationalists Interwar activity by 1947, the in created organization, supported Catholic secular also communists The apparatus. state communist half first the priests ‘patriot of activity the supported and regime, the to loyal 40 behav 39 an rather was concept instrumental, political game the of use the as it) (monopolize realm its in it include to de to ideology specific one of attempts about talk priest ‘patriot or patriots’ ‘true about spoke party the when (e.g. notablypatriotism concepts, specific of use and meaning the monopolize to excessively adjectives some using by realitythe distorting of attempt legitimizat an nationalist to lead the to likened and be could attempt an behavior such Życiński For patriotism. of ethical monopolization undermine also but values, on other in not and parties political specific some in only patriots’ ‘true were there that suggesting or Catholic,’ ‘real a or 1997), in Walicki by criticized and noted (already patriot’ itself presented
Such framing was also to appear in 2010, after the Smolensk plane crash, explaining the ways people people ways the explaining crash, plane Smolensk the after 2010, in appear to also was framing Such When it comes to the concept of patriotism, the communist discourse spoke about ‘true patriots ‘true about spoke discourse communist the patriotism, of concept the to comes it When ed during the national mourning. national the during ed Życiński exp Życiński of 1950, federating priests opposing the Catholic hierarchy, and collaborating with the the with collaborating and hierarchy, Catholic the opposing priests federating 1950, of s, would, he argued, not only express pathos and a lack of silent reflection silent of lack a and pathos express only not argued, he would, s, s eeaigte‘re aros Ti at flbln nsl ‘true a oneself labeling of act This patriots. ‘true’ the federating as ressed his approval for the silent expression of important values values important of expression silent the for approval his ressed
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virtuous reflection, but rather was closer to apathy. He concluded that there was a a was there that concluded He apathy. to closer was rather but reflection, virtuous I sphere. private their to retire to preferred rather They satisfactory. find not did they that reality the change to initiative the take not did but politicians, believein not did who individuals’ ‘hurtof patriotism about talked vote. to not them led it if citizens ordinary also but patriot, better a was who of question the over quarrels their and politicians concern only not the criticize to them led sphere, political the in benefits immediate obtaining at aiming without effort, intellectual Their sphere. public the appropriatinand references conceptual were post intellectuals the of the decade transition, first the communist during how, showed debates three these short, In reflection, could social alsoprovoke apathy. belong should patriotism that advocate not did they However, patriotism. of incarnations sole as themselves presenting parties certain of worth the of electorate the convincing poss the on commented also They times. present the in appropriate longer no were view their in that heritage, Romantic the to linked mostly patriotism, of expressions some condemned and desirable, be would that behavior of type rational a conceptuali as They patriotism argument. an such for case philosophical strong a building necessarily without values, (ethical)highest the of one as it ranked even or virtue a as grotesque usurping orridiculous, without and being emotionsexpress without their patriotic to help people waysto find new need to ible political misuse of patriotism, which happened for instrumental reasons of of reasons instrumental for happened which patriotism, of misuse political ible
The concept of patriotism was very important to both authors, who qualified it it qualified who authors, both to important very was patriotism of concept The did patriotism of expression the with problem a such that believed Życiński entirely to the private sphere, because such a situation, besides deeper deeper besides situation, a such because sphere, private the to entirely 121
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the concept of patriotism was to become increasingly political, as we will s will we as political, increasingly become to was patriotism of concept the over contestation transition, andthe the the second debates of decade tochange in was these of nature The agreement. broad a obtained forward put they patriotism of nature an community liberal fatherland, the The of form the deliberation. to related open propositions conservative rather to subscribed they agreement, in not were always they While them. before had communists the as patriots,’ ‘true of label (right specific where appearances, of game political threenext chapters.
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n te eoey f hi maig fe yas f omns mnplto. have I manipulation. communist of years after meaning their of recovery the and nationalism, and patriotism fatherland, as such concepts, political key of definition democratic the of decade first the during occurred that intellectuals between discussions three on focused chapter previous The 5 increasingly become to was intellect The contestation polarized. the of nature the on, later However, Jedlicki. Jerzy and Szacki Jerzy as such leaning, liberal more of intellectuals other this of al was success framing The extreme. as dismissed successfully they which integral nationalism, and universalism liberal communitarian between way their ‘modern’ frame third, the to as managed proposition conservatives the how shown be also However, deliberative. and open relatively still was discussion intellectual the one between 2005and 2007. t over contestation the fostered that events’ ‘discursive two of analysis an by chapter this in be exemplified will circle this of importance The politics. on and debates public of nature the c intellectual strong and liberal between opposition emerging conservativeremained the open but innature. positions, signaled regime former the of th of form the concerning discussions these how shown
The analysis will show that in the beginning of the second decade of transition of decade second the of beginning the in that show will analysisThe new a of emergence the following progressively, change to was situation This contestation over the modern form of patriotism of form modern the over contestation Five Chapter o o e eedn o te oiie eeto o ter rpsto by proposition their of reception positive the on dependent be to so he concept of patriotism: one that took place in 2000 and the other the and 2000 in place took that one patriotism: of concept he onservative circle and the growing impact it was to have both on on both have to was it impact growing the and circle onservative a cnevtv crl icesnl ifune te political the influenced increasingly circle conservative ual –
Progressive polarization ofthe polarization Progressive 123
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discussion of the regime form to encompass the discussion about the approach to be to approach the about discussion the encompass to form regime the of discussion discussion. in elections legislative the win to only not it helping framework, conceptual a with party conservative the provided Merta Tomasz or Gawin Dariusz Karłowicz, Dariusz Cichocki, A. Marek as such representatives, association its of because discourse, lettre i Uprising, Warsaw the of Museum 1 the publicsphere. and 2005 between government, conservative the by policies public of sphere the in was deployed history’ of ‘politics of concept the Second, 2000. in place took exhibition intellectuals, an First, policies. public of “ sphere pro the were in events' 'discursive initiatives important conservative two 2000s, of decade the In 5.1 and thealienationearlier more ofthe conservatives. allies liberal from a ch a provoked liberals) the of against approach ‘critical’ conservatives, the by patriotism ‘affirmative’ the positions of of promotion radicalization (strong a and allegiance, patriotic of nature the towards field hi national and past the to regards with taken
oaeoi nse wolności naszej Bohaterowie The conservatives often quote this exhibition, together with together exhibition, this quote often conservatives The
, i.e. before its ideational conceptualization. conceptualization. itsideational before i.e. , The contestation over the meaning of patriotism increasingly spread beyond the beyond spread increasingly patriotism of meaning the over contestation The ‘discursive events’ Conservative intellectuals and their projects creating 2007, demonstrating a growing influence of conservative intellectuals over intellectuals conservative of influence growing a demonstrating 2007,
naugurated in 2004) as examples of ‘politics of history’ history’ of ‘politics of examples as 2004) in naugurated
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use of billboards was meant to bring together patriotic content with a market form of of form market a with content patriotic together bring to meant was billboards of use publicl not (but alive still were and War, World Second the during mostly independence, Polish for fights the in participated who people seventeen presented cities Polish main in con the Heritage National and Culture of Ministry (“Why general. in 1996 humanity towards than compatriots in patriotism”, towards need democracies solidarity greater promote to glue patriotic needed democracies citizen modern that suggested who one, Taylor’s Charles to close very is 4 4.3) Source (Gniazdowski, 3 heritage national and culture ‘of namethe to back came Ministrythe 2005, in seat ministerial the to Ujazdowski of the return With heritage. national and art of kind any encompassed culture of the concept mind his to (2001 government wing renamed the in Celiński, Andrzej culture. was of question the for heritage it national of importance the showcase 2001 and 1999 narodowego Between conservative times. dziedzictwa communist i the kultury from Ministerstwo name the of continuation was it 1999 and 1989 2 foundation of any democracy. conse The good. expression,
http://www.mikolaj.org.pl/bohaterowie Since 1989, the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage has had three different names. Between Between names. different three had has Heritage National and Culture of Ministry the 1989, Since “ ocpj zezna patr zderzenia koncepcja ) , 120. , , ’ in line witht ’line in servative philosopher Dariusz Karłowicz. Around 350 billboards in the streets the in billboards 350 Around Karłowicz. Dariusz philosopher servative Hre o or iet” a a oil ilor cmag ognzd y the by organized campaign billboard social a was liberty” our of “Heroes
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, Ministry of Culture and Art. This was a direct direct a was This Art. and Culture of Ministry , , ed. Martha C. Nussbaum (Boston: Beacon Press Beacon (Boston: Nussbaum C. Martha ed. ,
in November 2000, based on an idea by idea an on based 2000, November in . , accessed on 23 March 2014. March 23 on accessed , ’
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Rzeczpospolita symbols),” over war the Wałęsa: of case (The symbolami nad władzę o wojna czyli a Wałęsy, “Sprawa critical the denigrate to used tool a as used also was 7 organizers independence 6 “ wolnosci 5 andevent,’ they limited asis thesame theirbreadth addressed event. discussion of episodes two These monthly Catholic progressive the of issue thematic a by concluded media the in opinions of exchange polemical, ‘nati renowned only not hero, a be could anyone that highlight to aimed billboards the for people ‘ordinary’ of choice The concepts. these about youngsters, among especially debate and of 2000), November 11 on exhibition the of inauguration the for written letter a (in Ujazdowski Michał Kazimierz Minister the by explained exh Figure
Sac The exhibition remained a strong point of reference for the conservatives, throughout the 2000s. It 2000s. the throughout conservatives, the for reference of point strong a remained exhibition The Picture available at the official page of the action action the of page official the at available Picture This date was chosen, because it is the Independence Day, commemorating the regaining of of regaining the commemorating Day, Independence the is it because chosen, was date This ibition hosted by the Royal Castle in Warsaw. The declared aim of the exhibition, the of aim declared The Warsaw. in Castle Royal the by hosted ibition rifice life for thefor fatherland? life rifice 1
stereotypes about martyrdom and patriotism in Poland, and to foster a wider wider a foster to and Poland, in patriotism and martyrdom about stereotypes , temporary a into reassembled were billboards from pictures the on, Later "Heroes of our liberty"our of"Heroes examplebillboard of aimed aimed osle o 21 on consulted in 1 in , May , 28 to establish a strong bond between liberty and solidarity. solidarity. and liberty between stronga bond establish to 918; and 918; nl eos’ h oeig f hs xiiin rgee a short, a triggered exhibition this of opening The heroes.’ onal ,
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n mda n omn ptitc eair otd n hita vle ad national and values Christian in rooted behavior patriotic forming in media and schools family, of role the reinforcing for called thus party The sphere. public the in ‘Polonis of crisis alleged an was there that implied PiS the 2005, of electoralprogram its Within government. conservativenew the of initiatives the discussed vividly who journalists, and intellectuals of number large a included (2005 was inpower 8 lib old an promoting for intell among opinions of exchange heated, yet short, a provoked liberty” our of “Heroes exhibition The 5.2 of the latter’s positio radicalization the to due intellectuals, conservative the from allies liberal of alienation and discussion of polarization increasing the showing scrutinized, be will patriotism allies liberal conservati the more Then, 5.2). of (Section support the to thanks one, leading the as itself establish to managed ‘modern’ as them by labeled and conservatives the by advanced proposition “H exhibition the to regard with via ‘politics ofhistory.’ 2005, in victory electoral PiS’ the after emerged patriotism of vision nationalist and of strongoffensive a overarchingfor plan This traditions.
Available at Available rl mrl hlspe Mgaea rd cud aiy tasom no simplistic into “transform easily could Środa Magdalena philosopher moral eral,
The analysis will first address the contestation over the concept of patriotism patriotism of concept the over contestation the address first will analysis The PiS the party, conservative the when time the concerned debate second The the earlythe 2000s modern patriotic formula by the conservative intellectuals in The successful framing of communitarian patriotism as the http://www - 2007). It was much broader in scope than scope in It broader was much 2007). n (Section 5.3).
.pis.org.pl/doc.php?d=unit&id=3 ectuals. Its concept was criticized from strong liberal positions liberal strong from criticized was concept Its ectuals. - ahoe ‘prt f iiaim (hc acrig o left a to according (which militarism’ of ‘spirit fashioned
eroes of liberty.” It will show how the communitarian the how show will It liberty.” of eroes ve ‘politics of history’ and its initiatives linked to linked initiatives its and history’ of ‘politics ve
127
, accessed on 20 September 2013. September 20 on accessed , promoting a specific, closed specific, apromoting m’ and a lack of patriotism of lack a and m’
the previous debate and debate and previous the
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as ‘absurd,’ as exhibitio the of defenders The nature ofreal changing the to adapted as idea the defended Karłowicz, philosopher conservative decadence”). weak but refined or nationalism oj do przywiązaniem z się kłóci odruch liberalizm że tak, przecież jest liberalny Nie patriotycznych? wartości propagowaniu ten przeciw niechęci wytłumaczyć Jak militaryzmu. ducha propagowanie o zarzutu absurdalnego do 11 nawet a aspiracje, marzenia, plany, życie.” prywatne wszystkie poświęcić było trzeba wspólnego dobra dla 10 dekadentyzm. cienki choć wyrafinowany 9 organ was exhibition 20 the by also but transformation, economic and democratic of question the by only not prompted was solidarity about European the socia to Union), accession Polish and of globalization sense of modern context the the (in questions: patriotism of number a on expand to Gowin) (i.e. editors “ such an inconservative opinion editor the time that at was who politician, conservative a
Jak być patriotą być Jak
“ “ “ iscęny dc mltrzu kóy a łto reaz sę potci ajnlz, lub nacjonalizm, prostacki w się przeradza łatwo tak który militaryzmu, duch nieszczęsn[y] Billboardy (…) spotkały się z zaskakująco ostrą reprymendą l reprymendą ostrą zaskakująco z się spotkały (…) Billboardy Bohaterowie nie byli miłośnikami wojen, TY wojen, miłośnikami byli nie Bohaterowie (Karłowicz, Source 4.10, emphasis added). emphasis 4.10, Source (Karłowicz, Further analyses were published in 2002 in a special issue of issue special a in 2002 in published were analyses Further values? patriotic of promotion towards reluctance of reflex contra be to nothave does Liberalism liberal this explain to r How severely militarism. of spirit the surprisingly propagating about accusation absurd an advanced even commentators were billboards “The good.” thefor common life, even or aspirations, dreams, plans, private all sacrifice to had one youth, their of thetimes but lovers, war werenot theon pictures] depicted [people heroes “These
or as an alleged liberal rejection of patriotism. Jarosław Gowin, currently Gowin, Jarosław patriotism. of rejection liberal alleged an as or ity: sldrt, n wy o daig ih oil xlso. h reflection The exclusion. social with dealing of ways and solidarity, l czyzny (…)” czyzny
(How to be a patriot)?” in which the contributors were asked by the the by asked were contributors the which in patriot)?” a be to (How
zd Te osraie ciiie te ak f msu of museum a of lack the criticized conservatives The ized. 10 (Source 4.5) (Source
n dismissed any criticism of its conception and format format and conception its of criticism any dismissed n Rzeczpospolita ” (Source 4.1) (Source th
niesr of anniversary dictory to attachment to the fatherland (…)” the fatherland to attachment dictoryto LKO TAK SIE ZŁOŻYŁO, że w czasach ich młodości młodości ich czasach w że ZŁOŻYŁO, SIE TAK LKO 128
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eprimanded by liberal liberal by eprimanded h cetr f h ehbto, the exhibition, the of creator The Solidarność iberalnych publicystów. Posunięto się Posunięto publicystów. iberalnych - in - chief of of chief
n 00 we the when 2000, in it so happened so it Znak Publizists Znak, , presented , 11
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The exhibition “Heroes of liberty” opposed a stron a opposed liberty” of “Heroes exhibition The 5.2.1 the tone. set even or contributed, 1960s) the in (born intellectuals of generation younger where fully first the constituted two episodes These Europeans. other and Poles both of memory the in event this preserve born” was Europe “new the where place the commemorate to Solidarity Konstantyna 12 discredit to ways different in tried and nationalism, and liberalism between way third conservative the debate. this in proposition to stuck ‘militaristic’ label the as successful, extent certain a to was approaches different these labeling at attempt Her law. of rule the respecting and good its to contribute should individual an community, Środa means.’ minimal of ‘patriotism labeled re that shethat vision a universal virtues,focusing civiconeon with proposition ‘militaristic’ For conflict. to linked be not should fatherland geo peaceful a In patriotism. and fight the between link a promoting thus fight, military the in engaged people featured “Heroe exhibition the of aspect ‘militaristic’ the criticized conservative the of criticism her express to 4.1) (Source means’) minimal of ‘patriotism called (also patriotism ‘new’ and (‘militaristic’) ‘old’ weekly Catholic Left embodied. it patriotism of vision the of assessment the regards as Cichocki, by proposed approach conservative a to Środa
Dariusz Karłowicz, “Pamięć, świadectwo, polityka (Memory, testimony, politics),” in in politics),” testimony, (Memory, polityka świadectwo, “Pamięć, Karłowicz, Dariusz
n epne te conser the response, In
The competition between an ‘old’ and a‘new’ and ‘old’ vision competitionThe an of between patriotism
(The end of Constantine’s dream), (Kraków: Ośrodek Myśli Politycznej, 2004), 187. 187. 2004), Myśli Politycznej, Ośrodek (Kraków: dream), ofConstantine’s end (The Tygodnik Powszechny, Tygodnik
aie pooe ter omntra psto a a as position communitarian their proposed vatives - - political context, she argued, the love of one’s one’s of love the argued, she context, political fledg
conceptualized a bi a conceptualized 129 ed debate about the concept of patriotism patriotism of concept the about debate ed -
wing liberal philosopher Środa, in the the in Środa, philosopher liberal wing
insisted that instead of fighting for the the for fighting of instead that insisted g liberal approach put forward by forward put approach liberal g
by work, voting, paying taxes, paying voting, work, by s of our liberty,” as it only it as liberty,” our of s - ason, she countered the the countered she ason, eind xiiin She exhibition. designed nary opposition between opposition nary Koniec snu snu Koniec 12
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pcfc ye Fr i, aroim a a itga bhvo, otd n h ie of idea sacrifice,ultimate solidarity and with love the in rooted behavior, integral an was patriotism him, For type. specific one not such, as patriotism show to was intention its that claiming exhibition, the distinction Środa’s ap ‘maximalist’ and rejected ‘minimalist’ between Karłowicz means.’ minimal of ‘patriotism Środa’s pozytywnej koncepcji “patriotyzmu minimalnych środków” przypominają staroświeckich, staroświeckich, przypominają środków” minimalnych “patriotyzmu pozytywistów. dziewiętnastowiecznych koncepcji pozytywnej 14 braci. za życia oddanie niż miłości większej formy ma Nie miłości)? forma jakaś wiec (a innych za poświęcenia forma jakaś zawsze to jest nie czy to tak jeśli 13 ‘19 them called Gniazdowski based. be to supposed was it which on virtues, civic the of nature the of der a included also means’ minimal of ‘patriotism of rejection conservative The liberal Środa’s patriotism. associated of he withanallegedlyposition outdated positivism: version references, diachronic civic of a game as a qualify in Furthermore, could nation the on view political national together bringing only him, (or For republican tradition. communitarian) the in patriotism ground to unable be would approach, pragmatic their with liberals, the because second, and, nation; political a of idea the accept not nat the of proponents the because first, triumph: not could it that concluded and society, civil of and nation the of understanding political a on relied
“ “ Być może kwestia leży w zrozumieniu p zrozumieniu w leży kwestia może Być zses zoenc l zwolennicy Dzisiejsi hi pstv cneto o ‘aroim f iia mas te rsml te old the 19 resemble they means’ minimal of ‘patriotism of conception positive their liberali of proponents the “Today, patriotism of vision ‘minimal’ liberal, the that suggested turn, in Cichocki, of kind a (and others the for sacrifice of your giving form than isofgreater loveno There love)? type a always it isn’t then yes, if And of solidarity? form a it Isn’t patriotism. of concept the of understanding the in lies question the “Maybe th
centurypositivists.” th
century bourgeoisie virtues’ (Source 4.3), and Gowin suggested that suggested Gowin and 4.3), (Source virtues’ bourgeoisie century
iberalizmu w Polsce, chociaż wiele mówią o nowoczesności, w swej swej w nowoczesności, o mówią wiele chociaż Polsce, w iberalizmu 14
” (Source 4.7) (Source ” sm in Poland talk much about their modernity. However, in However, modernity. their about much talk Poland in sm ojęcia patriotyzmu. Czy nie jest to forma solidarności? A A solidarności? forma to jest nie Czy patriotyzmu. ojęcia 130
proaches to patriotism, and her criticism of criticism her and patriotism, to proaches others:
”
(Source4.10)
life for thefor brothers.” life
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f ainl tradition,’ national of ‘defenders the and means’), minimal of ‘patriotism of proponents the with associated disr individualists, unrestrained as depicted he (that liberals’ ‘dogmatic the between opposition standing a suggesting by means’ sacrificing the life fatherland.” one’s for second of theywere odpowiadającego patriotyzmu wizji pozytywnej zaproponowania roku. 1989 siępo znalazła Polska w której sytuacji, do niezdolność (demonstrując) 17 (…) narodowych traditions).” national of defenders and liberalism proponentsof tradycji Polish speaking, obrońcami conventionally between, conflict unreliable and unproductive a an of hostage a became liberalizmu zwolennikami polskimi umownie, 16 ojczyznę? za życia 15 preferable,according tothe conservativ and possible, still be would solution third a because understanding, counter Kosseleckian binary two constitute not thus ineliminable an sacrifice of idea the making by and one, ‘maximalist’ the from detached be not should position ‘minimal’ the that implying by patriotism of definition the the over hegemony attaining offer to order in extremes, two positio communitarian as approaches these frame to sought He sacrificewhile traditionalists mummified and it: solidarity, of ideas towards skepticism their by narrower patriotism made liberals’ ‘dogmatic besieg a as nation the depicted and patriotism
“ “ “ Dlaczego wszakże te “cnoty drugorzędne” mielibyśmy pr mielibyśmy drugorzędne” “cnoty te wszakże Dlaczego Patriotyzm stał się zakładnikiem jałowego i nierzetelnego sporu toczonego między, powiedzmy powiedzmy między, toczonego sporu nierzetelnego i jałowego zakładnikiem się stał Patriotyzm itce oi srn dknj sose rdkj ie ptitzu każd patriotyzmu, idei redukcji swoistej dokonują strony obie istocie, W situation in which Poland is since 1989.” is since whichPoland in situation the to adapted patriotism of vision positive a proposing of inability the [demonstrating] way, patrioti of idea the of reduction certain a perform sides both essence, “In minimal of ‘patriotism disavow to strategy the developed further Cichocki ” (Source 4.5) 4.5) (Source - rank (Source 4.5), and should not be opposed to the “ to the opposed be not should and (Source4.5), rank
16 n as a middle ground. His communitarian proposition aimed at aimed proposition communitarian His ground. middle a as n
.. ainlss wo t hs id sbcie t defensive to subscribed mind, his to who, nationalists, i.e. lmn o ptits. iea ad ainl pin would options national and Liberal patriotism. of element
es. 15 131 17
”
- (Source 4.7) (Source ocps f nvra cvrg, n a in coverage, universal of concepts
setu o taiin ad implicitly and tradition, of espectful d otes Hs ocuin a that was conclusion His fortress. ed zeciwstawiać gotowości do poświęcenia poświęcenia do gotowości zeciwstawiać (Source 4.7) (Source
sm, each in their own their in each sm, a na swój sposób sposób swój na a readi (Patriotis ness of ness m CEU eTD Collection
Furthermore Szacki underscored that liberals were not necessarily cosmopolitans, nor cosmopolitans, necessarily not were liberals that underscored Szacki Furthermore conflict alleged the about thesis Cichocki’s with disagreed nevertheless who Szacki, Jerzy as such stances, conservative to sympathetic more liberals older from appreciation of source theproper are nationalities different that asserts he where government,” representative with connected as nationality, 19 spor takiego wbrewże pozorom to, o ile “liberałowie”, mityczni żadni są nie “narodowców” zaś przeciwnikami nierzetelny, ani jałowy, ani jest nie ten spór że to, o tyle nie tym przy mi Chodzi Polsce. w dziś rzekomo się toczy jaki patriotyzmu 18 ( o existence the that underscored conservatives the Particularly, existence. its of consequences positive the showing by way, consequentialist circular a in beneficial, be would patriotism why explained the by granted for taken context modern, a of need The 5.2.2 community. of idea the and history in grounded well still were approaches liberal articulate most because position, liberal ‘dogmatic’ a of here speak cannot one that proof yetanother Itis position. traditionalist more a fullyreject not did she hence sacrifice’; and heroism of sister ‘Siamese a means’ minimal of ‘patriotism called herself Środa E debate. 1997 the in discussed nationalism, liberal of developments theoretical Mill), (e.g. questions these discard not liberalism to related considerations all reject they did zaspokaja naturalne potrzeby naturalne zaspokaja
“ John Stuart Mill, Mill, Stuart John Nie zgadzam się jednak z Cichockim kiedy pisze o “jałowym i nierzetelnym sporze nierzetelnym i “jałowym o pisze kiedy Cichockim z jednak się zgadzam Nie
about the understanding of patriotism. I do not want to say that this conflict is not not is conflict this that say to want not notexist.” does simply mythical ‘liberals’ and do I patriotism. that or unproductive of understanding conflict” the unreliable and “unproductive about the about writes he when Cichocki, with disagree “I positive got patriotism for articulation new a finding at attempts Cichocki’s
between liberals andbetween liberalsproponents tradition:’ of‘national Taking theneed of patriotismTaking granted for
osdrtos n ersnaie government representative on Considerations free institutions and representative government. representative freeinstitutionsand
it is not unreliable, but rather that such a conflict between ‘nationalists’ ‘nationalists’ between conflict a such that rather but unreliable, not is it
uhr priiaig n h dsuso. ot authors Most discussion. the in participating authors
u de facto nie ma.” factonie de u )” of human beings of bonding with other people and people other with bonding of beings human of )” - appropriate, or simply of a new patriotic model was was model patriotic new a of simply or appropriate, ptits spoel “aifed ntrl needs natural “satisfie[d] supposedly patriotism f 132
the nation. Not only did classic thinkers of thinkers classic did only Not nation. the
18 (Source 4.8) (Source 4.8)
19
u as tee ee recent were there also but
16, .. hpe XI “Of XVI Chapter e.g. 1861, ,
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viable democracy. He also linked the need of patriotism to the question of sacrifice sacrifice of question the to patriotism of need the linked also He democracy. viable a for symbols, and language its patriotism, of importance the on insisted Cichocki regime: t insufficient was patriotism Polish of state current the view, their in But 4.9). Source (Najder, fatherland a to belonging z znikać się zdają patriotyzmu i ojczyzny pojęcia Tymczasem kryzysowe. objawy wywołują zaspokajaniu 21 p Czypolskie (…) wstydliwym. nawet a niemodnym, pojęciem się stał Patriotyzm (…) anemia. patriotyczna ogarnęła 20 needphilosophical understandingand ofrootedness: ofhuman nature conservativ Other these needs: embodied it because necessary, was fatherland, the of love as understood that patriotism, conclude to him led These belonging. and identification of feeling the needs nation any foundation;morala anyneeds that state that threeassumptions: fromstarted He 4.11). responsibility (Sourcecitizens for 4.4). fellow solidari social maintaining of need the to and liberty, for obiegu, a nawet bywa, że wywołują zdziwienie.” wywołują że bywa, nawet a obiegu,
“ “ Polski patriotyzm jest dzisiaj w kiepskim stanie. Po 1989r. (…) życie społeczne i polityczne polityczne i społeczne życie (…) 1989r. Po stanie. kiepskim w dzisiaj jest patriotyzm Polski oęi i ybaei ocyn wąe e oą e ry orey ntmat auzna ich w zaburzenia natomiast potrzeby, trzy te sobą ze wiąże ojczyzny wyobrażenie i Pojęcie nature phi a in grounded not are they “ surprise.” evenprovoke to awayor fade to seemcurrently patriotism and fatherland of concepts the However, crises. provokes needs these of fulfillment “ (Source patriotism of need the claimed also Jedlicki Jerzy historian Liberal attach the Polish was life political and Is (…) social concept shameful and theoutdated an became patriotism (…) (…) anemia patriotic a 1989 by seized After today. shape poor in is patriotism “Polish
h cnet f ahrad ik tee he nes oehr ad h cmoin n the in commotion the and together, needs three these links fatherland of concept The Conflicts about patriotism will not be able to go beyond misunderstandings and ambiguity, if if ambiguity, and misunderstandings beyond go to able be not will patriotism about Conflicts
rzywiązanie do patriotyzmu nie jestmitem?” nie patriotyzmu do rzywiązanie needs the feeling of historical continuity and heritage; and that any man man any that and heritage; and continuity historical of feeling the needs
. ” 22
s lo atd o tah h rfeto aot aroim o the to patriotism about reflection the attach to wanted also es
ment to patriotism a myth?” patriotism ment to a
losophical perspective starting from the vision of the human human the of vision the from starting perspective losophical poie tbe onain fr h democratic the for foundations stable provide o 133
(Source 4.11) (Source 20
(Gowin, Source 4.5) Source (Gowin,
21
ty by fostering the feeling of of feeling the fostering by ty
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f aroim a srnl lne t te usin of question the to linked strongly was patriotism of discussion the liberty,” our of “Heroes exhibition the by provoked debate the Within 5.2.3 contestation. misunderstandi mere as meaning concept’s a over dissent the misconstrued comment conservative Najder’s above the of case the in However, 24 23 filozoficznej. opowiadamy płaszczyzny od zaczynając ustawi, 22 dis conservatives’ the 1989, after immediately met be) not could (and not were democracy comprehensive more a of expectations high system.” communist the of remnants the from society communi moral “the of foundation the and substantive on politics Polish rebuild more to supposed was rival, that democracy of theory a comprehensive construed therefore They nationalism. of forms allegi people’s attract procedural this c the to According society. civil a building help to supposed procedures m of vessel a as (post the among paradigms leading two with transition, democratic the of beginning the from underscored As 5.2.3.1 fatherland, democracy, such communitynationdiscussed or below. society, andbe form, will its concepts other with interlinkages The allegiance.
Ibid. “FourthRepublic rootsofthe “The Brier, “ Spory na temat patriotyzmu nie wyjdą z zarośli nieporozumień i wieloznaczności, jeżeli się ich nie nie ich się jeżeli wieloznaczności, i nieporozumień zarośli z wyjdą nie patriotyzmu temat na Spory
- The (problematic) relationship between patriotism and democracy semanticThe theconcept of patriotism of field )Solidarity elite. )Solidarity . ”
(Source 4.9) (Source
understanding of democracy would be reduced and ‘cold’ and fail to fail and ‘cold’ and reduced be would democracy of understanding by historian Robert Brier, the meaning of democracy was discussed was democracy of meaning the Brier, Robert historian by driain n a en o cthn u wt te et a e of set a West, the with up catching of means a and odernization
ance, or even could push people towards ‘warm’ anachronistic ‘warm’ towards people push could even or ance, ng, thus downplaying the political significance of the the of significance political the downplaying thus ng,
23
The first interpretation, put forward by the liberals, saw itsaw liberals, the by forward put interpretation, first The - , quoted position, one cannot help but notice that notice but help cannot one position, quoted ”” 76. 76. ”” ty of the nation and the “purification” of the of “purification” the and nation the of ty 134
Od ustalenia, za jaką wizją człowieczeństwa człowieczeństwa wizją jaką za ustalenia, Od
appointment turned into criticism into turned appointment 24 idn te rgt ojc of object “right” the finding
oee, ie ta these that given However,
onservatives, onservatives,
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procedures. Cichocki claimed that Polish democracy under construction focused too focused construction under democracy Polish that claimed Cichocki procedures. democr ‘cold’ by left gaps the in fill to patriotism of definition communitarian robust more a advance and means,’ minimal of ‘patriotism civic of idea the attack and particularist ‘warm’ beattachment) compatiblecould withdemocrac of kind a as (understood patriotism whether question the raised they context, this In whole. a as transition democratic the of and democracy, ‘thin’ of demokratyczne.” procedury 25 patriotic seem not did understanding this However, 4.12). (Source means’ minimal ‘p be would democracy ‘cold’ such with compatible patriotism of version only the claimed, he so, If background. symbolical warm, thick, a lacking procedures, about was democracy ‘cold’ was that argument Cichocki’s on patriotism built He all. at democracy whether asking by further even argument the communitarian robust a constructing opposition in proposition tothe liberal one. approach conservative overall an with debate this in consistent, was ones, institutional and ‘cold’ neutral, more in not and criteria, ‘warm’ the in good common the of foundation the establish to Trying good. private the over good common the of superiority of logic the maintain and tradition, for need the advocated He regime, current the criticized conc also Karłowicz 4.4). (Source ‘cold’ became and rhetoric patriotic robust a lacking thus symbols, on little too and procedures on much
“ budując III RP ograniczyliśmy się do rekonstrukcji zimnych elementów państwa, takich jak rynek i rynek jak takich państwa, elementów zimnych rekonstrukcji do się ograniczyliśmy RP III budując luding that Another representative of the conservatives, Zdzisław Krasnodębski twisted twisted Krasnodębski Zdzisław conservatives, the of representative Another procedures.” democratic marketand suchas state, elementsofthe of process the “in to conservatives the allowed democracy liberal of assessment critical This
(Source4.10) ulig h Tid eulc e iie orevs o eosrcig cold reconstructing to ourselves limited we Republic Third the building the state to become a ‘warm’ institution, based on national on based institution, ‘warm’ a become to state the
135
yand values. its 25
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atriotism of atriotism atic atic ,
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the value of more civic approaches to patriotism. Środa agreed that one may or may may or may one that agreed Środa patriotism. to approaches civic more of value the needed, toflourish. a for robust patriotism be would aspect, communitarian to close yet republican, its in democracy, of version another him, For patriotism. of form strong a with allegedlyincompatible were values and martyrdom i towards because democracy, liberal criticized Krasnodębski way, stancethis In tradition. national skeptical a furthered it because him, to enough patriotism on exchange prominent the that fact the about Herling between complained Szacki 1998. of diagnosis 28 flags.Billig, as such artefacts, and dailyrituals 27 konieczne, międzyludzkich relacji zmianą zło ważką sięzwiąże wartość, jako ale jako nie rozumieć ją jeśli demokracja, że to, o Chodzi (…) sobą. nad panowanie pełne 26 suggested that: fully a for enough not were virtues civic as patriotism, of concept the of scope the narrowed means’ minimal of ‘patriotism agre also He values. common forward put not did which competition, political of and culture political of nature confrontational the from this deduced He sphere. public the in articulation proper a lacked patriotism He predecessor. Romantic loud its unlike democracy, a in banal become might life’) of ‘philosophy the about implied: it nature that ofthe virtues reflect to had one value, a considered was it if but democracy, like not
It can be treated as a reference to Michael Billig’s reflection on reproduction of national identity by identity national of reproduction on reflection Billig’s Michael to reference a as treated be can It “ hs ulfcto o ptits a a iet ite s drc rfrne to reference direct a is virtue silent a as patriotism of qualification This W demokracji “cnota woj “cnota demokracji W zci i tr, ditd ht aroim wih e infcnl called significantly he (which patriotism that admitted turn, in Szacki, relations.” ofinterpersonal to linked is it then evil, lesser a as not and value a as understood by constituted is a “In defended liberals the contrast, In
democracy ‘the military virtue’ is no longer linked with with linked longer no is virtue’ military ‘the democracy - Grudziński and archbishop Życiński did not inspire a broader debate. debate. broader a inspire not Życiński did archbishop and Grudziński
sofrosyne skowa”, nie wiąże się tedy z tymos, (cześć, honor), tworzy ją sofrosyne, sofrosyne, ją tworzy honor), (cześć, tymos, z tedy się wiąże nie skowa”, 26 , being ,
in full control of oneself (…) oneself of control full in Banal nationalism Banal the idea of liberal democracy and insisted on insisted and democracy liberal of idea the 136
e h are wt te osraie that conservatives the with agreed he re, d t a etn, ih rsoęsi that Krasnodębski, with extent, an to ed,
- lde cneto o ptits, but patriotism, of conception fledged .
(…) ” 27 tymos
(Source 4.1) (Source
or even a silent virtue, silent a even or It means that if democracy is is democracy if that means It
an important transformation transformation important an
(veneration, honor), but it it but honor), (veneration,
Herling
- Grudziński’s Grudziński’s 28 ts
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visibility of patriotism in a democratic regime by an apparent paradox suggesting that suggesting paradox apparent an by regime democratic a in patriotism of visibility pro foster help could and patriotism, civic of foundation a constituted that virtues civic strengthening of need the underscored he contrary, the On conservatives. the with case and the was Republic, as regime, Third the criticize to him lead not did this sphere, public the in lacking was narrative patriotic strong a that suggested Szacki While traci” nie 4.11) wigoru wcale i nieźle całkiem się ma pozytywnymi, uczuciami nad nienawistnych, czasy. przez Ojczyźnie przydały się 30 by bardzo i deklamacji O” duże bardzo wzniosłych od ważniejsze się wydają te cnoty 29 emerge to proposition a kindofcompromise as solution. cons the by developed theses the of some for liberals older of civic support the Hence, vein. republican more a in virtues interpret to tried who conservatives, the by voiced position communitarian an country one’s to bonds strong developing impede might that domain, cultural the in notably choice, post of critical highly his to that, and Union European politics the as such in context, international the participation to state low the for responsibility relatively the link to tried also but approach, Jedlick impactedpatriotism: the concept of also This disappearing. necessarily without weaker, got danger in not were that values
“ (…) “ Kryzys dotyczy właśnie (...) patriotyzmu otwartego, który jakoś nie umie znaleźć umie nie jakoś który otwartego, patriotyzmu (...) właśnie dotyczy Kryzys
Tymczasem patriotyzm nacjonalistyczny, który cechuje przewaga emocji negatywnych, wręcz wręcz negatywnych, emocji przewaga cechuje który nacjonalistyczny, patriotyzm Tymczasem , n i cmimn t cvc ite, o ol ciiie te nationalist the criticized only not virtues, civic to commitment his in i, istotnie [te cnoty to] za mało, aby warto było warto aby za mało, to] cnoty [te istotnie or even hateful emotions, over positive ones, is doing fine and does not lose itsimpetus.” notlose does fineand doing is ones, positive over even emotions, hateful or negative of dominance the by characterized is which patriotism, nationalist Meanwhile, times. p open concerns crisis “The them.” needs F, writtenwithcapital a Fatherland, “ (…) in times of peace, these virtue these peace, of times in (…) mind, could undermine people’s attachment to their country. He was also was He country. their to attachment people’s undermine could mind, (Source 4.8) (Source is utr. hs ie f esnn pt i coe o the to close him put reasoning of line This culture. its d
- oens ad t reoia srtg o pooin f free of promotion of strategy rhetorical its and modernism
- state attitudes. Jedlicki further explained further Jedlicki attitudes. state
ervatives allowed their middle ground communitarian communitarian ground middle their allowed ervatives tits ta cno fn a aporae oml fr h new the for formula appropriate an find cannot that atriotism
s seem more important than grand declamations, and the and declamations, grand than important more seem s 137
mówić o patriotyzmie, ale w pokojowych czasach czasach wpokojowych ale mówićpatriotyzmie, o 29
the alleged lower lower alleged the
t democratic its formuły na nowe na formuły (Source (Source 30
CEU eTD Collection
fatherland: the of transformation the to patriotism of nature the in change the linked and this, to open were Majcherek, as such Liberals, accordingly. adjusted be should formula a that agreed authors Most fatherland. of concept the to relation with discussed also was Patriotism 5.2.3.2 34 into taking not in mistaken is us.for value ethical Berlin an gradually acquires what isours account that that implies he Furthermore, ‘ours’. are they suffice ‘good’, be Krasnodębski group”. my of those in the are perceive not does values these because followed be to given a are in they men rather all for situation; universally, right own their in valid therefore or and doctrines themselves, in right or or good rules o happiness these or virtue that to lead saying they because to not followed tantamount a be should is principles holding This for ours. are compelling, policies, most beliefs, ends, the these perhaps reasons, d compelling a most pursuing belief, the particular of one that notion the in Power,” Ideas, of Present History and Neglect Past “Nationalism: Berlin’s of 33 to allegiance 32 wymaga.” form oddania i innych jestojczyzna inna powodów: zdwóch najmniej 31 andchosen, than given rather community was belonging tothis factmostly that onthe nation. one’s to loyalty the in rooted analys Berlin’s Isaiah of elements to referred he point, this On nation. the with fatherland realm. its in regime communist the including imply t mind, his To it. towards patriotic feel to difficult was it because population, a it was nor centuries; the over changed it because territory a denote simply not could fatherland to preferred conservatives The mai changes. such of approved participants all Not
M Without quoting Isaiah Berlin verbatim, Krasnodębski’s reflection is close to the following passage passage following the to close is reflection Krasnodębski’s verbatim, Berlin Isaiah quoting Without The skepticism towards treating the communist regime as part of a (spiritual) fatherland, and the the and fatherland, (spiritual) a of part as regime communist the treating towards skepticism The “ łw “aroym pcoz o “patri od pochodzi “patriotyzm” Słowo acIntyre, “Is patriotism a virtue “Isa patriotism acIntyre, ti a oe opeesv vso o fteln. o Kandbk, h term the Krasnodębski, For fatherland. of vision comprehensive more a ntain
is of nationalism of is he fatherland could not even be identified with the state, because this would this because state, the with identified be even not could fatherland he least two reasons: the fatherland evolves and it requires different forms ofcommitment.” forms different it requires and evolves fatherland reasons: the least two “ The word The The link between patriotism and the fatherland
it as patriotic was already discussed within the debate about the fatherland in 1992. 1992. in thefatherland about debate withinthe wasalready discussed patriotic it as
ed. rnfrain f h fteln ws curn, n ta patriotic that and occurring, was fatherland the of transformation
‘patriotism’ comes from ‘patria from comes ‘patriotism’
Henry Hardy Henry tended negative meaning of this quote, where reasons for action do not need to to need not do action for reasons where quote, this of meaning negative tended
33
ifferent policy, serving a particular end, living a particular life, is that that is life, particular a living end, particular a serving policy, ifferent and to Alasdair MacIntyre’s theory of patriotism as a virtue a as patriotism of theory MacIntyre’s Alasdair to and
.
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991), 333 1991), Press, Clarendon (Oxford: ”
34 ” cyi jzza jg zazne mei sę ic co więc się zmienia znaczenie jego ojczyzna, czyli a”,
Krasnodębski’s preference for the nation relied nation the for preference Krasnodębski’s 138 , ’ i.e. fatherland, thus its meaning changes for at for changes meaning its thus fatherland, i.e. ’
32
He thus preferred to identify the identify to preferred thus He Agai
s te urn: sas n the in Essays Current: the nst - 355 r justice or liberty or are or liberty or justice r : “[Nationalism] entails entails “[Nationalism] : (Source (Source 4.6)
31
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e ptit bt oe motnl cos nt o e n, etoig h quasi the destroying one, be obligation cherished of being patriotic conservatives. by the to not choose importantly more but patriot, a be to choose could anyone and optional, become would patriotism that was criticism His idea thattheattachment thefa to the about discomfort expressed also Najder it. from duties specific derive to tried he będzie.” nie pracować Polski 4.2) Source dla nigdy ten życie, i ryzykować trzeba to potrzebie, 37 pracą.” można zapewnić warunki świecietakie W obecnym zagrożona. nie nie choć 36 być, chcemy nimi bo musimy.” patriotami, Jesteśmy uczuciowego. częściowo moralnego, częściowo 35 to work for themaccepting without theneed thefatherland sacrificefirst: for impl by sacrifice, and fatherland the between link the enhancing on insisted approach conservative The common good: the for ethic work the and law of rule the duties, civic promote to sought country one’s of love the of vision liberalThe Republic. Third the regime, its of form political fatherland the Poland, to require. would it attachment The fatherland. the of personification of kind a that to subscribed all However, commitment patriotic the of nature the concerning views
“ “ “ Kto się nie oswoi z tym, że ludzie oddający życie za Ojczyz za życie oddający ludzie że tym, z oswoi nie się Kto wyboru, z przeżyciem dzisiaj się staje przymusowe, niemal powszechne, dawniej ojczyzny, Przeżycie Kto szczerze kocha ojczyznę, ten pragnie aby była wolna, silna, piękna, szczęśliwa, i przez nikogo nikogo przez i szczęśliwa, piękna, silna, wolna, była aby pragnie ten ojczyznę, kocha szczerze Kto foolish, foolish, not were Fatherland the for lives their sacrificing those that fact the understand not “Whodoes work.” by achieved this be canonly world, Intoday’s not indanger. l “Whoever respect With are We nature. emotional partly and moral not beca be, partly weto choose because patriots of choice, of matter a an is today that becomes obligatory, experience almost common, formerly fatherland, the of experience “The
(Source 4.9) (Source
that one has to risk his or her life whenlifeher or his risk has to thatone
oves the fatherland truly, wishes that that wishes truly, fatherland the oves ying that it would be impossible to instill in people the willingness the people in instill to impossible be would it that ying
to the fatherland, liberals and conservatives also held opposing opposing held also conservatives and liberals fatherland, the to , seemed to them more important than the attachment to the to attachment the than important more them to seemed ,
therland would become conditional: wouldbecome therland 139 use weto usehave
She She
needs nę, nie byli wariatami, że jeśli Ona jest w jest Ona jeśli że wariatami, byli nie nę,
were free, strong, beautiful, happy, and and happy, beautiful, strong, free, were .
” it, will never workPoland.” for will never it, 35
(Majcherek, Source 4.6) Source (Majcherek, 36
(Wojciechowski, (Wojciechowski,
37
- CEU eTD Collection
arfc ad solid and sacrifice patriotism, of concepts the between link the strengthen to tried They proposition. communitarian their with well resonated it as patriotism, of concept the to links its conservativ The 5.2.3.3 patriotism. to approach communitarian conservative the in embedded strongly also was Sacrifice wjestdemokracji również potrzebna indywidualistycznego. dyskursu 40 solidarity) of impulses unexpected to 39 thanks moments special 4.7) (Source in overcome only is that division dz momentach 38 aboutdiscussion sacrifice (alsoofpeace: wasintimes oflife) valid virtues. and habits conservative of combination t historical insisted Karłowicz Finally, context. and cultural from independent virtues, universal to subscribing people characterize would that community the for responsibility ‘formal’ a called he what measu the was community the for solidarity, lacked it that and to whichpeople belonged communities of levels multiple were there situation current the in that out pointed but community, of question the from away shy not did Liberals too. regime democratic
“ “ Ta otulina konserwatywnych nawyków i cnót sprawia, że wspóże sprawia, i cnót nawyków konserwatywnych otulina Ta “ Trudno wątpić, że problem śmierci dla dobra wspólnoty stanowi nieprzekraczalną barierę dla dla barierę nieprzekraczalną stanowi wspólnoty dobra dla śmierci problem że wątpić, Trudno Polską wspólnotę charakteryzuje głęboki podział, przezwyciężany jedynie w wyjątkowych wyjątkowych w jedynie przezwyciężany podział, głęboki charakteryzuje wspólnotę Polską
barrier for individualist discourse. (…) It is easy to agree that the acceptance of sacrifice is sacrifice of acceptance in ofalso peace.” times and indemocracy a the needed also that agree to easy is It (…) discourse. individualist for barrier “ community, Polish characterized division deep a that claimed Cichocki While nobel te rbe o dah o te od f h communit the of good the for death of problem the Undoubtedly Establishing the link between patriotism and the community
ięki nieoczekiwanym zrywom solidarności zrywom nieoczekiwanym ięki e thinkers enthusiastically discussed the concept of community, and community, of concept the discussed enthusiastically thinkers e rt, nitn ta te aaim f arfc ws ai i a in valid was sacrifice of paradigm the that insisting arity,
, which requiredtypes different ofloyalty and belonging. 38 (…)
Najder suggested that the feeling of true responsibility true of feeling the that suggested Najder i również w czasach pokoju wczasach i również Łatwo zgodzić się z założeniem, że postawa poświęcenia poświęcenia postawa że założeniem, z się zgodzić Łatwo re of patriotism (Source 4.9). He contrasted it with it contrasted He 4.9). (Source patriotism of re hat the community could only exist thanks to a to thanks exist only could community the hat 140
(Polish community is characterized by a deep deep a by characterized is community (Polish 39 40 .” .”
lnota trwajeszcze lnota
(Source (Source 4.10) the that suggested also He
y constitutes a critical critical a constitutes y
.” .” (Source 4.10) 4.10) (Source
. ” CEU eTD Collection
among older liberals. Majcherek tried to salvage the point of multiplication of multiplication of point the salvage to tried Majcherek liberals. older among even discussion, the in prevail to seemed option this if even culture, (national) in the common good. of erosion the to consequence, in and political, the of sacrifice, of idea the of liberal the attacked frontally erosion the to led approach liberal) (read: individualist an that sustaining by discourse conservatives, other like Karłowicz, way, this In se potrzeby z niż konieczności, z bardziej słuchanym więc a narodu, woli z państwem niepochodzącym to już zaborczym, państwem to już było wyjątkami) (z które państwu, przeciwko i poniekąd 42 żyją wktórych wspólnot, sytuacji do jestnieadekwatne męczeństwa czy ofiary 41 allegiance and theoflaw: therule state, towards patriotic develop to need the about suggestion Szacki’s with consistent was approach towards not shortcomings, and problems its all with 1989, after regimeconstructed democratic the community, political actual the to oriented be to needed it that underscored but specificcommunity, bea modelof and mistake:would allegiance, to richness this reducing that thought thus He allegiances. of multitude a develop and civic) and ethnic, regional, of local, (religious, members communities be overlapping different nowadays could Poles that idea the to referring by allegiance of
“ “ Każda wspólnota wymaga innego rodzaju przynależności i lojalności. Wymaganie dziś od Polaków Polaków od dziś Wymaganie lojalności. i przynależności rodzaju innego wymaga wspólnota Każda Kłopot z patriotyzmem patriotyzmem z Kłopot gis te tt, hc ms o te ie ws ihr n cuyn sae o a tt not state oriented a or state, occupying convi or heart of will an of out than rather necessity, either of out to was obeyed was state a times Such nation. the the of will the from of resulting most which state, the i against consists patriotism [Polish] with problem “The community, political to loyalty fostering of value the recognized also Środa in communities of situation which the to adequate longer no is Poles from martyrdom or sacrifice “ rooted be to needed community the that vision the to subscribed everyone Not Different communities require various types of belonging and loyalty. Today, requiring requiring Today, loyalty. and belonging of types various require communities Different n daie vso o te omnt o o te tt (ore .) This 4.1). (Source state the of or community the of vision idealized an they live.” they , ’ because the state is still ‘them’ and not ‘us ‘them’and still is state ’the because
41
oea ae syto a y, e kzatwł i o pz pńte, a państwem, poza on się ukształtował że tym, na wszystko nade polega
ction. Being a patriot is still not frequently linked to being ‘state being to linked frequently not still is patriot a Being ction. 141
te at ht t omd usd o even or outside formed it that fact the n . ’” 42
.” .” (Source 4.6) (Source
objects
c i rca one -
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establishing the link between patriotism and the nation, understood in cultural terms. cultural in understood nation, the and patriotism between link the establishing on insisted who conservatives, the for important particularly was opposition This a liberals between opposition the to corresponded counter the between opposition the debate, this In 5.2.3.4 ‘cold,’ elemen arguing thatthese as state the loyaltyto or law of rule the perceiving to objected liberals the way, this In Polsce dzisiejszej l i nacjonalizmu.” narodu pojęcia rehabilitacji bez patriotyzmu krwi, w wspólnota byłyby nie to narodu naród jednoetnicznym, kwestii od patriotyzmu pozornym. zabiegiem kwestii rozdzielenia narodowo n próby wspólnoty identyfikacji wszelkie bez do ponadpaństwowy, kraju, (lokalny, do patriotyzmu kręgi wszystkim rozmaite przede się odnosi Patriotyzm ‘n 43 nie “my””. “oni”, a ciągle to państwo ponieważ “państwowcem”, byciem z nas u jest kojarzone rzadko dzisiaj i patriotą Bycie przekonania. reflection concerning nationalism. liberal theoretical the to and Romanticism, or times, Jagellon the from antecedents historical commendable more its to referring nationalism, of version aggressive the condemned nationalism of concept the rehabilitating suggested even He the from nation any more: patriotism dissociate to possible not was it populations, of ‘exchanges’ subsequent and borders, of change the minority, Jewish its of extermination the to natio a became Poland because that suggested Gowin
rd (…) aród’ “ Jest rzeczą charakterystyczną, że w swej obronie patriotyzmu Marek Cichocki wystrzega się słowa słowa się wystrzega Cichocki Marek patriotyzmu obronie swej w że charakterystyczną, rzeczą Jest
difficult to praise patriotism without rehabilitating the co without rehabilitating patriotism praise difficult to since country, ethnical mono practically a became we Since the Poland. today’s from patriotism of question the dissociating patriotism of Patriotism national the nationalism. to country, and the to mostly patriotism refers dissociating for arguments important are There (…) defense his in that characteristic is “It Searching for the Za rozdzieleniem patriotyzmu i nacjonalizmu przemawiają zresztą poważne racje. racje. poważne zresztą przemawiają nacjonalizmu i patriotyzmu rozdzieleniem Za
dą saim sę rjm rkyzi jdoaooy (o i zaz że znaczy nie (co jednonarodowym praktycznie krajem się staliśmy Odkąd lcl spaainl wtot ainl dniiain ec) Yt al fot of efforts all Yet, etc.). identification, national without supranational, (local,
‘ a nation is not a community of blood but of culture and history), it is it history), and culture of but blood of community a not is nation a right ’ (Source 4.8) (Source
ts werefor necessary an system. effective democratic object of allegiance: nation versus society of patriotism, Marek Cichocki avoids the word ‘nation’ ‘nation’ word the avoids Cichocki Marek patriotism, of 142 ecz kultury i historii), niepodobna głosić pochwały pochwały głosić niepodobna historii), i kultury ecz
-
territorial community. There are different circles circles different are There community. territorial
national nd proponents of national tradition. national of proponents nd (Source 4.5) (Source - national country (not meaning a meaning (not country national - ocps f oit ad nation and society of concepts n ncept of nation and nationalism. nation of and ncept - state after World War II, due due II, War World after state
usin ol b spriil in superficial be would question
s el T d s, he so, do To well. as arodowej, etc.) A jednak jednak A etc.) arodowej, - eyoile. Istnieją terytorialnej.
mono ” 43
-
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republicanism (or rather its Polish tradition from the First Republic that he identified he that Republic First the from tradition Polish its rather conservat (or republicanism of number a exemplified extract This tradition ofactivecitizenship: and solidary republican the rejected it because society, civil strong a of development arrested an to 45 (…).” obywatelskiego społeczeństwa obywatelstwa solidarystycznego i aktywnego koncepcji do opozycji w jest uczci i dobroduszny tolerancyjny, 44 the as contin and culture history, community’s described one’s of embodiment nation, the for preference strong a built argument conservative co a that implied t society, a becoming were Poles the whether or reference) the as patriotism of tradition Romantic the established he sense this extremist.” concept the using “today that: society the virtues, as discussed before. he time, same the of development the fostering at attempt liberal At the rejected patriotism. to gave collectivist he mission a the as was society, vision, civil republican of creation The society. civil of instead citizens, f civilization, ‘modern’ of construct ideological an being of liberalism accused and liberalism, to society) civil Polish endogenous with
“ “ Dziś posługiwanie się pojęciem narodu marg narodu siępojęciem posługiwanie Dziś Warto jednak zauważyć, że ten typ nowoczesnej cywilizacji, którego efektem ma być kulturalny, kulturalny, być ma efektem którego cywilizacji, nowoczesnej typ ten że zauważyć, jednak Warto Krasnodębski presented an even more radical reading of facts when it came to came it when facts of reading radical more even an presented Krasnodębski the to opposition in constructed ideologically citizenship solidary and ofactive conception and consciously is it But citizen. honest and a develop to aims civilization modern of type [liberal] “This suggested Cichocki - 45 nation dilemma. In his clear preference for the nation, he started by saying saying by started he nation, the for preference clear Inhis dilemma. nation
He wondered whether Romantic love of the country was still alive (in alive still was country the of love Romantic whether wondered He - xsec o scey n nto ws mosbe n oad The Poland. in impossible was nation and society of existence
that a supposed hidden agenda of liberalism led in Poland in led liberalism of agenda hidden supposed a that
wy obywatel, świadomie, z powodów ideologicznych, konstruowany ideologicznych, powodów z świadomie, obywatel, wy
(Source 4.7) (Source
f h nto mriaie ad s considered is and marginalizes nation the of inalizuje i uskrajnia. inalizuje 143
– burying the idea ofcivil society.” idea burying the u caig o e nto. e thus He nation. a be to ceasing hus csn to uh n individual on much too ocusing v sacs Ccok opposed Cichocki stances: ive ” (Source 4.12) (Source civil society based in civic in based society civil cultural, tolerant, good tolerant, cultural, uity. It depicted society depicted It uity. –
ostatecznie grzebiąc ideę ideę grzebiąc ostatecznie
44
- natured natured CEU eTD Collection
and its promotion of individuality, which supposedly damaged solidarity and and solidarity damaged supposedly community. which individuality, of promotion its and conservatives the of strategy the hencea option. worse supposedly participation, voluntary on based and terms, axiological and emotional in neutral as teodycei liberalnej transformacji”. “kosztów formuła mianowicie formuł cynicznych najbardziej z jedna stanowi 47 4.7) (Source własne członkami calculation. or profit individual of horizon the beyond 46 the linked thus Cichocki happen. could modernization this that so sacrifice a made who those not especially modernization, of process the in behind left was one no sphere members the among public Solidarity 4.4). (Source the in symbols patriotic of presence democratic the ‘cold’ promoting by to institutions, layer ‘warm’ underlying an providing solidarity, of ethics F community. democratic strong a constructing for insufficient as equality liberal of principle the attacked also Cichocki during thetransition: overlooked were solidarity as such aspects social that implied Karłowicz morality. inter intra the to essential solidarity consider only not did conservatives The Republic. Third the of criticism conservative the to it and solidarity about discussion The 5.2.3.5
“ “Patriotism comes from a reflex of solidarity with the members of one’s own community, and goes and community, own one’s of members the with solidarity of reflex a from comes “Patriotism Trudno zaprzeczyć, że dziś cierpimy głównie na deficyt odruchu solidarnościowego, którego symbol którego solidarnościowego, odruchu deficyt na głównie cierpimy dziś że zaprzeczyć, Trudno - eeainl infcne not significance, generational
liberal theodicy oftheodicyon liberal conce “ of element another yet constituted society and nation between opposition The It is difficult to negate that today we suffer from the deficit of the reflex of solidarity. The solidarity. of reflex the of deficit the from suffer we today that negate to difficult is It Solidarity
pt of the “costs of transformation” constitutes one of the most cynical formulas of the of formulas cynical most the of one constitutes transformation” of “costs the of pt wploy wkaz pz hrzn idwdanj ozśi z kalkulacji czy korzyści indywidualnej horyzont poza wykracza i wspólnoty j –
a contextually contingent or ineliminable element of patriotism?
- going modernization.” going
to criticize what they called ‘dogmatic’ liberalism, ‘dogmatic’ called they what criticize to
or him, that foundational role could be assumed by assumed be could role foundational that him, or by o te rnmsin f h taiin and tradition the of transmission the for ably s potential link to patriotism further contributed further patriotism to link potential s (Source 4.10) (Source 144 - omnt relations community 47
of a given community would ensure that ensure would community given a of
( Patriotyzm bierze się z odruchu solidarności z solidarności odruchu z się bierze Patriotyzm
oouąe sę oenzci a modernizacji, się dokonującej 46 bt nitd n its on insisted but ,
). ”
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and did not rely on sacrifice, but again on civic virtues. She considered that if Poland if that considered She virtues. civic on again but sacrifice, on rely not did and Cichocki’s from differed angle Środa’s accession. EU notably solidarity, to related the generations.common good future of the for generation current the of responsibility the as saw he which membership, inter of question the linked also ‘an featuring exhibition the to solidarity of concept formułę.” inną wymyślićjakąś 48 of open contestation: formula,” patriotic new a find to need we words, other in modern, and civil more be to need that suggested who Majcherek, and as such Liberals, circumstances. historical to adapted be to needed re needed patriotism that agree to seemed debate the of participants The 5.2.4 reforms. of anniversary the by prompted reflection, a conservative the to inherent rather is but overall, patriotism of concept the of feature ineliminable not howtodie for it. s it EU, the enter to wanted
“ być patriotą dzisiaj trzeba jakoś inaczej niż ongiś, bardziej cywilnie i nowocześnie, słowem musimy musimy słowem nowocześnie, i cywilnie bardziej ongiś, niż inaczej jakoś trzeba dzisiaj patriotą być
Consequently, the concept of solidarity cannot be perceived as a new, new, a as perceived be cannot solidarity of concept the Consequently, clas views Liberal
The contestationThe over modern the patriotic formula 48
were committed to a pluralist approach to patriotism andwere patriotism toa acccommitted pluralist approach to poc. t a tu b prevd s cnetal contingent contextually a as perceived be thus can It pproach.
(Jedlicki, Source 4.11) Source (Jedlicki, hed with the conservative theses on a number of points points of number a on theses conservative the with hed hould teach its youngsters how to work for the fatherland, the for work to how youngsters its teach hould
- generational solidarity with seeking European Union Union European seeking with solidarity generational “today being a patriot is different than before, we before, than different is patriot a being “today
145 Solidarność
onymous’ heroes of liberty. He He liberty. of heroes onymous’
and the hardship of economic of hardship the and
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‘modern’ of expression patriotism: able be would intelligentsia the whether speculated also Jedlicki sko sięwłaśnie 52 ‘nowoczesności’ 4.3) (Source ‘modernity’).” ofits jego obligation the ones becomes przymus ba, wymóg, behind się assumptions, okazuje najistotniejszych z jednym 51 kulturowych?” człowieka. swobody (…) duchowej nietłumiącym tożsamości, indywidualnej składnikiem wzbogacającym afilia 50 normę” obowiązującą absolutnie za uznać 49 a implied it if patriotism, redefine to need the to objected also Gniazdowski Jedlicki). post towards position skeptical rather held liberals older that fact post with liberals amalgamating at attempt His accusingan inherentcontradiction: themof post to subscribed liberals paroxysms,” Gniazdo approach. pluralist as home, family(Source orwork 4.1). such matters everyday on focusing from patriotism impeded which values, Romantic left Formore
“ “ “ “(…) Jaki ma być ‘nowoczesny’ patriotyzm według ‘modernizatorów’, skoro według nich ‘nowoczesność’ ‘nowoczesność’ nich według skoro ‘modernizatorów’, według patriotyzm ‘nowoczesny’ być ma Jaki Wprawd Czy polska inteligencja potrafi dopracować się idei patriotyzmu nowoczesnego, niekłócącego się z się niekłócącego nowoczesnego, patriotyzmu idei się dopracować potrafi inteligencja polska Czy cją europejską i nieześlizgującego się w etniczną ksenofobię? Patriotyzmu, który będzie mocnym i mocnym będzie który Patriotyzmu, ksenofobię? etniczną w się nieześlizgującego i europejską cją dpscaąy ‘oiaecę, zl weoć óncenc i równoczesnych wielość czyli ‘poliwalencję’, dopuszczającym I “What is supposed to be the ‘modern’ patriotism that the ‘modernizers’ [liberals] call for, if if has ended?” just for, ‘modernity’ them to according call [liberals] ‘modernizers’ the that patriotism ‘modern’ the be to supposed is “What number a used authors conservative most The accepts that and (…) freedom spiritual connec anyone’s limits that ‘polyvalence something not identity, id an create not does that patriotism modern it Will xenophobia? ethnic of into slide not does and idea affiliation European with conflict an into enter create to able be intelligentsia Polish the “Will its of none norm.” absolutelybinding as an considered be formscan patriotism, of characteristics inalterable and necessary certain are there if “Even spośród wielu założeń, sytuujących się za współczesnym rozumieniem sensu patriotyzmu, patriotyzmu, sensu rozumieniem współczesnym za się sytuujących założeń, wielu spośród zie są pewne patriotyzmu cechy konieczne i niezmienne, ale żadnej z jego form niepodobna niepodobna form jego z żadnej ale niezmienne, i konieczne cechy patriotyzmu pewne są zie ńczyła.” ńczyła.”
(Source 4.11) (Source and criticized the ‘obligation’ of modernity. of ‘obligation’ the criticized and - tions?” wing liberals, such as Środa, modern patriotism had to move away from away move to had patriotism modern Środa, as such liberals, wing ea of patriotism that will become a strong and enriching element of individual individual of element enriching and strong a become will that patriotism of ea the current understanding of the sense of patriotism, one of the most prevailing prevailing most the of one patriotism, of sense the of understanding current the , ’ in the sense of a multiplicity of parallel identifications and cultural cultural and identifications parallel of multiplicity a of sense the in ’ 50 (Gniazdowski, Source 4.3) Source (Gniazdowski,
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tradition anddogmatic liberals.the second conservative The promoted ideal firs two between opposition The structuring the established debate. this in conservatives the from moves key two observe can One ineliminable core, altering from tomatriotism. it patriotism pragmatism (or civicaFor other change virtues). him,suchwouldaffectthe concept’s fig from ethos, patriotic the of nature the in change 54 She article. Środa’s in relationship so not was it latter; 53 by patriotism of meaning the over contestation the into insights of number a provided Cichocki’s communi republican toga.” not aherodressedin “ because means,’ minimal of by‘patriotism promoted virtues the to linked Cichock by proposed civic a of idea the commended he while Szacki, by Środa. promoted virtues,’ ‘civic of promotion and respect the in grounded approach, the regarding claim The Jedlicki. i or Szacki as such liberals older of sympathy of share fair a obtained he society, civil of understanding republican the in position communitarian the grounding By ground. middle a as position communitarian the to as so option, extreme an as it presenting dogmatic, as liberalism frame to Cichocki’s in novelty the new, not certainly is liberals and traditionalists between opposition the While proposition. liberal strongly the of nature civi the negating approach, civic truly the was it claiming way, third a as position prac o sldrt alwd h cnevtvs o tak simr liberal slimmer a attack to conservatives the allowed solidarity of mportance
“ In Gniazdowski’s argument, the opposition between patriotism and matriotism is a derision of the the of derision a is matriotism and patriotism between opposition the argument, Gniazdowski’s In obywatel to nie [jest] ubrany w republikańską togę bohater.”togę ubranyw republikańską [jest] nie to obywatel h dbt aot aroim rmtd y h ehbto “eos f liberty” of “Heroes exhibition the by prompted patriotism about debate The between mili between tarian position and Środa’s position tarian liberal one.
taristic patriotism (paternal) and minimal patriotism (maternal). (maternal). patriotism minimal and (paternal) patriotism taristic i, considered that for it to be truly civic, it would need to be be to need would it civic, truly be to it for that considered i,
used the metaphor of Siamese Siamese of metaphor the used 54 147
In a sense then, he promoted a mix betweenaIn mix promoted then,he sense a
(Source 4.8) (Source t n sciie o ok and work to sacrifice and ht - types: defenders of national of defenders types: 53 - approach omntra patriotism communitarian
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concept content concept the stretching be not would approach ‘militaristic’ the then was baseline, the sacrifice, considered of idea the on based patriotism, of vision ‘Romantic’ the If scope. concept,andas the‘minimal anmean ofstretching act the sacrifice comprehensive the a of baseline, promotion a as country’ one’s of love ‘the as patriotism of definition common asses to wanted one If strands. ideological different of case 55 historyczna ( history of ‘politics governmental the others, among concerned, It 2007. and 2005 between PiS, the of government the during happened intellectuals, conservative linke patriotism, about discussion of instance second The 5.3 than only intellectuals. becam that patriotism of concept the over contestation the of transformation relative a provoked history,’ of ‘politics as such concepts, their of use political The radicalization. and simplification their to in developed they concepts several of progressive the transposition a prompted on, PiS the with intellectuals conservative the of rapprochement Later 2000s. the of beginning the in framework intellectual civil society inaliberalunderstanding. and duties civic to reference the with it fix to trying meaning, patriotism’s bend and narrow would position means’ ‘minimal the contrast, In peace. of times to adapted
For a more detailed analysis of this concept see Stobiecki, “Historians facing politics of history. The The history. of politics facing “Historians Stobiecki, see concept this of analysis detailed more a For
Poland,” or Dorota Szeligowska, “La politique historique polonaise historique “La politique Szeligowska, Dorota or Poland,” hs icsin t discussion This ideas of conservative intellectuals into public policies ‘ Politics Politics of history’ a studycase of transpositionthe of the ),’ 55
- wise, but rather context rather but wise, rmtn a ‘fimtv’ prah o na to approach ‘affirmative’ an promoting
siid o h eegne f chrn conservative coherent a of emergence the to estified
e broad in nature, with participation of more actors more of participation with nature, in broad e to the political sphere, sometimes contributing sometimes sphere, political the to
- - based definition of patriotism could be seen be could patriotism of definition based 148 wise, aiming at c at aiming wise,
s the arguments by adopting the the adopting by arguments the s s’ approach ass’ narrowing its d to the rising influence of of influence rising the to d onvincing that it was also was it that onvincing . ”
inl itr and history tional
polityka CEU eTD Collection
assessment of the conservative intellectuals of the democratic regime of the Third Third the of regime democratic the of intellectuals conservative the of assessment criti aforementioned the from resulted approach ‘affirmative’ an of promotion Polish of pages dark (e.g. questions problematic of discussion the admit not does and past, national prideful and positive of promotion the on solely focuses it because camp. liberal the by championed approach’ ‘critical a called they what to opposition in patriotism, im. Europejska Szkoła Wyższa 59 of election withPiS. linked progressively became but it PSL, and PO stat wasPiS, the usedbycampaign it 2005, legislative the the In 2003. of in of Śpiewak, Paweł by and critique head 1998, in Matyja his Rafał by communist conceptualized in former opposition, democratic Jaruzelski, the Wojciech of member former Stelmachowski, 58 57 by Kwiatkowski, quoted 1998, Committee) 56 1980s, early the in discourse historical of elements some of revisiting Kohl’s Helmut Geschichtspolitik term German the by inspired 2000s, early the in philosophers conservative by developed in2005,alongsideelectoralPiS the of ‘politics history.’ programofthe Publizists installed be should liberal the from back won and Table’ Round the of ‘Republic the way, belittling the of former institutions and laws many inherited it because for, fought right had 1980s the opposition state the not was regime the that claim their and Republic, Konserwatystów Komitetu Krajowego Manifest Sł Marek A. Cichocki, Cichocki, A. Marek This concept was used the first time in July 1989, by the Chairman of of Chairman the by 1989, July in time first the used was concept This omka, “Pa omka, Geschichtspolitik
h vr cnet pltc o histor of ‘politics concept very The regime.
o h bodr oiia dsore wee t eae ky on o the of point key a became it where discourse, political broader the to triotyzm konstytucyjny. triotyzm The affirmative approach is sometimes called defensive or apologetic, or defensive called sometimes is approach affirmative The 56 -
eih a hsoy ht il e icse i Catr 6). Chapter in discussed be will that history war Jewish hy nitd ht h ntr o te tt (oeie cle i a in called (sometimes state the of nature the that insisted They a a eoaoy em ond y h opponent the by coined term derogatory a was Władza Władza Ti ls ie mgae fo cnevtv itletas and intellectuals conservative from migrated idea last This .
acrig o Cichocki. to according , Księdza Józefa Tischnera, 2005). 2005). Tischnera, Józefa Księdza pamięć i
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by their Polish neighbors (to be analyzed in detail in the following chapter). The The chapter). following the in detail in analyzed be (to neighbors Polish their by t of uncovering the concerned in2000 firstplace historicaltook The debatesabout questions. controversial society: andexclusively heroic an positive one. vision specific one promoting of aim programmatic the it gave openly proponents. his by adopted never was and 1 2005), OMP, (Kraków: Merta, Tomasz and bilansu revisionism), historical “ of próba http://www.omp.org.pl/artykul.php?artykul=82 patriotyzm: others adopting of promoters of number A avoid and past, ofvisionthe country’s form.promote to politics, international history’in of ‘politics ofPolish its over controversy lasting to ‘ due 2013, in only the started of construction CentreThe Berlin. in sign” “Visible memorial the locate War, to World taken was Second decision the the when after countries European Eastern in properties their from 61 1. 2012), in 60 the throughout that conservatives the further by was advanced allegation moments the historical by reinforced prideful affirming history’ of ‘politics active wrongd also but War, World Second the of victims only not been had Poles the which to according history, national to approach “critical” a of rise the prompted and world, the in Poland of image the ‘tarnished’ debates these of ( Expellees (center Bundestag German the of member CDU a Steinbach, Erika by promoted Berlin, in 2002 in (peaking in educational and research controversy the of construction lasting a was debate second politics of history of politics
Alexei Miller, “ Miller, Alexei The controversy whether, how and where to commemorate Germans (and other nations), expelled expelled nations), other (and Germans commemorate to where and how whether, controversy The h cnouin o h of convolutions The O pożytkach i szkodliwości historycznego rewizjonizmu (About advantages and disadvantages of of disadvantages and advantages (About rewizjonizmu historycznego szkodliwości i pożytkach O -
The emergence of the concept of ‘politics of history’ was prompted by two by prompted was history’ of ‘politics of concept the of emergence The right Christian Democratic party), and president of the German Federation of of Federation German the of president and party), Democratic Christian right Bund der Vertriebenen der Bund ’
ainl artvs r ocps sc a expulsions as such concepts, or narratives national Introduction. Historical politics: Eastern European convolutions in the 21 the in convolutions European Eastern politics: Historical Introduction. ’
refer to the cont the to refer ” in in ”
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roversy over the commemoration of expellees to motivate the need the motivate to expellees of commemoration the over roversy he pogrom of Jewish inhabitants of Jedwabne in 1941, in Jedwabne of inhabitants Jewish of pogrom he ). According to the con the to According ). Ciia ptits: tep a analysis),” at attempt patriotism: (Critical e. lxi ilr Mra imn Bdps: E Press CEU (Budapest: Lipman Maria Miller, Alexei ed. , - 29. , accessed on 10 March 2012. It is an amended version version amended an is It 2012. March 10 on accessed ,
150 60
Polish proponents of ‘politics of history’ of ‘politics of proponents Polish (Memory and responsibility) and (Memory stitution ‘Centre against Expulsions’ against ‘Centre stitution
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and historical education, and their role in the transmission and reproduction of a a of reproduction and transmission the in role their and education, historical and history memory, on put was accent strong A commemorations. and holidays national interest: tradition of heritage, domain national his culture, to freely it applied them of each rather precisely, very it historical references among society. pro of domain the in done been had little very transition democratic 5.38) (in history manipulating propaganda, communist the mind to bring to likely was history and politics together putting where Polish, in suitable most the been 62 propagan history,’ name of the ‘politics towards skepticism strong a showed Historians historian. professional determine to attempting of image mental of ‘politics of case the In memory. of places or statues streets, constructing of naming the past, the from events historical important commemorating of ways and holidays national of choice the example, for such: it calling necessarily 5.6). (Karłowicz, one affirmative the overpowering was approach critical the that believed they as history, (Cichocki, to approach ‘critical’ history’ a and ‘affirmative’ their ‘affirm to Poles Rzeczpospolita of willingness was the argued, they by history,’ of prompted ‘politics of idea The administration. state the by according that, identity national positive
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The teenagers featured on the billboards were: Filip Wolski, a 19 a Wolski, Filip were: billboards the on featured teenagers The not were billboards for chosen two persons 2007, In - over.
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Edited by Michał Syska, (Warszawa: Instytut Wydawniczy „Książka i Prasa”, 2007). „Książkai Prasa”, Wydawniczy Instytut bySyska,(Warszawa: Michał Edited Krytyki Politycznej przewodnik lewicy. Idee, daty i fakty, pytania i odpowiedzi odpowiedzi i pytania fakty, i daty Idee, lewicy. przewodnik Politycznej Krytyki “ “ W całej zresztą zresztą całej W Odrzucenie konstruktywizmu związane jest z uznaniem, że tym, co kształtuje patriotyzm, nie jest jest nie patriotyzm, kształtuje co tym, że uznaniem, z jest związane konstruktywizmu Odrzucenie isława Brzozowskiego, 2007) Brzozowskiego, isława
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to international conferences on Polish on conferences international to weekly Catholic the “ article movie Lanzmann’s Claude of release the following (1983); uprising 40 ghetto Warsaw the the of anniversary of occasion the on place took discussions These movement. Solidarity ‘regim 2006). r and Nationalism Auschwitz. one. Jewish the the of symbol a constituted only it as removed, be should it that believed cross. removethis scene. the on planted was lives their lost Holocaust the in Auschwitz killed Jews the all of of sixth one where camp concentration Nazi former the of surroundings 9 8 in articles, Cichy’s surrounding no ( insurgents),” the to Wyborcza, apologize (I powstańców “Przepraszam article the In stance. accusatory 7 Michlic, Polonsky and yearOxford. in thefollowing 6 debate) 9. 2008), Adamaim.Mickiewicza, Uniwersytetu Dziennikarstwa public the of analysis 5 arguments the of occasioncrosses theAuschwitz. Błoński’sof discussion onthe of “ 50 Uprising’s the of ahead months few a published was It example. first the is Uprising Warsaw ( Army Home the by Jews of killing of instances Powstania karty czarne Żydzi: in published articles influential Polish dark the uncovering of examples
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These accusations lead to a highly controversial reception of the book: the range of range the book: the of reception controversial highly a to lead accusations These war. during the Jews largehelped have wouldmyth the and by people that the Polish bystan Holocaust, the of perpetration the in Nazis the assisting amongemotions both andpublic” participants thegeneral society. the of introspection historical sincere a 38 37 36 35 2002). University, CentralEuropean thesis, (Master press” Polish 34 33 i Żydzi Polacy 32 past, the on perspectives Polish two called also defensive positions, and Critical neighbors. Jewish their towards Jedwabne of inhabitants c and (moral light.show Polesinapositive not did that topics difficult tackle to afraid not were and way positive a in future positio the reflected book Gross’s liberal in published title, Tokarska Joanna anthropologist, Polish characterizing innocence,” of “obsession Polish the challengedIt opinion. public the of attention the of center the in Holocaust the put and consciousness people’s shook inc reactions
Janowski, “Jedwabne,” 81. 81. “Jedwabne,” Janowski, 183. znaczenie,”ma Polsce jakieś wdzisiejszej “Czyantysemityzm Michlic, Zgliszczyński, thefor crime. the of blame part have also their could Eventhe bystanders if 59. “Jedwabne,” Janowski, Guy Billauer, “Stosunki polsko “Stosunki Billauer, Guy Justyna Woźniakowska, “Confront Woźniakowska, Justyna - ders eih relati Jewish One of the main questions discussed was whether all Poles should accept the accept should Poles all whether was discussed questions main the of One Neighbors 35 , op. cit., op. ,
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keeping the right proportions: years 10 Kwaśniewski Aleksander from angle different slightly a took Mazowiecki, Tadeusz late the occasion, the for envoy his by read letter, his in PO, the from Komorowski, Bronisław office, in president an of representative a otherwise th ‘keeping i grzechów.” zasług historycznych w ocenie proporcji i wywrócenia polskiego 78 of Polish and general in nations other with relationship their of context the in patriotism, their (Sources(both in1987) 6.A.1 Polish to BłońskJan and Lipski Jerzy(1981),Jedlicki Józef byJan significantwritten essays, related published were articles important of number a and occurred sphere public the of liberalization certain a 1980s, the In 6.4.1 ‘critical patriotism.’ of conceptualization the for bases provided that 1980s the essays in influential published three of context the in set be to thr needs the discussion the in debates, raised were that patriotism about arguments precise the analyzing Before patriotism. of nature the over considerations of catalysts important were Polish about debates The 6.4 One theinhabitants thing change, ofJedwabne absent. didnot were still
“ Długo trwało, zanim zrozumieliśmy, że przyznanie do winy nie przekreśla polskiej martyrologii i martyrologii polskiej przekreśla nie winy do przyznanie że zrozumieliśmy, zanim trwało, Długo
not imply the relativism in the domain of guilt or reversing proportions in assessment of of assessment in proportions reversing or sins.” meritsand historical guilt of domain the in relativism the imply not doe it That occupiers. Soviet and German with fight the in heroism Polish and martyrology Polish out cross not does guilt the accepting that understood we before time long a took “It
bohaterstwa w walce z niemieckim i sowieckim okupantem. Że nie oznacza relatywizacji win relatywizacji oznacza nie Że okupantem. sowieckim i niemieckim z walce w bohaterstwa - in in over discussions The Polish patriotism? Critical patriotism Jewish relationsJewish inparticular. rgt rprin, i te od o Fte Aa Bnek, h is who Boniecki, Adam Father of words the in proportions,’ right e the 1980s
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and liberal patriotism that for him was not only defined by the relationship towards relationship the by defined only not was him for that patriotism liberal and civic ‘true,’ a to megalomania, national on based patriotism, of version nationalist and country the of visions re modern a for calls first the of Kultura post the of figure important an Lipski, Józef Jan by patriotisms” two fatherlands, “Two essay The 6.4.1.1 etyczną.” jestdeformacją forma jego natomiast narodowy egoizm 80 Selection) writings. (Political “ Lipski, Józef Jan ‘social as himself described He emigration. in active remained but 1948, in communists the by banned was which Party), 79 of elements different him, to according because recommendations, these make to need the felt Lipski others. the of guilt the than lesser were it if even wrongdoings, guilt Polish acknowledging of importance the discussing to him brought This ethos. national the destroyed and megalomania national to contributed past the of elements shameful silencing that believed He tradition. this of elements of p the of evaluation critical a required but tradition, for love and respect which patriotism, contradictory implied to true wasbecausewere Polish they polskie co stupidity’ ‘patriotic national of “formula the with it contrast to order in statement, incompatibility this with started Lipski one’s fellows, butalso tow
Lipski participated in 1987 in the reactivation of PPS ( PPS of reactivation the in 1987 in participated Lipski “ Sądzę, że szowinizm, megalomania narodowa, ksenofobia, czyli nienawiść do wszystkiego co obce, co wszystkiego do nienawiść czyli ksenofobia, narodowa, megalomania szowinizm, że Sądzę,
it should lead to love, otherwise it is an ethical deformation. it isanotherwise ethical love, to lead it should Christian the to linked be P (…) can. yourbutfellow, patriotism for cannot love of obligation egoism, national i.e. foreign, is that everything towards natio chauvinism, that think “I , and then republished in Poland in Samizdat publications. It constituted one constituted It publications. Samizdat in Poland in republished then and , - True patriotism versus national meg
daje się pogodzić. (…) Patriotyzm jest z miłości miłości z jest Patriotyzm (…) pogodzić. się daje (love of everything that is Polish).” For him, the idea of loving things just thingsloving of idea the him, For Polish).” is everythingthat of (love - democrat convinced that Christian ethics is the foundation of the European culture European the of foundation the is ethics Christian that convinced democrat -
nie dadzą się pogodzić z nakazem chrześcijańskim miłości bliźniego. Patriotyzm Patriotyzm bliźniego. miłości chrześcijańskim nakazem z pogodzić się dadzą nie boa socjaliz Obrona - Solidarność
(Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Krytyki Politycznej, 2011). Politycznej, Krytyki Wydawnictwo (Warszawa: ards ‘others:’
of the allegiance towards it. Lipski contrasted a closed, closed, a contrasted Lipski it. towards allegiance the of
u Te ees o socialism),” of defense (The mu (Source 6.A.1) (Source
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prah o aroim a b lknd o h pioohcl tne f ethical of stance philosophical the patriotism, to likened be can patriotism to approach against his for values moral on crucial based patriotism of development the promoted it because argument, was approach critical The exultation). religious with combined beingPolish,factof simple the from (thesuperioritymessianismfeelingof Polish of heritage Romantic the in namely Poland, in found be could megalomania’ ‘national 81 silenced question,and that concluded anti quoted He criticism. against defense a as activated often purpose, political specific a with history of parts some of (silencing) manipulation re critical a constitute not would ‘choice’ This tradition.’ of ‘choice peculiar a imply would dissociation a such but shame, from intact. su the in pride keeping while wrongdoings, past the for responsibility be collective reject to possible could was it whether words, shame other in separated, and pride whether discussed also He ancestors. their of deeds communiti human whether and responsibility collective of question the with extensively more dealt Jedlicki press), underground legalized newly the Marxist revisionist more towards evolved positions from who intellectual Polish important an is Jedlicki Jerzy 6.4.1.2 wrongdoingsand responding tothem.
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collective responsibility of a nation, because it was also the case of those who were who those of case the also was it because nation, a of responsibility collective nation. p the of margins the on anti that assumption (defensive) the challenged also He the into it incorporating Zarecka, and past dark the uncovering of process 84 zbrodnie.” dokonane za wstyd także ale 83 (…)” wieku i XX XIX w Polsce antysemityzmu masowego sięzproblemem 82 Polish ‘unlying’ of processthe initiated Błoński Jan chapter, this of introduction the in mentioned As 6.4.1.3 furtherwhich a development,for ofhistory soundknowledge was needed. its neverfor but community,the of collectivemorale the profitablefor be sometimes accepted. being start should past difficult the for responsibility the that and Poland in begin (“ Auschwitz after patriot German Auschwitz? a be to possible was intel German which during 1986, May in Aschaffenburg mid re the in the patriotism of German question of the emergence discuss to him led This times. these during persecuted w for responsible sense no in
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but the genocide must be remembered, because a community is built thanks to th to thanks built is community a because remembered, be must genocide the but cleansed, be should memory national The it. instigate not did Poles the if even land, Polish on happened which Holocaust, the to referred Miłosz Błoński, to According a advocated Poli by performed be to blood, by tarnished land, Polish who the of purification Miłosz, Czesław poet Polish of words the over reflection the Polish to dedicated was essay His writer. Catholic a in published Ghetto,” l Pole harvest),” Powszechny Tygodnik looks Christian (Poor Krzemiński, Ireneusz Jedwabne with interview aliens),” at looks Wyborcza Pole (Poor obcych na patrzy aforementioned the Polak in used often was motive powerful 85 guiltydifference beand One complicityguilt incrime sharing it. can between thefor we of “yes, say: to needed ‘sin the confront to had Poles They context. wartime bythe behavior passive theirjustifying stop andindifference’ that argued He it. of avoidance people’s wanted tobethe beyond scopecondemnation. of of they because name,’ ‘good their of name the in reflection, this rejected Poles the th to happened what for condemned being of fear and Jews, the of fate the of fear to corresponding respective guilt, of fear and death of fear fear: of types four between distinguished getto “ and 1943, in Uprising Ghetto Warsaw the towards “ Miłosz: of poems significant two to reference a with argument his continued Błoński past. the of remembrance
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at Jedwabne),” interview with archbishop Henryk Muszyński, Muszyński, Henryk archbishop with interview Jedwabne),” at Campo di Fiori di Campo , January , 17, 17, 2011; Piotr Semka, “Biedny Polak patrzy na Grossa (Poor (Poor Grossa na patrzy Polak “Biedny Semka, Piotr 2011; 25, 25, 196 2011. : it started in a Catholic Catholic a in started it :
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critical by his opponents. Later on, the conservative intellectuals labeled this this labeled intellectuals conservative the on, Later opponents. his by critical the in inspiration intellectual as invoked debate, Jedwabne were They nations. neighboring the with relationship their and past their towards Poles the of approach the discuss critically and comprehensively obligation of cleansing. an is there reason, this for And instance. for crime, the stop to enough doing not of okoliczności wyjaśnić ofiarom, hołd oddać pamiętać, (…) margines był to jeśli nawet rodaków, przez popełnionych zbrodniach o pamiętać 89 88 87 86 ethical theses, underscoring that Jedlicki’s to subscribed others, among Machcewicz, crimes. war of justification sug his and argument shame’ collective accepting of in Gross question by raised responsibility The crime. the for responsibility collective paved authors truths Polish difficult concerning uncovering to open all were they that in Jedwabne about debate Th 6.4.2 of history’. patriotism,’ ‘critical approach
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Within the discussion of this last ‘discursive event,’ a number of topics will be will topics of number a event,’ ‘discursive last of this discussion the Within the of catastrophe the of aftermath the on focuses chapter empirical final This following the Smolensk crash in 2010 in crash thefollowing Smolensk during resurgent patriotism, Seven Chapter
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behavior. patriotic of standards the define to tried who and ordeal national a such of wake the in anal will I polarization and radicalization discourse of, mechanisms the and to, leading processes the showing By patriotism. and identity national community, as such concepts, political key de about considerations scrutinizing were mourning national subsequent the and the of Marshal moresensitive. madecampaign his thus it ofPO, was the candidate the Komorowski, duties,Bronisław Secondly, candidate. PiS’ the became Jarosław of Chairman The replacement. a find to had PiS the thus 2010, in later re his for candidate was president deceased the Firstly, problematic. doubly was situation Presiden the of duties the the of Marshal the President, announcement. the this of death the after of case days in 131.2, 60 Article than the to According later no held be must elections la the no and vacant, announced became be office must elections presidential new the of date the office, in President the of thedeath example by for provoked, Republic, of President the of post the in vacancy ofParliament, chamber Lower 3 Kluzik Newsweek the addresses andquestion ofdiscursive ansubsistent (Se polarization increasing it Finally, 7.4). (Section transition democratic throughout concept re im its and 7.3) (Section sphere public the in discourse Romantic the of resurgence the of discussion thematic a with continues analysis the Then, debate. ( July 4 and the of dynamics evolving the capture to order in round) chosen is presentation chronological (first June 20 on held Kaczyński Lech elections presidential anticipated the until 2010, plane April 10 the crash, of day the from period the on focuses It 7.2). (Section decision Wawel th shift, major its and catastrophe the of aftermath
According to Article 128 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 1997, the Marshal of the the of Marshal the 1997, of Poland of Republic the of Constitution the of 128 Article to According - ) construction of the concept of patriotism, with respect to previous debates on this on debates previous to respect with patriotism, of concept the of construction ) - Rostowska, the head of his electoral campaign, and her close collaborators close her and campaign, electoral his of head the Rostowska, h aayi blw trs y rsnig h pbi dbt i te direct the in debate public the presenting by starts below analysis The Kaczyński Lech of death tragic the which in way the on focuses analysis This Spebr 7 21. utemr, n n h atm 2010 autumn the in in Furthermore, 2010. 27, September ,
t in the interim, until the election of the new President. The post The President. new the of election the until interim, the in t
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national mourningbe thus analyzed. will of period the during Church Catholic the by played role important The unity. this Cardinal by taken Castle, Royal Wawel the at president deceased the bury to decision the but tragedy, the of Po the of unity of question the on focused first was discourse nine A 7.2 etu Bdna pni Publicznej Opinii Badania http://www.cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2010/K_082_10.PDF Centrum 4 Agnieszka period, mourning national the after reason, that for covered; not almost since mid ever population the of fifths three by negatively assessed been had presidency (his popular very not was he death his before as change, significant a marked president eul commemorative to and investigation, its and catastrophe the to time broadcasting their of share large a (e.g. sectio news their dedicated and sections entertainment their reduced grey, of Internet shades different with colors their usual their replaced and also websites Newspapers closed. were theatres and cinemas and cancelled were remnants wa it Silent their buried. and repatriated successively as officials deceased all of commemoration and reflection silent of moment a be to supposed was period mourning The crash. the after shock first the during discourse public The 7.2.1
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Przegląd Polityczny o instance this call to as far so go could one wonder No 9.78). (Source mourning was Poland in article an wrote Zagner mourning. the end to government Polish underground government tsarist u the The ban to jewelry. tried patriotic wear and black in dress to women many (1863 pushed repression uprising January de the to Church throughout Catholic continued the led manifestations these of ofparticipants number ofa death The Russia. tsarist by ruled Poland, of Kingdom the in manifestations 6 ch.html http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,114873,7755305,Od_rana_trwa_zaloba_w_polskich_media 5 in interviewed (Szacki, the them united that of things aware became people when time a as described was period mourning The (Zięba, mourning for fondness particular a had even press wing because smoothly it accepted Poles powers. partitioning the against uprisings national of context the in century, Figure
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they liked big liked they se of these symbols, but without success. Finally, the partial amnesty of 1866 led the led 1866 of amnesty partial the Finally, success. without but symbols, these of se th
anniversary of the November uprising of 1830 provoked a number of patriotic patriotic of number a provoked 1830 of uprising November the of anniversary , giving, an overtone, it uncalled for negative 9.122). Source
rig i a eaiey e cnet cie ol i te 19 the in only coined concept, new relatively a is urning’ GazetaWyborcza Im Polityka g aalbe at available age
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as it has been assumed in both center and left and center both in assumed been has it as 213 - 4, n atr t fiue Te usqet tough subsequent The failure. its after and 64),
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9.125). in interviewed (Chwin, features martyrological and melodramatic its with language Romantic the of revival strong a can understand better one light this in Hence, feelings. national and conservative to and solidarity, patrioti as such values basic to return they situation, political the about uncertainty or fear, feel people when moments in that implied possibility latter This (Pawlicka, together fear’ their ‘manage to tried they when or throughout recurrent nation, and society concepts, two these between distinction The or community, a of construction to the Solidarity movement. birth gave that crowd praying andcrying the to it compared and Poland, change could significance. ( specific Terlikowski Tomasz with crowd this imbue (long to a tried particular of in commentators prototype a or 9.75), Source Moskal, (Florek life public in actors became citizens passive often otherwise when moment a activity, civic of expression an were gatherings these that was feeling general A was. Mich 9.57, Source (Erbel, crowds more or one were there whether sure not were many While involved. those of number large the c often Poles people. the of unity the on put was accent the mourning, national the of beginning very the From 7.2.2
alled a ‘crowd’ in the media. Such a term seems pejorative, but it emphasizes it but pejorative, seems term a Such media. the in ‘crowd’ a alled h uiy n orig a aaye fo dfeet nls ntby s the as notably angles, different from analyzed was mourning in unity The
Wprost, The (initial) community (initial) themourningThe in en masse en Sour alski, e .6) n fre ‘aroi gop’ (Miecik, groups’ ‘patriotic formed and 9.164) ce oć Niedzielny Gość Wprost
paid tribute to the deceased president. Their gathering was was gathering Their president. deceased the to tribute paid
, Source 9.166) and what the nature of the crowd(s) crowd(s) the of nature the what and 9.166) Source , a union of either the nation or society, with the state. the with society, or nation the either of union a Sour , 214
e .9 ee camd ht hs crowd this that claimed even 9.49) ce - wie) ii scey Right society. civil awaited) Publizists
reld Polityczny, Przegląd
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Source 9.169). 9.169). Source sm, liberty, or or liberty, sm, Newsweek
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omnt drn te orig eid Mrk ihci n Druz Karłowicz, Dariusz and Cichocki Marek period, mourning the during community nature the to respect With nationalism. outright or 3) Chapter cf. MacIntyre, patr ‘thicker’ to linked is history, and culture to reference with conceptualized often most nation, the to reference the while patriotism, (civic) to linked often is society for preference The Their point. differentthis post the that unity of ideal the of problem inherent the about point a has Graff nation. the of hom the of idea the promoted both had eyes, her in that, opposition dissident the of heritage the to pointed also She nation. the of idea’ ‘petrified conservative the considered she what to and minorities, the of interests or the of irrespective decisions take can that majority the of rule the as democracy of vision conservatives’ the to events of state this linked She society. civil strong a of state the criticized she patriotism: about debates previous in arguments her with line in though, ( Graff Agnieszka forwa (Kostro, 1989 in happen not did that heritage communist the with break decisive the to lead socie the when time a as it described mourning the of interpretation Conservative 2000s. throughout the positions communitarian earlier, their with consistent is statement This pa those that concluded respects, their pay to came people when couple presidential the of coffins the over guard kept who President, deceased the of supporters conservative ying homage to the President were representatives of the nation (Source 9.192). 9.192). (Source nation the of representatives were President the to homage ying ty could consider itself a nation, and implied that the catastrophe would finally would catastrophe the that implied and nation, a itself consider could ty rd by the conservatives, was rarely successfully challenged. Left challenged. successfully rarely was conservatives, the by rd -
transition debates about patriotism as we have seen, was again important at important again was seen, have we as patriotism about debates transition Rzeczpospolita of Polish society for its lack of social capital and trust, impeding the creation the impeding trust, and capital social of lack its for society Polish of iotism (in line with the communitarian tradition proposed by Alasdair Alasdair by proposed tradition communitarian the with line (in iotism aea Wyborcza Gazeta , Source 9.136). The perception of the nation as an axiom, put axiom, an as nation the of perception The 9.136). Source , implications andimplications use be can interpreted positioning as tool. a , Source 9.17) offered one challenging opinion opinion challenging one offered 9.17) Source , 215
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different interpretations of this alleged community (as a nation or a society) show an an show society) a or nation a (as community alleged this of interpretations different event. unexpected this process to order in together coming of importance mourning period. the during conservatives the with case the was as community, the of realm the from their excluding by react unity ideal of vision a maintain who those views, opposing of case the In values. or ideas different of coexistence for allow not does writer). (19 Wyspiański 8 Nor Kamil Cyprian 7 Kraków, in Rock) the on Church however: places, 19 Słowac Juliusz Mickiewicz, and Sikorski) Władysław General and Piłsudski Józef Marshall Kościuszko, Tadeusz (General heroes national Sobieski), idea as seen was there inappropriate tothe rank by him because many mourners, of elevated a it hero. president deceased tragically the Burying buried. are heroes emin most the where place symbolical highly a is constructed Wawel previously community. the dissolved Dziwisz, Cardinal the by taken Kraków, in Castle Royal Wawel the of crypts the in couple presidential the bury to decision The 7.2.3 decision tobury presidentialcouple onWawel the the by reinforced be to only was that opinions of cleavage ideological underlying
In the same crypt there is a symbolic urn filled with the soil from the (common) Parisian grave of of grave Parisian (common) the from soil the with filled urn symbolic a is there crypt same the In mnn wies rm ifrn eoh rs tee Jn łgs (15 Długosz Jan there: rest epochs different from writers Eminent of a national Pantheon. Polish kings (Stefan Batory, Zygmunt III Waza, Jan III Jan Waza, III Zygmunt Batory, (Stefan kings Polish Pantheon. national a of
Wawel, its cathedral and its crypts are a symbolical place, the closest to the to closest the place, symbolical a are crypts its and cathedral its Wawel, the underscored days first the in debate public the of tone overall The The burial on Wawel: on the burial The t th
etr mdrit lyrgt ad zsa Młs (20 Miłosz Czesław and playwright) modernist century wid, another great Romantic poet. great Romantic wid,another Krypta Zasłużonych na Skałce na Zasłużonych Krypta
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are buried there. Poland has other prestigious burial prestigious other has Poland there. buried are 8
h cyt f h Accterl f t Jh the John St. of Archcathedral the of crypt the urning point of the point of urning debate 216
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places were inplace. existing the of one selecting for rules administrative clear least at one or existed Pantheon if avoided been have might that controversies of number a provokes figures, to where deciding of procedures clear of lack Kraków. in Rakowicki Cemetery Cemetery the Warsaw, in Providence) Divine of Temple Warsaw, in Baptist 9.128) (Source z razem 11 Prime a 10 Mościcki; Ignacy Cathol the StefanWyszyński. Cardinal and 1981, 1948 of and Primate the and Narutowicz Paderewski; Ignacy period, Gabriel same the from presidents Minister interwar the Poniatowski; August 9 had decision the after hours two Already protests. popular in resulted it immediately would decision this that wish his expressed Dziwisz Kaczyński, blind and Jarosław meeting after Wawel, at couple presidential the of burial the the about decision announced unilaterally Dziwisz Cardinal however, 2010, April 13 On 1922). President assassinated, after shortly and elected, democratically first the (where Archcathedral Warsaw the of crypt the proposed then at buried be to couple presidential the decease the of Chancellery the from received he signal first the crash, air Smolensk the with connected activities of coordination Polityka
In the Archcath the In Participants of national uprisings, soldiers and intellect and soldiers uprisings, ofnational Participants “Ostatecznie decyzja zapadła, że tym miejscem najbardziej godnym jest Wawel, żeby tam spoczął spoczął tam żeby Wawel, jest godnym najbardziej miejscem tym że zapadła, decyzja “Ostatecznie kings, to heroes, leaders”. heroes, to kings, from fatherland: our of good the to contributed who those with together rest will [Kaczyński] “T recolle the to According tymi, którzy się zasłużyli dla dobra naszej ojczyzny: od królów królów od ojczyzny: naszej dobra dla zasłużyli się którzy tymi, suc 99) laig h wr o te inter the of work the leading 9.94), source , e ia dcso hs en ae ta Wwl s h most the is Wawel that taken been has decision final he .
edral crypt there are tombs of the last Polish king from the 18 the from king Polish last the of tombs are there crypt edral 9
the Pantheon of Pantheon the
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10 to o Mnse Mca Bn (nevee by (interviewed Boni Michał Minister of ction
The existence of these multiple burial places, and places, burial multiple these of existence The
Great Poles in Poles Great Powązki 217
d president was that the family wanted wanted family the that was president d uals rest on these cemeteries. cemeteries. these on rest uals
uy motn pltcl n cultural and political important bury in Warsaw. Prelate Kazimierz Nycz Kazimierz Prelate Warsaw. in Gabriel Narutowicz was buried in in buried was Narutowicz Gabriel Świątynia Opatrzności Bożej Opatrzności Świątynia unite society. However, almost almost However, society. unite
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media, Cardinal Dziwisz took care to clarify that burying the President at Wawel was Wawel at President the burying that clarify to care took Dziwisz Cardinal media, socia the in also important, really were protests the that Given day. following the decyzję zmień “ “ reading: signs carried just o aggressive, not were protesters The Kraków. cardinal’s in residence the of front in protest to gathered people 500 around announced, been 12 to contributed also It memory. durable a of promise a it give would catastrophe save to order in died Kaczyński that Baliszewski, Dariusz by e.g. ‘F’, capital accident, plane mere a not was the to way the (on tragedy the of place the and timing the given that claim to was so do to strategies the of One event. heroic into turned be to had death the of reason and circumstances the interpretation, Kaczyński themembers and at oftheCardinal brothers),PiS Dziwisz. party the of (the thePiS familyatand pointingthe curiawas decision The this though. amon buried be to “deserve(d) hence hero,” a as “died president the since exaggeration, an not was Wawel at couple presidential the burying opinion his in that explicitly saying Kaczyński’s Lech was it daughte whether will, this expressed had exactly who specify not did He family. the of will the enacting merely was he that but decision, his not Powązki, nie Wawel nie Powązki,
The conspiracy theories about the crash, even if supported by the PiS, will not be examined here. examined willnot be by the PiS, supported if the even crash, about conspiracy theories The hre” ( heroes” g zws qaiid the qualified Dziwisz r Marta, or his twin brother Jarosław). He did endorse the decision though, by by though, decision the endorse did He Jarosław). brother twin his or Marta, r
(Cardinal, change the decision).” Further protests were organized on on organized were protests Further decision).” the change (Cardinal, Wprost
(Powązki, not Wawel),” “ Wawel),” not (Powązki, , Source 9.159). Nobody wanted to claim responsibility for for responsibility claim to wanted Nobody 9.159). Source , Przesada
12 death of the president as heroic. To back this this back To heroic. as president the of death
but constituted a sacrifice for the Fatherland (with a (with Fatherland the for sacrifice a constituted but commemoration of the Katyń massacre), the crash the massacre), Katyń the of commemoration the truth about Katyn. Such interpretation of the of interpretation Such Katyn. about truth the
(Exaggeration),” and they shouted “ shouted they and (Exaggeration),” 218 Wprost
Hipokryzja , Source 9.161). Another was to say say to was Another 9.161). Source ,
(Hypocrisy),” “ (Hypocrisy),” r insulting anyone, they anyone, insulting r
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Pilawski, Pilawski, (e.g. mistake Wawel the critics, its to according Furthermore, Wawel. on buried be her died or heroic, was Kaczyński whether about alone let general, in debate, public a by preceded not was decision Wawel the all, of First press. wing for suffering (Jaskułowski, chosen nation a are Poles that i.e. myths, national strongest the of one reinvigorating Poles. ofPantheonGreat Warsaw’s wasin buried crash, 13 bury to where deciding procedures administrative no were there that revealed also th and crash comes. time their when place, same the in buried Republic Third the of presidents all have and Pantheon, symbolic 9.196 a (Passent, deplored was Poland free of leaders of Pantheon proper a creating about discussions even the or crypts,plans of absence Wawel the in space of lack of question last this to regard With crypt. t in left place more no was there that 1943, in Gibraltar over crash plane a in killed re the after 1993, in Macharski Franciszek the bury to decision the Also, wife. his and deceasedpresident the bury to wheredeciding precocious decision this called (Romanowski, Others Narutowicz). and Piłsudski, statesmen histori important to compared occasion this on was (who Kaczyński President
The last Polish president lastPolish The presidential couple in the crypt of Wawel went against the declaration of Cardinal of declaration the against went Wawel of crypt the in couple presidential ). With Lech Kaczyński buried at Wawel, it will be impossible ever to create a create to ever impossible be will it Wawel, at buried Kaczyński Lech With ). A series of criticisms against the Wawel decision was voiced also in the left the in also voiced was decision Wawel the against criticisms of series A Przegląd, e burial did not allow for a profound reflection or debate on this topic. It topic. this on debate or reflection profound a for allow not did burial e Przegląd,
Source 9.114) could contribute to the creation of a myth of of myth a of creation the to contribute could 9.114) Source - in - exile (1989 exile Source 9.111), also because the Church violated tradition by tradition violated Church the because also 9.111), Source Przegląd P
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ned te hr lpe f ie ewe te plane the between time of lapse short the Indeed, - 1990), R 1990), olityczny, Publizists 219 - yszard Kaczorowski, who also died in the Smolensk Smolensk in the died whoalso yszardKaczorowski, burial of the remnants of General Sikorski, General of remnants the of burial
Source 9.124).
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Przegląd I by interviewed (Marody, society the of division the reinforce left the by criticized strongly and of the sit aside set were plans existing the and officials, state deceased 15 2013. Panth the over on available controversies “The Szeligowska, Dorota 14 Girard: René of violence symbolic ‘heroi the of argument the to contributed ( Łuczewski Michał people. the of will the was Wawel on burial the that implied also He official. state deceased a just not and legend, patriotic considering in right was Dziwisz politicia PO conservative prominent a formerly Rokita, Jan instance, For decision. the appreciated right and center the of mostlypeople, some side, positive the On ones. negative illusory. merely was unity the that proved decision this words, other In anger. into compassion (Widacki, shortcomings his about grie the away stripped hero a of rank the to Kaczyński of elevation the and elusive, was community ws vn ald i a ioi pa o wrs a cria msae (Konarski, mistake’ ‘cardinal a words, on play ironic an in called, even was t
René Girard, RenéGirard, The question of creating a new Pantheon was not absent in 2010, even if it remained unresolved. unresolved. remained it if even 2010, in absent not was Pantheon new a creating of question The
There debate, the in noticed was decision Wawel the of significance the soon, Very uation.
Suc 9.110 Source , http://www.nouvelle n (interviewed in (interviewed n Le
ving willingness of those who had criticized him in the past to forget to past the in him criticized had who those of willingness ving were three main reactions to the Wawel decision: one positive and two and positive one decision: Wawel the to reactions main three were
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. h Wwl eiin hwd ht h hsiy proclaimed hastily the that showed decision Wawel The ). - europe.eu/en/controversies (Paris: Grasset 1982). 1982). Grasset (Paris: Tygodnik Powszechny Tygodnik
Przegląd - 15 azńk a ainl mdr hr o te Polish the of hero modern national, a Kaczyński ig wo nesoe ta ti dcso would decision this that underscored who wing,
he concluded that the burial on Wawel was the was Wawel on burial the that concluded he 220 , Source 9.115) or even transformed their their transformed even or 9.115) Source ,
c’ death by referring to the theory of of theory the to referring by death c’
o (f ra Poles) Great (of eon - over , Source 9.148), said that Cardinal that said 9.148), Source , - pantheon 14 Wprost Polityka -
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Kantorowicz explained the transformation of the concept of sovere of concept the of transformation the explained Kantorowicz “ państwo republikańskie z dualiz z republikańskie państwo Tygodnik Powszechny Tygodnik iett, n te lee rsraig f the of resurfacing alleged the and identity, l Three aspects of the discussion about religion and its links to the state need to need state the to links its and religion about discussion the of aspects Three “twobodies the king’s majori its (in nation the only not consequence, In disposal. its at rituals, and words, symbols, own have not does It death. president’s the of dualism the with well deal not does state republican the “(…)
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(Princeton: Princeton University Press 1957). Press University (Princeton: Princeton . ”” 18
he critically discussed Zdort’s statement. Interestingly, a Interestingly, statement. Zdort’s discussed critically he mem prezydenckiej śmierci sobie nie radzi. Nie dysponuje własnymi własnymi dysponuje Nie radzi. nie sobie śmierci prezydenckiej mem
- 224 affirmation of the link between religion and religion between link the of affirmation ” (Source9.151)
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strongly contributed to this process. This transformation can be linked to the change the to linked be can transformation This process. this communism) to contributed strongly under or partitions the during as religion, with identity national of links the reinforce not could (and identity national the of protector the of role the play 1989. after Polishness of meaning the of renegotiation the of process the within obsolete, the of popularity the that 1997, concluded of Zubrzycki constitution Polish new the preamble the of wording the about debate no.1 eth (From polonaise 22 left and liberal and a was adopted with juxtaposed solution the Finally, law. natural an of inclusion the concerned Pr the over controversy The be to nation the claim whatnationalists of and aspirations 21 powerl were cross the of transfer state the the accompany to both came happen, who to priests and due administration was it when 2010, August 3 On occurred. never transfer the Anne, St. of Church nearby the to cross the transfer to agreed hierarchy the of representatives the and scouts the Komorowski, Bronisław President without not though elected newly the of Chancellery the 2010 cross,’ July 21 on that fact the the Despite challenge. over ‘war the within notably 2010 in mourning debates about patriotism. and as such publications Catholic progressive Only allies. politi earlier its of many alienating thus agenda, political conservative a pushing one towards dissidents, of protective one, open more a from approach Church’s the of
Zubrzycki qualifies the Preamble an expression of “(…) the textual representation of nationalists’ nationalists’ of representation textual the “(…) of expression an Preamble the qualifies Zubrzycki Geneviève Zubrzycki, “De la nation ethnique à la nation civique: enjeux pour l’Eglise catholique catholique l’Eglise pour enjeux civique: nation la à ethnique nation la “De Zubrzycki, Geneviève (1997), 45. 45. (1997), Więź 22 ess in the face of the ‘defenders of the cross,’ who verbally abused the priests the abused verbally who cross,’ the of ‘defenders the of face the in ess
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assistance of Church’s representatives because, as the Head of the Chancellery, Jacek Chancellery, the of Head the as because, representatives Church’s of assistance remo to decided Chancellery the when September, 16 until summer the over continued debate the and impasse This Palace. Presidential the of wall the on plaque commemorative were cross’ the of ‘defenders The continued. deadlock the so and protesters, against force from police the prevented and Th ‘defenders.’ its and cross the against protests mocking and happenings organizing were media, social the of counter with confronted were they p cross’ the ‘defendersof the after Finally, administration. state the to it leaving cross, the surrounding problem the resolving of responsibility its from abdicated hierarchy Church the Subsequently, conservativ most the by supported were but hierarchy, Church’s official the of voice the disregarded they commitment zealot their In place. same the in crosses new erect to threatened even and Palace, bythei stood ‘defenders’ fight.The political of instrument an was cross the that showed ‘defenders’) its to according about the cross, silent remained hierarchy Church the Paradoxically, catastrophe. the after Church short the of twilight the prompted fact this and controversy, the Indeed, 9.173). (Source problem the with alone left felt Chancellery the said, Michałowski
present 24/7 around the cross, and were not even satisfied by the installation of a of installation bythe satisfiedeven were not andcross, the around 24/7 present h dalc cnenn ti priua cos o is ujsiid removal, ‘unjustified’ its (or cross particular this concerning deadlock The ve the cross and put it inside the Palace Chapel. This happened without the without happened This Chapel. Palace the inside it put and cross the ve
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t the at the commemorating statue a and Anne, St. of Church the to Palace Presidential the of Chapel the from transferred was cross the day, this On catastrophe. Smolensk the of anniversary monthly seventh the on 2010, religiosity Polish intrinsic of myth the to challenge a as understood be can action opponents’ 9.188) Source Polak prawdziwy że świadczyć, się zdaje społeczeństwa, 24 maki sensorium: sociology national the and “History Zubrzycki, a 23 of construction discursive the showed dynamics its of analysis The laden. value catastropheas reinforced atostrengthen position, tool its framing. this vic of funerals the using Church, The religion. with fused Polishness of This Kaczyński. vision specific a case towards it bend and nation the with patriotism link to tried maneuver this in patriot, a as perceived be to wanted who politician the Furthermore, discussed withrelation thenational to seems havedoubt. However to calmedtheatmosphere thissolution then. since not an was advance, transfer in the known of date the that fact the The to Chancellery. objected cross’ the the and of ‘defenders Church the scouts, the July, in agreement the signed
For a more thorough analysis of the question of religiosity and national mythologies, see Geneviève Geneviève see mythologies, national and religiosity of question the of analysis thorough more a For “ Stopienie uroczystości państwowych z kościelnymi, w połączeniu z etniczną homogenicznością homogenicznością etniczną z połączeniu w kościelnymi, z państwowych uroczystości Stopienie Powązki The public debate in the direct aftermath of the plane crash was emotional and and emotional was crash plane the of aftermath direct the in debate public The isa Pole Pole real a that prove to seems thesociety, “The the cross, the around conflict the from Apart controvers the of act last The
34 23 , no.1 ,
fusion or at of least theinstrumentalization cross to for political purposes.
(2011), (2011), 46 cemetery in Warsaw. This solution satisfied all three parties who who parties three all satisfied solution This Warsaw. in cemetery
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7.3.1 7.3 bewill further sections. inthe exemplified remaining three int but himself, president the of or decision Wawel the of critics and proponents between opposition white and black a not was opinions of division The Wawel. on burial the of question communi patriotism about debates previous 25 andpatriotism loveof thecountryKaczyński) 1989. emerged (incarnatedby after Powszechny, p also It fatherland. the values 19 its and Polishness of foundation a as perception the to back leap a as perceived rather be can Romanticism interviewed democratic transition, the of years 20 previous to compared change a was period mourning the religi complemented symbols its with language Romantic the that given especially re Romanticism to and Catholicism to linked (Warchała,is Polishness that conviction situations emotional such with deal to patriotic the beyond language of type other no is there as insofar possible, hardly be would it language Romantic the use to want not did Poles if even that it has assumption An Romanticism. with associated mostly is which discourse, emotio much by characterized was mourning national of period The
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he Romantic discourse h discourse Romantic he in in u i ws o a hne oprd o h ls 20 er (Chwin, years 200 last the to compared change a not was it but Source 9.148), that no alternative to the Romantic way of thinking about thinking of way Romantic the to alternative no that 9.148), Source leta oiin bcm icesnl plrzd Ti polarization This polarized. increasingly became opinions ellectual reld Polityczny Przegląd
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Wawel, discussed in the previous section. T section. previous the in discussed Wawel, the compulsive needunitythe thatconstituted symbolicalburial for argument the of at neo mo with period mourning the during present were them of All Messiah). the being Poland suffering (the messianism and mission of feeling a right, moral the in being of and victimhood of feeling a sacrifice, death, negative(post 26 anti rationalist coherent and strong a deployed p mourning national the during documents, programmatic their left Polityczna Krytyka left the from came voice critical most The criticisms. harsh articulating from them prevent not did causescrash. ofthe abo theories conspiracy burgeoning of conservative’s theory and nationalist sacrifice, aforementioned symbolic the with line in be would which death, to put almost and enemies, his by cornered was but Katyń, of memory true the preserve or patriot a as depicted was Kaczyński President narrative, this In Katyń.’ about ‘truth the for martyrs or victims called sometimes were in Smolensk died who delegation Polish the of members the Indeed, victimhood. collective con Polish to restored that apocalypse an as catastrophe ( Wencel Wojciech by used expression An spectrum. political the of wing right the on found be
h peie atce t Rmniim elce wehr oen hd mr pstv (neo positive more a had someone whether reflected Romanticism to attached prefixes The - - wing socialist traditions of fight for freedom infused with Romantic templates in templates Romantic with infused freedom for fight of traditions socialist wing Romanticism (orRomanticism post Even the critics of the Romantic discourse had to recognize to had discourse Romantic the of critics the Even element key of number a are There oć niedzielny Gość - ) perception of the return Romanticism in such form. such in Romanticism ofthe return perception ) - ig nelcul circle intellectual wing
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consequence of the conservative ‘politics of history.’ This new concept allowed them them allowed concept new This history.’ of ‘politics conservative the of consequence intellectual late a be to supposed 9.54), Source (Michalski, death’ of ‘politics term coined also They 9.55). Source (Gdula, people Polish the for understanding of to Contributors 9.59). Source Robson, (Bielik whole the on society the was and conservatives, though, the of criticism, death with of fascination line main The symbols.’ of ‘hostages as Poles described and thinking, rational of lack the of standpoint the from emotions and worldviews dichotomous the analyse to helpful is posi rebels, to collaborators opposing nations, Present Poland's in Past patriotism to approaches different have nations),” two state, (One narody dwa państwo, “Jedno Terlikowski, Tomasz e.g. message, same the conveying used, was Pol nations’ ‘two‘two formulation the from apart catastrophe, Polands),” the (Two of aftermath Polski the “Dwie In Śpiewak (2003). Paweł by others, among used, also was It 284). 193 po polityczna 28 Lech that so scheduled was event commemorative Polish second, state. the of representative Tusk invite of was lesscritical he as to Kaczynski, insteadof highest manoeuver handy the a as probably was level, Minister he Prime at issued as was invitation necessary, Russian was commemoration the at Lech presence 2010. early in it attend to Tusk Donald counterpart his invited who 27 ( Kaczyński)” Jarosław (To Kaczyńskiego Jarosława “Do Rymkiewicz Marek Jarosław Pola ‘two of the motive time This community. national Polands’ overarching ‘two any of of existence the motive contradicted the of iteration new a by Th 7.3.2 Minister Donald Tusk,onApril7,wouldnotbeenough. Prime the of participation the with one the that thought he because commemoration separate a for Smolensk to travelled president the which in 9.58), Source (Kowalska, martyrologic a of expression an as Katyń to journey the analyze to Rzeczpospolita
The commemoration on April 7, 2010 was organized by the Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, Putin, Vladimir Minister Prime Russian the by organized was 2010 7, April on commemoration The Grzegorz Kucharczyk traces the use of this motive to 1990 and and 1990 to motive this of use the traces Kucharczyk Grzegorz e exclusionary potential of the neo the of potential exclusionary e tions of Poles during the last centuries. last the during tionsofPoles
The motiveThe Polands’ ‘two of 9 (Polish political thought after 1939) after thought political (Polish 9 , Source 9.133), and also in the articles of Tomasz Terlikowski ( Terlikowski Tomasz of articles the in also and 9.133), Source ,
d’ a cnetaie b te osraie, n h pe of poem the in conservatives, the by conceptualized was nds’ , (Oxford: (Oxford: , Gazeta Polska Gazeta
xod nvriy Press, University Oxford bt lo o oiis Nra Dve ( Davies Norman politics. to also but ,
- Romantic templates can be further exemplified further be can templates Romantic Russia. Finally, a compromise solution was found, and a and found, was solution compromise a Finally, Russia.
Krytyka Polityczna Krytyka 231 , August
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h pae hr te nelgnsa leel cnprs gis nto’ itrss, of interests), nation’s against conspires allegedly intelligentsia the where place the (or elite the of members other and Jedlicki, accused Wildstein conse by derided sharply was Jedlicki by furthered patriotism of aspect inclusionary The patriotyzm patriotyzmu. polskiego spacyfikowania w kierunku działania Tradycyjny tożsamości unię. której zintensyfikował w salon europejską narodowe, uczucia obudziła która istnienia, katastrofie, mistyczną smoleńskiej Po (…) przeszkadzać. formą w wyższą się przed przejściowym przetopią stadium narodowe być miała RP, III więc ksenof z 37 to ale patrioty, innego co zupełnie miano na sobie zasłużenia do prawa odmówić nikomu można Nie znaczyć. cokolwiek 36 pod które i ginęły.” żyły polskości zachowujący władzą narodów, wszystkich dorobku lecz dla ale polskiej, nie etnicznie tej historii, tylko nikogo nie i tradycji, własnej agresywny, dla korzeni, nie wobec Patriotyzm krytyczny obywateli. surowo jego wszystkich wykluczający, dla życiowe szanse za państwo, 35 against conservatives the by advanced Thi intentions. as footing same the on behavior patriotic of part as perceived not were virtues civic because patriots, as perceived immediately not were virtues, civic with identified liberals, the that fact c than rather intentions, and emotions to linked patriotism,’ ‘traditional of value the on insisted strongly conservatives The tryingemotional ess todiscredit the
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the fact that everybody loves the fatherland in his or his in fatherland the loves everybody that fact the aea Wyborcza Gazeta imagined fatherland in in fatherland imagined 242 .
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in a religious way but as a kind of civic religion. One of his strongest obje strongest his of One religion. civic of kind a as but way religious a in on built ‘neo view, his In 9.145). community (Source emotions a concerning reservations his expressed and Romanticism, Memches, in instance, objected for conservative a 2011, In ones. religious from occasionally, also, but positions leftist o or liberal from only not criticized invocation were patriotism Romantic awkward the and messianism Polish to references the Polish of myth the with interwoven became it idea, itself. Church the by being promoted started and intrinsicreligiousness, ‘blasphemous’ a from when history, Polish of sociology Qualitative 44 contribute 43 Ja after goals, political achieving for instrumentally it using started and aftermath, its and mourning the catastrophe, the monopolize to legislative the progressively PiS The 5). won Chapter (cf. years two for power it in was and elections when 2005, since rhetoric PiS the of radicalization the to coming initial the time, over deeper growing kept PiS and PO the between divide political the modern their with Poles patriotism. liberal the overpower to patriot managed of who concept conservatives, the of monopolization the and language patriotic or political new a of lack the confirmed catastrophe the of anniversaries of occasion of political messianism ra the of one was It unproductive. spiritually but useful politically heroes, positions messianic in expected Christ to reference the without that considered He patriotism.” “Sarmatian at directed
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political heritage of Kaczyński between the ‘Museum people’ and Jarosław Jarosław and people’ ‘Museum (its Church the with conflict a into the entered even party the extent, some To Kaczyński. between Kaczyński of heritage political and 2010, November the people’ by ‘Museum illustrated the be of can exclusion It weapon. political ubiquitous truly a became so and itse 2014. March 31 on accessed domem. http://ekai.pl/wydarzenia/temat_dnia/x39095/biskupi naszym 46 Jarosław by party withPiS. alliance ideological the from excluded later progressively and Uprising, Warsaw the of Gawin. Dariusz and Lech with Kowal cooperated They Paweł Cichocki, Marek Jakubiak, Elżbieta Ołdakowski, Jan Rostowska, 45 conservativesand moderateforces themore continued. woul president deceased the of statue a before end not could mourning the that maintained Kaczyński Jarosław but end, should mourning the that suggested explicitly position, the obje become not should dead the that and time, necessary the beyond perpetuated be not should but people, important of loss the after experience spiritual important an is mourning of time the that fact the to pointed catastrophe, the of anniversary public sphere: p of question the over ally), usual
“ h crl o PS ebr ad soits ald Msu pe ‘Museum called associates and members PiS of circle The Właściwe granice żałobie wyznacza miłość. Lecz cmentarz nie może stać stać może nie cmentarz Lecz miłość. wyznacza żałobie granice Właściwe lf (where the right the (where lf ct of a cult. One year after the catastrophe, Prelate Nycz, known for his moderate his for known Nycz, Prelate catastrophe, the after year One cult. a of ct d be erected in a central location in Warsaw. That way, the deadlock betweenthe deadlock the way,That Warsaw. in location central a in erectedbe d This statement, part of the letter of the Episcopate on the occasion of the fi the of occasion the on Episcopate the of letter the of part statement, This home” our or temple “ party the affected PiS the by operated patriots false and true into division The Love determines determines Love
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46
n i. ic lt 21 toe h wr pry ebr were members party were who those 2010 late Since PiS. in while he was Mayor of Warsaw in the creation of the Museum Museum the of creation the in Warsaw of Mayor was he while erpetuating the influence of the catastrophe in the in catastrophe the of influence the erpetuating 45
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actual political reality. Consequently, the ‘cultural war’ that pits the proponents of the of proponents the pits that war’ ‘cultural the Consequently, reality. political actual an into Polands,’ ‘two the of motive the turned references, Romantic of use skillful concept The the reality. of tangible monopolization a conservative than rather myth a be to proven has Poles of community the again, Once discourse. public the of polarization increasing an shows catastrophe analys The and them. spheres divide to political continued and public Polish the affected strongly crash the all, in All proponents the against community national is of the public debate in the aftermath of the of aftermath the in debate public the of is 248
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f eemnn wa mdriy a, n wa pt o mdriain h country the modernization of path what and was, modernity what determining of willingness a sphere: public the in trend broader a mirrored patriotism of ‘modernity’ e This ‘modern.’ it proclaim to need the included patriotism of vision one’s toimpose reason, thestruggle establishedForthe newly democratic this regime. to and situation, geopolitical current the to adapted best was formula patriotic which co co could they whether importantly, to ought patriotism of conceptions different whether on more focused debates Later nation. and different community, fatherland, of and forms possible country, the of nature the and idea the mainly concerned transition discu The contestation. of objects also were country, and love elements, ineliminable these of both However, country.’ one’s of love ‘the as definition common its from here approached been has patriotism of concept The 8.1 8.3). (Section discussed be will research further of direction 8.2). and limitations (Section the languages Finally, political its and culture its sphere, political broader the (Section 8.1 patriotism of conceptualizations different over contestation concluding the provide to related will remarks sections two subsequent The contributions. of number cultural and dogma religious of questioning a and post relativism of moral entailed concept supposedly the towards also skepticism It culture. certain and a history national illustrated in rooted one traditional a rather or West, communism after take should
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Until 2000, the ‘window of opportunity’ of ‘window the 2000, Until 8.1.2 to describe dif used be to continued Patriotism achieved. level semantic the at nationalism of rehabilitation a was nor offered was concepts two the between delimitation clear No a extent certain a to and notion, territorial more a as described was patriotism discussions such 4 3 2 1 the 20 the by of occasion the organized on 2000 in liberty,” conservatives our of “Heroes exhibition the by sparked debate The 8.1.2.1 discourse,related inspecific were discussed strongly totopics de public and concept this over hegemony the achieve to used the patriotism, fixing of meaning at attempts Different etc. love, unconditional or critical work, or fight of good the of essence the what on and allegiance, necessary the of nature the on focused they as patriotism, of definition the of element ‘love’ the rather concerned transition the of decade second the in debates The polarization. mid 2000s, early the Politycznej Krytyki Klub 19 around emerged (that one conservative the intellectuals: of generations younger federating circles, intellectual strong new, The transition. the of decade second the progressivelyin changed situation The polemical. highlybecoming possibl was positions ideological different between dialogue http://liberte.pl http://www.krytykapolityczna.pl/ http://www.omp.org.pl/stareomp/index6c84.html?module=pagesetter&func=viewpub&tid=1&pid=64 John Kingdon, Kingdon, John - 2000s,
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The articles from communism.after the of theme The 1. chapt Appendix The Appendix Appendices
ers. 1.10 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.20 1.19 1.18 1.17 1.16 1.15 1.14 1.13 1.12 1.11 article Król Marcin of “Ojczyzna” 1992
floor May. discussion about PRL) beads) April. Nowak April. nation) against (Fatherland narodowi przeciw “Ojczyzna Wojciech. Wasiutyński, Porębski 12/92, 22 March. orange) an as round as (Language pomarańcza jak okrągły “Język Krystyna. Pisarkowa, Marzys March. Legutko March. Herling Lem Król
1 –
, , ) –
1 ? Kościałkowska Stefan Niesiołowski, KrzysztofWolicki, Romanowski, Andrzej Brandys, Marian Sobolewski Stanisł T Nowak Stomma Żychiewicz Orłoś, Kazimierz. “Polska nasza powszednia (Our everyday Poland) Drawicz, Andrzej Marcin. “Ojczyzna (Fatherland)
,
”, 41/92, 11 October.
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