Redalyc.Os Povos Indígenas Wapichana E Makuxi Na Fronteira

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Redalyc.Os Povos Indígenas Wapichana E Makuxi Na Fronteira Revista Brasileira do Caribe ISSN: 1518-6784 [email protected] Universidade Federal de Goiás Brasil Baines, Stephen G. Os povos indígenas Wapichana e Makuxi na fronteira Brasil-Guiana, região do Maciço Guianense Revista Brasileira do Caribe, vol. XIII, núm. 25, julio-diciembre, 2012, pp. 131-157 Universidade Federal de Goiás Goiânia, Brasil Disponível em: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=159126963006 Como citar este artigo Número completo Sistema de Informação Científica Mais artigos Rede de Revistas Científicas da América Latina, Caribe , Espanha e Portugal Home da revista no Redalyc Projeto acadêmico sem fins lucrativos desenvolvido no âmbito da iniciativa Acesso Aberto Os povos indígenas Wapichana e Makuxi na fronteira Brasil-Guiana, região do Maciço Guianense Stephen G. Baines (Departamento de Antropologia - UnB) Resumo O trabalho aborda as estratégias narrativas entre os povos indígenas Makuxi e Wapichana que vivem na fronteira internacional entre o Brasil e a Guiana de se reafi rmarem etnicamente a partir da crescente consolidação do movimento indígena desde a década de 1970 até o momento. A história indígena é acionada por lideranças dentro do contexto dos Estados nacionais como uma apropriação do passado para fortalecer as identidades indígenas em lutas políticas atuais. Focalizam-se sobretudo os Makuxi e os Wapichana, e a interface destas identidades com as identidades nacionais de brasileiro e guianense na fronteira, que se consolidaram a partir da defi nição desta fronteira em 1904. Examinam-se as narrativas indígenas a partir da contextualização de identidades que se sobrepõem e se complementam entre povos indígenas que habitam esta região desde muito antes da imposição da fronteira internacional. Os indígenas desta região articulam suas narrativas com as histórias coloniais do Brasil e da Guiana. As narrativas indígenas revelam as contradições e as ambiguidades dos discursos governamentais dos respectivos Estados nacionais a respeito de nacionalidade e etnicidade. Artigo recebido em abril de 2012 e aprovado para publicação em setembro de 2012 Revista Brasileira do Caribe, São Luis-MA, Brasil, Vol. XIII, nº25, Jul-Dez 2012, p. 131-157 Stephen G. Baines Palavras-chave: Narrativas Indígenas, Fronteira, Povos Indígenas, Estados Nacionais. Resumen El trabajo aborda las estrategias narrativas entre los pueblos indígenas Makuxi e Wapichana, que viven en la frontera internacional entre Brasil y Guyana, de reafi rmarse étnicamente a partir de la creciente consolidación del movimiento indígena desde la década de 1970 hasta el momento. La historia indígena es accionada por líderes dentro del contexto de los Estados nacionales como una apropiación del pasado para fortalecer las identidades indígenas en las luchas políticas actuales. Son focalizados, sobre todo, los Makuxi y los Wapichana, y la fase de estas identidades con las identidades nacionales de brasileño y guyanés en la frontera, que se consolidaron a partir de la defi nición de esta frontera en 1904. Son examinadas las narrativas indígenas a partir de la contextualización de identidades que se sobreponen y se complementan entre pueblos indígenas que habitan esta región desde mucho antes de la imposición de la frontera internacional. Los indígenas de esta región articulan sus narrativas con las historias coloniales de Brasil y de Guyana. Las narrativas indígenas revelan las contradicciones y las ambigüedades de los discursos gubernamentales de los respectivos Estados nacionales a respecto de la nacionalidad y la etnicidad. Palabras claves: Narrativas Indígenas, Frontera, Pueblos Indígenas, Estados Nacionales. Abstract This article examines narrative strategies among the Macushi and Wapishana Indigenous peoples who live on the international border between Brazil and Guyana in which they reaffi rm their ethnic identities with the growing consolidation of the Indigenous movement from the 1970s until the present. Indigenous history 132 Revista Brasileira do Caribe, São Luis-MA, Brasil, Vol. XIII, nº25, Jul-Dez 2012, p. 131-157 Os povos indígenas Wapichana e Makuxi na fronteira Brasil-Guiana, região do Maciço Guianense is brought into action by leaders within the context of national States as an appropriation of the past to strengthen indigenous identities in present-day political struggles. The Macushi and Wapishana are focused on, and the interface of these identities with Brazilian and Guyanese national identities on the border, identities which have become consolidated after the defi nition of this border in 1904. Indigenous narratives are examined from the contextualisation of identities which overlap and complement each other among Indigenous peoples who inhabit this region since long before the international border was imposed. The Indigenous peoples in this region articulate their narratives with the colonial histories of both Brazil and Guyana. The Indigenous narratives reveal the contradictions and ambiguities of government discourses about nationality and ethnicity of the respective national States. Key words: Indigenous Narratives, Border, Indigenous Peoples, National States. Introdução Focalizamos a história do movimento político indígena em Roraima, a partir de uma pesquisa em andamento, iniciada em 2001 dentro do projeto de pesquisa coordenado pelo professor Roberto Cardoso de Oliveira sobre “Nacionalidade e Etnicidade em Fronteiras” (OLIVEIRA; BAINES, 2005), no nosso caso junto aos Makuxi e Wapichana ao longo da fronteira internacional entre Roraima, Brasil e Região 8 e Região 9 (a antiga região conhecida como Rupununi) da República da Guiana. Até o início da década de 70 do século XX, essas populações indígenas, após mais de duzentos anos de contato interétnico com segmentos das sociedades nacionais brasileira e guianense, e décadas de subordinação a fazendeiros e garimpeiros que invadiam suas terras, eram vistas pela população regional como populações Revista Brasileira do Caribe, São Luis-MA, Brasil, Vol. XIII, nº25, Jul-Dez 2012, p. 131-157 133 Stephen G. Baines rurais, índios camponeses, ou “cabocos”. Nos últimos quarenta anos, o protagonismo indígena inverteu parcialmente essa situação. Tratam-se de populações numerosas, os Makuxi sendo 29.931 no Brasil (2010) e 9.500 na Guiana (2001) e os Wapichana 7.832 no Brasil (2010) e 6.000 na Guiana (2001) (RICARDO, B.; RICARDO, F. 2011, p.p.12, p.15) com longa história de colonização. A ocupação colonial portuguesa dessa região teve início na década de 70 do século XVIII, na forma de uma ocupação estratégico-militar. Os portugueses preocuparam-se em assegurar a posse dessa área limítrofe e evitar possíveis invasões por espanhóis e holandeses vindos do Norte (FARAGE, 1991). O processo de aldeamento de indígenas pelos portugueses em “aldeamentos [...] compostos multietnicamente” (FARAGE, 1991, p. 125), na segunda metade do século XVIII, é descrito por Farage, que usa fontes históricas para revelar que houve uma série de revoltas nas últimas décadas, resposta à “superexploração do trabalho dos índios aldeados” (FARAGE, 1991, p. 131). Farage (1991, p. 131) também relata fugas maciças que se alastraram nos referidos aldeamentos “na razão direta da violência utilizada pelos portugueses para reprimi-los”. Para essa mesma autora, “O recrutamento de mão-de-obra, tal como previa o parágrafo 62 do Diretório, era feito através de ‘principais’ índios, que deveriam apresentar a seu tempo os trabalhadores requisitados pelos portugueses” (FARAGE, 1991, p. 131). O parecer do governador da Capitania de São José do Rio Negro, Manuel da Gama Lobo D’Almada, “junto a Lisboa era pela declaração de guerra aos insurrectos, que deveriam ser capturados e reduzidos à obediência” (FARAGE, 1991, p. 134). Diante do levante indígena de 1790, o mesmo governador, que antes havia defendido preceitos de coloração humanista no trato com os índios, foi “a primeira voz a lembrar a necessidade da 134 Revista Brasileira do Caribe, São Luis-MA, Brasil, Vol. XIII, nº25, Jul-Dez 2012, p. 131-157 Os povos indígenas Wapichana e Makuxi na fronteira Brasil-Guiana, região do Maciço Guianense ‘demonstração de castigo com os Delinquentes’” (FARAGE, 1991, p. 165). Na segunda metade do século XIX, Henri Coudreau descreve os Wapichana como “índios vestidos” e observou que trabalhavam ocasionalmente para os brancos (COUDREAU, 1887, IX, p. 265 apud FARAGE, 1997, p. 33). A partir da sua reclassifi cação como “índio vestido”, essa população indígena foi invisibilizada na categoria de “trabalhadores” (FARAGE, 1997, p. 41). Em 1889, Stradelli descreve os Wapichana como “Trabalhadores e dóceis, prestam-se de boa vontade ao serviço dos brancos” (apud FARAGE, 1997, p. 41). Observa Farage que, na década de 10 do século XX, o etnógrafo Koch-Grünberg “passava ao largo do território Wapishana, em busca dos povos Carib ao norte, desde que supunha, como H. Coudreau, que, entre os primeiros, nada haveria que valesse constar de uma coleção etnográfi ca” (FARAGE, 1997, p. 41). No fi nal do século XIX e no início do século XX, os Wapichana já foram vistos como populações camponesas, mesmo por etnógrafos da época. Depois de confl itos entre os governos do Brasil e da Grã- Bretanha na então colônia da Guiana Inglesa sobre a defi nição da fronteira no fi nal do século XIX e no início do século XX (RIVIÈRE, 1995), as terras dos povos indígenas que habitavam essa região foram divididas pela linha fronteiriça traçada entre o Brasil e a Guiana em 1904. No lado brasileiro dessa fronteira, foram estabelecidas duas agências indigenistas no início do século XX: o Serviço
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