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Apresentação Do Powerpoint UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO NORTE CENTRO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM SISTEMÁTICA E EVOLUÇÃO O GÊNERO GEASTRUM PERS. (GEASTRACEAE, BASIDIOMYCOTA): OCORRÊNCIA, CHAVE TAXONÔMICA E DESCRIÇÕES DE NOVAS ESPÉCIES DO NORDESTE BRASILEIRO JULIETH DE OLIVEIRA SOUSA ________________________________________________ Dissertação de Mestrado Natal/RN, março de 2015 JULIETH DE OLIVEIRA SOUSA O GÊNERO GEASTRUM PERS. (GEASTRACEAE, BASIDIOMYCOTA): OCORRÊNCIA, CHAVE TAXONÔMICA E DESCRIÇÕES DE NOVAS ESPÉCIES DO NORDESTE BRASILEIRO Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós Graduação em Sistemática e Evolução, da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, como requisito para a obtenção do título de mestre em Sistemática e Evolução. Área de concentração: Sistemática e Evolução Orientador: Iuri Goulart Baseia Natal-2015 Catalogação da Publicação na Fonte. UFRN / Biblioteca Setorial do Centro de Biociências Sousa, Julieth de Oliveira. O gênero Geastrum Pers. (Geastraceae, Basidiomycota): ocorrência, chave taxonômica e descrições de novas espécies do Nordeste brasileiro / Julieth de Oliveira Sousa. – Natal, RN, 2015. 162 f.: il. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Iuri Goulart Baseia. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Centro de Biociências. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemática e evolução. 1. Taxonomia. – Dissertação. 2. Gasteromycetes. – Dissertação. 3. Micobiota. – Dissertação. I. Baseia, Iuri Goulart. II. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. III. Título. RN/UF/BSE-CB CDU 581.961 JULIETH DE OLIVEIRA SOUSA O GÊNERO GEASTRUM PERS. (GEASTRACEAE, BASIDIOMYCOTA): OCORRÊNCIA, CHAVE TAXONÔMICA E DESCRIÇÕES DE NOVAS ESPÉCIES DO NORDESTE BRASILEIRO Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós Graduação em Sistemática e Evolução, da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de mestre em Sistemática e Evolução. Área de concentração: Sistemática e Evolução APROVADA EM 13 /03/ 2015 BANCA EXAMINADORA ______________________________________________________________ Prof Dr. Iuri Goulart Baseia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (Orientador) _______________________________________________________________ Prof Dr. Bruno Tomio Goto Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (Membro interno) _______________________________________________________________ Prf Dr. Fransciso de Diego Calonge (Membro externo) AGRADECIMENTOS Aproveito esta oportunidade para expressar meus sinceros agradecimentos a todas as pessoas e instituições que de alguma forma contribuíram com a realização deste trabalho. Iniciamente agradeço ao Dr. Iuri Goulart Baseia, a quem devo a oportunidade de poder realizar o trabalho que gosto. Agradeço por sempre me aconselhar, dar credibilidade e proporcionar o suporte para que eu siga o melhor caminho possível nesta jornada acadêmica. Agradeço as instituições: Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoa de Nível Superior (CAPES) por financiar minha bolsa de estudos, a Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte por possibilitar minha formação e ao Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio) por permitir autorização para que as amostras fossem coletadas; ao Programa de Pesquisa em Biodiversidade no Semiárido (PPBio – Semiárido) e Pós Graduação de Sistemática e Evolução por tornar este trabalho possível através de financiamento e apoio. Aos Professores Dr. Bruno Goto e Dr. Francisco Calonge, sou grata por aceitarem participar da banca avaliadora; e aos Professores Dr. Vagner Cortez e Dra. Bianca Silva pela disponibilidade de participar como suplentes. Sou imensamente grata aos meus pais, Fátima Gomes e Almir Sousa, aos quais dedico todas as minhas vitórias, pois são eles os pilares da minha educação. Agradeço aos meus irmãos, Juliana e João Paulo, por estarem do meu lado compartilhando os momentos da minha vida. Também expresso minha gratidão ao meu noivo e melhor amigo Mário Branco, grande incentivador do meu sucesso, sempre disposto a me ouvir e apoiar nos momentos mais difíceis e angustiantes desta jornada. Muito obrigada aos colegas do Laboratório de Biologia de Fungos e Laboratório de Biologia de Micorrízas pela solidariedade, reconhecimento e parceria. Sobretudo os colegas que me acompanharam nas coletas para realização desta dissertação (Bianca, Clarissa, Donis, Elielson, Nathalia, Rhudson, Ruy e Yasmin). Devo agradecimento especial a Rhudson Cruz pelas ilustrações e Alexandre Garcia pela tradução do resumo. Quero agradecer aos amigos de infância pelas palavras de apoio e aos colegas que fiz na graduação e pós-graduação, os quais compartilharam bons e maus momentos necessários para nos tornarmos o que somos hoje. “Quanto mais se aprende mais se tem consciência de que nada se sabe” (Autor deconhecido) RESUMO Geastraceae é uma família monofilética pertencente ao clado “gomphoid-phalloid”, composta apenas por dois gêneros Geastrum e Myriostoma, que são muito próximos tanto na morfologia quanto na filogenia, ambos apresentam basidiomas angiocárpicos, poro apical, basidiosporos liberados passivamente através do mecanismo de fole e exoperídio deiscente em raios, sendo diferenciados pelo número de ostíolos e pedicelos. Devido à deiscência do exoperídio, são conhecidos popularmente como “estrelas-da- terra”. Ocorrem geralmente degradando liteira ou madeira, sendo, portanto, saprofíticos, com raras exceções de espécies ectomicorrízicas. Geastrum é um dos gêneros gasteroides mais diversos no Brasil, com 51 registros. Contudo, existem lacunas de conhecimento quanto à distribuição geográfica e sistemática deste gênero no país. Especialmente, devido às características encontradas em território brasileiro (megavidersidade, “hotspots” e tamanho continetal), as quais o tornam área prioritária para inventário de espécies. Desta forma, o presente trabalho objetivou realizar inventariar espécies Geastrum ocorrentes em áreas da Caatinga e Mata Atlântica do Nordeste. Foram realizadas pelo menos duas expedições de campo, com duração aproximada de quatro dias, durante períodos de chuva dos anos 2013 e 2014 para as áreas: Reserva Biológica de Guaribas, localizada no domínio Mata Atlântica da Paraíba e Reserva Ecológica Estadual Mata do Pau Ferro, localizada nos “Brejos Paraibanos”. Além disso, foram analisados espécimes depositados no Herbário UFRN-Fungos, os quais foram coletados no Parque Nacional Vale do Catimbau, Caatinga de Pernambuco. Os espécimes foram identificados de acordo com a análise de macro e micromorfologia, seguindo literatura específica. Foram analisados cerca de 400 basidiomas, distribuídos em 73 exsicatas. Foram identificadas 21 espécies, 19 em nível de espécie, sendo duas destas propostas como novas espécies (Geastrum magnosporum sp. nov. e G. pusillupilosum sp. nov.) e duas em nível de gênero (sp. e aff.). Destaca-se um novo registro para o Brasil, 12 novos registros para o estado da Paraíba, quatro novos registros para a região Semiárida do Brasil e seis novos registros para a vegetação de “Brejos de Altitude”. Desta forma, os resultados representam um aumento de 200% no conhecimento do gênero Geastrum na Paraíba, 24 % no Semiárido e 55% no “Brejo de Altitude”, demostrando que o Nordeste brasileiro apresenta uma alta riqueza de espécies. Palavras-chave: Taxonomia; Gasteromycetes; Micobiota; Neotrópicos; Geastrales. ABSTRACT Geastraceae is a monophyletic family included in the gomphoid-phalloid clade, it is composed only by two genus: Geastrum and Myriostoma. These genus are closely related in their morphology and phylogeny, both showing angiocarpic basidiomata, apical stoma, basidiospores passively released by the bellows mechanism and exoperidium dehiscent in rays, these genus are distinct by the number of stomas and pedicels. Because of dehiscense of exoperidium they are popularly known as “earthstars”. Usually they occur on decomposing leaf-litter and decaying wood. They are, thus, saprophytic, with rare exceptions of ectomycorrhizal species. Geastrum is the most diverse gasteroid genus in Brazil, with an estimated 51 records. However, there are large gaps in the geographic distribution and systematics studies about the Geastrum in this country, especially because of the characteristics found in the Brazilian territory (megadiverse, hotspots and continental size), which makes it a priority area for species inventory. Thus, this work was aimed at realizing inventory of species of Geastrum, which occur in Caatinga and Northeastern Atlantic Rainforest. At least two field expeditions were realized, during about four days on rainy season of 2013 and 2014 in the areas: Reserva Biológica de Guaribas, located in Atlantic Rainforest domain, Paraíba State and Reserva Ecológica Estadual Mata do Pau Ferro, located on “Brejos Paraibanos”, Paraíba State. Furthermore, specimens deposited in the Herbarium of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, which were collected in Parque Nacional Vale do Catimbau, Caatinga of Pernambuco State, were analyzed. The specimens were identified according to analysis of macro and micro morphology based on specific literature. Approximately 400 basidiomata, distributed in 73 exsiccates were analyzed. 21 species were identified, 19 are in specie level, which two are proposed to new species. (Geastrum magnosporum sp. nov. e G. pusillupilosum sp. nov.) and two in genera level (sp. e aff.). We emphasize one new record for Brazil, 12 new records for Paraíba State, four new records for semiarid region in Brazil and six new records to Atlantic Rainforest relicts “Brejo de Altitude”. So, the
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