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Leibniz's Monads Vis-À-Vis the Immortality of the Soul
LEIBNIZ’S MONADS VIS-À-VIS THE IMMORTALITY OF THE SOUL: A COMPARATIVE APPROACH George Franklin Umeh* Abstract Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz published little during his lifetime, and his philosophical masterpiece, Monadology is such a triumph of succinct expression that, to fully interpret it, one must look at many other works and to his correspondence, in order to know the detailed arguments which underlie its conclusions. Leibniz raised a problem in his attempt to compare his monads with the human soul, sharing the same features of immortality. Philosophers are divided in this idea, while some refute it as illogical, some still accept it though with a pinch of salt, saying that he is not the originator of the idea. However, I salute his courage for taken such a bold step in making this delicate comparison of the monads and souls’ immortality. It is also worthy of note that more philosophers have written on the immortality of the soul but the most classical of them all is that of Thomas Aquinas. The importance of this work is to help us understand the deep relationship between the monads and the human souls. To achieve this, the method of comparative analysis of the ideas is going to be used, giving it an interpretation to discover the strength of Leibniz’s argument and his flaws. Solution to the flaws will be proffered. Keywords: Monads, Soul, Immortality, Substance Introduction Interpretation of Leibniz is made doubly difficult by the fact that he changed his mind about certain of his most influential ideas during the course of his lifetime, while remaining obstinately attached to them and unable overtly to reject them. -
Monadology a New Translation and Guide
Leibniz’s Monadology A New Translation and Guide Lloyd Strickland Leibniz’s Monadology A New Translation and Guide LLOYD STRICKLAND For Dan Cook and Vernon Pratt, for all of the help and support over the years: thank you © Lloyd Strickland, 2014 Edinburgh University Press Ltd The Tun - Holyrood Road, 12(2f) Jackson’s Entry, Edinburgh EH8 8PJ www.euppublishing.com Typeset in 11/13pt Ehrhardt MT Pro by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire and printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon CR0 4YY A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 0 7486 9321 4 (hardback) ISBN 978 0 7486 9323 8 (webready PDF) ISBN 978 0 7486 9322 1 (paperback) ISBN 978 0 7486 9324 5 (epub) The right of Lloyd Strickland to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003 (SI No. 2498). Contents Acknowledgements iv Key vi Abbreviations vii Introduction 1 About the Text and Translation 13 The Monadology 14 The Structure of the Monadology 34 The Monadology: Text with Running Commentary 39 Appendix 162 1. Theodicy 162 2. The Principles of Nature and Grace, Founded on Reason 270 3. Leibniz to Nicole Remond: Appendix on Monads 278 Glossary of Terms 280 Questions for Further Study 283 Further Reading 285 Index 292 Acknowledgements I would like to extend my warmest thanks to an anonymous reviewer for Edinburgh University Press for feedback on the entire manuscript. Parts of the commentary were incorporated into a talk given to members of the Oxford Philosophical Society in November 2013. -
Paradoxes Situations That Seems to Defy Intuition
Paradoxes Situations that seems to defy intuition PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Tue, 08 Jul 2014 07:26:17 UTC Contents Articles Introduction 1 Paradox 1 List of paradoxes 4 Paradoxical laughter 16 Decision theory 17 Abilene paradox 17 Chainstore paradox 19 Exchange paradox 22 Kavka's toxin puzzle 34 Necktie paradox 36 Economy 38 Allais paradox 38 Arrow's impossibility theorem 41 Bertrand paradox 52 Demographic-economic paradox 53 Dollar auction 56 Downs–Thomson paradox 57 Easterlin paradox 58 Ellsberg paradox 59 Green paradox 62 Icarus paradox 65 Jevons paradox 65 Leontief paradox 70 Lucas paradox 71 Metzler paradox 72 Paradox of thrift 73 Paradox of value 77 Productivity paradox 80 St. Petersburg paradox 85 Logic 92 All horses are the same color 92 Barbershop paradox 93 Carroll's paradox 96 Crocodile Dilemma 97 Drinker paradox 98 Infinite regress 101 Lottery paradox 102 Paradoxes of material implication 104 Raven paradox 107 Unexpected hanging paradox 119 What the Tortoise Said to Achilles 123 Mathematics 127 Accuracy paradox 127 Apportionment paradox 129 Banach–Tarski paradox 131 Berkson's paradox 139 Bertrand's box paradox 141 Bertrand paradox 146 Birthday problem 149 Borel–Kolmogorov paradox 163 Boy or Girl paradox 166 Burali-Forti paradox 172 Cantor's paradox 173 Coastline paradox 174 Cramer's paradox 178 Elevator paradox 179 False positive paradox 181 Gabriel's Horn 184 Galileo's paradox 187 Gambler's fallacy 188 Gödel's incompleteness theorems -
Strickland Leibniz’S Monadology a New Translation and Guide
Leibniz’s Monadology A New Translation and Guide Lloyd Strickland Leibniz’s Monadology A New Translation and Guide LLOYD STRICKLAND For Dan Cook and Vernon Pratt, for all of the help and support over the years: thank you © Lloyd Strickland, 2014 Edinburgh University Press Ltd The Tun - Holyrood Road, 12(2f) Jackson’s Entry, Edinburgh EH8 8PJ www.euppublishing.com Typeset in 11/13pt Ehrhardt MT Pro by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire and printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon CR0 4YY A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 0 7486 9321 4 (hardback) ISBN 978 0 7486 9323 8 (webready PDF) ISBN 978 0 7486 9322 1 (paperback) ISBN 978 0 7486 9324 5 (epub) The right of Lloyd Strickland to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003 (SI No. 2498). Contents Acknowledgements iv Key vi Abbreviations vii Introduction 1 About the Text and Translation 13 The Monadology 14 The Structure of the Monadology 34 The Monadology: Text with Running Commentary 39 Appendix 162 1. Theodicy 162 2. The Principles of Nature and Grace, Founded on Reason 270 3. Leibniz to Nicole Remond: Appendix on Monads 278 Glossary of Terms 280 Questions for Further Study 283 Further Reading 285 Index 292 Acknowledgements I would like to extend my warmest thanks to an anonymous reviewer for Edinburgh University Press for feedback on the entire manuscript. Parts of the commentary were incorporated into a talk given to members of the Oxford Philosophical Society in November 2013. -
List of Paradoxes 1 List of Paradoxes
List of paradoxes 1 List of paradoxes This is a list of paradoxes, grouped thematically. The grouping is approximate: Paradoxes may fit into more than one category. Because of varying definitions of the term paradox, some of the following are not considered to be paradoxes by everyone. This list collects only those instances that have been termed paradox by at least one source and which have their own article. Although considered paradoxes, some of these are based on fallacious reasoning, or incomplete/faulty analysis. Logic • Barbershop paradox: The supposition that if one of two simultaneous assumptions leads to a contradiction, the other assumption is also disproved leads to paradoxical consequences. • What the Tortoise Said to Achilles "Whatever Logic is good enough to tell me is worth writing down...," also known as Carroll's paradox, not to be confused with the physical paradox of the same name. • Crocodile Dilemma: If a crocodile steals a child and promises its return if the father can correctly guess what the crocodile will do, how should the crocodile respond in the case that the father guesses that the child will not be returned? • Catch-22 (logic): In need of something which can only be had by not being in need of it. • Drinker paradox: In any pub there is a customer such that, if he or she drinks, everybody in the pub drinks. • Paradox of entailment: Inconsistent premises always make an argument valid. • Horse paradox: All horses are the same color. • Lottery paradox: There is one winning ticket in a large lottery. It is reasonable to believe of a particular lottery ticket that it is not the winning ticket, since the probability that it is the winner is so very small, but it is not reasonable to believe that no lottery ticket will win. -
AMERICAN PHILOSOPHY in the TWENTIETH CENTURY James R
5 AMERICAN PHILOSOPHY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY James R. O’Shea Introduction Any brief portrait of American philosophy in the twentieth century will inevi- tably illustrate at least one fundamental principle of William James’s (1842–1910) psychology and his pragmatist philosophy: namely, the idea that all cognition is selective, for “without selective interest, experience is an utter chaos” (James 1983: I, 402).1 “Hence, even in the !eld of sensation,” wrote James in 1907 in his classic work Pragmatism, our minds exert a certain arbitrary choice. By our inclusions and omissions we trace the !eld’s extent; by our emphasis we mark its foreground and its background; by our order we read it in this direction or in that. We receive in short the block of marble, but we carve the statue ourselves. (James 1978a: 119) It follows according to James’s pragmatic pluralism that there are typically alternative, often con"icting ways of carving up any given object or domain. Each resulting conceptual “statue” may nonetheless be useful (and for the Jamesian pragmatist, so far true) relative to the purposes and constructions of that particular working framework.2 This essay will itself be highly selective, one statue among many others that might have been carved.3 The account that follows will place in the foreground just one central story concerning the relative dominance of analytic philosophy in America in the decades following World War II as this style of philosophizing developed in distinctive ways, with initial stimulation from European sources, out of its earlier roots in American pragmatism, realism, and naturalism.4 There are many other important movements and topics that will not be covered in this selective overview, most of which, however, are addressed under other headings in this volume. -
Philosophy and the Catholic Tradition (HE Diploma in Philosophy and the Catholic Tradition HE Certificate in Philosophy and the Catholic Tradition) Student Handbook
Maryvale Institute BA (Hons) Philosophy and the Catholic Tradition (HE Diploma in Philosophy and the Catholic Tradition HE Certificate in Philosophy and the Catholic Tradition) Student Handbook 2016 Published by: Maryvale Institute Maryvale House Old Oscott Hill Kingstanding Birmingham B44 9AG England Copyright: Maryvale Institute January 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, otherwise, without prior permission of Maryvale Institute © Maryvale Institute: Charity No. 1068634. All rights reserved. Do not copy without permission from the Institute. www.maryvale.ac.uk CONTENTS INTRODUCTION BY THE DIRECTOR OF THE MARYVALE INSTITUTE ............................................................................................ 6 PART I: GENERAL INFORMATION ..................................................... 8 Mission statement .......................................................................................................................... 8 The Vision ......................................................................................................................................... 8 Spiritual Centre ................................................................................................................................. 8 Management of Programmes of Higher Education .......................................................................... 9 Student welfare and support services ............................................................................................. -
Kant+(Guyer).Pdf
Kant ‘Kant is an absolutely first-rate general introduction to Kant’s Critical Philosophy. Paul Guyer’s interpretations are extremely well-supported, carefully and crisply argued, and highly insightful.’ Robert Hanna, University of Colorado ‘An impressive overview of the various strands of Kant’s philosophy.With great skill Guyer manages to compress Kant’s critical thought into a few hundred pages. This book will provide an excellent introduction to Kant’s thought.’ Philip Stratton-Lake, University of Reading ‘The book is impressive in very many ways. It demonstrates a mastery of the Kantian corpus and an ability to explain exceedingly complex argu- ments in a clear and accessible fashion. I think it will become essential reading for students wanting to grasp the broad sweep of Kant’s thought without losing much by way of depth.’ Andrew Chignell, Cornell University ‘That Guyer is able to cover this much material, clearly and without over- simplification, in a single, reasonably sized volume represents a unique accomplishment, which should prove to be extremely useful to a broad audience.’ Eric Watkins, University of California, San Diego Routledge Philosophers Edited by Brian Leiter University of Texas, Austin Routledge Philosophers is a major series of introductions to the great Western philosophers. Each book places a major philosopher or thinker in historical context, explains and assesses their key arguments, and considers their legacy. Additional features include a chronology of major dates and events, chapter summaries, annotated suggestions for further reading, and a glossary of tech- nical terms. An ideal starting point for those new to philosophy, they are also essential reading for those interested in the subject at any level. -
The Origin of Pragmatism in William James
Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Master's Theses Theses and Dissertations 1947 The Origin of Pragmatism in William James Charles A. Nash Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses Part of the History of Philosophy Commons Recommended Citation Nash, Charles A., "The Origin of Pragmatism in William James" (1947). Master's Theses. 600. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/600 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1947 Charles A. Nash THE ORIGIN OF PRAGMATISM IN WILLIAM JAMES BY CHARLES A. NASH, s,J., A.B. A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULF'ILLMEbJT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN LOYOLA UNIVERSITY JUNE 1947 VITA AUCTORIS Charles A. Nash., S.J. was born in St. Louis, Missouri., March 2, 1920. He was graduated from William Cullen McBride High School, st. Louis, June 1938, and entered St. Louis University where he studied in the College of Liberal Arts for three years. He entered the Florissant Novitiate., Florissant, Missouri, August, 1941· In 1945 he received the Bachelor of Arts degree from st. Louis University. From 1945 to 1947 he studied philosophy at West Baden College of Loyola University • • TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. THE LIFE A.ND CHARACTER OF WIILIAM JAMES • ••• l II. -
An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
OXFORD WORLD’S CLASSICS DAVID HUME An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding Edited with an Introduction and Notes by PETER MILLICAN 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York Editorial material © Peter Millican 2007 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published as an Oxford World’s Classics paperback 2007 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Hume, David, 1711-1776 [Philosophical essays concerning human understanding] An enquiry concerning human understanding / David Hume; edited with an introduction and notes by Peter Millican. -
Ultralarge Lotteries: Analyzing the Lottery Paradox Using Non-Standard Analysis
University of Groningen Ultralarge lotteries Wenmackers, Sylvia Published in: Journal of Applied Logic DOI: 10.1016/j.jal.2013.03.005 IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2013 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Wenmackers, S. (2013). Ultralarge lotteries: Analyzing the Lottery Paradox using non-standard analysis. Journal of Applied Logic, 11(4), 452-467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jal.2013.03.005 Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license. More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne- amendment. Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. -
118: How Philosophy Can Change Your Life, Alain De Botton
The Tim Ferriss Show Transcripts Episode 118: Alain de Botton Show notes and links at tim.blog/podcast Tim Ferriss: The guest that we have today is Alain de Botton, A-L-A-I-N D-E- B-O-T-T-O-N. He is many things, but I think of him as a philosopher of the most practical breed. And as I’ve mentioned before and written about quite extensively, I view pragmatic philosophy as a set of rules for making better decisions in life, ideally in high stress environments. So as you know, probably, I’m a huge fan of Stoic philosophy. Alain, in 1997, he turned away from writing novels, and instead wrote an extended essay with the funny title “How Proust Can Change Your Life,” which became an unlikely blockbuster in the self-help genre. No one expected it to happen, and bang, suddenly he was on the map. His subsequent books take on all sorts of fundamental worries of modern life. Am I happy? What do I do with status anxiety, etc. And this is informed by his deep reading in philosophy, but also by his novelist’s eye for small perfect moments. It’s a very cool combination. His books have been described as “philosophy of everyday life,” and are on a diverse range of subjects, including love, travel, architecture, religion, and work. His bestsellers include “Essays In Love,” “How Proust Can Change Your Life,” “Status Anxiety,” and “The Architecture of Happiness.” And I’m going to include links to all of these in the show notes at fourhourworkweek.com/podcast.