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Razvitak Hrvatskih Otoka

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Razvitak Hrvatskih Otoka Razvitak hrvatskih otoka OTOCI UOKOLO DUBROVNIKA U široj okolici Dubrovnika, posebno ISLANDS NEAR DUBROVNIK s njegove sjeverozapadne strane, na- nizao se cijeli niz otoka i otočića. Ti Many islands and islets, spreading from southeast to northwest, adorn the coastal otoci prate slijed pružanja jadranske sea near the city of Dubrovnik. The northwestern group of islands, appearing as a obale i zajednički zatvaraju dugački sort of extension to the Pelješac peninsula, lies parallel to the coastline, and is i uski morski pojas koji započinje sa commonly known as Elaphite Islands or Elaphites. In fact, this group of islands comprises the only populated islands in the vicinity of Dubrovnik: They are stonskim zaljevom, koji je zbog du- embellished with a number of churches and summerhouses owned by Dubrovnik boke uvučenosti u kopno i nazvan gentry. The biggest of them is Šipan which has all the settlements and a large and Stonskim kanalom, te se nastavlja fertile field, nowadays quite inadequately used. The principal economic activity is Koločepskim kanalom sve do gruš- tourism which is best developed on the island of Lopud, formerly home to many ke luke, a kasnije se nastavljaju i seamen and shipowners. The island of Koločep, the smallest in the group and least dalje. Uobičajeno se ti brojni jugo- populated, is nearest to Dubrovnik. Ruins of churches and monasteries can still be zapadni dubrovački otoci i otočići found on many of other islands lying near Dubrovnik. The islets located near nazivaju Elafitskim otocima (grčki Cavtat are protected as a nesting site of a special gull species. elafos = jelen). Prvi je taj stari povi- jesni naziv u 1. stoljeću upotrijebio Ruda, Lopud, Sveti Andrija, Kolo- otoka Lapad u sastavu grada Dubrov- rimski publicist Gaj Plinije Stariji u čep i Daksa. No u Stonskom i Kolo- nika. No u tu skupinu još nisu uklju- svom djelu Historia naturalis. On ih čepskom kanalu postoji još cijeli niz čeni otočić Bogutovac, sedam hridi ipak ne navodi po imenu, već samo grebena, hridi i otočića, koji iz nepo- (Barabant, Crna seka, Galeb, Jabu- govori da ih ima sedam ("septem znatih razloga nisu uvršteni u Elafit- ka, Kuk, Lučin kamen, Opančar i Elaphites"). Danas se u Elafitske oto- sku skupinu. Prvenstveno se to od- Sutmihajlo) i tri grebena (Dimović, ke najčešće svrstava trinaest otoka, a nosi na hridi Veliki i Mali Skupio i Skaleta i Vranjac). Zbrku oko ukup- od sjeverozapada prema jugoistoku otočić Skupio (grčki skopelos = gre- mnog broja elefitske otočke skupine to su: Olipa, Tajan, Crkvine, Goleč, ben) uz jugoistočne obale Lopuda te nadopunjuje i činjenica da se u njih Kosmeč, Jakljan, Mišnjak, Šipan, na otočje Grebeni nedaleko od polu- svrstava i otočić Lokrum, smješten Zemljovid najjužnijeg dijela Hrvatske GRAĐEVINAR 52 (2000) 10 617 Razvitak hrvatskih otoka jugoistočnije, čak u blizini stare du- krajnjem sjeverozapadu uz otočić nih zimzelenih vrsta drveća. Zbog brovačke gradske luke. Olipu, čija zlosretna slava među po- bujnog otočkog raslinja u pripremi Samo ime te otočke skupine upućuje morcima (Boke False) na određen je odluka da se svi Elafitski otoci na nekadašnje postojanje jelena, baš način potvrđuje tezu da se radi o proglase zaštićenim parkom prirode, kao što je to slučaj za ime otoka Bra- mitološkoj Scili i Haribdi. Ostali su a na tri naseljena otoka ima već neko- ča. No na Elafitima nisu pronađeni pomorski prolazi Harpoti (između liko zaštićenih park-šuma. Posebna nikakvi ostaci životinja, ali za nasta- Jakljana i Šipana), Lopudska vrata su značajka ovih otoka brojne i raz- nak imena postoji i jedno drugo du- (između Šipana i Lopuda), Koločep- novrsne aromatične ljekovite biljke, hovito tumačenje. Navodno u zem- ska vrata (između Lopuda i Koloče- koje se ovdje tradicionalno skuplja- ljovidu dio Šipana s otokom Jaklja- pa) i Velika vrata (između Koločepa ju, a za svoje ih je lijekove rabila nom podsjeća na jelenske rogove, i Dakse). jedna od najstarijih ljekarna u svije- ostatak otoka na glavu, otočić Ruda Elafiti su nastali podizanjem morske tu, utemeljena 1317. godine u dubro- na grudi, Lopud na leđa te Koločep razine u postpliocenu. Sastoje se pre- vačkom franjevačkom samostanu. na stražnji dio tijela jelena, dok bi težno od vapnenaca i dolomita, a u Na otocima ima mnogo malih i raz- Daksa sa svojim grebenima bila je- dolomitskim udolinama nalaze se novrsnih vrsta guštera te mnoštvo lenski rep. plodna polja, često s podzemnim i ptica selica kojima su otoci stanište u preletima prema sjeveru i jugu. Na prostoru od 90 m3, Elafitski otoci mjestimice nadzemnim vodama. No Kamenito podmorje bogato je razno- obuhvaćaju približno 30 četvornih na Elafitima nema voda tekućica. vrsnim vrstama najkvalitetnije ribe, kilometara kopna. Na otocima živi Klima je tipična mediteranska s du- a uz otočić Sveti Andrija bila su poz- više od 1000 stanovnika. Od kopna gim toplim suhim i sunčanim ljeti- nata nalazišta koralja. ih sa sjevera dijeli već spomenuti Ko- ma i kratkim, blagim i vlažnim zi- ločepski kanal, na zapadu im se nalazi mama. Rijetki su i za plovidbu goto- Olipa je najzapadniji Elafitski otok poluotok Pelješac i otok Mljet, na vo bezopasni hladni sjeverni vjetro- površine od točno 1 km2. Najviši je istoku grad Dubrovnik, dok ih s juga vi, ali s otvorenog mora zimi često vrh 206 metara, a otočić je gotovo oplakuje otvoreno more. Otoci se na- znaju puhati olujni južni vjetrovi. ovalnog oblika, osim izduženog Rta 0 prosto doimaju kao svojevrsni nasta- Srednja je godišnja temperatura 15,1 jezika okrenutog prema sjeveru. Na vak poluotoka Pelješca, jer se nado- C, najtopliji je mjesec srpanj, a naj- jugozapadu otoka, uz važan morski vezuju na najjužniji pelješki rt Vrat- hladniji veljača. Prosječno 215 sun- prolaz Veliki Vratnik nalazi se svje- nik i uz obalu pružaju sve do Dub- čanih dana godišnje. tionik, baš kao i na malom otočiću rovnika. Između otoka postoji neko- Otoci su pokriven samoniklim medi- Tajanu s druge strane prolaza. Jak- liko pomorskih prolaza od kojih su teranskim raslinjem, a blaga medite- ljan (zovu ga i Lakljan) koji se na najpoznatiji Mali i Veliki Vratnik na ranska klima omogućila je rast broj- Olipu nastavlja i pruža prema jugo- istoku i ima 3,45 km2 (postoje poda- ci i o 5,34 km2), a najveća je visina vrh Katine staje 222 m. Otok je ob- rastao bujnom vegetacijom, a u sre- dišnjoj udolini ima slatke vode. U vlasništvu je stanovnika Šipanske Luke koji ga obrađuju (maslinarstvo i vinogradarstvo), koriste se njime za stočarstvo i ribarenje te povreme- no naseljavaju. Jakljan se prvi put spominje 1285. kao Isola Luciniana, a pretpostavlja se da je ime dobio po vlasniku Lucianusu još u rimsko vri- jeme. Na zapadnom dijelu otoka na- laze se ostaci benediktinske crkve Sv. Sidora (Izidora) iz 1285. godine Danas na otoku uz nedirnutu plažu postoji veliko dječje odmaralište s restoranom i kampom, koji sada slu- že za istu svrhu hercegovačkim fra- njevcima. Jakljan s južne strane zat- Pogled s Jakljana na uvalu i Koločepski kanal vara prostrani zaljev Šipanske Luke. 618 GRAĐEVINAR 52 (2000) 10 Razvitak hrvatskih otoka trali da se kod Šipana, a ne kod Šće- dra, odigrala čuvena pomorska bitka 47. godine pr. Krista između Cezareva zapovjednika Vatinija i Pompejeva zapovjednika Oktavija. Čak se i prolaz Harpoti ponekad nazivao i Pompejev prolaz, jer su se navodno kroz taj uski morski tjesnac između Jakljana i Šipana spasili ostaci Pom- pejeve flote. Ipak postanak neobič- nog imena ovog prolaza kroz koji, osim za nevremena, prolazi redovita brodska veza za Suđurađ i Dubrov- nik, nismo nikako uspjeli pronaći u nama dostupnim izvorima. Po predaji to je ime zapovjednika rimske ili ne- ke druge flote za što međutim nema nikakve pisane potvrde. Šipan je inače dug 9,1 km, širok i do 2,6 km, a sastoji se od dviju niskih vapnenačkih uzvisina koje uokviru- Pogled na Šipansku Luku ju dolomitsku udolinu. Najviša je otočka točka Velji vrh (243 m). Raz- vedenost mu je nešto slabija jer mu je obala duga 28,1 km, što daje koe- ficijent razvedenosti od 2,0. Otok je bio naseljen još u prapovijes- na vremena, o čemu svjedoče gradi- na na Sutuliji i kamene gomile na sjevernoj strani otoka uz nekadašnja manja naselja Čemprijesi i Doli. Grčki su tragovi sačuvani u imenima i otoka i otočne skupine, iako nisu pot- vrđeni tragovi njihova naseljavanja, ali ima tragova rimskih vila u Šipan- skoj luci i šipanskom polju. Prona- đeno je i nešto metalnih novčića iz bizantskog razdoblja te mnoštvo os- tataka pleterne ornamentike iz starih hrvatskih crkava. Vjeruje se da je Obala i hotel u Šipanskoj Luci Šipan došao pod dubrovačku upravu još u najranijem razdoblju. Bio je sjedište dubrovačkog kneza za Ela- U toj su uvali još otoci Crkvine, To znači da ime otoka nije izvedeno fite, a taj je knez u 15. stoljeću obav- Goleč i Kosmeč te Mišnjak uz naj- iz latinske riječi sipho (boćati izvor) ljao i sudsko-upravnu vlast i za Mljet. zapadniji šipanski rt Stari brod. koja se često susreće u dalmatinsko- Sredinom 15. stoljeća od šipanske se Šipan je najveći otok i ima najviše romanskim izvedenicama kao što su uprave odvaja Lopud koji dobiva stanovnika na Elafitima, površine šipun i šipnata, iako se tako naziva vlastitog kneza, a Elafiti se ponovno 2 16,5 km . Ime potječe od grčke rije- (šipun ili šipjun) jedan izvor pitke upravno ujedinjuju 1680., ali sa sje- či gypanom, koja znači orlovo gni- vode u šipanskom polju. Za otok se dištem kneza na Lopudu. To je trajalo jezdo, a prvi se put spominje u 13. u 16. stoljeću počeo javljati i naziv sve do propasti Dubrovačke Repu- stoljeću pod latiniziranim nazivom Tauris, jer su stariji dubrovački pis- blike. Nakon toga Šipan je pripao Juppana i talijaniziranim Giuppana. ci, a i neki noviji povjesničari, sma- Austriji, a u 19.
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