UDC 930.25(477)

Svatoslav Shelomentsov-Ters’kyi, Tetiana Bilushchak

L’VIV DEFENSE CAPACITY ON ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS OF THE ROYAL CHANCELLERY IN MID XIV–XVII CENTURIES

In the article the documents of the Royal Chancellery, obtained from Central State Historical Archives in L’viv, have been analysed, and on this basis the state of the defensive capacity of L’viv City in mid. XIV – mid. XVII has been studied. Key words: archival documents, the Royal Chancellery, decrees, urban privileges, the defence of the city.

A wide range of sources on the history of the city has already been published, due to the constant interest taken in it by many generations of both domestic and foreign researchers. As a result, the issue of military affairs in Ukraine in the second half of the XVII-XVIII centuries has been covered by a large number of published documents. Despite a large number of scientific publications, there still is the question of complex city defence research using the documents of the Royal Chancellery (Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in L’viv), which funds have not yet been systematically and comprehensively studied. This brings about the topicality of the current paper. Maintaining proper defence of the city was an important function of city governments and royalty. Thus, information about the city fortifications can be found in a number of documents of the L’viv City Council in XIV-XVIII centuries. The first monographic studies by B. Zimorovych and T. Yuzefovych in XVII- XVIII centuries are already devoted to the analysis of the oldest sources of the city’s history, including its fortifications. L’viv historians of the XIX century D. Zubritskiy and A. Cholovskyy studied city fortifications on the basis of documents. The result of the use of these documents was a series of works by Polish researcher V. Tomkevych, the most important of which is “Dzieje obwarowań miejskich Lwowa”. Archivist J. Hronskyy expressed his vision of city fortifications on the basis of medieval L’viv place names and archival sources analysys. One of the basic documents on the history of L’viv is the city privileges. By giving the city the Magdeburg Rights, various exemptions from taxes, the right to store and collect trade duty and organize trade fairs, as well as judicial prerogatives and land grants, kings thus enhanced the development of the city, which was one of the pillars of royal power. In addition, cities were the centres of state power, important defence and strategic points. Thus, rich and developed city became not only an important economic centre, but also a strategic centre, which had to be adequately protected and fortified against possible enemy aggression. So, royal power had to see to it that the city was well fortified and the attack of the enemy could withstand a siege. City privileges, granted by monarchs at different times, are the main source of royal policy to strengthen the defence of the city research. 1 The publication of city privileges has been prepared by M. Kapral, J. Dashkevych and R. Shust1. Privilege is a document that creates a new legal relationship for certain individuals or entities. In Latin terminology it is a privilege (privilegium), granting or donation (donatio), liberation (libertas), immunity (immunitas), assignment (cessio) and so on. In fact, the category of privilege can include any document issued by head of the city (Polish king, the Austrian emperor, etc.), concerning all the city or its authorities, which introduces a new legal regulation for certain or unlimited time2. Records of L’viv after the conquest of the city by Casimir III are closely connected with its fortifications and military objects. As the main defense point in 1340 historians name L’viv castle, which held the first attack of the Polish army3. From the first privileges of Casimir III to the city, we see an already re-built city, although some military facilities are not yet recorded in these documents. The merit of the King is also restructuring the High Castle, which has since become a stone castle. Measures taken by the kings to address defence issues are documented in the city privileges, the vast majority of which are already published, as well as in various decrees. Since the city was an important outpost of national importance, the royal government had to maintain fortifications in good condition, as well as make sure that the city maintained an efficient military garrison. In this regard, royal administration issued many decrees establishing the defence of the city, building city walls. The decrees often concerned issues related to the defence of the city. Such is, for example, the decree of King Jan III Sobieski 1682 on the evaluation and purchase of land designated for strengthening the Galician suburbs. In connection with the building of the city, the line of city walls had to move into private areas of the middle class citizens. That is why this decree was intended to provide citizens with the right to receive compensation4. The form of this type of document consisted of royal intitulations and inscriptions – the decree addressed the L’viv city council members. The main part contained disposition, which described the measures which had to be taken by magistrate, on execution of the King’s orders to strengthen and build defensive structures or ensure the defense of the city. It was emphasised that appropriate measures were carried out not only to improve the safety of the middle class, but were of national significance. Finally, the ending (eskhatokolus) of royal decrees included date, time and place of issue of the document. Jagiellos reign (1386-1434) was favorable for the development of the city, and for the significant improvement of city walls. Some privileges granted to its inhabitants – the right of storage, land grant, enhanced the city’s enrichment. During this period the city tower was built, high city walls were rising, spending on defense of the city increased. Even at that time the city had become a strong defensive center, taking into account the fact that Svidrigailo, who at that time devastated Galician land, not even tried to capture it5. City privileges are only an auxiliary source in the study of the city fortifications, because information about them in these documents is given sparingly and chaotic and except the fact of mentioning city walls, no details about

2 their condition and features are provided. However royal privileges allow following the formation of the city as an important military-strategic center. Fortifications are first mentioned in privileges of Wladyslaw Jagiello. Jagiello privileges of September 29, 1388 stated that every third denarius from income of L’viv vogts had to be given to improve the city walls6. One of the main reasons of providing land was to enhance the defense of the city. In view of this, in certain privileges, such as privileges of Jagiello of September 18, 1415 the King, on the one hand, allowed the middle class to expand land holdings, and on the other hand – ordered them to repair the walls and fortifications, and constantly enhance them “for benefit of the state”7. This condition was stated in the final part of the document, after the presentation of the content of the privilege itself. Similarly, the King sought to provide ways of financing the fortifications of the city by exempting the citizens from customs duties. So in 1425, Wladyslaw Jagiello, exempting the citizens of L’viv from paying duties within the whole Kingdom of Poland, put the condition that the money that should have gone to the payment of fees, had to be stored in the town hall, and then the citizens had to spend all the collected amount on the construction and repair of walls and fortifications of the city8. During the reign of Wladyslaw Jagiello’s successors – Casimir IV and Jan Olbracht large-scale construction of new fortifications, walls and towers had been accomplished9. Their privileges were similar in type and were provided with this same purpose as the most of Jagiello’s. For example, the privilege of August 29, 1447 L’viv annually allocated 20 hryvnyas of L’viv royal duties for maintaining city fortifications10. In the middle of the XV century the city’s role as a defensive center grew dramatically. In 1453 the Turks took Constantinople, and their vassals Tatars came close to the city. As a result of these events the Polish-Turkish confrontation started, and the city was under direct threat of Turkish-Tatar aggression. In this regard, King Casimir IV August 21, 1471, given its location near hostile countries, exempted the city for eight years from all taxes and contributions so that the citizens were able to allocate funds to strengthen defense walls and ramparts. His next privilege of July 2, 1479, states that the measures taken by the citizens to raise the defense of the city have shown positive effects – extensive repairs of walls and fortifications were carried out, which, however, failed to be accomplished, thus the King issued a new privilege which extended the previous for two more years. For the same purpose in 1484 the King exempted the citizens from taxes for another six years, due to the labor and money invested by L’viv citizens into the construction of the walls and ditches, and to encourage them to end the work. In order to complete the construction of ditches and external wall Casimir IV issued a privilege under which exempted the city from tsyza tax. Similar privileges on tax exemptions in order to ensure the construction of fortifications came out from the Chancellery of Casimir IV in 1487, 1489 and 149011. On the one hand it shows the slowness of the work on the other hand – it indicates the large scale of the plan to fortify the city.

3 Financial assistance to L’viv from Casimir IV and Jan Olbracht opened the opportunity to start making cannons in L’viv and buyign a significant amount of cannons and ammunition. Fortifications of the city improved significantly. The effectiveness of this work is demonstrated by the fact that in 1498 the city was able to resist the siege of a huge Moldovan-Turkish-Tatar army, and in 1509 it successfully withstood the siege by troops of Moldavian master Bogdan III12. Exempting cities from taxes in favor of strengthening its defense was continued by the next king – Jan Olbracht (privileges of 1493, 1494, 1497)13, Alexander (1505, 1506), Sigismund I (1507, 1512, 1515, 1517, 1518, 1521, 1522)14. The privilege of 1505 freed the city forever from payment of transportation, bridge and dam duties, thus equating L’viv to Krakow. Issuing royal privileges on exemption from customs duty was due not only to the need to strengthen the defense of the city, but also to the devastating Tatar attacks on the city. During the attack Tatars destroyed L’viv suburbs, causing irreparable loss of economic development of the city. Jan Olbracht, for example, granted such privilege to the citizens in 1499. In addition to the payment of duties and taxes in favor of the royal treasury, one of burdensome forms of population taxation were taxes for the maintenance of the army, its residence and cash contributions to the royal army. A separate category of royal privileges concerned exemption from these taxes. For example, the privilege of October 18, 1496 by Jan Olbracht dismissed raytsi and the entire community of the city from the obligation to supply a military campaign with a cart. This group of privileges include those granting exemption from participation in military campaigns (exemption from Sigismund Moldavian campaign in 1509). King’s granting the right to collect a certain kind of city tax was also an important achievement of the citizens. In 1506 King Alexander gave the city the right to collect bridge duty due to the fact that at this time all funds were going to the city maintenance and construction of new fortifications, while other roads intended to be repaired from this duty funds were in terrible condition. Still others royal privileges warned that urban estates can not be inherited by the nobility or clergy. The main motive of this document was to provide control of city expansion. The king did not have such a strong impact on private-noble estates and property compared to the influence of the clergy on the middle class. Therefore it was not possible to influence the nobleman who did not care about proper state of his property in the city that could simultaneously be a part of complex city fortifications. The vast majority of royal privileges granting an exemption from customs duties, taxes, army maintenance, etc. were accompanied by the formula that privilege motive points to the need to ensure the defense of the city, as L’viv “has many pagans and enemies as neighbours”, “is almost in the mouth of Pagans”15. The reasons for issuing privileges that help to strengthen the defense of the city were not only a threat to enemy attack, but also disasters which the city often experienced. For example after a fire at the end of the XV century several towers were burned and the flood in 1514 swept away downstream Poltva a shaft. The greatest harm was inflicted on the city by the fire in 1527, which resulted in L’viv

4 being practically destroyed. When the city arsenals exploded walls and towers suffered considerable damage. Overall, during the 1380-1734 L’viv burned 14 times. All this over and over again forced the monarchs and the L’viv city council to seek ways to restore and strengthen its defenses. Later, to return L’viv its power after a fire in 1527, and to quickly restore the fortifications, King Sigismund issued a number of privileges, which exempted it from paying tribute for 20 years and banned the construction of houses made of wood16. In addition to privileges, there already are published some other documents from the royal chancery concerning military affairs in L’viv. In particular, these are various royal decrees and universals. For example, by the universal of May 22, 1651, concerning the city council and the public, King Jan Kazimierz forbade to leave the city before the end of the war under threat of confiscation of property and other penalties. The universal contained explanation and introduction of tough measures – if citizens left the city, the number of defenders of the city decreased17. Privileges to L’viv shops were usually granted by royal power and the royal offices. Since, as noted earlier, the workshops as the city corporate organizations with a clear hierarchy played the main role in the defense of the city, in order to assure proper defense of L’viv kings often motivated the expansion of rights and privileges of their members by the desire to enhance their value as a defense city. Let us analyze the structure of documents issued by monarchs for workshops members, paying attention to those where the condition of military service is mentioned. One of the oldest known document dates back to 1539, i.e. to the reign of Sigismund I. According to the established formula of this type of privilege, the document contains detailed intitulation stating all royal titles. In the context of the document, namely – in the arenza it is noted that L’viv as the most important city in Rus, is most threatened by hostile raids. It is the workshops that initiated and organized security. In the narrative of the document the King, given the eloquent fact of workshops role in the city defence, and considering the request to the embassy, gives the opportunity to save workshops in L’viv. Corroboration of the document is certified with a seal. Eshatokol includes datum indicating the place and the event in which the document was signed (Shaft sejm in Cracow) and date (February 27, 1539)18. Analyzing record keeping activities of the royal office, it can be concluded that the military aspect and role of workshops in ensuring the defense of the city, and thus the expansion of their privileges happened when the threat of enemy invasion was hanging over the country. On February 27, 1540 in Krakow Sigismund I due to military needs of frontier lands reaffirms the rights and privileges of L’viv workshops. As in other documents of similar type, in the arenza of the document the King draws attention to the role of the city as an important military center. He points out that in other cities and towns of the Commonwealth the workshops have already been eliminated. Nevertheless, the existence of the workshops guild in L’viv was considered appropriate by monarchy as it carried many burdens and responsibilities in the defense of the city

5 fortifications. In fact, this argument in royal documents is the main cause of preservation and expansion of workshops rights19. The competition between the king and the nobility on the prerogatives and impact on military and defense policy was tough. Defense policy in L’viv was determined not only by royal decrees, but also Sejm regulations of nobility. The manifestation of competition between the king and nobles can be seen in the Universal of Sigismund III of December 30, 1620, addressed to L’viv elder Stanislav Mnishk, in which he criticized the elder for abuse of the citizens privileges granted to the city by his predecessors. He ordered the decrees of his predecessors not to be violated by any decision of Sejmyk or other gatherings of nobility20. The activity of Polish kings in matters of establishing a better defense in the city increases 20-30’s. XVII. This was due to the continuation of another Polish- Turkish conflict, which resulted in the defeat at the Battle of Cecora and then the victory near (1621). Then there was a real possibility of Turkish-Tatar invasion of the land of the Commonwealth. In the last decade of his reign Sigismund III Vasa began to improve the defense of the border towns. In May 1621 he issued a Universal to Russian cities and Volyn provinces stating that the city incomes were not to be used other than for city fortification. At the same time the king instructed that in urban areas, particularly in L’viv, worked lustrators with wide powers, who were to determine the position of the defense system of cities. Royal Commission led by George Lyubachivsky the Dzieduszycki Castellan conducted its work this year. The result of its work was the status of a city fortifications – the so-called “Summary of the city needs”. The document is an excellent source for the study of city fortifications of the time, although it was intended for L’viv city council as instructions on how defense system of the city should be established. Lustration drew attention to the condition of city towers, walls, irregular residential development near the fortifications, insufficient provision of city arsenal of weapons, ammunition and supplies, and provided recommendations, such as strengthening fortifications near the Galician suburbs by pouring defensive walls21. Particularly interesting are the documents concerning the revision of fortifications. Among them survived audit of Galician suburbs arsenal. The document has atypical structure, because for better visualisation it was organized in the form of the scheme. Structurally, it is divided into three sections, each of which is divided into subsections22. The document does not have any outgoing data that indicated exactly who is the author of the scheme, it is not known exactly when and where it was created. Apparently this is because the scheme is only surviving fragment of similar complex documents. Special attention should be paid to act-report of conducted in 1617 audit made according to the the relevant observations and comments of Passarotti. The document has a title “New fortifications around the city of L’viv under review of Passarotti and the auditors”. The act structure consists of three parts. The first part provides a brief description of the topographical features of the territory and the the soil on which the fortifications were situated, and evaluates the site for the

6 construction of fortifications. In the second part the auditors gave a rough estimate of the cost of building of new fortifications. Having established their cost of two million zlotys, commissioners stated that such costs are not feasible for the city. The third part defines lack of human resources and weapons for the defense of the city. In particular, it is said that proper defense lacks 3,500 people, 60 guns for urban towers 500 hakivnytsa, 80 thousand bullets per one year etc. The auditors concluded that if a new fortification were to be built, these resources should have been increased by five times, and therefore the construction is unnecessary, even harmful23. The document ends with a list of members of the audit committee, but does not include a datum indicating the date time and place of issue. Among the documents of L’viv city council related to the activities of the Commission remained an act in which the lustrators review report on city books and rewiev of work done to restore the city fortifications made by city funds allocated for this need. They noted the significant costs of defense of the city, the shortcomings in the state of city walls, powerty of the city through enemy attacks and abuse by Polish regular troops, and noted that the city can not provide proper state of fortifications, walls, towers, and related supplies of gunpowder, firearms. Therefore, the lustrators on their own behalf and the behalf of L’viv citizens asked the King to take care of the defense of the city. The act contains a Latin datum indicating the place of issue (L’viv city hall) and the date of issue (July 9, 1621)24. The document is sealed which demonstrates its originality. However, the act is missing an opening and it is not specified who exactly made his act: lustrators at the request of L’viv citizens or L’viv citizens themselves in the presence of lustrators. A few years later, on April 5, 1624, Sigismund III issued a universal, addressed to the monks of L’viv Franciscan monastery, located near the Galician gate. Its peculiarity was that the introduction – titles of the King, addressing, location of the monastery – was written in Latin, and the main part – in the Polish language. In the universal the King stated the fact of an audit of city walls in 1621. However, as indicated therein, previous audits did not achieve significant results, so the King summoned a new commission to inspect the city fortifications. The inspection was primarily to concern suburbs, which have suffered fire. Importantly, the commission had to determine the location for the construction of new fortifications that had to be out of suburbs line “away from the walls and ramparts”. The same steps had to be taken in those suburbs that avoided fire. Separately, the universal gave instructions for the monastery of Franciscans. As it was a part of the city fortification system, it also had to be examined by the commision, which the King urged not to obstruct25. This letter was probably one of similar documents the King sent to L’viv city council and L’viv monasteries. Thus the practice of the “individual” correspondence with monasteries shows their autonomy from L’viv city council, even in such important matters as defense and building fortifications that were equally common and important for city council, and for the monasteries. Therefore, the question of reconstruction of monastic buildings and fortifications were discussed with representatives of royal power, without the mediation of a magistrate. It should also be noted that the role of

7 monasteries in the system of fortifications of the city gradually increased, as one after another monasteries became adjacent to the city walls and become part of it. A similar universal, issued on the same day as the previous, was addressed to L’viv suburb citizens and all those secular and religious persons who owned houses and land in the suburbs. It announced future commission to analyze the construction of new fortifications. It was written in Polish26. Sigismund III also drew attention to the state of providing the city with artillery. L’viv repeatedly lost their guns due to the fact that they were “borrowed” for their military campaigns by the Polish kings or leaders of the Polish army. In some cases, the gun fell into the hands of the enemy and its inhabitants had to replenish them again. To somehow prevent such practices Sigismund III on September 19, 1629 issued a decree addressed to the mayor, raytsy and the city government. In arenz of the document the King drew attention to cases when artillery was exported from the city and it became vulnerable to enemy attacks. In this regard, King banned the use of guns outside the city27. On the other hand, the decree of Sigismund III did not specify to whom it was not possible to provide L’viv artillery and remained an open question whether the citizens of L’viv in the future had to refrain from providing it to the needs of the Crown forces. The reign of Władysław IV Vasa (1632-1648) in the history of the city fortifications development is marked not by the the real growth of construction, but by widely declared ambitious plans and projects, which had not been implemented. He wanted to turn L’viv into an important fort on the south-eastern border of the state. To his credit belongs the construction of a new arsenal buildings which survived to the present day. This move was dictated by the fact that the city provision by weapons was insufficient, and weapon that was in the arsenal, often did not meet the requirements of the time. The construction and organization of the Royal Arsenal in 1638 already had positive results after several years. In 1640 it contained as many as 46 guns. As Sigismund III, Wladyslaw IV took to the idea of converting Galician suburbs into a separate city with its own city fortifications. Planning of new fortifications was entrusted to Frederic Hetkantu, an engineer who created the plan for future fortifications. The King approved it, and the citizens of the suburbs willingly undertook the construction of new fortifications, but once again they overestimated their capabilities. The allocated funds were not sufficient, and the work proved to be too difficult for them, so they began to avoid construction of shafts. There was even a rebellion among people from suburbs and peasants. They wrote a complaint to the King, which alleged that according to the adopted privileges they can not be forced to building fortifications. In response, the King issued a decree that annulled the privileges of villages, adjacent to the city (Kulparkiv, Zamarstyniv, Briukhovychi) and ordered the villagers to sereve with their labour 4 days a week28. One of the royal decrees remained in the documentation of the Lower Castle, where it was registered on July 30, 1646. This is the decree of the Chancellery of Vladislav IV. Like other documents of kings, it contains an expanded intitulation of the King. However, the addressing of the document draws attention, which was

8 intended for the crown kuchenmeister Andrzej Mnishka. In the arenz the King points to the threat to Commonwealth nations, ie, the and the : L’viv can get besieged by Turks and Tatars. Therefore Andrzej Mnishek on behalf of the King had to inform residents about the dangers of the city so that they together checked the city walls, artillery, ammunition supplies and prepared for a possible siege29. Much of royal decrees and letters contain The King’s instructions concerning strengthening the city fortifications. For example, on May 6, 1636 Vladislav IV wrote a letter to L’viv Archbishop Stanislaw Grokhovskiy, regimentus Zaleski, royal refendarius Jacob Maximilian Fredro, royal secretary Peter Ozhi, where he gives direct instruction, to complete as soon as possible the construction of Galician city walls in the suburbs. The king ordered to create a special commission that would control this process30. Another King’s letter addressed to the same persons was dated August 27, 1637. It said about the rebel of the nearby villages that refused to participate in the construction of fortifications, the Commission was ordered to put down the riots concerning the construction of the city fortifications31. L’viv city books contain oblats of the royal letters addressed to the magistrate of the city relating to setting up the defense of the city. Most of the found documents come from the period of the reign of John Casimir. This is not surprising, as his reign was during the times of national liberation war of Ukrainian people led by Bohdan Khmelnytsky, during which L’viv was twice besieged by Cossack troops. Royal letters reveal the role and the importance the King gave L’viv as one of the most important defensive outposts of the state. One of the reasons to put these letters into city books was that they were addressed not only to the city council, but also to the mayor, who on the one hand, ruled the city, and on the other hand, was one of the key figures in the defense of L’viv land from the enemy. One of royal letters was registered in city book in May 1649. The King addressed the letter to L’viv city council, L’viv mayor Yeronim Sieniawski and to the glorious city government. In the narratoion of the document Jan Kazimierz stressed that the state has experienced an enemy attack and once again L’viv is in danger. The King pointed out that during the last siege by troops of Khmelnytsky, the defense of the city suffered considerable damage because of buildings erected in the suburbs as they allowed to get close to the city walls. Emphasizing that the defense of the city depends on the situation throughout the country, the king forbade the construction of stone and wooden houses in the suburbs. The corroboration of the letter gave only reference to the royal signature and seal, as it concerns only oblat. The ending of the registered letter is only dated from May 6, 164932. Royal decrees saved among the L’viv city council documents, concern the payment of taxes that should go to the defense of the city, military abuses in the territory of and around the city, strengthening the city’s fortifications. In the case of decrees concerning taxes for military purposes, the introductory part of the document contained a detailed range of destinations. John Casimir consistently addressed his decree on paying for the defense of the city to such persons as:

9 burgermeister, rayts, vogts, shopholders and to all the citizens of royal cities and towns of L’viv land. The arenz according to the already familiar formula explained that despite the dangers that threaten it, the city should take care of its defense as L’viv is the most important fortress of Rus province. Therefore, the King announced duty on defense of the city from the city and from the neighboring towns. The decree is the original document, so it has the royal seal. Datum includes the place of issue of the decree – Warsaw, and the date – May 28, 164933. Some decrees remaining among the documents of L’viv city council concern military abuses around the city. One of these decrees issued Jan Kazimierz from a military camp near Toporovo on August 7, 1649 and addressed to Colonel Stanislav Pozovski. He, on the one hand, ordered the Colonel and the subordinate troops to go near Sokal, on the other hand, warned against staying in L’viv suburbs, of which complained the citizens, reminding that the city is tax exempt due to excessive contribution in favor of rebels. These letters usually end with an indication of the place of issue and date and resealed with the royal seal34. Thus, the source base of research on the development of the city fortifications and military affairs in the city XIV-XVIII centuries is sufficient for thorough and extensive research on the chosen topic. The scientific use of documents stored in the Central State Historical Archive in L’viv gives an opportunity to establish new facts in the history of the functioning of the city as the center of defense and to find trends in the development of the city fortifications. We can note cyclic character of accumulating documentation concerned warfare in L’viv. The growing number of documents on the subject accounted for moments of exceptional threat of possible enemy invasion and siege of the city and vice versa, clerical activity in this area died down in periods of relative stability and peace. Equally promising is the research in the complex of L’viv city acts, among which there are important documents relating to the war years in L’viv in the second half of the XVII-XVIII centuries. The use of these documents will help to implement innovative evaluation approaches to the study.

1 Привілеї міста Львова (XIV-XVIII ст.) / Упорядник М. Капраль, наук. ред. Я. Дашкевич, Р.Шуст. – Львів: Львівське від ділення Інституту української археографії та джерелознавства ім. М. Грушевського НАН України; Львівський національний університет ім. І. Франка, 2010. – 544 с. 2 Там само. – С. 8. 3 Tomkiewicz W. Dzieje obwarowań miejskich Lwowa / W. Tomkiewicz // Kwartаlnik architektury i urbanistyki. – Warszawa, 1971. – T. XVI, z. 2–3. – S. 94. 4 Центральний державний історичний архів, м. Львів (далі – ЦДІАЛ України), ф. 52, оп. 1, спр. 47, арк. 1. 5 Tomkiewicz W. Dzieje obwarowań miejskich Lwowa. – S. 98. 6 Привілеї міста Львова (XIV–XVIII ст.). – С. 51–52. 7 Там само. – С. 62–64. 8 Там само. – С. 75–76 9 Tomkiewicz W. Dzieje obwarowań miejskich Lwowa. – S. 100.

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10 Привілеї міста Львова (XIV–XVIII ст.). – С. 104–105. 11 Там само. – С. 119–129. 12 Tomkiewicz W. Dzieje obwarowań miejskich Lwowa. – S. 101–104 13 Привілеї міста Львова (XIV–XVIII ст.). – С. 130–141. 14 Там само. – С. 159–182. 15 Там само. – С. 142–105. 16 Tomkiewicz W. Dzieje obwarowań miejskich Lwowa. – S. 102–105. 17 Львів в документах і матеріалах: Збірник документів і матеріалів / У. Я. Єдлінська, Я. Д. Ісаєвич, О. А. Купчинський, О. А. Кірсанова. Я. С. Лялька, Ф. І. Стеблій. С. М. Трусевич, Л. С. Федоришин. – Київ, Наукова думка, 1986. – С. 83–84. 18 Економічні привілеї міста Львова ХV-ХVІІІ ст.: привілеї та статути ремісничих цехів і купецьких корпорацій / Упор. М. Капраль, наук. ред. Я. Дашкевич, Р.Шуст. – Львів: Львівське відділення Інституту української археографії та джерелознавства ім. М.Грушевського НАН України; Львівський національний університет ім. І. Франка, 2013. – С. 6–7. 19 Там само. – С. 9–10. 20 ЦДІАЛ України, ф. 52, оп. 1., спр. 42, арк. 147. 21 Tomkiewicz W. Dzieje obwarowań miejskich Lwowa. – S. 110–111. 22 ЦДІАЛ України, ф. 52, оп. 1, спр. 42, арк. 146. 23 Там само, арк. 144–145. 24 Там само, арк. 149. 25 Там само, арк. 162. 26 Там само, арк. 160. 27 Там само, арк. 168. 28 Tomkiewicz W. Dzieje obwarowań miejskich Lwowa. – S. 112–117. 29 ЦДІАЛ України, ф. 52, оп. 1, спр. 42, арк. 217. 30 Там само, арк. 211. 31 Там само, арк. 209. 32 Там само, спр. 399. арк. 280–281. 33 Там само, спр. 42, арк. 218. 34 Там само, арк. 219.

У статті проаналізовано документи королівської канцелярії з фондів Центрального державного історичного архіву в м. Львові, зокрема на основі їх досліджено стан обороноздатності м. Львова у середині XIV – середині XVII століть. Ключові слова: архівні документи, королівська канцелярія, декрети, міські привілеї, оборона міста.

В статье проанализированы документы королевской канцелярии из фондов Центрального государственного исторического архива во Львове, в частности на основании их исследовано состояние обороноспособности Львова в средине XIV – средине XVII веков. Ключевые слова: архивные документы, королевская канцелярия, декреты, городские привилегии, оборона города.

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