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Planetary Balloon-Based Science Platform Evaluation and Program Implementation Final Report

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Planetary Balloon-Based Science Platform Evaluation and Program Implementation Final Report NASA/TM—2016-218870 Planetary Balloon-Based Science Platform Evaluation and Program Implementation Final Report John W. Dankanich Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama Tibor Kremic Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio Karl Hibbitts The Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland Eliot F. Young Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, Colorado Rob Landis National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C. March 2016 NASA STI Program . in Profi le Since its founding, NASA has been dedicated • CONTRACTOR REPORT. Scientifi c and to the advancement of aeronautics and space science. technical fi ndings by NASA-sponsored The NASA Scientifi c and Technical Information (STI) contractors and grantees. Program plays a key part in helping NASA maintain this important role. • CONFERENCE PUBLICATION. Collected papers from scientifi c and technical conferences, symposia, seminars, or other The NASA STI Program operates under the auspices meetings sponsored or co-sponsored by NASA. of the Agency Chief Information Offi cer. It collects, organizes, provides for archiving, and disseminates • SPECIAL PUBLICATION. Scientifi c, NASA’s STI. The NASA STI Program provides access technical, or historical information from to the NASA Technical Report Server—Registered NASA programs, projects, and missions, often (NTRS Reg) and NASA Technical Report Server— concerned with subjects having substantial Public (NTRS) thus providing one of the largest public interest. collections of aeronautical and space science STI in the world. Results are published in both non-NASA • TECHNICAL TRANSLATION. English- channels and by NASA in the NASA STI Report language translations of foreign scientifi c and Series, which includes the following report types: technical material pertinent to NASA’s mission. • TECHNICAL PUBLICATION. Reports of For more information about the NASA STI completed research or a major signifi cant phase program, see the following: of research that present the results of NASA programs and include extensive data or theoretical • Access the NASA STI program home page at analysis. Includes compilations of signifi cant http://www.sti.nasa.gov scientifi c and technical data and information deemed to be of continuing reference value. • E-mail your question to [email protected] NASA counter-part of peer-reviewed formal • Fax your question to the NASA STI professional papers, but has less stringent Information Desk at 757-864-6500 limitations on manuscript length and extent of graphic presentations. • Telephone the NASA STI Information Desk at 757-864-9658 • TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM. Scientifi c and technical fi ndings that are preliminary or of • Write to: specialized interest, e.g., “quick-release” reports, NASA STI Program working papers, and bibliographies that contain Mail Stop 148 minimal annotation. Does not contain extensive NASA Langley Research Center analysis. Hampton, VA 23681-2199 NASA/TM—2016-218870 Planetary Balloon-Based Science Platform Evaluation and Program Implementation Final Report John W. Dankanich Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama Tibor Kremic Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio Karl Hibbitts The Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland Eliot F. Young Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, Colorado Rob Landis National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Glenn Research Center Cleveland, Ohio 44135 March 2016 Trade names and trademarks are used in this report for identifi cation only. Their usage does not constitute an offi cial endorsement, either expressed or implied, by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Level of Review: This material has been technically reviewed by technical management. Available from NASA STI Program National Technical Information Service Mail Stop 148 5285 Port Royal Road NASA Langley Research Center Springfi eld, VA 22161 Hampton, VA 23681-2199 703-605-6000 This report is available in electronic form at http://www.sti.nasa.gov/ and http://ntrs.nasa.gov/ Contents 1.0 Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................................. 1 2.0 Study Overview .................................................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Purpose ........................................................................................................................................................ 3 2.2 Goals and Objectives ................................................................................................................................... 3 2.3 Internal Participants ..................................................................................................................................... 3 2.4 External Participants .................................................................................................................................... 4 3.0 Science Objectives and Traceability ..................................................................................................................... 4 3.1 Science Rationale for Balloon Based Planetary Science Observations ....................................................... 4 3.2 Relevance of Balloons to Planetary Decadal Survey Cross-Cutting Themes and Priority Questions ......... 5 3.2.1 Top Priority Questions ..................................................................................................................... 5 3.3 Decadal Survey Traceability........................................................................................................................ 8 3.3.1 Primitive Bodies Focus .................................................................................................................... 8 3.3.2 Inner Planets .................................................................................................................................. 10 3.3.3 Mars ............................................................................................................................................... 10 3.3.4 The Giant Planets........................................................................................................................... 10 3.3.5 Satellites ........................................................................................................................................ 10 3.4 Science Drivers and Architectures ............................................................................................................. 14 3.4.1 Architecture (DRM) 1 (0.5 m Class, ~1 arcsec Pointing) ............................................................. 15 3.4.2 DRM 2 (1 m Class, ~1 arcsec Pointing) ........................................................................................ 15 3.4.3 DRM 3 (1 m Class, ~0.1 arcsec Pointing) ..................................................................................... 16 3.4.4 DRM 4 (1 m Class, ~0.01 arcsec Pointing) ................................................................................... 16 3.4.5 DRM 5 (2 m Class, ~0.1 arcsec Pointing) ..................................................................................... 17 3.4.6 DRM 6 (2 m Class, ~0.01 arcsec Pointing) ................................................................................... 18 3.5 Comparison with other Assets ................................................................................................................... 18 3.5.1 Keck ............................................................................................................................................... 19 3.5.2 Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) ........................................................ 19 3.5.3 Hubble Space Telescope (HST) ..................................................................................................... 19 3.5.4 Cost Comparison ........................................................................................................................... 19 4.0 System Requirements and Implementation Trades ............................................................................................. 20 4.1 Performance Requirements ........................................................................................................................ 20 4.1.1 Imaging at 0.3 to 1.0 µm................................................................................................................ 21 4.1.2 Spectroscopy at 2.5 to 5 µm .......................................................................................................... 23 4.1.3 Optical Bench ................................................................................................................................ 23 4.1.4 Pointing Reference Signal ............................................................................................................. 25 4.1.5 Telescope Options ......................................................................................................................... 27 5.0 Existing Gondola Subsystems and Demonstrated Mission Capabilities ............................................................. 31 5.1 Balloons ..................................................................................................................................................... 31 5.1.1 Zero-Pressure Balloons
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