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Workplace Bullying Occurrence in Alternative WORKPLACE BULLYING OCCURRENCE IN ALTERNATIVE ORGANIZATIONAL MILIEUS IDENTIFYING RISK GROUPS AMONG DISTINCT OCCUPATIONS FROM THE ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE NOEL M. MUNIZ RODRIGUEZ DOCTORAL THESIS UNIVERSITY OF CORDOBA 1 TITULO: WORKPLACE BULLYING OCCURRENCE IN ALTERNATIVE ORGANIZATIONAL MILIEUS: IDENTIFYING RISK GROUPS AMONG DISTINCT OCCUPATIONS FROM THE ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE AUTOR: Noel Martín Muñiz Rodríguez © Edita: UCOPress. 2017 Campus de Rabanales Ctra. Nacional IV, Km. 396 A 14071 Córdoba www.uco.es/publicaciones [email protected] 2 UNIVERSIDAD DE CÓRDOBA Programa de Doctorado CIENCIAS JURÍDICAS Y EMPRESARIALES TESIS DOCTORAL WORKPLACE BULLYING OCCURRENCE IN ALTERNATIVE ORGANIZATIONAL MILIEUS: IDENTIFYING RISK GROUPS AMONG DISTINCT OCCUPATIONS FROM AN ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE EL ACOSO LABORAL EN ENTORNOS ORGANIZACIONALES DISÍMILES: IDENTIFICANDO GRUPOS DE RIESGO ENTRE DISTINTAS OCUPACIONES DESDE UNA PERSPECTIVA DE COMPORTAMIENTO Y GESTIÓN ORGANIZACIONAL Autor Noel Martín Muñiz Rodríguez Directores: Prof. Dr. D. José Antonio Ariza Montes Prof. Dr. D. Horacio Molina Sánchez Prof. Dr. D. Pablo Pombo González © Cover page picture provided by Brian Merrill; Sydney, Australia. 3 4 UNIVERSIDAD DE CÓRDOBA Programa de Doctorado Ciencias Jurídicas y Empresariales TESIS DOCTORAL Workplace Bullying Occurrence in Alternative Organizational Milieus: Identifying Risk Groups Among Distinct Occupations From the Organizational Behavior and Management Perspective El Acoso Laboral en Entornos Organizacionales Disímiles: Identificando Grupos de Riesgo Entre Distintas Ocupaciones Desde la Perspectiva del Comportamiento y Gestión Organizacional Tesis doctoral presentada por Noel Martín Muñiz Rodríguez, en satisfacción de los requisitos necesarios para optar al grado de Doctor por la Universidad de Córdoba con mención de Doctorado Internacional, dirigida por los Drs. D. José Antonio Ariza Montes, D. Horacio Molina Sánchez y D. Pablo Pombo González de la Universidad de Córdoba. Los Directores: El Doctorando: J.A. Ariza Montes H. Molina Sánchez P. Pombo González N.M. Muñiz Rodríguez 5 6 Córdoba, Septiembre 2016 (September, 2016) ~ ~ TÍTULO DE LA TESIS: WORKPLACE BULLYING OCCURENCE IN ALTERNATIVE ORGANIZATIONAL MILIEUS: IDENTIFYING RISK GROUPS AMONG DISTINCT OCCUPATIONS FROM THE ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE DOCTORANDO/A: NOEL MARTÍN MUÑIZ RODRÍGUEZ INFORME RAZONADO DEL/DE LOS DIRECTOR/ES DE LA TESIS El trabajo realizado por el doctorando Noel Martín Muñiz Rodríguez tiene por objeto indagar en un tema tan complejo, a la vez que delicado y sensible, como es el acoso en el contexto laboral. Por un lado, la susceptibilidad del tema provoca que resulte extremadamente arduo obtener información válida acerca de la prevalencia del acoso, en general, y en ciertos contextos específicos, en particular. Por otro, la complejidad del asunto proviene de diferentes cuestiones metodológicas que enredan el análisis de este fenómeno, partiendo de que ni tan siquiera existe un acuerdo universal en torno a la definición de acoso laboral, aunque sí se vislumbra algo de consenso acerca de que la mejor forma de delimitarlo es como una serie de actos sistemáticamente negativos, que derivan en problemas sociales, psicológicos y psicosomáticos para el destinatario (Einarsen y otros, 2003). Así, aunque las definiciones tienden a centrarse en la persistencia y duración como criterios clave de este fenómeno, en la presente tesis doctoral se discrepa de dicha perspectiva, ya que el acoso laboral tiene un fuerte componente de naturaleza psicológica. De hecho, una condición indispensable del acoso laboral es que el acto debe ser percibido como hostil por el destinatario (Einarsen, 1999; Einarsen y Skogstad, 1996). Pese a la dificultad que plantea el estudio de este fenómeno, el doctorando ha sabido sortear con acierto todas las trabas que ha encontrado en el camino, 7 demostrando una gran pericia investigadora. En este marco, y en colaboración con otros doctores de tres universidades diferentes (Universidad de Córdoba, Universidad de Sevilla y Universidad Loyola Andalucía), el doctorando ha planificado, ejecutado y concluido satisfactoriamente el trabajo correspondiente a la tesis doctoral que es objeto del presente documento. En concreto, D. Noel Martín Muñiz Rodríguez ha profundizado, desde la perspectiva del comportamiento y la gestión organizacional, en la identificación de grupos de riesgo en diferentes sectores de profesionales (profesionales de la sanidad, de la docencia y directivos) que presentan, a priori, mayor potencial de ser acosados en sus entornos laborales. En la valoración del trabajo del doctorando en sus aspectos de fondo se deben considerar los siguientes elementos: 1. Una revisión bibliográfica exhaustiva y meticulosa en torno al fenómeno objeto de estudio. 2. Una formulación de hipótesis clara y relevante para el avance de la investigación en materia de comportamiento organizacional. 3. Una metodología amplia, innovadora y ajustada al propósito de la investigación, así como bien enfocada hacia la demostración de las hipótesis de trabajo. 4. Una adecuada elección de variables críticas y fundamentales para el análisis de acuerdo a los objetivos perseguidos. 5. Una muestra de amplio espectro que justifica el alcance de las conclusiones obtenidas. El correcto diseño, planificación y ejecución de esta tesis doctoral queda constatado en los resultados obtenidos por el doctorando a nivel de difusión y publicación de su labor investigadora en revistas indexadas en JCR y Scopus, así como en presentaciones en congresos de ámbito nacional e internacional. La dimensión internacional de la tesis doctoral se completa con la estancia que el doctorando realizó en el departamento de Comportamiento Organizacional del ISCTE-Instituto Universitario de Lisboa (Portugal), donde pudo contrastar su línea de investigación con la de otros autores que trabajan en el mismo campo de conocimiento. Aunque hay otros muchos, los trabajos que se incluyen en esta tesis –y que habilitan para su defensa, todos ellos incluidos en el Journal Citation Reports–, son los siguientes: Ariza-Montes, A., Muniz, N. M., Montero-Simó, M. J., & Araque-Padilla, R. A. (2013). Workplace bullying among healthcare workers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(8), 3121-3139. 8 10 To God, everyone’s God, for those of whom we have nurtured from and will remain in, for our time and circumstances, for your unconditional love, for the hand in time, for our curiosity and perseverance, for the provided patience, for the causality of things, for giving us faith and hope, for being the path to all truth. For putting us all here today… Infinite thanks. ~ ~ 11 12 Table of Contents Summary -English and Spanish statements-.....................................................17 General introduction, objectives, and hypotheses ..........................................25 Chapter 1. Workplace bullying among healthcare workers ..........................39 Abstract .........................................................................................................................39 1. Introduction .........................................................................................................39 1.1 Factors influencing workplace bullying ......................................................41 1.2 Individual factors for workplace bullying....................................................42 1.3 Organizational factors for workplace bullying............................................43 1.4 Contextual factors in workplace bullying....................................................45 2. Methods ................................................................................................................46 3. Results ...................................................................................................................48 4. Discussion ............................................................................................................50 5. Conclusions...........................................................................................................52 Chapter 2. Workplace bullying among managers: A multifactorial perspective and understanding .............................................................................63 Abstract .........................................................................................................................63 1. Introduction .........................................................................................................63 1.1 Power in the organization and bullying ......................................................63 1.2 Delimitation and effects of workplace bullying..........................................64 1.3 Factors influencing workplace bullying.......................................................66 2. Methods.................................................................................................................72 2.1 Hypothesis for modeling workplace bullying among managers .............72 2.2 Empirical study................................................................................................73 3. Results ...................................................................................................................76 3.1. Bivariate analysis .............................................................................................76 3.2. Multivariate Analysis.......................................................................................76
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