The Role of Near‐Fault Relief Elements in Creating and Maintaining a Strike‐Slip Landscape
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Geomorphological Approaches to the Study of Neotectonics
Journal of the Geological Society, London, Vol. 143, 1986, pp. 335-342, 4 figs, 4 tables. Printed in Northern Ireland Geomorphological approaches to the study of neotectonics J. C. DOORNKAMP Department of Geography, The University, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK Abstract: The study of morphotectonics is concerned with the analysis of landforms whose form or origins have been affected by neotectonic activity. Traditional morphotectonic studies have been used as a basis for more refined (e.g. statistical) analyses. After the 1960s, however, there emerged new techniques and new approaches to the study of morphotectonics. These have made more precise not only the recognition of morphotectonic features, but have also improved their dating. The time has come to integrate morphotectonic studies more fully both with the approaches used by other disciplines and with modern geomorphological theory. Neotectonics is frequently associated with morphotectonics, traditional period but which pursued more subtle and more which is concerned with the geomorphology of landforms elusive data, and used more refined analytical techniques. whose character is related to recent tectonics. Morphotec- Typical of these were the studies in Uganda where the early tonics can be sub-divided into two parts. One part centres models of rift valley formationand drainage reversal (to on structural activity resulting from isostatic adjustment formLake Victoria) defined by Wayland (1929, 1934a,b) since the Quaternary, and the other is more concerned with were elaborated by Doornkamp & Temple (1966). neotectonics which is not itself responsea to post- Statistical analysis of the warped rift valley shoulders Pleistoceneisostatic effects. Thisaccount is restricted to (Doornkamp 1972) revealed zones of warping much more neotectonics; topics relating to isostatic effects are discussed precisely than had hitherto been the case. -
Study of Morphotectonics and Hydrogeology for Groundwater
STUDY OF MORPHOTECTONICS AND HYDROGEOLOGY FOR GROUNDWATER PROSPECTING USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS IN THE NORTH WEST HIMALAYA, DISTRICT SIRMOUR, HIMACHAL PRADESH, INDIA Thapa, R1, Kumar Ravindra2and Sood, R.K1 1Remote Sensing Centre, Science Technology & Environment, 34-SDA Complex, Kasumpti, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India 171 009 India - [email protected], [email protected] 2Centre of Advanced Study in Geology,Panjab University Chandigarh,160 014 India - [email protected]. KEY WORDS: Satellite Imageries, Neo-Tectonics,GPS, Hydrogeology, Morphometric Analysis, Weightage, GIS, Ground Water Potential. ABSTRACT: The study of aerial photographs, satellite images topographic maps supported by ground truth survey reveals that the study area has a network of interlinked subsurface fractures. The features of neo-tectonic activities in the form of faults and lineaments has a definite control on the alignment of many rivers and their tributaries. Geology and Morphotectonics describes the regional geology and its correlation with major and minor geological structures. The study of slopes, aspects, drainage network represents the hydrogeology and helps in categorization of the land forms into different hydro-geomorphological classes representing the relationship of the geological structures vis-à-vis the ground water occurrence. Data integration and ground water potential describes the designing of data base for ground water analysis in GIS platform and the use of hydro-geomorphological models based on satellite imageries -
Abandonment of Unaweep Canyon (1.4–0.8 Ma), Western Colorado: Effects of Stream Capture and Anomalously Rapid Pleistocene River Incision
CRevolution 2: Origin and Evolution of the Colorado River System II themed issue Abandonment of Unaweep Canyon (1.4–0.8 Ma), western Colorado: Effects of stream capture and anomalously rapid Pleistocene river incision Andres Aslan1,*, William C. Hood2,*, Karl E. Karlstrom3,*, Eric Kirby4, Darryl E. Granger5,*, Shari Kelley6, Ryan Crow3,*, Magdalena S. Donahue3,*, Victor Polyak3,*, and Yemane Asmerom3,* 1Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, Colorado 81501, USA 2Grand Junction Geological Society, 515 Dove Court, Grand Junction, Colorado 81501, USA 3Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Northrop Hall 141, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA 4College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, 202D Wilkinson Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97330, USA 5Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA 6New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 801 Leroy Place, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, USA ABSTRACT opment of signifi cant relief between adjacent through resistant Precambrian bedrock (Fig. 2). stream segments, which led to stream piracy. It has no major river at its base, and is currently Cosmogenic-burial and U-series dating, The response of rivers to the abandonment drained by two underfi t streams, East and West identifi cation of fl uvial terraces and lacus- of Unaweep Canyon illustrates how the Creeks, which drain the northeast and southwest trine deposits, and river profi le reconstruc- mode and tempo of long-term fl uvial incision ends of the canyon, respectively. Starting with tions show that capture of the Gunnison are punctuated by short-term geomorphic the Hayden Survey (Peale, 1877), geologists River by the Colorado River and abandon- events such as stream piracy. -
Topographic Controls on Divide Migration, Stream Capture, and Diversification in Riverine Life
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 893–912, 2020 https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-893-2020 © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Topographic controls on divide migration, stream capture, and diversification in riverine life Nathan J. Lyons1, Pedro Val2, James S. Albert3, Jane K. Willenbring4, and Nicole M. Gasparini1 1Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA 2Department of Geology, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil 3Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, CA, USA 4Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA Correspondence: Nathan J. Lyons ([email protected]) Received: 16 October 2019 – Discussion started: 24 October 2019 Revised: 9 August 2020 – Accepted: 2 September 2020 – Published: 26 October 2020 Abstract. Drainages reorganise in landscapes under diverse conditions and process dynamics that impact biotic distributions and evolution. We first investigated the relative control that Earth surface process parameters have on divide migration and stream capture in scenarios of base-level fall and heterogeneous uplift. A model built with the Landlab toolkit was run 51 200 times in sensitivity analyses that used globally observed values. Large- scale drainage reorganisation occurred only in the model runs within a limited combination of parameters and conditions. Uplift rate, rock erodibility, and the magnitude of perturbation (base-level fall or fault displacement) had the greatest influence on drainage reorganisation. The relative magnitudes of perturbation and topographic relief limited landscape susceptibility to reorganisation. Stream captures occurred more often when the channel head distance to divide was low. -
Geophysical Structure of the Southern Alps Orogen, South Island, New Zealand
Regional Geophysics chapter 15/04/2007 1 GEOPHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SOUTHERN ALPS OROGEN, SOUTH ISLAND, NEW ZEALAND. F J Davey1, D Eberhart-Phillips2, M D Kohler3, S Bannister1, G Caldwell1, S Henrys1, M Scherwath4, T Stern5, and H van Avendonk6 1GNS Science, Gracefield, Lower Hutt, New Zealand, [email protected] 2GNS Science, Dunedin, New Zealand 3Center for Embedded Networked Sensing, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA 4Leibniz-Institute of Marine Sciences, IFM-GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany 5School of Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand 6Institute of Geophysics, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA ABSTRACT The central part of the South Island of New Zealand is a product of the transpressive continental collision of the Pacific and Australian plates during the past 5 million years, prior to which the plate boundary was largely transcurrent for over 10 My. Subduction occurs at the north (west dipping) and south (east dipping) of South Island. The deformation is largely accommodated by the ramping up of the Pacific plate over the Australian plate and near-symmetric mantle shortening. The initial asymmetric crustal deformation may be the result of an initial difference in lithospheric strength or an inherited suture resulting from earlier plate motions. Delamination of the Pacific plate occurs resulting in the uplift and exposure of mid- crustal rocks at the plate boundary fault (Alpine fault) to form a foreland mountain chain. In addition, an asymmetric crustal root (additional 8 - 17 km) is formed, with an underlying mantle downwarp. The crustal root, which thickens southwards, comprises the delaminated lower crust and a thickened overlying middle crust. -
Mechanical Modelling of Oblique Convergence in the Zagros, Iran
Geophys. J. Int. (2006) 165, 991–1002 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.02900.x Mechanical modelling of oblique convergence in the Zagros, Iran ∗ Philippe Vernant and Jean Ch´ery Laboratoire Dynamique de la Lithosph`ere, CNRS-Universit´e de Montpellier II, CC 060, place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France. E-mail: [email protected] 2.fr Accepted 2006 January 7. Received 2005 October 28; in original form 2005 October 28 SUMMARY Recent GPS surveys indicate that the Zagros kinematics corresponds to an oblique convergence between a rigid central Iranian plateau and the Arabian plate at ∼7mmyr−1 at the longitude of the Persian Gulf. Convergence is almost frontal in the SE Zagros and oblique (45◦)inthe NW part of the range. It has been proposed that internal deformation of the NW Zagros occurs in a partitioned mode. In such a view, the Main Recent Fault (MRF) bordering the Iranian plateau accommodates all the tangential motion, while shortening happens by pure thrusting within the fold and thrust belt as suggested by the focal mechanisms within the range. We use a 2.5-D mechanical finite element model of the Zagros to understand the influence on the Zagros deformation of (1) the obliquity of convergence, (2) the rheological layering of the lithosphere (strong upper crust, weak lower crust, strong or weak uppermost mantle) and (3) a possible weakness of the MRF. Surprisingly, a fully partitioned mode occurs only when the collision is very oblique. In the case of the NW Zagros, we find that the MRF can accommodate only ∼25 per cent of the whole tangential motion. -
Transpressional Rupture Cascade of the 2016 Mw 7.8
PUBLICATIONS Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth RESEARCH ARTICLE Transpressional Rupture Cascade of the 2016 Mw 10.1002/2017JB015168 7.8 Kaikoura Earthquake, New Zealand Key Points: Wenbin Xu1 , Guangcai Feng2, Lingsen Meng3 , Ailin Zhang3, Jean Paul Ampuero4 , • Complex coseismic ground 5 6 deformation can be explained by slip Roland Bürgmann , and Lihua Fang on six crustal fault segments 1 2 • Rupture process across multiple faults Department of Land Surveying and Geo-informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China, School of 3 likely resulted from a triggering Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha, China, Department of Earth Planetary and Space cascade between crustal faults Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 4Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, • Rupture speed was overall slow, but Pasadena, CA, USA, 5Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, 6Institute of locally faster along individual fault segments Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing, China Supporting Information: Abstract Large earthquakes often do not occur on a simple planar fault but involve rupture of multiple • Supporting Information S1 • Data Set S1 geometrically complex faults. The 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikoura earthquake, New Zealand, involved the rupture of • Data Set S2 at least 21 faults, propagating from southwest to northeast for about 180 km. Here we combine space • Data Set S3 geodesy and seismology techniques to study subsurface fault geometry, slip distribution, and the kinematics of the rupture. Our finite-fault slip model indicates that the fault motion changes from predominantly Correspondence to: W. Xu, G. Feng, and L. Meng, right-lateral slip near the epicenter to transpressional slip in the northeast with a maximum coseismic surface [email protected]; displacement of about 10 m near the intersection between the Kekerengu and Papatea faults. -
Late Quaternary Faulting in the Kaikoura Region, Southeastern Marlborough, New Zealand
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Russell J. Van Dissen for the degree of Master of Science in Geology presented on February 15, 1989. Title: Late Quaternary Faulting in the Kaikoura Region, Southeastern Marlborough, New Zealand Redacted for privacy Abstract approved: Dr. Robert 8.0eats Active faults in the Kaikoura region include the Hope, Kekerengu, and Fidget Faults, and the newly discovered Jordan Thrust, Fyffe, and Kowhai Faults. Ages of faulted alluvial terraces along the Hope Fault and the Jordan Thrust were estimated using radiocarbon-calibrated weathering-rind measurements on graywacke clasts. Within the study area, the Hope Fault is divided, from west to east, into the Kahutara, Mt. Fyffe, and Seaward segments. The Kahutara segment has a relatively constant Holocene right-lateral slip rate of 20-32 mm/yr, and an earthquake recurrence interval of 86 to 600 yrs: based on single-event displacements of 3 to 12 m. The western portion of the Mt. Fyffe segment has a minimum Holocene lateral slip rate of 16 + 5 mm/yr .(southeast side up); the eastern portion has horizontal and vertical slip rates of 4.8+ 2.7 mm/yr and 1.7 + 0.2 mm/yr, respectively (northwest side up). There is no dated evidence for late Quaternary movementon the Seaward segment, and its topographic expression is much more subdued than that of the two western segments. The Jordan Thrust extends northeast from the Hope Fault, west of the Seaward segment. The thrust has horizontal and vertical slip rates of 2.2 + 1.3 mm/yr and 2.1 + 0.5 mm/yr, respectively (northwest side up), and a maximum recurrence interval of 1200 yrs: based on 3 events within the last 3.5 ka. -
A Groundwater Sapping in Stream Piracy
Darryll T. Pederson, Department of energy to the system as increased logic settings, such as in a delta, stream Geosciences, University of Nebraska, recharge causes groundwater levels to piracy is a cyclic event. The final act of Lincoln, NE 68588-0340, USA rise, accelerating stream piracy. stream piracy is likely a rapid event that should be reflected as such in the geo- INTRODUCTION logic record. Understanding the mecha- The term stream piracy brings to mind nisms for stream piracy can lead to bet- ABSTRACT an action of forcible taking, leaving the ter understanding of the geologic record. Stream piracy describes a water-diver- helpless and plundered river poorer for Recognition that stream piracy has sion event during which water from one the experience—a takeoff on stories of occurred in the past is commonly based stream is captured by another stream the pirates of old. In an ironic sense, on observations such as barbed tribu- with a lower base level. Its past occur- two schools of thought are claiming vil- taries, dry valleys, beheaded streams, rence is recognized by unusual patterns lain status. Lane (1899) thought the term and elbows of capture. A marked of drainage, changes in accumulating too violent and sudden, and he used change of composition of accumulating sediment, and cyclic patterns of sediment “stream capture” to describe a ground- sediment in deltas, sedimentary basins, deposition. Stream piracy has been re- water-sapping–driven event, which he terraces, and/or biotic distributions also ported on all time and size scales, but its envisioned to be less dramatic and to be may signify upstream piracy (Bishop, mechanisms are controversial. -
Multimillennial Incremental Slip Rate Variability of the Clarence Fault at the Tophouse Road Site, Marlborough Fault System, New Zealand
This is a repository copy of Multimillennial incremental slip rate variability of the Clarence fault at the Tophouse Road site, Marlborough Fault System, New Zealand. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/142880/ Version: Published Version Article: Zinke, R., Dolan, J.F., Rhodes, E.J. orcid.org/0000-0002-0361-8637 et al. (5 more authors) (2019) Multimillennial incremental slip rate variability of the Clarence fault at the Tophouse Road site, Marlborough Fault System, New Zealand. Geophysical Research Letters, 46 (2). pp. 717-725. ISSN 0094-8276 https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL080688 © 2018 American Geophysical Union. Reproduced in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Geophysical Research Letters RESEARCH LETTER Multimillennial Incremental Slip Rate Variability 10.1029/2018GL080688 of the Clarence Fault at the Tophouse Road Site, Key Points: Marlborough Fault System, New Zealand • Geomorphic analysis of lidar data and a luminescence dating protocol Robert Zinke1 , James F. -
Formation Mechanism for Upland Low-Relief Surface Landscapes in the Three Gorges Region, China
remote sensing Article Formation Mechanism for Upland Low-Relief Surface Landscapes in the Three Gorges Region, China Lingyun Lv 1,2, Lunche Wang 1,2,* , Chang’an Li 1,2, Hui Li 1,2 , Xinsheng Wang 3 and Shaoqiang Wang 1,2,4 1 Key Laboratory of Regional Ecology and Environmental Change, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; [email protected] (L.L.); [email protected] (C.L.); [email protected] (H.L.); [email protected] (S.W.) 2 Hubei Key Laboratory of Critical Zone Evolution, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China 3 Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; [email protected] 4 Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 9 November 2020; Accepted: 26 November 2020; Published: 27 November 2020 Abstract: Extensive areas with low-relief surfaces that are almost flat surfaces high in the mountain ranges constitute the dominant geomorphic feature of the Three Gorges area. However, their origin remains a matter of debate, and has been interpreted previously as the result of fluvial erosion after peneplain uplift. Here, a new formation mechanism for these low-relief surface landscapes has been proposed, based on the analyses of low-relief surface distribution, swath profiles, χ mapping, river capture landform characteristics, and a numerical analytical model. The results showed that the low-relief surfaces in the Three Gorges area could be divided into higher elevation and lower elevation surfaces, distributed mainly in the highlands between the Yangtze River and Qingjiang River. -
Fort:Ton of the Eastern.Most Ventura Basin Eu Gene M. Shoemaker
Geomorphology o f a :F o r t:ton of the East e rn.most Ventura Basin by Eu gene M. Shoemaker 1 948 Relief model of the HtUJi.phreys ( uadr&.ngl e, view lool\:ing northe <~ st (model and photograph by John Lnnce}. Abstract The hl..UYiphreys ;{uadrangl e is a p o rtion of the eastern ; most Ventura Basin underlain by a thic k series of Tertiary sedime ntary rocks . On t~eso rocks a gr eat variety of geomorphic forms have bee n molded by t he p rocess es of r unninc water t y:o ical of· a semi-arid climate ancl. b y several ty:qe s of :rw.ss movement . Among t he dii'ferent c a t ar;o:r> i e s of n1s.ss mo v ement -o:i:' e sent, t:t n evr t ype, the sil t f'l..£:2: ,,._ras obs r-i rvc d . 'T'b.e r::eomor::;hj_c f orm.s o:f s:oecia1 int er•e s t :ore ,s-":'nt i .n thG c:~ ·n ·'.' C\ r !.1.:r~ :) .0 :;. r e rock .;ones, open can:y-onh e ads, as~!rmne tri c cs.nyons , e.nd s tre8In terraces and stra.ths . 'l'he author urges t h e a doption of the definition of strath as thRt :p ai~t o f a n old dissectec~. v alley floor, i ncluding the floors of tributary valleys, which was not part of t h e floodp l a i n of t he main v.all ey strearn.