Students Study Pe a C E 1 0 Grant Awards

AUGUST 2 0 0 1 Inside

4 FELLOWSHIP PROJECT Peacekeeping in the 1990s Vol. VII, No. 5 5 The Future UN I T E D STAT E S IN S T I T U T E O F PE AC E ■ WA S H I N G TO N , DC of Peace Operations

6 Making SENSE Students Study Pe a c e 1 0 Grant Awards

Forty-five winners of this year’s National Peace Essay Contest visit their representatives on Capitol Hill and study the effectiveness of third parties in civil conflict.

Left: Essay Con- test winners at the Finnish Embassy on awards night.

Below: Rep. Ralph Regula addresses the students on Capitol Hill.

On her last day in Washington, cameras rolling and the dome of Kimberly Greenberg of New the Capitol looming in the back- York attended a briefing by Rep. ground. Ralph Regula (R-Ohio), had a “It was so amazing,” said the private meeting with her district’s soon-to-be junior at Great Neck congressman, Democrat Gary North High School on Long Ackerman, toured the Supreme Island. Court, visited all the monuments Greenberg came to Washing- along the National Mall, got ton on June 23–28 for a five-day completely lost, and landed in intensive working tour of the city the middle of a crowded outdoor along with 44 other first-place press conference with the TV See Students Study Peace, page 2 2 Students Study Pe a c e Continued from page 1

Moore of Louisville, Ky., $2,500. were riding on the trolley that The state winners received a runs under the Capitol alongside $1,000 scholarship. the senator, who was on his way to cast a vote. Visiting Capitol Hill From there, Biden took the youths to a staff meeting, where Greenberg said she was most his staff briefed him for a press impressed by Regula’s talk. The conference on topics ranging from 15-term Republican from Ohio the Balkans to the Middle East to spent over an hour with the stu- East Asia and national security dents discussing the fast-paced more broadly. “The senator needs life of America’s political leaders to be an expert on all those sub- in Congress and the issues they jects in order to do a press confer- wrestle with. The items he dis- ence,” Figueira said. “You could cussed included the conflicts in tell everything the staff said was the Middle East and the Balkans, going right into his head.” and his recent visit to Macedonia. That evening at the award cer- Political leaders need to make dif- emony at the Finnish Embassy, Above, left to state winners in the U.S. Institute ficult decisions about when to Chris Belcik of Hallettsville, right: Stefanie of Peace’s National Peace Essay intervene in a crisis to prevent Tex., population 2,700, said he Nelson and Contest. further suffering, and they have to had been completely surprised to Suzanne Among their many activities, balance many competing interests discover that he was one of the Hopcroft. the students participated in a and demands, he said. “We are a essay contest winners. There are three-day simulation exercise rich nation surrounded by an 24 sophomores and 18 juniors in focused on the conflict in Sri ocean. But we are a people who his entire high school, Sacred Lanka. As part of the exercise, care about our neighbors, about Heart Academy, where he will be they attended briefings by Sri the people of the world and help- a junior. At first, he didn’t want Lankan officials at that country’s ing them.” to come to Washington, in part embassy and by officials from the “Regula was very open and because he had never been outside State Department and the World honest,” Greenberg said after his Texas before, but his teacher, Ida Bank at the bank’s headquarters. talk. “Not everything is perfect in Bludan, encouraged him to On their final day, the students Washington, but trust in govern- attend. Before writing the essay, met with their representatives on ment is important. We take it for his main interest was agriculture, Capitol Hill, had free time to granted how stable our country is. as he works after school on the explore the Mall monuments and It meant a lot to me that he spoke family farm hauling hay, feeding museums, and ended the day with to us so openly. He was really cattle, and fixing fences. Writing a banquet at the Finnish cool.” the essay and participating in the Embassy, where the top three After Regula’s talk, Adam events in Washington “opened up national winners were announced. Figueira of Delaware and his a window for me,” he said. “I About 5,000 students from across friend Matthew Holbreich of learned a lot about the peace the United States, including Indiana dropped by the office of process and diplomatic relations.” Puerto Rico and American high Sen. Joseph Biden (D-Del.) on a After the national winners school students studying overseas, whim. The senator had a busy were announced, Stefanie Nelson, wrote essays for this year’s Peace schedule that day, and Figueira who will be a senior at Bountiful Essay Contest, and of those about didn’t have an appointment, but High School, said that winning 1,200 submitted theirs. The first being an outgoing fellow, Figueira the first place scholarship had place nationally was awarded to told Biden’s staff that he had gone completely changed her options Stefanie Nelson of Bountiful, to high school with the senator’s for college. Her first choice is now Utah, with a $10,000 scholarship; daughter. “They got right on the Harvard. “I’m shaking,” she said. second place to Suzanne phone and called him,” Figueira “It’s wonderful.” Hopcroft of Woodstock, Conn., said. One thing led to another, $5,000; and third place to Scott and soon Figueira and Holbreich 3

Top: Students participate in a call-in radio program at the V o i c e of America.

Peace Watch (ISSN 1080-9864) is published six times a year by the Middle, left: United States Institute of Peace, an independent, nonpartisan feder- al institution created by Congress to promote research, education, Stefanie Nelson and training on the peaceful resolution of international conflicts. The views expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the views of at VOA. Middle, the Institute or its board of directors. right: Students To receive Peace Watch, write to the Editor, Peace Watch, United States Institute of Peace, 1200 17th Street NW, Suite 200, Washing- prepare for a ton, DC 20036-3011. For general information call 2 0 2 - 4 5 7 - 1 7 0 0 , fax 202-429-6063, e-mail: [email protected], briefing at the Sri or check our web site: www.usip.org. Lankan Embassy. President: Richard H. Solomon Executive Vice President: Harriet Hentges Bottom, left to Publications Director: Dan Snodderly Editor: Cynthia Roderick right: Joshua Production Manager: Marie Marr Photo Credits: Staff, Bill Fitz-Patrick Hershberger Board of Directors meets with Sen. Chairman: Chester A. Crocker. Vice Chairman: Seymour Martin Richard C. Shelby Lipset. Members: Betty F. Bumpers, Holly J. Burkhalter, Marc E. Leland, Mora L. McLean, María Otero, Barbara W. Snelling, Shibley (R-Ala.) at his Telhami, Harriet Zimmerman. Members ex officio: Paul G. Gaffney office on Capitol II, National Defense University; Lorne W. Craner, Department of State; Donald H. Rumsfeld, Department of Defense; Richard H. Hill. Solomon, Institute president (nonvoting). 4 For his fellowship project, “We’re hearing that UN peace- Coicaud, a senior academic officer keeping is costly, which it is. How- in the Peace and Governance Pro- ever, the cost is quite low, relatively gram at the United Nations Uni- speaking. There’s a total lack of versity in Tokyo, uses peacekeeping proportionality between the visibil- as a lens through which to assess ity of peacekeeping operations and the emerging post–Cold War the real numbers behind it,” international order. He worked at Coicaud says. the United Nations in 1992–96 as Critics tend to blame the short- French language speechwriter for comings of UN peacekeeping oper- Secretary General Boutros Boutros- ations on problems within the Right: Jean- Ghali and his executive office. UN, a lack of political will among Marc Coicaud Essentially Coicaud, whose member states, and a reluctance to background is in political science multilateral action on the part of and philosophy, looks at the evolu- the United States, the sole global tion of the international system, power. Coicaud explores each of describing its successes, failures, these explanations in depth. He Pe a c e ke e p i n g and ambiguities, as well as the ethi- notes that the United States essen- cal and political dilemmas that it tially created the post–World War faces. His ultimate concern is II international architecture and in the 1 9 9 0s and the whether the international commu- gave its own liberal principles and nity will maintain some degree of values to the new international Dilemmas of the solidarity over humanitarian issues, system. Once the East-West com- human rights values, and democra- petition of the Cold War was gone, tic principles, or whether it will the United States and other West- I n t e r n a t i o n a l retreat to a more traditional mode ern democratic powers had an of operation based on competition incentive to respond to these and strategic interests. democratic and humanitarian Sys t e m Coicaud notes that the peace- imperatives. keeping missions of the 1990s However, their desire to do so n the 1990s, the international involved a range of initiatives pre- ran into competing interests and community deployed nearly 40 viously unthinkable: humanitarian values. In the United States, for Ipeacekeeping operations repre- interventions, mixtures of humani- example, there is an inherent ten- senting the largest outlay of energy, tarian aid and peace enforcement, sion between Congress’s primary money, and troops in the area of cooperation between the UN and focus on domestic issues and the peacekeeping to date, notes J e a n - the North Atlantic Treaty Organi- country’s power and influence glob- Marc Coicaud, a senior fellow at zation (NATO), and the UN ally. In Western democracies, there the U.S. Institute of Peace in 2000– Security Council’s establishment of also is a tension between an increas- 2001. “These peacekeeping opera- international criminal tribunals. ing sense of international responsi- tions represented a willingness on “And yet, for all the expansiveness bility to respond to humanitarian the part of the international com- of these operations, the results and human rights crises while munity to extend a sense of solidarity appear in retrospect to be quite domestically a growing sense of and responsibility regarding human modest,” he says. “Moreover, com- individual entitlement undermines rights and humanitarian issues,” pared to the unmatched issues that social solidarity. says Coicaud. At the same time, were addressed, and the visibility In what direction might such however, there were definite limits of peacekeeping in the news tensions lead? Coicaud concludes to international solidarity around media, the UN peacekeeping oper- that the international order will not peace operations—for example, the ations budget was a ‘mere’ $17 develop in just one direction or the Western democracies, in particular billion over 10 years.” During the other. Instead, we will likely see a the United States, became increas- same period, for example, the hybrid international world unfold, F E L L OWSHIP ingly reluctant to put their soldiers’ defense spending of the United one in which countries face a con- P R O J E C T lives at risk. Such limits to solidari- Kingdom and France was some stant struggle to balance the com- ty led to ambiguous directives and $400 billion each, and of the peting demands of the national and R E P O RT commitments and mixed results. United States, about $3 trillion. international realms. 5 The Future of Peace Operations

In the future, the United Nations is likely to conduct peace operations only where the parties invite intervention and the international community agrees, thus risking the recurrence of genocide similar to Rwanda’s 1994 massacre.

he demand for peacekeeping operations will likely remain Tconstant or increase over the next five years, say a group of international peacekeeping experts. However, most of these experts agree that the United Nations will conduct only those operations where the parties invite outside intervention and the international community agrees on the operation. This will leave the more difficult and dangerous peace enforcement operations to “coalitions of the willing” such as regional organizations or states, thus risking the and Studies Program, helped to General Martin Luther Agwai, Top, left to recurrence of a genocide similar to organize the event, which was held deputy force commander of the right: Jocelyn Rwanda’s 1994 massacre. on a not-for-attribution basis. Par- UN mission in Sierra Leone; Z. R. Coulon, Graham Some 35 peacekeeping experts ticipants included representatives Zeif Al-Hussein, Jordan’s perma- Day, Heran discussed “The Future of Peace- of the five permanent members of nent representative to the United Song, Jacques keeping Operations” at a U.S. the UN (the “Perm Five”) and 15 Nations, and General S a t i s h Paul Klein, and Institute of Peace workshop other UN member states, the N a m b i a r (ret.), former first force Jan Eliasson. held on July 9–10. The Institute North Atlantic Treaty Organiza- commander and head of mission Above, left to cosponsored the event with the tion (NATO) and other opera- with the UN forces in the former right: Satyabrata National Intelligence Council and tional missions, secretariat officials, Y u g o s l a v i a . Pal, Martin the United Nations Association of embassy and UN mission person- The meeting sought to estab- Agwai, and the United States. Patrick Cronin, nel, and others. lish an international dialogue on Peter director of the Institute’s Research Among these were Major- See Peace Operations, page 9 Wallensteen. 6

MakingSENSE The Institute’s the Training Program at the U.S. Institute of Peace, and Ray Caldwell, program officer, facilitated the Training training exercise in cooperation with IDA. Program The simulation software—called SENSE, or Strategic Economic Needs and Security Simulation facilitates a Exercise, and developed by Richard White o f simulation IDA—provides exercise participants with the opportunity to realistically confront problems a country in exercise to transition is likely to experience and to discover the conditions and measures that will help it to become help a stable, market-based, democratic society. The soft- USAID ware is an experiential learning tool; it does not pre- scribe specific actions to take in the real world. personnel “SENSE is the most effective training tool for confront managing post-conflict transition that I’ve ever seen,” Ward says. “Participants learn micro-skills such as problems negotiation, apply them in a very realistic setting, a country and get immediate feedback about the impact of their he “country” of Akrona has recently decisions. None of the results are preprogrammed. in transi- emerged from a long period of strife. Its The participants can try whatever they want—test tion is three ethnic groups—the Akroni, Brecni, their policies and ideas for governance and economic and Zebzedi—have longstanding griev- growth and see if they work.” Ward and Caldwell likely to ances. The country’s infrastructure is a helped to add political, social, health, and environ- shambles. Healthcare is rudimentary and mental components to the simulation, which also fac- experience. HIV/AIDS on the rise. The economy, never tors in the interrelationships and interdependencies of strong, barely functions. Natural resources are economic, military, infrastructure, and related issues. being depleted. Unemployment is at 40 percent. Andrew Natsios, administrator of USAID and a Corruption is rampant. And Akrona has senior fellow at the Institute of Peace in 1998–99, is become dependent on the generosity of the considering using the SENSE simulation as a training international community. What measures are tool to strengthen the ability of host country leaders to needed to foster stability in this country? build economic, social, and political stability. The lack Some 55 country directors and other personnel of such stability often leads to conflict. “In the last five at the U.S. Agency for International Development years, over two-thirds of the countries in which (USAID) were asked to answer that question as part USAID has missions have been involved in civil war of a simulation exercise—based on human interactions or conflict,” Natsios said on the last day of the exer- and specially designed software—held on July cise. The agency’s work may be cancelled out if 30–August 2 at the Institute for Defense Analyses USAID doesn’t strengthen the foundations for (IDA) in Alexandria, Va. George Ward, director of security, stability, and progress. Among other goals, 7

USAID seeks to use the simulation to build a work ethic of collaboration among its personnel, country teams, and host country nationals and to develop an Patrick M. Cronin . . . integrated framework of analysis among them to foster stability, economic growth, and democratic gover- director of the Institute’s Research and Studies nance. Program, has been confirmed as assistant Under the auspices of IDA, leaders of East Euro- administrator for policy and program coordina- pean and Eurasian nations transitioning from central- tion at the U.S. Agency for International ly planned authoritarian regimes to market-based Development (USAID). He will serve under democracies, including Bosnia-Herzegovina, the adminstrator Andrew S. Natsios, who was a Republic of Georgia, and Montenegro, have also par- senior fellow at the Institute in 1988–89. ticipated in the simulation. Willliam A. Drennan, an Institute program Essentially, up to 64 participants in the simulation officer and Korea expert, will serve as acting director of the Research exercise assume various roles such as representatives of and Studies Program when Cronin leaves in September. the executive, legislature, national bank, World Bank and International Monetary Fund, local and international companies, local and international nongovern- tradeoffs, Caldwell says. The interactions help to Opposite page: mental organizations, European Union, and United increase mutual understanding and respect while Participants States. Each participant receives a playbook, which highlighting contentious issues and various approach- review the gives a baseline of information about each role and its es to dealing with them. impacts of their available resources and describes the current status of Franklin Moore, acting director of the environ- decisions during Akrona, including such things as the unemployment mental center at USAID and exercise participant, the simulation. rate, resource depletion rate, HIV infection rate, and said the simulation shows “how difficult it is for so forth. Personal interactions are a necessary part of donors to figure out how they can contribute to the Top left, left to the exercise, as participants negotiate policies, loans, overall well-being of a country.” The exercise also right: Harriet contracts, and related matters. The software processes revealed the impact of environmental degradation Hentges, George their inputs about every three minutes, which is the on social and economic factors in a country, he said. Ward, and equivalent of one month, and displays the impact of For example, in the hypothetical country of Akrona, Andrew Natsios. their decisions on such things as health, public order, excessive forest cutting led to water degradation, government finance, and even stability. Participants which led to decreased life expectancy in general Top right: Marc then have to deal with the new situation they have and increased child mortality. Leland (center) created. They negotiate with each other, build con- The exercise also helped to reveal the role of discusses finan- sensus, and attend mock donor conferences, national ethnicity in decision-making, Moore said. “We each cial issues dur- forums, and press conferences. There also is an after- identify with our ethnicities. Sometimes we act for ing a simulation action review. the good of our ethnic group, sometimes for the good meeting. The game helps participants identify policies nec- of our country, and sometimes those are at odds with essary to encourage investment and to further eco- each other.” nomic opportunities, and to weigh military and social See Making SENSE, page 9 8 S h ortTakes

U.S. and the UN: Narrowing the AIDS and its World Conference Gap on Human Rights.” Against Racism, using these Participants included P a u l a forums to work multilaterally on D o b r i a n s k y , undersecretary of issues important to the protection state for global affairs; John Shat- of rights. t u c k , former assistant secretary of state for democracy, human rights, Faith-based NGOs Meet and labor; Jan Eliasson, S w e d i s h he Rev. Burgess Carr of ambassador to the United States; TLiberia shared his experiences and Mark Lagon of the Senate in the Nigerian and Sudanese civil Foreign Relations Committee. wars during a workshop for faith- The roundtable discussion was off based nongovernmental organiza- the record. Participants discussed the implications of the U.S. ouster from the UNCHR for human rights policy implementation, as the United States becomes increasingly isolated on human rights issues. And they explored ▲ Seung-soo Han, minister of for- whether the United Nations will eign affairs and trade for the Repub- be able to promote human rights lic of Korea (ROK), met with Insti- effectively without U.S. participa- tute president Richard H. Solomon tion. For example, while the Unit- on June 12 to discuss recent devel- ed States does not hold a seat on opments on the Korean Peninsula. the commission, authoritarian and Afterward, he addressed the Insti- oppressive governments do, which tute’s Korea Working Group, focus- will likely impact the credibility ing on the status of North/South and effectiveness of the UNCHR. tions (NGOs) held at the Insti- Korean rapprochement and the cen- One participant suggested that tute on June 20. The meeting trality of the U.S.-ROK alliance for U.S. policymakers must recognize was organized by David Smock, the future of the peninsula. the costs of U.S. exceptionalism, director of the Religion and unilateralism, and ultimately iso- Peacemaking Initiative. The The U.S. and the UN: Narrow- lationism, and that it must apply workshop enabled participants ing the Gap on Human Rights its human rights standards at to share experiences and lessons lthough the United States has home. It can accomplish some of learned from their work on medi- Aput human rights into the these goals by, for example, ratify- ation, reconciliation, training in mainstream of foreign policy, it ing key UN treaties—treaties that peacebuilding, interfaith dialogue, still has not developed a coherent the United States may have been a and functional approaches to strategy on human rights, accord- signatory to but has delayed rati- peacemaking conducted in zones ing to a group of human rights fying, such as the convention on of conflict. policy experts. They discussed the the elimination of discrimination Carr discussed his experiences United States’ recent loss of its seat against women. The United carrying messages between the on the United Nations Commis- States also can be more proactive two sides during the Nigerian civil sion on Human Rights (UNCHR) in engaging developing countries war in the 1960s. Later, as secre- and related issues at a U.S. Insti- and expanding the membership of tary general of the All-Africa tute of Peace meeting held on June the UN Security Council. Some Conference of Churches, his 8. The Institute’s Human Rights participants also encouraged the mediation during the Sudan civil Implementation Project, headed United States to play an active, war led to the interim peace by Debra Liang-Fenton, o r g a- constructive role in the then- agreement signed in Addis Ababa nized the meeting, entitled “The upcoming UN conference on in 1972. making, nor does it contribute 9 Peace Operations troops in the numbers that it Continued from page 5 could. However, participants general- the issue of peacekeeping at a time ly recognized that outside of when some of the most pressing Europe, there is no regional secu- concerns related to peacekeeping rity organization that can provide missions are not being debated, effective peace enforcement, so Cronin says. while there is a desire to let Workshop participants noted regional organizations handle that the UN had led only 18 of the their own conflicts, there is a big 55 peacekeeping operations con- capability gap. Still, sometimes ducted last year. The others were very little is needed. An endless led by multilateral coalitions as in array of coalitions of the willing East Timor and Kosovo, with the may be practical. UN coming in later as a transi- Meeting participants conclud- tional authority. “Peace enforce- ed that it remains unclear if there ment boils down to, Can you do will be more effective support for ▲ Sadiq Al-Mahdi, head of Sudan’s the job? As soon as another tough UN and regional peace operations Umma Party and former Sudanese case comes along, the system is generally to ensure more timely prime minister, discussed the issue likely to bog down,” notes Cronin. responses, thus averting tragedies of the restoration of democracy in “That’s why the conventional wis- like that of Rwanda. But there Sudan and proposals for securing dom that there will not be another was consensus that the United peace and stability there at an Insti- Rwanda-type genocide is wrong.” States should actively participate tute meeting on June 11. The North/South divide domi- in preventing such tragedies, or, if nated much of the discussion. it cannot prevent them, in helping Many UN members resent the to restore the peace. dominant position of Europe and America, the wealthier Western countries that make the major decisions regarding UN involve- Making Sense ment in an operation. “You decide, Continued from page 7 we deploy and die,” they complain. Toni Christiansen-Wagner, For example, India and Jordan do director of USAID’s Jordan mis- not want to contribute troops to sion, said she had learned a great African missions unless the deal from the exercise. “SENSE wealthier countries also partici- gives you the ability to get an pate—they pulled out of Sierra overview of a country and to fac- Leone for that reason. Yet, some tor in various assets and liabilities participants noted, while India involved in rebuilding a society ▲ Tonino Picula, foreign minister blames the Perm Five for their that is emerging from conflict,” of Croatia, met with members of unwillingness to lead peace opera- she said. Ethnic, religious, or the Institute’s Balkans Working tions in Africa, India also wants to ideological factors often get over- Group on June 7 to discuss recent keep UN troops out of South Asia. looked but are evident in the sim- developments in his country. He Africans said they are willing to ulation. Beyond that, the simula- also discussed Croatia’s aspirations conduct African operations them- tion also provides an opportunity concerning the North Atlantic selves, but they need training and to “better understand the roles Treaty Organization and the Euro- materiel. However, proximity and responsibilities of colleagues pean Union, how Croatia is dealing plays a role in Africa as well, with and the impact of their decisions with minority rights and economic South Africa more willing to on the overall well-being of the reforms, and the role Croatia can engage in the south and West country and the achievement of play in regional compliance with African nations in the west. goals, be they political, economic, the International Tribunal for the There is also an East/West or social.” Former Yugoslavia at The Hague, divide in the United Nations: Asia among other topics. is still not part of the decision- 10

The Institute’s Board of Divide: NATO Enlargement and the Directors approved the Search for a New Security Order in SAMAJIK SHAIKSHANIK VIKAS, following grants in January. Europe.” Ronald D. Asmus. $35,000. Munirka, New Delhi, India. “Towards a Peaceful Indian Ocean: A Study of EUROPEAN CENTER FOR CONFLICT Coastal Conflicts in South Asia.” Mukul AMERICAN UNIVERSITY, Washington, PREVENTION, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Sharma. $41,800. D.C. “Peacebuilding in Islamic Contexts: “Searching for Peace in the Middle East.” Values and Applications.” Mohammed Juliette Verhoeven. $32,000. SEEDS OF PEACE, New York, N.Y. Abu-Nimer. $20,000. “Caught in the Crossfire: Young FOUNDATION FOR MIDDLE EAST Palestinian and Israeli Peacemakers Wage ASIA SOCIETY, New York, N.Y. PEACE, Washington, D.C. “Towards Peace in Time of War.” Dafna Hochman. “Building Peace and Civil Society in Palestinian Revisionism.” Philip Mattar $10,900. Afghanistan: Challenges and $38,000. Opportunities.” Robert Radtke. $35,000. SPRING ARBOR COLLEGE, Spring GROUP MOST, Center for Anti-War Arbor, Mich. “Lessons from Rwanda.” BOSTON COLLEGE, Weston, Mass. Action, Belgrade, Yugoslavia. “Balkan David Rawson. $35,000. “Deterrence in East Asia: The United Bridges.” Dragan Popadic. $33,000. States, China, and Regional Conflict.” WASHINGTON OFFICE ON LATIN Robert S. Ross. $38,000. HARVARD UNIVERSITY, Cambridge, AMERICA, Washington, D.C. “Public Mass. “Terror in the Name of God.” Security Reform in Transitional Societies: CARNEGIE COUNCIL ON ETHICS AND Jessica Stern. $35,000. Defining Success and Learning from INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS, New York, Failure.” Rachel Neild. $25,000. N.Y. “Making Human Rights Work: A HARVARD UNIVERSITY, WOMEN AND Research and Dialogue Project.” Joanne PUBLIC POLICY PROGRAM, Cambridge, WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY, Detroit, Bauer. $40,000. Mass. “Mobilizing Civil Society for Peace: Mich. “Arms to Conflict-Event Database, What Role for Women?” Rita 1990–2000.” Frederic Pearson. $30,000. CENTER FOR CONFLICT Manchanda. $30,000. MANAGEMENT, Almaty, Kazakhstan. Conflict Studies, Summer University: INSTITUTE FOR JUSTICE AND The Institute’s Board of “Contemporary Situation and Future RECONCILIATION, Rondebosch, South Directors approved the Perspectives.” Lada Zimina. $35,000. Africa. “Working for Reconciliation in following grants in March. Post-TRC South Africa.” Charles Villa- CENTER FOR PEACE STUDIES, Zagreb, Vicencio, S. F. Du Toit. $35,000. Croatia. “MIRamiDA Plus Partnership.” AMERICAN UNIVERSITY, Washington, Jasmina Papa Stubbs. $37,000. INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS D.C. “Religion and Civil Society in LAW GROUP, Washington, D.C. Pakistan.” Mustapha Kamal Pasha. CENTER FOR STRATEGIC AND “Human Rights and Peace Training in $25,000. INTERNATIONAL STUDIES, Burundi.” Paul Simo. $35,000. Washington, D.C. “Conflict Resolution ASIA CENTER, Harvard University, Training for Religious and Community INTERNATIONAL PEACE ACADEMY, Cambridge, Mass. “Sino-Japanese War Leaders in Kosovo.” David Steele. New York, N.Y. “Freedom from Fear: (1931–45): Local Government.” Ezra F. $30,000. The United Nations and Global Security Vogel. $40,000. in the 21st Century.” Andrew Mack. CENTER FOR SUSTAINABLE HUMAN $35,000. BROOKINGS INSTITUTION, RIGHTS ACTION, New York, N.Y. Washington, D.C. “Expanding Global “Central American Training Development INTERNEWS NETWORK, Washington, Capacity for Humanitarian Intervention Project.” Wendy-Maria Jacques. $33,000. D.C. “Genocide on Trial: Bringing Justice and Peace Operations.” Michael to Rwandans.” Mark Frohardt. $40,000. O’Hanlon. $30,000. CENTRE FOR THE STUDY OF VIOLENCE AND RECONCILIATION, Braanfontein, JERUSALEM INSTITUTE FOR ISRAEL CAMBODIAN INSTITUTE OF HUMAN South Africa. “Assessment of Truth and STUDIES, Jerusalem, Israel. “Mediation RIGHTS, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. “Good Reconciliation within the Amnesty and Arbitration Between Israelis and Governance Training for Peace, Demo- Hearings of the Truth and Reconciliation Palestinians.” Ora Ahimeir. $30,000. cracy, Citizen Participation, and the Growth Commission of South Africa.” Hugo van of Civil Society.” Kassie Neou. $38,000. der Merwe. $35,000. JUSTICE AFRICA, London, United Kingdom. “Sudan Peace Process Monthly CARNEGIE COUNCIL ON ETHICS AND CONCILIATION RESOURCES, London, Briefing.” Yoanes Ajawin. $30,360. INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS, New York, United Kingdom. “Accord: Papua New N.Y. “The Education and Reconciliation Guinea/Bougainville Peace Process.” Andy KATHA ORGANIZATION, Colombo, Sri Research Project.” Elizabeth Cole. Carl. $35,000. Lanka. “Building Communities of Peace: $40,000. Working Towards the Subaltern GINO COSTA, Lima, Peru. “The Root Resolution of Sri Lanka’s Civil War.” CENTRE FOR STRATEGIC AND Causes of Political Violence in Peru Arjuna Parakrama. $38,000. INTERNATIONAL STUDIES, Jakarta, According to its Practitioners.” $30,000. Indonesia. “Indonesia’s Democratic MCGILL UNIVERSITY, Montreal, Transition: Domestic Reform, COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS, Canada. “The Bureaucratic Politics of International Engagement.” Rodd Washington, D.C. “Overcoming Europe’s Peacebuilding.” Rex Brynen. $15,363. McGibbon. $39,995. 11 Macedonia. “Dialogue on the Promotion COALITION FOR INTERNATIONAL of Common Values.” Saso Georgievski. TRAINING WORKSHOPS JUSTICE, Washington, D.C. “Serbian $32,000. INTERNATIONAL FOR THE CHILDREN, Media Symposium.” Stefanie Frease. Springfield, Va. “Post-Conflict Trauma $25,200. KARUNA CENTER FOR Resource Workbook.” Philippe Dupont. PEACEBUILDING, Leverett, Mass. $33,280. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, New York, “Project DiaCom (a training program).” N.Y. “An Inter-Ethnic Conflict Paula Green. $40,000. UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL, Montreal, Transformation Training Program for Canada. “A Peace That Lasts: Foreign Burma’s Minority Ethnic Groups.” KINGS COLLEGE, London, United Intervention and the Strength of Post- Andrea Bartoli. $38,485. Kingdom. “Cooperation in Complex Conflict States.” Marie Joëlle Zahar. Emergencies: A UN Office for $38,487. THE CORRYMEELA COMMUNITY, Humanitarian Affairs/NATO County Antrim, Northern Ireland. Handbook.” John Mackinlay. $40,000. UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL, Montreal, “Corrymeela Interface Peace Building Canada. “Falungong and China’s Future.” Project.” Colin Craig. $30,000. KOREA ECONOMIC INSTITUTE OF David Ownby. $29,966. AMERICA, Washington, D.C. “Inter- COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS, Korean Reconciliation and the Role of the UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI, Columbia, Washington, D.C. “Building Conflict or Major Powers.” Peter Beck. $10,000. Mo. “Teachers as Therapists, Treating Building Community: Ameliorative War-Traumatized Children in Kosovo Factors and the Future of Asian Security.” NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED and Ingushetia.” Syed Arshad Husain. Robert A. Manning. $35,000. STUDIES, Bangalore, Kamataka, India. $35,000. “Prospects for Stability in a Nuclear Sub- CUNY CENTER, Arlington, Va. “Linking Continent.” S. Rajagopal. $29,565. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND, Peacebuilding to Short-Term Brisbane, Australia. “From Confrontation Programming.” Kimberly A. Maynard. NEVE SHALOM/WAHAT AL-SALAM, to Cooperation: The Role of Identity in $35,000. SCHOOL FOR PEACE, Doar Na the Formation of Security Policy.” Roland Shimshon, Israel. “Dealing with Groups in Bleiker. $35,000. DEPAUL UNIVERSITY, Chicago, Ill. Conflict: The School for Peace Method.” “Bridging the Gap: The Military and Rabah Halabi. $38,500. UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN, Madison, Humanitarian Organizations in Bosnia Wis. “Local Autocracies in National and Kosovo.” Thomas Mockaitis. $40,000. NEW SCHOOL UNIVERSITY, Beer Sheva, Democracies: Making Societies Civil in Israel. “Israel Between War and Peace: Southeast Asia.” Paul D. Hutchcroft. EASTERN MENNONITE UNIVERSITY, Global and Local Dimensions.” Uri Ram. $20,000. Harrisonburg, Va. “International Scholar $42,900. and Practitioner Participation at Summer WATSON INSTITUTE FOR Peacebuilding Institute.” Pat Hostetter OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL STUDIES, Brown Martin. $20,000. FOUNDATION, Columbus, Ohio. University, Providence, R.I. “Local “Forecasting the Future on the Korean Dimensions of Democracy-Building: EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR MINORITY Peninsula: Avenues to Reconciliation.” Inter-Ethnicity in Macedonia.” Keith ISSUES, Flensburg, Germany. Richard Herrmann. $40,000. Brown. $38,000. “Montenegro Conflict Management Project.” Marc Weller. $40,000. PEACE THROUGH LAW EDUCATION WATSON INSTITUTE FOR FUND, Washington, D.C. “A Force for INTERNATIONAL STUDIES, Brown GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY, Fairfax, Peace, Second Edition.” Beth C. University, Providence, R.I. “Constructing Va. “Case Study: Day-to-Day Decision DeGrasse. $20,000. Justice and Security after Wars.” Charles Making in Peace Implementation.” Robert T. Call. $35,000. W. Farrand. $40,172. SACRAMENTO FOUNDATION, California State University, Sacramento, WOODROW WILSON GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY Calif. “Advanced/Basic Alternative INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION, Atlanta, Ga. Dispute Resolution Training and Seminar SCHOLARS, Washington, D.C. “Warlords into Democrats? The Impact of in West Africa (Nigeria and Ghana).” “Genocide and the Politics of Diplomacy: Electoral Processes and Decentralization Ernest E. Uwazie. $40,000. The Burundi Peace Process.” Howard E. on Party Development in Bosnia Wolpe. $44,000. Herzegovina and Kosovo.” Carrie SCHOOL FOR ADVANCED Manning. $22,050. INTERNATIONAL STUDIES, Johns YORK UNIVERSITY, Toronto, Canada. Hopkins University, Washington, D.C. “Ethiopian and Eritrean Refugee and INSTITUTE FOR RESOURCE AND “Retribution and Reconciliation in Internally Displaced Persons Return and SECURITY STUDIES, Cambridge, Mass. Cambodia.” Craig Etcheson. $40,000. Reintegration in Relation to the Cessation “Trauma Recovery and Community of Hostilities and the Peace Agreement.” Reconciliation: Building a Healthy Civil TRAINING FOR CHANGE, Philadelphia, Howard Adelman. $36,000. Society in the Former Yugoslavia.” Paula Penn. “Training Curriculum for Third Gutlove. $40,000. Party Non-Violent Intervention.” George Lakey. $30,000. INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR PREVENTIVE ACTIVITIES AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION, Skopje, USIP PRESS ustomers gave the U.S. Institute of Peace a 98 percent positive rating on Cits performance in 2000 in four key areas—timeliness of response, clarity of NToN order, ee call w800-868-8064w BB (U.S. oo only) oo or 703-661-1590 kkss information and applications, accessibility of publications, and overall performance. The Institute implemented an annual survey in 1996 to evaluate its performance and to assess how well it meets its published performance standards as part of its ongoing effort to increase customer satisfaction. Read- Tu r b u l e n t ers of Peace Watch rated the Institute’s performance for 2000 in relation to these stan- Pe a c e dards on a survey response card included in The Challenges of the December 2000 issue. The responses and Managing International comments provided the basis for the Insti- Conflict tute’s fifth annual customer service report. Of 340 responses, 58 percent indicated edited by Chester A. Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson, and that the Institute’s performance was excel- Pamela Aall lent, 32 percent said it was above average, and 8 percent rated it as average. “An invaluable guide to conflict The Institute believes that a 98 percent in the world today. From theory satisfaction rate among its customers and to causes, to prevention and clients indicates strong appreciation for the nation building after the fighting way in which we serve our constituents. stops, this volume covers it all.” Thank you for your continuing interest in the —Jessica Tuchman Mathews, Institute’s work and in our commitment to President, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace serving you. We invite you to evaluate our customer Fifty of the most influential and innovative analysts of international performance during 2001 on the form that affairs present multiple perspectives on how best to prevent, manage, will be included in the December 2001 issue or resolve conflicts around the world. of Peace Watch. September 2001 ■ 936 pp. ■ 7 x 10 $35.00 (paper) ■ 1-929223-27-7 $59.00 (cloth) ■ 1-929223-29-3

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