Dr. Kai-Fu Lee Is the Chairman and CEO Train AI with Sufficient Data

WORK IN THE AGE OF DATA

BBVA OPENMIND DATA, IDEAS, AND PROPOSALS ON DIGITAL ECONOMY AND THE WORLD OF WORK BBVAOPENMIND.COM Work in the Age of Data 2 Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Work: A Chinese Perspective by Kai-Fu Lee 3

Introduction: The Age of AI

Klaus Schwab, founder and executive chairman of the World Economic Forum and au- thor of The Fourth Industrial Revolution, characterized the era we currently live in as defined by “a fusion of technologies that is blurring the lines between the physical, digital, and biological spheres.”1 No previ- ous technological revolution drew upon so Artificial Intelligence many different advancements all at once, and most certainly not at a comparable speed. and the Future of Work: The velocity of innovation caused by this multimodal transformation has prompted a heated debate about the fu- A Chinese Perspective ture of humanity, asking us to examine the limits of our own capacity to understand and make use of the technological breakthroughs previously never thought possible: can our understanding keep up with the changes at hand? How do we adjust? Kai-Fu Lee Will machines eventually rule our lives? What does it mean to be human in the age of the machines? Our cognitive functions have not kept up with technological advancements. Hu- man relationship with intelligent machines is still perhaps best epitomized by Arthur C. Clarke’s and Stanley Kubrick’s HAL 9000—something to admire and fear in equal measure—prompting us to defend, while at the same time question, the su- premacy of human intelligence. What do we do with the machines whose limits we may not be able to imagine? If the rate of technological change continues at this pace, it follows that humans will soon be flanked by automatons and ro- As with most technological breakthroughs, the bots, automating every aspect of our lives. Well, maybe someday. hype when it comes to artificial intelligence (AI) In reality, the science trails consider- has far preceded its widespread application ably behind the futuristic visions of a soci- in the real world. This article explores key ety where artificial intelligence (AI) reigns challenges that need to be overcome over the supreme. In fact, if I were to make a predic- next decade, at a global level, in order to ensure tion today, based on the scientific progress that AI’s potential can be successfully deployed at hand, I would say with confidence that to enhance our working lives and productivity true machine intelligence at human level gains. It also places the responsibility for AI is a very distant prospect, if ever reachable. advancement firmly in the court of “traditional” Advancements in AI have so far been industries—radical impact will not come from limited to single-domain tasks. As of today, AI can more efficiently process vast quan- the technology sector alone, rather from the tities of information about something very innovative, timely, and systematic adoption of specific, such as playing a game, health- AI by established companies. While focused care diagnostics, or speech recognition. But on AI’s global impact, the article also provides it cannot think laterally to apply learnings a Chinese perspective on challenges and to a different domain. It cannot form an opportunities of its adoption at scale. opinion about what it is doing. And it most Work in the Age of Data 4

certainly does not have any feelings about capture human senses, analyze, and make But, will it affect everyone in the same way? what it is doing. decisions based on such data. Computer Research shows that AI will enable the But, whether we realize truly intelli- vision technology has become mainstream: creation of unprecedented wealth: Price- gent machines (often referred to as Arti- machines now recognize human faces, traf- waterhouseCoopers (PwC) estimates that ficial General Intelligence or AGI) or not, fic patterns, or even merchandise we select the wide adoption of AI will add about $15.7 AI is already transforming how we live and from stores. Speech recognition technology trillion to worldwide GDP by 20303—barely work, finding its way into most domains of can now analyze and synthesize languag- a decade from now. This growth will con- human activity. While technologists and es, enabling simultaneous translations and tinue its exponential trajectory toward the pundits debate humans’ future relation- machine-generated news reporting. We will year 2050. ship with machines, what is not debated see fast development of AI in software and There is tremendous business value nearly enough is the imminent impact of hardware during this wave. to be gained through the adoption of AI, various AI-powered technologies. How do Most recently, in 2018, autonomous but wealth creation will not be even. As we cope with job loss? How do we ensure systems saw their first applications across I indicate in my book—AI Superpowers: our education systems can keep up? What industries, allowing us to imagine the not- China, Silicon Valley, and the New World about social services? so-distant future where autonomous vehi- Order—gains from early AI innovation are Our understanding of ourselves and our cles dominate the roads, and possibly even akin to winner-takes-all scenario, with two role in society is already, if slowly, being airways. Automation AI is already trans- economic giants—the United States and challenged. If humans will no longer be forming traditional heavy-weight players China—already leading the way, being the required to perform an array of jobs, and in transportation, logistics, and manufac- homes to all of the world’s corporate AI gi- if what we have learned at school may soon turing, to name a few. ants. In the PwC predictions I mentioned no longer apply—how do we adjust our In what seems like the blink of an eye, above, the most significant growth is ex- course and our expectations of our work- we have found ourselves in possession of a pected to come from China, not least due ing lives? Such questions should be front- multifaceted technology whose application to its vast population, which accounts for of-mind for governments, their economic is as pervasive as that of electricity. In fact, almost a fifth of all the world’s people. advisers, education ministers, school prin- it may not be an exaggeration to say that Inequality between countries must be cipals and deans, and business leaders, as we already may not know what it means tackled through international diplomacy well as parents everywhere. to have lived without AI. channels, with the US and China lending What is more, the transformation their resources and know-how to avoid through AI has only just begun. Leaders exacerbating global inequality. But even across industries have begun to consider more pertinently, inequality within coun- And So It Begins AI’s application for their own businesses tries—stemming from job displacement, en masse. According to Deloitte’s “State skills gap, education inequality, and lack We are already at the epicenter of synchro- of AI in the Enterprise” 2019 report,2 57% of access—must be made a national prior- nous disruption brought upon by AI across of business leaders believe that AI will ity for governments and businesses across all industries. I use a “Four Waves of AI” have a transformative impact on their own the world. framework to elaborate AI’s impact on the company in the next three years. While While it may take fifteen or more years business scenario—they do not come one fewer, 38%, believe AI will power the same for AI-powered technologies to have an im- after the other, but rather simultaneously, transformation across their industries, pact across industries, we must act quickly transforming the way we live (fig. 1). the trajectory is clear: AI is permeating to put in place the infrastructure needed to The first wave of AI innovation, Internet most domains of human endeavor. What avoid massive disruption and lessen hu- AI, began around 2010, completely trans- will separate the winners from the losers man hardship that will inevitably come in forming our use of the Internet with the is their ability to grasp the magnitude of the form of vast job losses and the uneven breakthrough brought by the invention of change and adapt in time. distribution of wealth. deep learning. Search, online advertising, The fundamental truth of our time is as social media, e-commerce—advancements follows: AI is the greatest frontier facing in these online activities that are now part humanity to date and we must act now to AI Infusion and parcel of our everyday lives—have all get it right. been predicated on advancements in AI. While we are enamored by great AI compa- In 2014, businesses, particularly those nies like Deepmind, the $15.7 trillion value where data is readily available, started to will not be realized through them. From to- embrace AI, creating the foundations for How Prepared Are We for AI? day’s vantage point, AI’s biggest opportunity the advancement of industries such as AI fin- is infusion into traditional companies. This tech, remote education, digitization of public AI’s potential to change the way we live and will be greatly enhanced by the rapid devel- services, and supply chain management. I work is so vast that its current uses are a opment of AI platforms, so that more and would call this second, largely software-driv- mere scratch on the surface of what is yet more traditional companies can implement en, wave of innovation—Business AI. to come. Every aspect of our lives will be AI, without requiring deep AI expertise. Perception AI began to make inroads affected, and every corner of the world we AI’s greatest potential is in infusing in 2016, enhancing machines’ ability to live in will be implicated in the change. existing businesses with new ways of Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Work: A Chinese Perspective by Kai-Fu Lee 5

problem-solving, new levels of speed and Impact on Jobs that are already being more readily dis- accuracy, new efficiencies, and new ways rupted than the blue-collar ones. of working and thinking about what is The impact of AI on job creation and loss possible. AI can be used to optimize ex- is largely misunderstood. The doomsday isting processes (such as saving costs by narrative would have us believe that AI up to 80% on back-office outsourcing or will cause such a level of disruption that Robotic Process Automation (RPA) customer service), to improve processes it will mark the end of the workplace as (such as using AI to reshape sales forecasts, we know it. All jobs will be gone, spelling A lot of human activity today is focused on logistics, and supply chain), or to disrupt economic hardship for most of us. I am domain-specific tasks that, when injected industries (such as using AI to help medical personally against the dystopian view of with a lot of data, can be more efficiently scientists discover drugs many times faster AI destructing the values of mankind. performed by AI. It is estimated that up to than today). A different interpretation of the same sce- one-fifth4 of all tasks performed by humans Business leaders must embrace the nario holds that AI will spare us the drudgery at work is spent on repetitive computer long view. Few can afford resistance to of work, allowing us, instead, to lead lives of tasks that can be automated. change, as businesses must integrate AI leisure in some sort of utopian state. Robotic Process Automation (RPA), as part of their strategy in order to stay The reality is somewhere in the mid- with the use of AI and machine learning relevant. Referring back to the Deloitte dle. It is true that up to half of all jobs are to process high-volume repetitive tasks, study, many more executives believe AI to likely to face extinction or disruption due has started to gain traction among compa- play a role in offering a more competititve to the introduction of AI. What may have nies whose employees spend a significant edge to their own companies than that of surprised those in industries already start- amount of time on manual tasks, such as their industries overall. This suggests that ing to be affected is what kinds of jobs have query handling, calculations, data entry, a blind spot is emerging, as the pace of started to disappear first. or record maintenance. Jobs at the fore- innovation coming from elsewhere may It may seem counterintuitive, but front of disruption include those in busi- catch businesses off guard. The fact is, no manual jobs, such as those in most man- ness process outsourcing: for example, tax one can remain complacent as AI moves ufacturing fields, will not be significantly examiners filling numbers into cells and to the top of the agenda across the board. affected for the time to come. tables every day in order to generate data Anticipating where disruption may Today’s machines are much better at comparison and analysis. come from and upskilling to be ready to grasping quantitative reasoning than basic RPA can provide significant value for take on the level of technological and op- sensorimotor skills. It is extremely difficult businesses by freeing up their employees erational change caused by AI will become to achieve a level of meaningful dexterity to focus on more complex, higher-value a part of the business strategy playbook and precision in most robotic applications. tasks. At the same time, it means compa- across all industries. So, it is repetition-rich white-collar jobs nies can now start to reduce the number of people they employ in certain single-domain job positions. Employers will need to understand the 201 Wave 4: Autonomous AI trade-off between efficiency gains and im- Smart warehouse, manufacturing, agriculture, pact on employee morale. Communicating autonomous car, robotics with transparency about the changes in business needs and implementing retraining programs where possible will help both employers and employees transition more 2016 Wave 3: Perception AI successfully. Security, retail, energy, AI+IOT, smart homes, smart cities

Is Anyone Safe? 2014 Wave 2: Business AI Banks, insurance, trading, education, public services, I have established that AI can be used to medical, logistics, suply chain, back office perform routine work more efficiently. But AI has no creativity, no compassion, nor the ability to connect with humans and win their trust. The higher the requirement 2010 Wave 1: Internet AI for compassion or creativity in any given Search, ads, games, e-commerce, social, lifestyle job, the less likely it is for AI to replace humans in performing such tasks (fig. 2). Some fields, such as medical diagnostics, may experience a symbiosis between people and machines. For example, doctors can rely Fig. 1. Four waves of AI Work in the Age of Data 6

According to Deloitte’s “State on AI to more accurately diagnose a disease technology as part of everyday life has giv- of AI in the Enterprise” 2019 based on data at hand, while they can pro- en China an edge when it comes to quali- report, 57% of business vide not just the treatment plan, but also the ty data crucial for the development of AI. leaders believe that AI will have warmth and the trust that are key for human Mobile phones are truly at the epicenter of 5 a transformative impact on interaction. Research shows that human everyday life in China—from food order- their own company in the next connection can have a significant impact ing to peer-to-peer payments to charity on the quality of health outcomes. Equally, donation—the Chinese of all ages rely on three years scientists can use AI tools to discover drugs mobile payments for most of their trans- with higher accuracy. But machines cannot actions. The vast amount of data gener- replace the scientists’ ability to hypothesize ated in such a way allows merchants and and apply learnings, and communicate to services platforms to adopt a targeted ap- patients with knowledge and trust. proach to customer acquisition—causing, With this in mind, it is critical for gov- in turn, massive disruption of traditional ernments, businesses, and education insti- industries. tutions to determine what types of jobs will AI is already omnipresent in China— give humans an edge over the machines and from mobile payments as already men- make a plan to create more of these. Likewise, tioned, to AI-enriched mobile applica- understanding where humans will be most tions, face-recognition authentification, needed should have an impact on curricula autonomous retail stores, AI personalized everywhere: how should we go about pre- news aggregation, to customized product paring children for the future in work? What recommendations. The use of AI also plays skills will they need to ensure employability a growing role in connecting rural school throughout the course of their working lives? children with so-called “super teachers,” who can now be connected to classrooms across the country, offering an immersive, interactive experience for the students and China’s AI Competitive Edge making quality education more accessible A screen shows the SenseVideo pedestrian even in China’s remote mountain villages, and vehicle recognition system developed by SenseTime Group Ltd at the company’s The sheer size of China’s population, near- given the sheer size and resource disparity showroom in Beijing ly 1.4 billion, and its embrace of mobile between cities and regions. Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Work: A Chinese Perspective by Kai-Fu Lee 7

In short, mobile-first consumer de- AI’s Impact on China’s Labor Market The higher the requirement mands are fueling AI innovation and dig- for compassion or creativity in itization of the Chinese economy fast and Various studies of AI’s likely impact on any given job, the less likely it at scale. Adding to this is the Chinese re- the Chinese labor market illustrate the is for AI to replace humans in lentlessly dedicated entrepreneurial cul- difficulty in predicting AI outcomes on performing such tasks ture, significant venture capital funding, the workforce with any degree of certainty. and government incentives for the devel- PwC offers an optimistic view of AI’s While its size and abundance opment of AI. impact on jobs in China, estimating that, of data due to mobile While its size and abundance of data on balance, the adoption of AI will lead to technology maturity certainly due to mobile technology maturity certain- a 12%, or 93 million, increase in jobs, an ly represent China’s fundamental advan- income increase of 38%, and a possible represent China’s fundamental tage, its rise as an AI superpower has been GDP increase of 1.4% per year on top of advantage, its rise as an predicated on painstaking promotion of current rates.6 AI superpower has been entrepreneurism and infrastructure devel- While some 200 million jobs are ex- predicated on painstaking opment. Readily available funding for AI pected to be lost to automation, there is an promotion of entrepreneurism has attracted a huge number of AI techni- expectation that 300 million jobs will be and infrastructure cal talents, providing a crucial advantage created. However, both job loss and cre- development in the form of a qualified workforce. ation are not expected to be spread evenly All of these combined have enabled across all sectors or synchronized in time. Chinese AI companies to cover competitive McKinsey and Co.,7 in turn, ranks China ground fast and catch up with, and even among countries most likely to be affected surpass, the pace of innovation coming out by automation, with 51% of work activities of Silicon Valley. potentially being affected by automation.

Compassion Needed HUMAN AI +AI

HUMAN

Optimization Creativity or Strategy

HUMAN AI AI +IA Compassion not Needed Compassion not

Fig. 2. AI’s impact on jobs Human AI Work in the Age of Data 8

On balance, China’s economy faces the One of the seminal challenges of our same challenges as the rest of the world time is finding a way to prepare new gen- when it comes to AI. While its advantage erations to not only enter the workforce, when it comes to pace of innovation deliv- but also thrive throughout their working ered by its AI companies is indisputable, lives. This despite the pace of technolog- for all countries it is the preparedness for ical innovation and constantly moving jobs disruption, on the national level, that goalposts when it comes to demand for will be necessary to ensure successful mit- skills and specialized knowledge. igation of imminent job losses. Improving education has never been an While having the privilege of talking to easy task. Redesigning it entirely to shift leading policy-makers around the world, the center of gravity away from knowl- it is obvious to me that most countries edge transfer and toward self-awareness are keenly aware of and deeply concerned and self-discovery is a monumental task, about the collective societal impact on the yet a necessary one. We must prepare our workforce brought by the coming AI rev- children for an entirely new relationship olution. It is also an area where I would between humans and machines. advocate for higher international collabo- Training and retraining must be a prior- ration to share best practices on policy en- ity for business and governments, but this hancement, social programs, public-pri- alone will not be enough to address the fun- vate partnerships, and innovations in the damental shift in what will be required to be public service sector to ensure successful able to ride the wave of disruption in the job transition to AI across our society. market. As technology continues to disrupt existing processes and ways of working, field-specific expertise will matter less than Conclusion on Jobs transferable skills, adaptability, critical thinking, compassion, and self-awareness. The age of AI, just like the earlier technol- These are the skills that will allow young ogy revolutions, is expected to lead to sig- people to navigate the changing world of nificant job creation. But, we do not know work. What may constitute a career today for sure what these jobs will look like, nor may be gone tomorrow, so the ability to re- when they may start to appear. skill and adapt will be more important than When the Internet first came into being, any domain-specific knowledge. no one could have predicted the arrival of We must attempt to answer questions Uber and the impact on traditional taxi such as: what constitutes lasting knowl- companies. Or the disruption of the hos- edge and what value should we assign to pitality industry brought upon it by Airbnb. it? What is the role of education in the Equally, we cannot predict what innovative world where ability to adapt and change ideas are yet to be enabled by AI. ensures our survival more than holding AI will also transform entire business onto what we know? models within existing companies. It is Ensuring a competitive edge in the hard to imagine that, once upon a time, global race to lead in AI innovation re- Microsoft had an Internet division. Nowa- quires concerted government action: re- days, of course, the Internet is integrated forming education, job creation, incen- into every aspect of its business. tivizing entrepreneurship, building the The key challenge in dealing with the necessary infrastructure to enable innova- transition period already underway is the tion to thrive, enabling trustworthy data massive job disruption that will precede collection, and training AI application job creation. Unfortunately, those affected engineers should all be seen as priorities. by the former may not be the benefactors of the latter. AI is unlikely to create new routine jobs that would require humans to The End of Privacy? do them. Thus, retraining will be required to prepare the displaced routine workers It is often said that AI has put an end to for non-routine jobs at a massive scale to privacy as we know it. With millions of mitigate the effects on job losses. digital records that we all leave behind At the moment, very little is being done constantly, and technologies that can dif- A customer uses his smartphone to scan a across the world to account for pending ferentiate our unique features, the danger QR code for payment at a pork stall inside the job displacement. of misuse is evident. Dancun Market in Nanning, Guangxi province Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Work: A Chinese Perspective by Kai-Fu Lee 9

Every day, a vast quantity of personal ations of data protection with that of user New data protection data is being collected and stored to drive convenience and value they get in return. regulations play a role in new AI technologies. On the one hand, This trade-off is largely subjective; it differs protecting individual privacy, these technologies, run by algorithms that among individuals and across countries. but it is both a limiting and a improve themselves through consuming How do we balance the need for scien- more and more quality data, have the po- tific progress and the value (convenience, limited way to deal with the tential to make our lives better and more security, social good) brought about by problem convenient. On the other, we must ensure new technologies with the need to better that personal information does not fall protect personal privacy? Policies alone prey to the dangers of misuse. will tilt the spectrum to the latter, at the In response, policy-makers across the expense of the former. So, while regula- world have sought to regulate the transfer tions are needed, we must also consider of data, hoping to create a more transpar- technology solutions. ent and trustworthy relationship between We should question the hypothesis that consumers and companies. Enter Eu- convenience and privacy are mutually ex- rope’s General Data Protection Regulation clusive. We should investigate technologies (GDPR) and California’s Consumer Privacy that protect privacy yet allow the data to Act, which both stipulate that companies be used to improve AI. For example, ho- must obtain consumers’ consent before momorphic encryption is a method of collecting their data. irreversibly encrypting data to enhance I do believe that these regulations play privacy protection. Federated learning, a role in protecting individual privacy; a technology that allows learning to take however, it is both a limiting and a limited place in trusted environments, is currently A visitor at the Onassis Cultural Center in Athens looks at the multimedia project Data way to deal with the issues at hand. being tested in a number of places. Flux, in which Japanese artist Ryoji Ikeda Privacy is not binary. Any privacy reg- Consider this scenario: a thousand hos- challenges the limits of human perception ulation must proactively balance consider- pitals are interested in using the power of and digital technology Work in the Age of Data 10

their collective data to train AI-powered diagnostic tools. Due to patient data privacy rules that restrict the use of data within a single health-care institution, patient information cannot be aggregated in one central place—making it impossible to Dr. Kai-Fu Lee is the Chairman and CEO train AI with sufficient data. With federat- of Sinovation Ventures and President of Sinovation Venture’s Artificial Intelligence ed learning, AI training takes place at each Institute. Sinovation Ventures, managing 2 of the hospitals, “federating” the resulting billion USD dual currency investment funds, learnings, while “raw data” never leaves is a leading venture capital firm focusing on developing the next generation of Chinese the hospital premises. These technologies high-tech companies. Prior to founding are not yet perfected, but further research Sinovation in 2009, Dr. Lee was the President and testing must be encouraged. of Google China. Previously, he held executive positions at Microsoft, SGI, and Apple. Dr. Lee received his Bachelor’s degree in Computer Science from Columbia University, PhD from Carnegie Mellon University, as well as Honorary Doctorate degrees from both Carnegie Mellon AI as a Force for Good and the City University of Hong Kong. He is Co-Chair of the Artificial Intelligence Council AI’s impact is akin to a tidal change mor- of the World Economic Forum’s Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution, a Fellow phing the very axis of our lives. I funda- of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics mentally believe that AI can act as a force Engineers (IEEE), Times 100 in 2013, WIRED for good across the world. Equally, I am not 25 Icons, Asian Business Leader 2018 by Asia House, and followed by an audience of over oblivious to the potential for its misuse. fifty million on social media. HisNew York We have a great responsibility to ensure Times and Wall Street Journal best-selling that AI can live up to its potential—whether book, AI Superpowers, discusses US-China coleadership in the age of AI as well as the it be job creation, medical advancement, greater societal impacts brought upon by the AI transformation of industry processes, ac- technology revolution. cess to better education, or making our everyday lives easier through countless conveniences—both big and small. I hope that we can harness the collective concerns and enthusiasm for AI to start ad- dressing the key questions about its impact on our world. I hope that we can tackle security concerns in a way that is sensitive to regional and cultural differences, while mindful of humanity’s future. That, as entrepreneurs, we can start shifting our business mindset from short-term profit to long-term viability by understanding AI’s transformative value and its impact on worker training and retraining. That governments can start to scrutinize education to ensure our children are equipped for the changes to come. That we can focus job creation on areas where us people, with our empathy, compassion, and creativity, will remain irreplaceable. Regardless of global competition for technological dominance, we need concerted action across the nations to ensure that AI can live up to its potential. How we go about engaging with each other on this topic today will decide the nature of the human relationship with AI. Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Work: A Chinese Perspective by Kai-Fu Lee 11

Notes

1. Klaus Schwab, The Fourth Industrial Revolution, World Economic Forum, 2016. Quote available at https://www.weforum. org/about/the-fourth-industrial- revolution-by-klaus-schwab. 2. Deloitte Insights, “State of AI in the Enterprise” report, 2nd ed., 2019, available at https://www2. deloitte.com/insights/us/en/ focus/cognitive-technologies/ai- investment-by-country.html. 3. PricewaterhouseCoopers, “Global artificial intelligence study: Exploiting the AI revolution,” 2017, available at https://www.pwc.com/ gx/en/issues/data-and-analytics/ publications/artificial-intelligence- study.html. 4. SDET, “Robotic Process Automation: Statistics, business impact and future,” available at http://www.pavantestingtools. com/2017/10/robotic-process- automation-statistics.html#. WsaCtdPwbMI. 5. Julianne Holt-Lunstad, Timothy B. Smith, J. Bradley Layton, “Social relationships and mortality risk: A meta-analytic review,” July 27, 2010, available at https:// doi.org/10.1371/journal. pmed.1000316. 6. PricewaterhouseCoopers, “What will be the net impact of AI and related technologies on jobs in China?” 2018, available at https:// www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/ artificial-intelligence/impact-of-ai- on-jobs-in-china.pdf. 7. McKinsey Global Institute, “Artificial intelligence: Implications for China,” 2017, available at https://www.mckinsey.com/~/ media/McKinsey/Featured%20 Insights/China/Artificial%20 intelligence%20Implications%20 for%20China/MGI-Artificial- intelligence-implications-for-China. ashx. KAI-FU LEE HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE Lee, Kai-Fu. “Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Work: A Chinese Perspective.” In Work in the Age of Data. Madrid: BBVA, 2019.

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