Flora and Vegetation of the Olivillo Forest Region (Lapagerio Roseae - Aextoxiconetum Punctati Oberdorfer 1960) in the Valdivian Coastal Landscape, Chile

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Flora and Vegetation of the Olivillo Forest Region (Lapagerio Roseae - Aextoxiconetum Punctati Oberdorfer 1960) in the Valdivian Coastal Landscape, Chile Flora and Vegetation of the Olivillo Forest Region (Lapagerio roseae - Aextoxiconetum punctati Oberdorfer 1960) in the Valdivian Coastal Landscape, Chile Von der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakult¨at der Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universit¨atHannover zur Erlangung des Grades Doktorin der Naturwissenschaften Dr. rer. nat. genehmigte Dissertation von Carla Alejandra Novoa Sepulveda,´ Lic. (Chile) 2019 Referent: Professor Dr. rer. nat. Richard Pott Korreferent: Professor Dr. a. D. Frederikus J. A. Dani¨els Tag der Promotion: 14.02.2019 Statement of Originality I hereby declare that this Thesis has never been submitted to another examination com- mission in Germany or in another country for a degree in a same or similar form. The material in this thesis, to the best of my knowledge, contains no material previously pub- lished or written by another person except where due acknowledgement is made in the proper manner. Carla Alejandra Novoa Sep´ulveda Abstract This thesis presents a phytosociological analysis of the current vegetation communities on the western slopes of the Valdivian Coastal Range in South Chile. The goal is to describe the changes undergone by the potential vegetation in the research area, which led to the formation of non-native vegetation units and to a more diverse landscape. The data collection was carried out between the Bonifacio and Hueicolla sectors (de Los R´ıosRegion) and up to an altitude of 300 m a.s.l. This area corresponds to the region where the Olivillo forest used to be the dominant community. A total of 169 phytosociological relev´es was used to survey the vegetation. The area of the relev´es ranges between 100 and 400 m2, according to the physiognomical minimal area and to the Braun-Blanquet approach. The collected vegetation data set was used to: i) construct the related full and synoptic tables, and ii) describe the physiognomy, floristic composition, diagnostic species, ecology and distribution of the plant communities. In particular, the diagnostic species were identified by using their fidelity values based on the Φ-coefficient as described in the literature. The vegetation units were then classified by means of the Ward’s method and the Euclidean distance. Finally, a detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) was performed to identify the environmental variables with the largest influence on the relev´es. The analysis led to the classification of 12 plant communities (11 associations and 1 community) and to the identification of a total amount of 137 species. Out of the 137 species, 76 are endemic and 18 present among the IUCN conservation categories (1 is Endangered, 7 are Vulnerable, 4 are Near Threatened, 4 are Least Concerned, 1 is Data Deficient and 1 is Not Evaluated). The species are distributed over 5 classes, 62 families and 117 genera. The plant communities belong to 2 classes (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea and Wintero-Nothofagetea), 3 orders and 6 alliances. One alliance and 2 associations are newly described: the Libertion chilensis and Agrostio capillariae-Eryngietum panicu- latae within Molinio-Arrhenatheretea, and Rubo constricto-Greigietum sphacelatae within Wintero-Nothofagetea. The results of this thesis indicate that: i) the identified units show serial relationships of anthropogenic origin, and ii) human activity favours the development of native and non-native permanent communities in the research area. Finally, they can be used for the selection of areas suitable for ecological restoration and landscape management. Key words: Coastal Mountain Range, database, diversity, grassland, landscape change, multivariate analysis, phytosociology, plant communities, potential natural vegetation, syntaxonomy, shrublands. I Zusammenfassung Diese Arbeit pr¨asentiert eine pflanzensoziologische Analyse der aktuellen Vegetationsge- meinschaften an den westlichen H¨angen der validivianischen K¨ustengebirgskette in S¨udchile. Ziel ist es, die Ver¨anderungen der potentiellen Vegetation im Untersuchungsgebiet zu beschreiben, die zur Bildung von nicht-einheimischen Vegetationseinheiten und somit zur Diversifizierung der Landschaft f¨uhrten. Die Datenerhebung erfolgte zwischen den Sektoren Bonifacio und Hueicolla (Los R´ıos- Region) und bis zu einer H¨ohe von 300 m ¨u. NN. In diesem Gebiet war der Olivillo- Wald die dominierende Pflanzengesellschaft. Insgesamt wurden 169 Vegetationsaufnah- men durchgef¨uhrt. Die Fl¨achengr¨oßeder Aufnahmen liegt entsprechend der physiognomis- chen Minimalfl¨ache und der Braun-Blanquet-Methodik zwischen 100 und 400 m2. Die gesammelten Vegetationsdaten wurden verwendet f¨ur: i) die Darstellung einer vollst¨andigen und synoptischen Tabelle und ii) die Beschreibung der Physiognomie, floris- tischen Zusammensetzung, diagnostischen Spezies, Okologie¨ und Verteilung von Pflanzenge- sellschaften. Die diagnostischen Spezies wurden insbesondere unter Verwendung ihrer auf dem Phi-Koeffizienten basierenden Genauigkeitswerte und ihrer Beschreibung in der Lit- eratur identifiziert. Die Vegetationseinheiten wurden nach der Ward-Methode und der euklidischen Distanz klassifiziert. Schließlich wurde eine segmentierte Korrespondenz- analyse (DCA) durchgef¨uhrt, um die Umweltvariablen mit dem gr¨oßten Einfluss auf die Aufnahmen zu identifizieren. Die Analyse f¨uhrte zur Klassifizierung von 12 Pflanzengemeinschaften (11 Assoziatio- nen und 1 Gemeinschaft) und zur Identifizierung von 137 Arten. Von den 137 Arten sind 76 sind endemisch und 18 unter den IUCN-Arten (1 ist stark gef¨ahrdet, 7 sind gef¨ahrdet, 4 sind potenziell gef¨ahrdet, 4 sind nicht gef¨ahrdet, 1 hat eine ungen¨ugende Datengrundlage und 1 ist nicht beurteilt). Die Arten sind auf 5 Klassen, 62 Familien und 117 Gattungen verteilt. Die Pflanzengemeinschaften geh¨oren zu 2 Klassen (Molinio- Arrhenatheretea und Wintero-Nothofagetea, 3 Ordnungen und 6 Verb¨anden. 1 Allianz und 2 Assoziationen werden neu beschrieben: die Libertion chilensis und Agros- tio capillariae-Eryngietum paniculatae innerhalb Molinio-Arrhenatheretea, und Rubo constricto-Greigietum sphacelatae innerhalb Wintero-Nothofagetea. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigen, dass: i) die identifizierten Einheiten serielle Beziehungen anthropogener Herkunft zeigen und ii) die menschliche Aktivit¨atdie En- twicklung von einheimischen und nicht-einheimischen permanenten Gemeinschaften im Forschungsgebiet beg¨ounstigt. Schließlich k¨onnen sie f¨ur die Auswahl von Fl¨achen verwen- det werden, die f¨ur eine ¨okologische Wiederherstellung und Landschaftsgestaltung geeignet sind. Schlusselw¨ ¨orter: K¨ustengebirge, Datenbank, Diversit¨at,Gr¨unland, Landschaftswan- del, Pflanzensoziologie, Pflanzengesellschaften, potentielle nat¨urliche Vegetation, Syntax- onomie, Geb¨usch II Resumen Esta tesis presenta un an´alisisfitosociol´ogico de las comunidades vegetales presentes en el paisaje actual de las laderas occidentales de la Cordillera Costera Valdiviana en el sur de Chile. El objetivo es describir los cambios experimentados por la vegetaci´onpotencial en el ´area de investigaci´on, a trav´es de la formaci´onde unidades de vegetaci´onde origen no nativas y por ende a la diversificaci´ondel paisaje. La recolecci´onde datos se llev´oa cabo entre Bonifacio y Hueicolla (regi´onde Los R´ıos) hasta una altitud de 300 m.s.n.m. Esta ´area corresponde a la regi´ondonde el bosque Olivillo sol´ıa ser la comunidad dominante. Un total de 169 relev´es fitosociol´ogicos se utilizaron para estudiar la vegetaci´on. La superficie de los rodales vari´oentre 100 y 400 m2, de acuerdo a la ´area m´ınima fison´omica recomendada y a la metodolog´ıade Braun- Blanquet. Con los datos de vegetaci´oncolectados fueron utilizados para: i) tabla completa y sin´optica, y ii) describir la fisonom´ıa,composici´onflor´ıstica, especies diagn´osticas, ecolog´ıa y distribuci´onde las comunidades vegetales. En particular, las especies diagn´osticas se identificaron usando sus valores de fidelidad basados en el coeficiente Φ y a lo descrito en la literatura. Las unidades de vegetaci´onse clasificaron mediante el m´etodo Ward y la distancia Euclidiana. Finalmente, se realiz´oun an´alisisde correspondencia segmentado (DCA) para identificar las variables ambientales con mayor influencia en los relev´es. El an´alisiscondujo a la clasificaci´onde 12 comunidades vegetales (11 asociaciones y 1 comunidad) y a la identificaci´onde un total de 137 especies. De las 137 especies, 76 son end´emicas y 18 presentan categor´ıasde conservaci´onde la UICN (1 en peligro de extinci´on, 7 vulnerables, 4 casi amenazadas, 4 preocupaci´onmenor, 1 datos insuficientes y 1 no evaluada). Las especies se distribuyen en 5 clases, 62 familias y 117 g´eneros. Las co- munidades de plantas pertenecen a 2 clases (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea y Wintero- Nothofagetea), 3 ´ordenes y 6 alianzas. Recientemente se ha descrito una alianza y dos asociaciones: Libertion chilensis y Agrostio capillariae-Eryngietum paniculatae den- tro de Molinio-Arrhenatheretea, y Rubo constricto-Greigietum sphacelatae dentro de Wintero-Nothofagetea. Los resultados de esta tesis indican que: i) las unidades identificadas muestran rela- ciones seriales de origen antropog´enico, y ii) la actividad humana favorece el desarrollo de comunidades permanentes nativas y no nativas en el ´area de investigaci´on. Finalmente, se pueden utilizar para la selecci´onde ´areas adecuadas para la restauraci´onecol´ogica y la gesti´ondel paisaje. Palabras claves: ´analisis multivariado, Cordillera de la Costa, diversidad, praderas, cambios del paisaje, fitosociolog´ıa,comunidades de plantas, vegetaci´onpotencial natural, sintaxonom´ıa,matorrales. III
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