Erinnerung Im Kino

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Erinnerung Im Kino Erinnerung im Kino Zur erzählerischen Konstruktion von Erinnerung im Kino an ausgewählten Filmbeispielen Dissertation zur Erlangung der Würde des Doktors der Philosophie der Fakultät für Geisteswissenschaften, Fachbereich Sprache, Literatur und Medien I der Universität Hamburg vorgelegt von Alexander Kohlmann Hamburg 2019 Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde begutachtet durch: Prof. Dr. Knut Hickethier (Vorsitzender der Prüfungskommission und Erstgutachter) Prof. Dr. Joan Kristin Bleicher (Zweitgutachterin) Die erfolgreiche Disputation fand am 30.11.2018 in Anwesenheit von beiden Gutachtern und dem dritten Prüfer Prof. Dr. Thomas Weber in Hamburg statt. 2 Für Stella 3 Danksagung Ich danke Herrn Prof. Dr. Segeberg für die große Inspiration in zahlreichen Seminaren an der Universität Hamburg und die gemeinsame Konzeption dieser Arbeit, Herrn Prof. Dr. Hickethier und Frau Prof. Dr. Bleicher für die freundliche Übernahme der Betreuung und Begutachtung sowie meiner Freundin Stella und meiner Familie für die tatkräftige Unterstützung. 4 Inhaltsverzeichnis Einleitung: Erinnerung im Kino 7 Teil I: Gedächtnisforschung und Film-Narratologie 12 1.1. Zum Forschungstand der Film-Narratologie 12 1.1.1. Film versus Literatur 1.1.2. Erzählinstanzen in audiovisuellen Medien 1.1.3. Extradiegetische Ebene: Visuelle und sprachliche Erzählinstanzen 1.1.4. Intradiegetische Erzählebene: Erzählende Figuren 1.1.5. Intradiegetische visuelle Erzählinstanzen: Erzählende Kameras 1.1.6. Das Problem mit der Vorzeitigkeit 1.2. Was ist Erinnerung? 18 1.2.1. Ansätze der Gedächtnisforschung 1.2.2. Modellierung statt Abbildung 1.2.3. Semantisches, episodisches und prozedurales Gedächtnis 1.2.4. Erinnerungsepisoden 1.2.5. Umwandlung von Gefühlen in Bilder und Töne 1.2.6. Falsche Erinnerungen 1.2.7. Filmbilder und Erinnerungen 1.2.8. Erinnerungslücken 1.2.9. Traumata 1.2.10. Fazit: Kopfkino als Urform audiovisuellen Erzählens Teil II: Fallbeispiele: Erinnerungsfilme 29 2.1. TITANIC (USA 1997), 194 Minuten 30 2.1.1. Einführung: „Fühlt sich Liebe so an? Gewiss: In unseren Träumen“ 2.1.2. Die Erzählperspektive in Titanic-Verfilmungen vor 1997 2.1.3. Tabelle: Erzählstruktur des Films 2.1.4. Prolog: Überall Kameras 2.1.5. Ein Bergungsschiff als Erinnerungsraum 2.1.6. I’m the king of the world 2.1.7. I’m flying 2.1.8. Wearing this. Wearing only this 2.1.9.1. Not without you 2.1.9.2. Tonspur zu: Not without you 2.1.10.1. I’ll never forget it 2.1.10.2. Tonspur zu: I’ll never forget it 2.1.11. An Ocean of Memories 2.1.12. Alles nur geträumt? Fazit: TITANIC 5 2.2. The English Patient (USA+UK 1996), 160 Minuten 84 2.2.1. Einführung: Verwandlung oder Neuschöpfung? 2.2.2. Tabelle: Erzählstruktur des Films 2.2.3. Prolog: Ein Appell an die multisensorische Wahrnehmung 2.2.4. Ein zerstörtes Kloster als Erinnerungsraum 2.2.5. I can see all the way to the desert 2.2.6. Are you asleep? 2.2.7. I’m not in love with him, I am in love with ghosts 2.2.8. I love water, fish in it… 2.2.9. Fazit: The English Patient 2.3. Weitere Beispiele: Aimee & Jaguar (1999) und The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (2008) 103 Teil III: Erinnerungserzählungen im Kino 109 3.1. Erzählstruktur 109 3.1.1. Rückblende oder Erinnerungserzählung 3.1.2. Idealtypische Erzählkonstruktion 3.1.3. Schlüsselepisoden 3.2. Vokabular der Erinnerung: Motive, Bilder und Töne 113 Motive 3.2.1. Die (geschlossenen) Augen 3.2.2. Erinnerungsräume 3.2.3. Landschaften: Wasser- und Wüstenwelten 3.2.4. Fotografieren und Kartographieren 3.2.5. Das (entstellte) Gesicht 3.2.6. Die Ruine 3.2.7. Artefakte Visuelle Mittel 3.2.8. Überzeichnete Farbigkeit 3.2.9. Der ,Top Shot‘ 3.2.10. Überblendungen 3.2.11. Schwarzweiß und Sepia Auditive Mittel 3.2.12. Voice Over 3.2.13. Musik 3.2.14. Raum und Zeit überbrückende Klänge 3.2.15. Hall und Isolierung Résumé und Ausblick: Transmediales Erinnern 126 Anhang 129 Literaturverzeichnis Kurzfassung der Ergebnisse in deutscher und englischer Sprache Eidesstattliche Erklärung 6 Einleitung: Erinnerung im Kino Kleine Dokumentarfilme oder Räume der Einbildungskraft? Das menschliche Gedächtnis speichert Ereignisse nicht so, wie sie waren, sondern modelliert, ergänzt und erfindet sogar Erinnerungen an etwas, was so nie stattgefunden hat. Die Arbeitsweise des Gehirns ähnelt dabei verblüffend den Mechanismen des Mediums Kino, welches wiederum die Arbeitsweise des Gedächtnisses in zahlreichen Verfilmungen adaptiert hat. Die vorliegende Arbeit will aus einer narratologischen Perspektive zeigen, wie Erinnerungsbilder im Medium Film funktionieren können. Dabei sollen – einem kulturwissenschaftlichen Ansatz folgend – soziologische, neurologische und psychoanalytische Erkenntnisse zur Funktionsweise des Gedächtnisses mit den Forschungserkenntnissen der Kino-Narratologie verknüpft werden. An zwei Fallbeispielen (The English Patient (1996) und TITANIC (1997))1 soll in detaillierten Szenenanalysen gezeigt werden, wie das Phänomen ‚Erinnerung‘ Ende der 1990er Jahre in das Mainstream- Kino Einzug gehalten hat. Dass die hier untersuchten, außergewöhnlich erfolgreichen Filme im weitesten Sinne dem Filmgenre des Melodrams2 zuzuordnen sind, ist – so die These – kein Zufall. Wie kein anderes Filmgenre lebt das Melodram von der Konstruktion von „Räumen der Einbildungskraft“4 (Harro Segeberg), in denen sich „Wünsche einzelner Personen […], Wünsche, die sich zum Wahn ausweiten können, […] – in äußerst rührenden Momenten – gegen den Widerstand der Wirklichkeit, das Unerbittliche in Zeit und Raum, durchsetzen“ (Thomas Koebner) 6. Das Film-Melodram ist durch seine genrespezifische Thematik in besonderer Weise prädestiniert für die Konstruktion von filmischen Rückblicken, wie zahlreiche Filmbeispiele belegen.7 1 Zur Schreibweise: Der Film TITANIC von James Cameron wird in Großbuchstaben und kursiv geschrieben, das Schiff Titanic als Eigenname ohne Anführungszeichen. Die Schreibweise in Zitaten und in Literaturangaben wird nicht verändert. 2 Die Arbeit folgt hier der Zusammenstellung von Thomas Koebner, vgl. Thomas Koebner (Hg.): Filmgenres. Melodram und Liebeskomödie, Stuttgart 2007. 4 Harro Segeberg schreibt über TITANIC (1997): „Vielmehr wird im Folgenden deutlicher werden, dass es dem Film [...] gelingt, im eigentlich präsentischen Zeige-Medium des Films Räume der Einbildungskraft zu etablieren, die es dem Zuschauer erlauben, die im Folgenden anscheinend rein präsentisch erzählte TITANIC-Geschichte immer wieder in den Modus eines die Erinnerung selbst thematisierenden filmischen Erinnerungspräteritums zurückzuübersetzen“, Harro Segeberg: Schiffbruch mit (Film-) Zuschauer – Der Kino- Film Titanic (1997) in der Geschichte literarischer und filmischer Schiffahrtskatastrophen, in: Anja Lemke, Martin Schierbaum (Hg.): „In die Höhe fallen“. Grenzgänge zwischen Literatur und Philosophie, Würzburg 2000, S. 55-69, hier: S.65. 6 Koebner, Melodram, S. 12-13. 7 Die deutschsprachige Filmwissenschaft hat sich in den letzten 20 Jahren verstärkt Fragestellungen zum filmischen Erzählen gewidmet. Markus Kuhn hat mit seiner Filmnarratologie (2011) ein bisher fehlendes Grundlagenwerk vorgelegt, in dem er sich allerdings nur am Rande mit der Problematik auseinandersetzt, die aus einer innerfilmischen Erzählinstanz resultiert, die die Filmhandlung zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt „erzählt“: „Es muss gefragt werden, ob die gesamte folgende visuelle Erzählung als spätere Narration eingeordnet werden kann, nur weil die SEI [Sprachliche Erzählinstanz, A.K.] im Präteritum erzählt. Bleibt die Markierung der Nachzeitigkeit durch die SEI den Film über wirksam?“8 Die vorliegende Arbeit will an diese offene Frage anknüpfen und folgt der Arbeitshypothese, dass eben diese „Markierung der Nachzeitigkeit“ der erinnerten Handlung in den untersuchten Fallbeispielen deutlich zu erkennen ist. In The English Patient und TITANIC, so die These, wird durch den Einsatz einer sprachlichen bzw. einer visuellen Erzählinstanz der lange Zeit ausschließlich für die Literatur angenommene Erzählmodus eines epischen Präteritums etabliert, der es ermöglicht, die Bilder der Vergangenheitshandlung ganz aus der Perspektive der sich erinnernden Erzählmedien wiederzugeben. Diese Besonderheit der untersuchten Filme ist von der Forschung bereits gelegentlich bemerkt, jedoch noch nicht systematisch aus einer narratologischen Perspektive aufgearbeitet worden: Susanne Marschall schreibt über die Sequenz in TITANIC, in der Jack und Rose mit ausgebreiteten Armen über den Ozean fliegen: „Die Sequenz endet in einer Verwandlung des Schiffes in das sagenumwobene Wrack, das mit den Liebenden auf den Grund des Ozeans herabsinkt. Jack und Rose lösen sich zu Schemen auf, die aber bis zur letzten Sekunde der Szene sichtbar bleiben. Das ozeanische Gefühl ist Teil der subjektiven Erinnerung der alten Rose, die diese zum ersten Mal anderen Menschen erzählt.“9 Claudia Liebrand stellt ganz ähnlich argumentierend die Frage, „ob der englische Patient, vollgepumpt mit Morphium, Flashbacks produziert, die als kleine Dokumentarfilme über seine Liebesaffäre mit Katharine anzusehen sind, oder ob sich […] ein Schwerstkranker aus dem Gefängnis seines versehrten Körpers in Fantasien und Wunschträume flüchtet, in 7 In zahlreichen melodramatischen Verfilmungen wird die Liebesgeschichte durch eine innerfilmische Erzählinstanz von einem späteren Zeitpunkt aus aufgerufen, so zum Beispiel: Out of Africa (1985), The English Patient (1996), TITANIC (1997), Aimée & Jaguar (1999), Abbitte (2007) und The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (2008). 8 Markus Kuhn: Filmnarratologie. Ein erzähltheoretisches Analysemodell, Berlin/ Boston 2011, S249.
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