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Faith-Inspired Organizations and Global Development Policy in South And BERKLEY CENTER for RELIGION, PEACE & WORLD AFFAIRS GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY Faith-Inspired Organizations | 2011 BERKLEY CENTER REPORTS and Global Development A Background Review “Mapping” Social and Economic Development Work in South and Central Asia A project of the Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs and the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University Supported by the Henry R. Luce Initiative on Religion and International Affairs Luce/SFS Program on Religion and The Edmund A. Walsh School of International Affairs Foreign Service Since 2006, the Berkley Center and the Edmund A. Founded in 1919 to educate students and prepare Walsh School of Foreign Service (SFS) have collabo- them for leadership roles in international affairs, the rated in the implementation of a generous grant from School of Foreign Service conducts an undergradu- the Henry Luce Foundation’s Initiative on Religion ate program for over 1,300 students and graduate and International Affairs. The Luce/SFS Program on programs at the Master’s level for more than 700 stu- Religion and International Affairs supports research, dents. Under the leadership of Dean Carol Lancaster, teaching, and outreach in two program areas: Religion the School houses more than a dozen regional and and U.S. Foreign Policy and Religion and Global functional programs that offer courses, conduct Development. A major focus is engagement with research, host events, and contribute to the intellec- public officials in the U.S. government and interna- tual development of the field of international affairs. tional organizations grappling with religion and world In 2007, a survey of faculty published in Foreign affairs. The Luce/SFS program was renewed in 2008 Policy ranked Georgetown University as #1 in Master’s through the 2010–11 academic year. degree programs in international relations. The World Faiths Development The Berkley Center Dialogue The Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World The World Faiths Development Dialogue (WFDD) Affairs at Georgetown University, created within the bridges between the worlds of faith and secular Office of the President in 2006, is dedicated to the development. Established by James D. Wolfensohn, interdisciplinary study of religion, ethics, and pub- then President of the World Bank, and Lord Carey lic life. Through research, teaching, and service, the of Clifton, then Archbishop of Canterbury, WFDD Center explores global challenges of democracy and responded to the opportunities and concerns of many human rights; economic and social development; faith leaders who saw untapped potential for partner- international diplomacy; and interreligious under- ships. Based in Washington, D.C., WFDD supports dia- standing. Two premises guide the Center’s work: logue, fosters communities of practice, and promotes that a deep examination of faith and values is criti- understanding religion and development, with for- cal to address these challenges, and that the open mal relationships with the World Bank, Georgetown engagement of religious and cultural traditions with University, and many faith-inspired institutions. one another can promote peace. The rapid growth of the Center has been made possible through the generosity of William R. Berkley, a member of the BRAC Development Institute University Board of Directors, and other members of the Georgetown community. BRAC Development Institute (BDI), founded in July 2008 at BRAC University, in Dhaka, Bangladesh, is a resource center dedicated to promote research, provide graduate training and build knowledge to address the challenges of poverty, inequity and social injustice in the global south. BDI takes an inclusive, multidisciplinary approach, across research, teach- ing and communications, to fulfill its mandate – to constantly challenge conventional knowledge and advance a southern voice in the global development discourse. Copyright 2011, Georgetown University About this Report This draft background report was prepared as part of the Berkley Center’s global “mapping” of the work of faith-inspired organizations worldwide. The report serves as background for the consultation on faith-inspired organizations and global development policy in South and Central Asia in Dhaka, Bangladesh on January 10-11, 2011. The South and Central Asia review is part of a comparative project on Religion and Global Development supported by the Henry R. Luce Foundation. Through a series of meetings with stakeholders and background reports, the Berkley Center and WFDD have worked to ‘“map’” the role of faith-inspired organizations around the world, highlighting best practices and policy issues that arise. Prior events have included: a meeting in Washington, DC in April 2007 focused on the United States; a meeting in Doha, Qatar in December 2007 focused on the Muslim World; a meeting in The Hague, The Netherlands in June 2008 focused on Europe and Africa; a meeting in Antigua, Guatemala in January 2009, focused on Latin America; and a meeting in Phnom Penh, Cambodia in December 2009 focused on Southeast Asia. About the Authors The report was prepared by a team of researchers at the Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs and the World Faiths Development Dialogue. The principle author is Michael Bodakowski, working under the supervision of Katherine Marshall. Sara Singha was lead researcher. Hahna Fridirici, Elizabeth Laferriere, Claudia Zambra, and Melody Fox Ahmed all made significant contributions. Esther Breger and Sarah Balistreri provided editorial support and guidance. TABLE OF Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................ 6 INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................10 SOUTH AND CENTRAL ASIA: RELIGION AND DEVELOPMENT ROLES ...........................12 CATEGORIZING FAITH-INSPIRED ORGANIZATIONS (A COMPLEX TASK) ........................16 GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY GEORGETOWN | DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS: NUMBERS AND COMPARISONS .................................20 SECTOR FOCUS AND EMERGING POLICY QUESTIONS ........................................22 BANGLADESH .............................................................................30 SRI LANKA ................................................................................35 BERKLEY CENTER NEPAL ....................................................................................42 MALDIVES .................................................................................47 BHUTAN ..................................................................................50 INDIA .....................................................................................54 PAKISTAN .................................................................................66 AFGHANISTAN ............................................................................76 KYRGYZ REPUBLIC .........................................................................80 KAZAKHSTAN .............................................................................85 4 TAJIKISTAN. 88 TURKMENISTAN ...........................................................................91 UZBEKISTAN ..............................................................................94 APPENDIX 1: MAP OF SOUTH AND CENTRAL ASIA. .97 BANGLADESH, JANUARY 10–11, 2011 10–11, BANGLADESH, JANUARY APPENDIX 2: UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM RELIGION AND DEVELOPMENT REPORTS – annoTATED | BIBILIOGRAPHY ...........................................................................98 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ...............................................................105 ENDNOTES ................................................................................113 BERKLEY CENTER REPORTS BERKLEY CENTER REPORTS 5 EXECUTIVE Summary In keeping with the rich faith traditions of the South and Central involving large international faith-inspired NGOs, can serve as Asia regions, faith-inspired actors play highly diverse and complex useful models (Islamic Relief and ACT Alliance, inter alia). roles in development efforts. These activities are, however, poorly understood and are rarely acknowledged explicitly in Faith-inspired organizations in South and Central Asia are far development and academic literature. Faith-inspired actors from a monolithic group. The wide range of religious beliefs that are seldom part of national and regional policy discussions, characterize the region gives rise to an extraordinary diversity though their contributions are significant. Coordination is of institutional forms and activities. The report makes no problematic at the strategic and programmatic levels, among systematic effort to define religion or faith and does not confine faith-inspired actors, and between faith-inspired and secular its analysis to a tightly-defined set of faith actors. Use of the term GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY GEORGETOWN | development actors. “faith-inspired” reflects an appreciation of the complex links between inspiration and organization, belief and action. Religion This report focuses on the diverse array of development activities and faith are tied to moral, ethical, and practical attributes that involving faith-inspired organizations. Its primary focus is by tend to emphasize human and spiritual contributions to political country, for South and Central Asia respectively; the two regions and economic domains; among many communities, religious are very distinct but interconnected in significant and very relevant piety and development
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