Taxonomic Punchlines: Metadata in Biology
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Historical Biology An International Journal of Paleobiology ISSN: 0891-2963 (Print) 1029-2381 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ghbi20 Taxonomic punchlines: metadata in biology Patrick H. McClellan To cite this article: Patrick H. McClellan (2019): Taxonomic punchlines: metadata in biology, Historical Biology, DOI: 10.1080/08912963.2019.1618293 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2019.1618293 View supplementary material Published online: 27 May 2019. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 47 View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ghbi20 HISTORICAL BIOLOGY https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2019.1618293 ARTICLE Taxonomic punchlines: metadata in biology Patrick H. McClellan Independent Researcher, Roseville, CA, USA ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Biological nomenclature contains metadata that can inform researchers about a taxon’s place in nature Received 18 January 2019 and the namer’s place in contemporary science and culture. The socio-scientific content of that Accepted 9 May 2019 fi metadata, and the story it conveys about the origin of a scienti c name, hold value for taxonomy KEYWORDS and interest for the public in general. However, such metadata are perishable if not hard-coded into Species; nomenclature; literature. Accordingly, the present paper attempts to document the use and value of socio-scientific taxonomy; whimsical; metadata through examples of whimsical taxonomic names. In the process, I capture hitherto unpub- humour; George Gaylord lished views on this topic expressed by George Gaylord Simpson, the twentieth century's most Simpson distinguished vertebrate palaeontologist and a co-founder of the modern synthetic theory of evolution, along with personal perspectives of many of the eminent palaeozoologists and biologists of his time. The principal conclusion is that whimsical names will surely increase in their ubiquity in scientific literature, and this commends acknowledgement in the international zoological code to encourage the preservation of their origin stories. Credit: Cartoon from New Scientist, its masked arthropod grumbling about whimsical scientific nomenclature, originally appeared in McClellan (1982). The artist, David Austin (1935-2005), began his cartooning career in the 1970s, later becoming well-known for his political commentary in pocket cartoons featured in British dailies including Today, The Daily Telegraph, and The Guardian, and also Labour Weekly, The Spectator, Field and Mail. (Used with permission of Mr. Austin’s estate, courtesy of Janet Slee, 2018.) Introduction (Emling 2009), John Bell Hatcher (Dingus 2018), and George Gaylord Simpson (Simpson 1965, 1978; Laporte 1987, 2000). A name alone cannot keep a heritage alive. For most biologists, however, their lives are measured by their scientific bibliography, a list of technical publications that - Sasha Martin (2015) reveals little of their personal character and private mindset. In biology a feature rarely examined is the mind of its This paper uniquely examines this under-reported aspect of practitioners. In popular literature, that void is filled by biogra- our science, through hitherto unpublished commentary about phers and autobiographies that provide compelling narratives of biological nomenclature by some of the twentieth century's most certain colourful historical figures. Among palaeontologists, for eminent palaeontologists and biologists, including George example, notable treatments include O. C. Marsh (Schuchert Gaylord Simpson, Malcolm McKenna, Leigh Van Valen, and LeVene 1940), E. D. Cope (Davidson 1997), Mary Anning Albert Wood, Mary Dawson, Philip Tobias, Kenneth Caster, CONTACT Patrick H. McClellan [email protected] Supplementary data for this article can be accessed here. © 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group Published online 27 May 2019 2 P. H. MCCLELLAN Rousseau Flower, Arnold Menke, Cornelius Philip, and others. formal publication to the objects of their study. Chemists, for While drawn largely from palaeozoology, the paper addresses example, have formally named compounds such as thebacon, scientific names of both extinct and extant species across the dogcollarane, betweenanene, and unununium; joe, george and kingdoms of biology. bi-george, cezanne, mirasorvone, selene dione and babe; bohe- Taxonomy, generally defined, is the science of describing, mic acid and other substances memorialising operas or their classifying and naming organisms. As the ‘third leg’ of taxon- characters; and (arranged in order for mature audiences) mad, omy, nomenclature is therefore a key piece of taxonomic infor- gag-knuckle zink finger, snot, barf, fartox, damn, crapinon, mation. Palmer (1904), Jaeger (1944), Brown (1956), and other kisspeptin, matrimony, arsoles, sex, lovenone, porn and fucitol. standard lexicons treat the derivation of biological names in Vertebrate palaeontologists should especially approve of pengui- terms of their classical word roots and meanings. This paper none and pterodactyladiene (cf. Simpson 1970;Lawson1975), focuses on information behind the names of species – hence, compounds named for their molecular shapes (e.g., May 2008). information about information, or ‘metadata’. By this, I refer not Geneticists have a sonic hedgehog, hotair, happyhour, strictly to what a name describes (its translated classical roots) cheapdate, members only, snafu and indy (‘I’m Not Dead but to how the name came to be (its origin story). The former is Yet’) gene or mutation. Mineralogists have their carlsbergite etymology in the traditional taxonomic sense, the name’sderi- (for the beer), taconite and burpalite; pyropissite, eurekadum- vation and descriptive translation. The latter, etymology in the pite, parasite and noselite; and carnallite, dickite, fornacite, broad sense, includes provenance – the pedigree or heritage of fukalite and cummingtonite; and physicists, their steve, squid, a name – which becomes increasingly valuable metadata as wimps and machos, boojum, and quarks (up, down, strange biological nomenclature, often by necessity, is enriched through and charm, with their colours and flavours). whimsy as I explain below. Historical background of this sort Such names are often wilfully whimsical. Physicist Murray can perform a social or intellectual service to science through its Gell-Mann borrowed his ‘quark’, for example, from James potential to inform later investigators about the circumstances Joyce’s ‘gobbledygookian masterpiece’ Finnegans Wake (Horgan of a species’ discovery, such as the culture of its time, the 2013); and, in palaeontology, Quetzelcoatlus northropi Lawson character of its place, and the personality of its discoverer. 1975, the giant tail-less pterosaur from the Late Cretaceous of I show that such vignettes of biodiversity are both interesting Texas, honors famed aircraft designer, Jack Northrop, and his and useful to scientists and students. Regrettably, however, I also likewise tail-less ‘flying wing’ of similar scale (Lawson 1975, show that such metadata are often intentionally concealed, p. 947). cleverly encrypted by Latinised double meanings, encoded in Other names become humorous by linguistic accidents of idiomatic allusions to a type specimen, held secret among a close time and place, much like commercial branding failures such as tribe of cognoscenti, or otherwise unrecorded and, thus, perish- Ford’s fateful Pinto (which, in the native Portuguese slang of able. If not captured in an etymology when a new taxon is first Brazil’s automobile market, translated to ‘small penis’)and described, such metadata fade into obscurity as the first-person Mitsubishi’s Pajero (in Spanish-speaking countries, ‘masturba- authorities (the perpetrators) themselves become extinct, leav- tor’; [BBC] British Broadcasting System 2003), while others, ing subsequent generations of biologists to disagree about how inevitably, are victims of ritual undergraduate levity. a particularly curious species name evolved. Regardless of reason, fanciful scientific names tend to soften Passed down through the ‘jokelore’ of science, the origin story the sober and bespectacled lab-coat persona of researchers and of a fanciful species name can differ widely among ill-informed provide entry points into science for curious passers-by and uninformed accounts, often conflicting irreconcilably, if its immersed in pop culture. This paper addresses such whimsical creator did not record it. I illustrate the value of metadata in nomenclature in biological taxonomy with the personal narra- constraining the variability and uncertainty in taxonomic origin tion of eminent biologists of the past century. stories, using examples of whimsical generic and species names (Linnaean binomials) coined by otherwise serious scholars. Materials and methods I argue that, just as a scientific name is the standing stone for an organism, its etymology should be a monument to its inspiration. The initial data on which this paper is based were collected in To encourage alpha taxonomists in this direction, I suggest below 1974–75 during my graduate study in vertebrate palaeontology that the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature at the University of California, Berkeley. In the fall of 1974, considers recommending more strongly the inclusion of an ety- I attended a course on the history of palaeontology taught by mology in a new genus or species description. Professor Joseph