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Eco-System Development

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Eco-System Development Last Update: 6 December 2017 Part – II ECOSYSTEM DEVELOPMENT E.T - 1 It is also called ecological succession. When a new area is destroyed by some disturbances. After sometime plants appear in these area. At 1st step some algae, lichen, fungi occur then moss & fern herbs & grasses shrubs Tress. She area again covered by vegetation & animals also occurs in the area. So, a bare area courted into a stable ecosystem. In doing so, the ecosystem passes from an initial less complex stage to a mature or more complex stage i.e. at 1st biodiversity is low & then final stage. Initial stage of succession is called pioneer stage and final stage is called climax stage and inter mediate stages are known as shrubs stage. Pioneer stage Seralstage climax stage Ecosystem tends towards maturity and in doing so it passes from less complex pioneer stage to more stable state which is climax stage. There is a progressive change but not unidirectional change. Definition :- Ecological succession is a directional progressive change in which there is an orderly replacement of one community and in doing so it passes from a simple pioneer stage to a complex & stable climax stage through several intermediate seral stage. However, Margalef (1968) prefers to replace the term climax by term more mature ecosystem. In our biosphere most mature ecosystem are replacement by coral reef, tropical rain forest etc. So, coral reef & tropical rain forest is the e.g. of most mature eco-system. During eco-system various factors are involve these are biotic factor, climatic factor, physiographic factor & geologic factor. These influence the development of ecosystem. Classification of Succession :- 1) Depending upon the role played by above these factor or pre dominant factor succession may be classified- a) Biosere b) Cliosere c) Eosere d) Geosere a) Biosere :- If biotic factors are predominating in succession, i.e. organisms are responsible. b) Cliosere :- When climate is primarily responsible for bringing about succession. c) Eosere :- If physiogeographic factors are primarily responsible (i.e.- topograph). d) Geosere :- If geological properties of earth are primarily bringing about the succession. If geological properties of earth are primarily bringing about the succession. Last 3 type succession (cliosere, eosere, geosere) are called palaeoeology because these 3 requires considerable time (involves 100,000 years) for succession. Biosere involve less period of time. Here biotic factor is more important. e.g.- Land dure appears by mud 2) Depending upon their origin succession can be classified a) Hydrosere b) Halosere c) Xerosere a) Hydrosere :- If a succession is start from a fresh water body, that type of succession is called Hydrosere. b) Halosere :- When succession is start from a salt marsh that type of succession is called Halosere. c) Xerosere :- When succession start from rock, soil, that type of succession is called Xerosere. 3) Now have few other kinds of succession. It can classified- a) Primary & secondary succession. b) Autotrophic & heterotrophic succession. c) Autogenic & allogenic succession. - 1 - d) Unidirectional & cyclic succession. a) Primary & secondary succession :- Primary succession are those succession which takes place in area devoid of organism or which not previously occupy by organism and environment is predominantly inorganic in nature. Here no living thing and have no organic matter. e.g. – Newly exposed sand dune, recent lava flow. b) Secondary succession :- Secondary succession is the succession which takes in environment and which previously occupied by living thing or organic matter. e.g.- In deforested area, In harvested crop land. Slash & burn cultivation is called shifting cultivation. Autotrophic succession :- Autotrophic succession which is characterized by early & continued dominance P of autotrophic elements. In this succession community metabolism is autotrophic in nature. i.e. 1 R P = Community production. R = Community respiration. Environment is inorganic in nature. e.g.- Autotrophs succession i.e. plant succession. Heterotrophic Succession :- In this, succession is characterized by early and continued predominance of heterotrophic elements. It is predominantly inorganic in nature. Heterotrophic succession follows Autotrophic community metabolism is heterotrophic in nature. i.e. - e.g. – Fungi Autogenic Succession :- In this succession internal forces is involved. It is self driven succession. Environmental changes are brought about by biotic factor. Causal factors are located within the succession decomposition takes place. Allogenic succession :- Allogenic successions are those succession in which factors are located outside the environment (i.e.- climate physiochemical properties of soil, light, rainfall, temperature). So, these allogenic factors cause allogenic succession. Initial phase is allogenic & latter phase is autogenic succession. Unidirectional & cyclic succession :- Most of the successions are unidirectional. 1st pioneer change & then climax change through seral stage. But sometime it cyclically repeated. e.g.- There are some shallow which is seasonal in nature that means every year it is drying & with it. So, its all organism also die and after rain alive from pioneer stage it starts succession. This is the cyclic succession. Example of Succession Heterotrophic Succession :- Major Community situated in some minor community. These minor Community provided substratum for their own type of succession. These substratum are predominantly organic in nature. So, it is heterotrophic in nature. Such succession is characterized by early and continued dominance of heterotrophic elements. Therefore these serve as an excellent example of heterotrophic succession. It was studied by Winston (1956). He studied the succession in a fallen Acron in the forest field. It is Oat like fruit & the shell is hard. Succession in Acron is start when it hangs from a tree & fruit is invaded by ‘Acron weevil’ (curculio rectus). The adult female burrows through the surface of the Acron and lays egg inside the fruit (endosperm). From the egg larva hatches out & it starts feeding on the embryo. Sometimes though happens that some pathogenic hole which has been created by Acron weevil & they also start consuming the embryo. It pathogenic fungi like Penicillium & Fusarium. They destroy the embryo which is brown in color. And such larva of weevil become stunted in growth. This feature represent the pioneer stage. These group Of feature are followed by another group Of feature. These are fungivores and scavengers and include cheese mite and Acron moth (Velentinia glandenella). Cheese mite belonging to family. Tryophagus & Phyzoglypheus. These are fungivores in nature. Acron moth belonging to Velentinia glandenella. It lay egg in the surface of the Acron or in the exit hole - 2 - created by curculso rectus. The larva of Velentinia after entering through the exit hole turns round and spins a tough web to seal the exit hole. Cheese mites are consuming the remainder of endosperm and also feeds on the faces of the previous occupants (Curculso rectus). So, the pioneer stage is replaced by second group or organisms. What happens? The acron is attacked by cellulose and liguine consuming fungi which mostly attacked the surface of the Acron and then invade inside also. These are another group Of organism. These are followed by fungivores mites of the soil & collembola. They will feed on the cellulose & liguine consuming fungi & the surface of acron. These are followed by predatory mites belonging to genus gamasellus. They invade acron be cause they are extremely flattened mite & enter through cracks and crevices. They consuming fungivores and predatory mites. So, invaded group Of organisms are replaced by another group Gradually replaced. Ultimately outer surface be comes very thin large amount of soil enter into the cavity and Acron collapsed and then it is invaded by generalized soil fauna e.g.- Centriped, milliped, etc. so, there represents the final stage. This type of succession occur in an environment which is predominantly characterized by early & continued predominance of heterotrophs. So, this is an e.g. of heterotrophic succession. Fundamental aspects of Succession :- 1) There is an orderly and directed change of both environment and community. Both undergo continuous reciprocal influence and adjustment. 2) Change in environment is brought about by organisms themselves. So, it is an e.g. of autotrophic succession. 3) Exploitation of the environment makes the habitat unfavourable for the survival of pioneer organism and instead create a favourable environment from other group of organisms. 4) Kinds of animals and plants change continuously during such process. 5) Since supply of sp is limited. Therefore succession can not go no for ever. As such succession is an asymmetric process. 6) Succession calumniates (stop) with the establishment of relatively stable ecosystem. 7) The ecological succession is community control. The physical environment determines the pattern of succession but does not cause it. It is caused by the biotic factor. It is a community control phenomenon. 8) Time require for succession depends on geography, climate, substrate, other physical factor and species Involved. Trends of Autogenic succession :- Basic ecology by Odum (1983). A) Energetics :- 1) Biomass & organic detritus increase. 2) Gross production in primary production. 3) Net production decrease. 4) Respiration increase. P 5) Production/respiration i.e. ratio
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