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Fish-Passage Facilities As Ecological Traps in Large Neotropical Rivers
Contributed Paper Fish-Passage Facilities as Ecological Traps in Large Neotropical Rivers FERNANDO MAYER PELICICE∗‡ AND ANGELO ANTONIO AGOSTINHO† ∗Graduate Course in Ecology of Inland Aquatic Ecosystems, Maring´a State University, Maring´a, Paran´a, Brazil †Department of Biology/NUPELIA, Maring´a State University, Maring´a, Paran´a, Brazil Abstract: At present most of the large rivers of South America are impounded. Management plans historically have relied on the construction of fish passages, specifically ladders, to mitigate the impact of these waterway blockages on fisheries and biodiversity. Nevertheless, the design of these facilities is not ecologically sound and they are not monitored continually. Consequently, the real role of South American fish passages in fisheries and biodiversity management is unclear and the results of some studies suggest that ladders are problematic in fish conservation. We examined the characteristics and negative aspects of fish passages within a larger context and considered the notion that these facilities are ecological traps in some Brazilian impoundments. Four conditions are required to characterize a fish passage as an ecological trap: (1) attractive forces leading fish to ascend the passage; (2) unidirectional migratory movements (upstream); (3) the environment above the passage has poor conditions for fish recruitment (e.g., the absence of spawning grounds and nursery areas); and (4) the environment below the passage has a proper structure for recruitment. When these conditions exist individuals move to poor-quality habitats, fitness is reduced, and populations are threatened. To exemplify this situation we analyzed two case studies in the upper Parana´ River basin, Brazil, in which the four conditions were met and migratory fish populations were declining. -
Biocultural Indicators to Support Locally Led Environmental Management and Monitoring
Copyright © 2019 by the author(s). Published here under license by the Resilience Alliance. DeRoy, B. C., C. T. Darimont, and C. N. Service. 2019. Biocultural indicators to support locally led environmental management and monitoring. Ecology and Society 24(4):21. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-11120-240421 Synthesis Biocultural indicators to support locally led environmental management and monitoring Bryant C. DeRoy 1,2, Chris T. Darimont 1,2 and Christina N. Service 1,2,3 ABSTRACT. Environmental management (EM) requires indicators to inform objectives and monitor the impacts or efficacy of management practices. One common approach uses “functional ecological” indicators, which are typically species whose presence or abundance are tied to functional ecological processes, such as nutrient productivity and availability, trophic interactions, and habitat connectivity. In contrast, and used for millennia by Indigenous peoples, biocultural indicators are rooted in local values and place- based relationships between nature and people. In many landscapes today where Indigenous peoples are reasserting sovereignty and governance authority over natural resources, the functional ecological approach to indicator development does not capture fundamental values and ties to the natural world that have supported social-ecological systems over the long term. Accordingly, we argue that the development and use of biocultural indicators to shape, monitor, and evaluate the success of EM projects will be critical to achieving ecological and social sustainability today. We have provided a framework composed of criteria to be considered when selecting and applying meaningful and efficacious biocultural indicators among the diverse array of potential species and values. We used a case study from a region now referred to as coastal British Columbia, Canada, to show how the suggested application of functional ecological indicators by the provincial government created barriers to the development of meaningful cogovernance. -
Evidence from Fossil Crustaceans in Cold-Water C
Klompmaker et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2016) 16:132 DOI 10.1186/s12862-016-0694-0 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Evolution of body size, vision, and biodiversity of coral-associated organisms: evidence from fossil crustaceans in cold- water coral and tropical coral ecosystems Adiël A. Klompmaker1,2,3*, Sten L. Jakobsen4 and Bodil W. Lauridsen5 Abstract Background: Modern cold-water coral and tropical coral environments harbor a highly diverse and ecologically important macrofauna of crustaceans that face elevated extinction risks due to reef decline. The effect of environmental conditions acting on decapod crustaceans comparing these two habitats is poorly understood today and in deep time. Here, we compare the biodiversity, eye socket height as a proxy for eye size, and body size of decapods in fossil cold-water and tropical reefs that formed prior to human disturbance. Results: We show that decapod biodiversity is higher in fossiltropicalreefsfromTheNetherlands,Italy,and Spain compared to that of the exceptionally well-preserved Paleocene (Danian) cold-water reef/mound ecosystem from Faxe (Denmark), where decapod diversity is highest in a more heterogeneous, mixed bryozoan-coral habitat instead of in coral and bryozoan-dominated facies. The relatively low diversity at Faxe was not influenced substantially by the preceding Cretaceous/Paleogene extinction event that is not apparent in the standing diversity of decapods in our analyses, or by sampling, preservation, and/or a latitudinal diversity gradient. Instead, the lower availability of food and fewer hiding places for decapods may explain this low diversity. Furthermore, decapods from Faxe are larger than those from tropical waters for half of the comparisons, which may be caused by a lower number of predators, the delayed maturity, and the increased life span of crustaceans in deeper, colder waters. -
Determination of Tucson, Arizona As an Ecological Trap for Cooper's Hawks
Determination of Tucson, Arizona as an Ecological Trap for Cooper's Hawks (Accipiter cooperii) Jouie Ames1, Andrea Feiler2, Giancarlo Mendoza3, Adam Rumpf2, Stephen Wirkus2 1University of California, Santa Cruz, 2Arizona State University, 3Universidad Metropolitana P.R. August 2011 Abstract The term \ecological trap" has been used to describe a habitat in which its attrac- tiveness has been disassociated with its level of suitability. To date, fewer than ten clearly delineated examples of them have been found; they are either rare in nature, hard to detect, or a combination of both. It has been hypothesized that the city of Tucson, Arizona is an ecological trap for Cooper's Hawks (Accipiter cooperii) due to the abundance of prey species, namely columbids, which make up over 80% of the hawk's diet. Overall, more than 40% of these columbid populations are carriers of the protozoan Trichomonas gallinae, which directly contributes to a nestling mortal- ity rate of more than 50% in the hawks. Using an epidemiological framework, we create two SIR-type models, one stochastic and one deterministic, utilizing parame- ter estimates from more than ten years of data from the dove (columbid) and hawk populations in the city. Through mathematical modeling and bifurcation theory, we found that the proportion of infected columbids, does not have an effect on classifying Tucson as an ecological trap for Cooper's Hawks, but by increasing the disease death rate, it can be considered an ecological trap. 1 1 Introduction When the term \ecological trap" was first coined in 1972 by Dwernychuk and Boag [1], it was originally used to describe a natural trap in ones habitat but now is used almost exclusively to refer to anthropogenically induced traps [1,2]. -
Environmental Science (Ce-101) Unit- I
Lecture Notes of Environmental Science ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE (CE-101) UNIT- I Introduction to Environmental Science: The science of Environment studies is a multi-disciplinary science because it comprises various branches of studies like chemistry, physics, medical science, life science, agriculture, public health, sanitary engineering etc. It is the science of physical phenomena in the environment. It studies of the sources, reactions, transport, effect and fate of physical a biological species in the air, water and soil and the effect of from human activity upon these. Environment – The word environment comes from the greek word “environner” meaning surroundings around us. Scope of Environmental studies: The environment consists of four segments as under: 1. Atmosphere: The atmosphere implies the protective blanket of gases, surrounding the earth: It sustains life on the earth. It saves it from the hostile environment of outer space. It absorbs most of the cosmic rays from outer space and a major portion of the electromagnetic radiation from the sun. It transmits only here ultraviolet, visible, near infrared radiation (300 to 2500 nm) and radio waves. (0.14 to 40 m) while filtering out tissue-damaging ultraviolet waves below about 300 nm. The atmosphere is composed of nitrogen and oxygen. Besides, argon, carbon dioxide, and trace gases. 2. Hydrosphere: The Hydrosphere comprises all types of water resources oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, streams, reservoir, polar icecaps, glaciers, and groundwater. Nature 97% of the earth’s water supply is in the oceans, Prepared by: Er. Arshad Abbas Deptt. of Civil Engg. KMCUAF University Lucknow About 2% of the water resources are locked in the polar icecaps and glaciers. -
What Are the Sustainable Development Goals?
MODULE 1: What are the Sustainable Development Goals? Youth Workers 4 Global Goals CAPACITY BUILDING IN THE FIELD OF YOUTH This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. Module 1: What are the Sustainable Development Goals? Introduction ................................................................................................................ 2 I. What is Sustainable Development?.……………….…………….……………….....………………….3 Sustainability ............................................................................................................... 3 Development……………………………………………………………………………………………………….…..6 Sustainable development . ........................................................................................... 8 II. What are the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)? ......................................... 13 The Millennium Development Goals .......................................................................... 13 The Sustainable Development Goals ......................................................................... 15 1 INTRODUCTION In September 2015, the leaders of all 193 member states of the UN adopted Agenda 2030, a universal agenda that contains the Global Goals for Sustainable Development. The 17 Goals in turn hold 169 targets and 230 indicators. The Global Goals is the most ambitious agreement for sustainable development -
Trade‐Off Between Early Emergence and Herbivore
UC San Diego UC San Diego Previously Published Works Title Trade-off between early emergence and herbivore susceptibility mediates exotic success in an experimental California plant community. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3ht2w2q4 Journal Ecology and evolution, 6(24) ISSN 2045-7758 Authors Waterton, Joseph Cleland, Elsa E Publication Date 2016-12-01 DOI 10.1002/ece3.2610 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Received: 4 August 2016 | Revised: 13 October 2016 | Accepted: 22 October 2016 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2610 ORIGINAL RESEARCH Trade-offbetweenearlyemergenceandherbivore susceptibilitymediatesexoticsuccessinanexperimental Californiaplantcommunity JosephWaterton | ElsaE.Cleland Ecology, Behavior and Evolution Section, University of California San Diego, La Abstract Jolla, CA, USA Ecological trade- offs are fundamental to theory in community ecology; critical for un- Correspondence derstanding species coexistence in diverse plant communities, as well as the evolution Joseph Waterton, Ecology, Behavior & of diverse life- history strategies. Invasions by exotic species can provide insights into Evolution Section, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, the importance of trade- offs in community assembly, because the ecological strategies California 92093 U.S.A. of invading species often differ from those present in the native species pool. Exotic Email: [email protected] annual species have invaded many Mediterranean- climate areas around the globe, and Fundinginformation often germinate and emerge earlier in the growing season than native species. Early- Jeanne M. Messier Memorial Fellowship season growth can enable exotic annual species to preempt space and resources, com- petitively suppressing later- emerging native species; however, early- emerging individuals may also be more apparent to herbivores. -
Reptiles in Sub-Boreal Forests of Eastern Europe
©Österreichische Gesellschaft für Herpetologie e.V., Wien, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at HERPETOZOA 17(1/2): 65-74 65 Wien, 30. Juni 2004 Reptiles in sub-boreal forests of Eastern Europe: patterns of forest type preferences and habitat use in Anguisfragilis, Zootoca vivipara and Natrix matrix (Squamata: Sauria: Anguidae, Lacertidae; Serpentes: Colubridae) Kriechtiere im subborealen Wald Osteuropas: Präferierte Waldtypen und Habitatnutzung bei Anguisfragilis, Zootoca vivipara und Natrix natrix (Squamata: Sauria: Anguidae, Lacertidae; Serpentes: Colubridae) ANDRIS CEIRÄNS KURZFASSUNG In zwei Nationalparks in Lettland (im Nationalpark von Kernen 1994-1997 und im Nationalpark von Gauja 1998-2000) wurden Daten über Waldlebensräume von Reptilien gesammelt. Die Klassifikation der Waldlebensräume erfolgte auf Grundlage der Typologie lettischer Wälder, die auf Standorteigenschaften basiert. Berechnet wurden für jeden Waldtyp die Abweichungen von den erwarteten Werten der Reptiliennachweise sowie die Nischenbreite und -Überlappung der Reptilienlebensräume. Drei Kriechtierarten - Anguis fragilis LINNAEUS, 1758, Zootoca vivipara (JACQUIN, 1787) und Natrix natrix (LINNAEUS, 1758) - kamen in den Waldlebensräume regelmäßig vor. Anguis fragilis wurde ausschließlich in trockenen und entwässerten Wäldern beobachtet, Z. vivi- para und N. natrix besiedelten die unterschiedlichsten Waldtypen. Für die genannten Arten werden die Präferenzen gegenüber bestimmten Waldtypen und das Ausmaß der Überlappung ihrer Lebensräume diskutiert. ABSTRACT Material on the forest habitats of reptiles was collected in two National Parks of Latvia: Kemeri National Park (1994-1997), and Gauja National Park (1998-2000). Habitats were classified according to the Latvian forest typology that focuses on site quality of the stand. Deviations from the expected proportions of reptile records for each forest type, niche breadth and overlap of the reptile habitats were determined. -
Thermophilic Lithotrophy and Phototrophy in an Intertidal, Iron-Rich, Geothermal Spring 2 3 Lewis M
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/428698; this version posted September 27, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Thermophilic Lithotrophy and Phototrophy in an Intertidal, Iron-rich, Geothermal Spring 2 3 Lewis M. Ward1,2,3*, Airi Idei4, Mayuko Nakagawa2,5, Yuichiro Ueno2,5,6, Woodward W. 4 Fischer3, Shawn E. McGlynn2* 5 6 1. Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA 7 2. Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan 8 3. Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 9 91125 USA 10 4. Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, 11 Japan 12 5. Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, Tokyo, 13 152-8551, Japan 14 6. Department of Subsurface Geobiological Analysis and Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth 15 Science and Technology, Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan 16 Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected] 17 18 Abstract 19 Hydrothermal systems, including terrestrial hot springs, contain diverse and systematic 20 arrays of geochemical conditions that vary over short spatial scales due to progressive interaction 21 between the reducing hydrothermal fluids, the oxygenated atmosphere, and in some cases 22 seawater. At Jinata Onsen, on Shikinejima Island, Japan, an intertidal, anoxic, iron- and 23 hydrogen-rich hot spring mixes with the oxygenated atmosphere and sulfate-rich seawater over 24 short spatial scales, creating an enormous range of redox environments over a distance ~10 m. -
The Bodwad Sarvajanik Co-Op.Education Society Ltd., Bodwad Arts, Commerce and Science College, Bodawd Question Bank Class :-S.Y
The Bodwad Sarvajanik Co-Op.Education Society Ltd., Bodwad Arts, Commerce and Science College, Bodawd Question Bank Class :-S.Y.B.Sc SEM:- IV Subject: - BOTANY- 402 Plant Ecology 1. The science which deals with relationship between organisms and their environment is called a) Morphology b) Palynology c) Taxonomy d) Ecology 2. The meaning of Greek word Oikas a) Nature b) Environment c) House d) Temple 3. The term ecology coined by a) Odum b) Tansley c) Haeckel d) None 4. Autecology deals with the study of a) Ecology of individual species b) Ecology of many species c) Ecology of community d) All of these 5. Synecology deals with the study of a) Ecology of individual species b) Ecology of many species c) Ecology of community d) All of these 6. The branch of ecology which deals with the study of the organisms and geological environments of past is called a) Cytoecology b) Palecology c) Synecology d) Autoecology 7. Ecology deals with the study of a) Living beings b) Living and non living components c) Reciprocal relationship between living and non living components d) Biotic and Abiotic components 8. Phylloclade is modified a) Root b) Leaf c) Stem d) Bud 9. Cuscuta is a) Parasite b) Epiphyte c) Symbiont d) Lichen 10. Mycorrhiza is example of a) Symbiotic relationship b) Parasitic relationship c) Saprophytic relationship d) Negative interaction 11. Edaphic ecological factors are concerned with a) Rainfall b) Light c) Competition d) Soil 12. The soil is said to be physiologically dry when a) Temperature band light available to plants is insufficient b) There is abundance of water in soil c) Soil water is with high concentration of salts d) Both b and c 13. -
REU Mentors and Projects 2018 (Updated January 11, 2018) UMBS
REU Mentors and Projects 2018 (updated January 11, 2018) UMBS forest ecosystem study Chris Gough, Virginia Commonwealth University Luke Nave, University of Michigan Chris Vogel, University of Michigan Forests of northern Michigan provide ecosystem services including the capture and sequestration of carbon, retention of nutrients, maintenance of organismal and ecosystem diversity, and protection of surface and ground water quality. Our collaborative team conducts research on the scientific underpinnings of these ecosystem services, with particular emphasis on plant and ecosystem ecology, disturbance ecology, ecological succession, carbon and nitrogen biogeochemistry, botany and mycology. We conduct this research in a variety of settings, including a 20-year experimental forest with a long-running carbon "flux" tower, a landscape- scale experimental disturbance in which >6700 trees were stem girdled, a pair of long-term chronosequences with stands from 20 to >200 years old, and, beginning in 2018, a new experimental manipulation of disturbance severity in which tree mortality will range from 45 to 85 %. REU student collaborators on the UMBS Forest Ecosystem Study team have numerous research options. Some examples include: 1) disturbance, climate, and forest age effects on carbon cycling; 2) mechanisms sustaining high rates of carbon storage in old forests; 3) remotely sensed ecosystem structure-carbon cycling relationships; and 4) fungal processes controlling decomposition and tree nutrient supply. Effects of climate change on wetland biodiversity Amy Schrank, University of Minnesota Climate change is predicted to result in significant losses in both the amount of and the biodiversity within Great Lakes coastal wetlands. Coastal wetlands provide important ecosystem services including nursery areas for the majority of Great Lakes fish species, important habitat for wildlife including rare and endangered species, a filter for pollutants and sediment, shoreline protection against wind and waves, and many others. -
Provided for Non-Commercial Research and Educational Use
Provided for non-commercial research and educational use. Not for reproduction, distribution or commercial use. This article was originally published in the Encyclopedia of Ecology, Volumes 1-5 published by Elsevier, and the attached copy is provided by Elsevier for the author’s benefit and for the benefit of the author’s institution, for non-commercial research and educational use including without limitation use in instruction at your institution, sending it to specific colleagues who you know, and providing a copy to your institution’s administrator. All other uses, reproduction and distribution, including without limitation commercial reprints, selling or licensing copies or access, or posting on open internet sites, your personal or institution’s website or repository, are prohibited. For exceptions, permission may be sought for such use through Elsevier’s permissions site at: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissionusematerial M Scotti. Development Capacity. In Sven Erik Jørgensen and Brian D. Fath (Editor-in-Chief), Ecological Indicators. Vol. [2] of Encyclopedia of Ecology, 5 vols. pp. [911-920] Oxford: Elsevier. Author's personal copy Ecological Indicators | Development Capacity 911 animals that appear on and in dung and the processes they Cross WF, Benstead JP, Frost PC, and Thomas SA (2005) Ecological stoichiometry in freshwater benthic systems: Recent progress and initiate are highly predictable, but in detail depend on the perspectives. Freshwater Biology 50: 1895–1912. habitat and climate under investigation. Specialized copro- Findlay S and Sinsabaugh R (eds.) (2000) Dissolved Organic Matter in philous fungi, similarly, exhibit a clear sequence of Aquatic Ecosystems. San Diego: Academic Press. Flindt MR, Pardal MA, Lillebø AI, Martins I, and Marques JC (1999) utilization of their habitat, spores of early stages already Nutrient cycling and plant dynamics in estuaries: A brief review.